raven5e ppt ch19 - mrs. moretz's science site · • marasmus • caused by low calorie &...

FoodResources:AChallengeforAgriculture

Chapter18

WorldFoodProblemsIn2004:•  800millionpeoplewerefooddeficient•  182millionchildrenseverelymalnourishedandunderweight

•  86countriesarelow‐income,fooddeficient.•  SouthAsia•  Sub‐SaharanAfrica–wars,HIV/AIDS,floods,droughts,soilerosion

FoodandNutrition

Importantmolecules:•  Carbohydrates•  Proteins•  Lipids•  Minerals•  Vitamins

FoodandNutrition

HumanFoods

Cal

orie

s pe

r day

per

per

son

3,700 3,500

3,300 3,100 2,900 2,700 2,500 2,300 2,100

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2030

Year

Developed countries

World

Developing countries

WorldFoodProblems•  Undernourished–Peoplewhoreceivefewercalories/daythanwhatisneeded•  Declininghealth&stamina;death

•  Malnourished–personwhodoesnotconsumeenoughofeachofthenutrientsthatareneededbythehumanbody.•  Fatique,increaseddisease,developmentaldelays

•  Overnourhished‐Peoplewhoeatfoodinexcesswithdietshighinfats,sugars,&salts•  Obesity,diabetes,highbloodpressure,heartdisease

WorldFoodProblemsMalnourishmentDiseases:•  Marasmus

•  Causedbylowcalorie&lowproteindiet

•  Mostcommonin1styroflife•  Slowgrowth,atrophy

•  Kwashiorkor•  Causedbyproteindeficiency•  Edema,brittlehair,apathy,stuntedgrowth,mentalretardation

WorldFoodProblemsProducingEnoughFood–longtermsolutiontofoodsupplyispopulationcontrol

Total Grain Production Per Capita Grain

Production

WorldFoodProblems

Famine–temporarybutseverefoodshortageusuallycausedbyacatastrophicevent.

•  1983‐1985–DroughtinAfricaresulted in1.5milliondeathsinEthiopiaandSudan

•  1993–civilunrestanddroughtresultedin2millionstarvingSomalis

•  1990’s–floodinganddroughtresultedin2milliondeathsinNorthKorea

WorldFoodProblemsMaintainingGrainStockpilesWorldgraincarryoverstocks–providesworld

foodsecurity& politicalstability

U.N.‐carryoverstocksshouldnotfallbelow70.

WorldFoodProblemsWhythedeclineincarryoverstocks?•  Moregrainisgoingtowardsfeedinglivestock.

•  1kgbeefrequires7kggrain•  Environmentalconditions•  Lackofinvestmentsinagricresearch

Kilograms of grain needed per kilogram of body weight

Beef cattle

Pigs

Chicken

Fish (catfish or carp)

7

4

2.2

2

© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

WorldFoodProblems

MakingFoodAffordableforthePoor•  Unequaldistributionofresources•  PovertyPoornutrition•  Malnutritionmorecommoninurbanthanruralareasindevelopingcountries

•  Infants,children,andelderlymostsusceptibletohungerandpoverty.

•  Politicalinefficiency&powerinhibitfooddistribution

ThePrincipalTypesofAgriculture

Industrializedagriculture


•  IndustrializedAgriculture•  High‐inputagriculture•  Usesalotofcapital&energy•  Useslesslandandlabor•  Highcropyields

•  SubsistenceAgriculture•  Useslittlecapital&energy•  Usesmorelandandlabor•  Producesenoughfoodforselfandfamily


TypesofSubsistenceagriculture•  Shiftingcultivation–shortpds.ofcultivationandlongerpdsoffallow;forsmallpopulation•  Slash‐and‐burnagriculture–clearingsmallpatchesoftropicalforestforcrops;landintensive

•  Nomadicherding–livestockissupportedbylandtooaridforgrowingcrops;landintensive

•  Intercropping–growingvarietyofplantsatsametimeonsamefield•  Lesspests&higheryields

ChallengesofProducingMoreCropsandLivestock

1.  GeneticDiversity2.  CropYields3.  LivestockYields4.  GeneticEngineering


•  Geneticdiversityenhanceslong‐termspeciessurvival

•  Domesticationdecreasesgeneticdiversityb/cofartificialselection.•  Traitsnotobviouslyvaluablearelost•  Greaterriskofdisease

•  Diversityisvaluableif“common”typeisthreatened


•  Manylocalvarietiesofdomesticatedplants&animals

•  Newtrendtohavelesslocalvariation•  Leadstolossofadaptabilityandpossiblyextinction

Dutch Belted cow


•  Germplasm•  Usedtopreserveoldervarietiesofplants&livestock•  Anyplantoranimalmaterialusedinbreeding

•  Seeds,plants,planttissues,sperm&egg

•  Whoownsgermplasm?•  InternationalTreatyonPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture,2004•  Limitsgermpalsmcompaniescanpatent•  Affirmsrightoffarmerstosave,use,exchange,sellseeds•  Germplasmavailabletobreedersinexchangeforroyalties


IncreasingCropYields

US wheat yields


•  Reasonsforincreasedcropyields:•  Knowledgeofplantnutrition•  Fertilizers•  Pesticides•  Selectiveplantbreeding


IncreasingCropYieldsCase‐in‐Point:TheGreenRevolution

Development of a superior rice plant


GreenRevolution•  usingmoderncultivationmethodsandhigh‐yieldingcropstoproducemorefood•  Ex.Potatoes,barley,corn,wheat,rice

•  NormanBorlaug,Mexico,1940’s&1950’s•  Developed“stronger”varietyofwheat

•  Increasedcropyields,dependenceofdevelopingcountries,&dependenceonenergy

•  Benefitslargelandowners,notsubsistencefarmers


•  IncreasingLivestockYields:•  hormonesupplementation

•  Regulatesbodilyfunctions•  Promotesfastergrowth•  BannedbyEUcarcinogen???ORdecreasecompetition?

•  antibioticsinfeedstuff•  Increasesweightoflivestockby4‐5%•  Givenconstantlytohealthyanimals•  Increasesresistantstrainsofbacteria


GeneticEngineering•  Manipulationofgenesbytakingaspecificgenefromacellofonespeciesandplacingitintoacellofanunrelatedspecies,whereitisexpressed.

•  Producemorenutritious,higher‐yieldingcropsresistanttoharshelements•  Ex.“goldenrice”•  Ex.Anti‐Algene


GeneticEngineering


IssueswithGeneticEngineering:•  TheSafetyofGeneticEngineering

•  CartagenaProtocolonBiosafety,2003•  TheBacklashAgainstGeneticallyModifiedFoods•  EU,5yrmoratorium

•  ShouldFoodsfromGeneticallyModifiedCropsandLivestockBeLabeled?

TheEnvironmentalImpactsofAgriculture

TheMeatrix:http://www.themeatrix1.com/http://www.themeatrix2.com/http://www.moremeatrix.com/


•  Airpollution•  Waterpollution•  Soilpollution•  Wastedisposal•  Pesticide‐resistantorganisms•  Landdegradation•  Soilerosion•  Waterusage•  Habitatfragmentation•  Cultivatingmarginallands


•  Airpollution•  Causes:Fossilfuels&Pesticides

•  Waterpollution•  Causes:Fertilizers&Pesticides•  Result:Decreasesbiodiversity,harmsfisheries,increasesnuisancespecies.

•  Greatestcauseofsurface‐waterpollutioninUS•  Ex.IA,WI,ILMississ.R.G.ofMexico•  Nitratesfromwaste&fertilizergroundwater


•  Agrobusiness•  Feedlots&livestockfactories•  Leadstoproblemslikesewagedisposal.

•  Deeplagoonsforstoragesoil&waterpollution•  Strongodor•  Fishkills


Insectsarebecomingincreasinglyresistanttopesticides

• Leadstoincreasesintheamountofpesticidesapplied.

• Leadsfurthertopesticideresidueonfoodsandcontaminatedland/water.


•  Landdegradation•  Reductioninpotentialproductivityofland.•  Soilerosiondecreasessoilfertility•  Sedimentlossdecreaseswaterquality•  Compactionofsoil•  Salinizationofsoil•  Waterloggedsoil


•  WaterUsage•  1000tonswater=1tongrain•  Consumes70%totalwithdrawnfreshwater•  Lowerswatertables•  Mismanagementofwater


•  HabitatFragmentation•  Breakupoflargeareasofhabitatintosmall,isolatedpatches

•  Decreasesbiodiversity•  Ex.90%tallgrassprairieconvertedtoagriculture


•  CultivatingMarginalLands•  Landpronetosoil&winderosion•  Unsustainablefarming•  ConservationReserveProgram•  Ex.Haiti

•  Annualpercapitafoodproductionis50%of1950levels•  Overpopulation&plantingonerodedsoils

•  Declineinirrigatedlandduetocostofirrigation,depletionofaquifers,saltysoil,wateruseforresidential&industrialuse

SolutionstoAgriculturalProblems

GoalsofSustainableAgriculture


http://www.hippocampus.org/hippocampus.php/course_locator.php?course=AP%20Environmental%20Science&lesson=59&topic=1&width=800&height=550&topicTitle=Interplanting&skinPath=http://www.hippocampus.org/hippocampus.skins/default


•  SustainableAgriculture:•  Maintainssoilproductivityandecologicalbalancewhilehavingminimallong‐termimpacts.

•  Eco‐friendlychemicalsthatquicklybreakdown•  Diversified‐fieldcrops,fruit/nuttrees,livestock,&forest

•  Water&energyconservation


•  PestControlinSustainableAgriculture:•  Maintenanceofanimalhealth•  Enhancingpredator‐preyrelationshipsforpestcontrol

•  Disease‐resistantcrops•  Increasedbiodiversity

•  Hedgerowsforhabitatfornaturalpredators

•  Cropselection

•  SoilQuality&SustainableAgriculture:•  Croprotation•  Conservationtillage•  Contourplowing•  Usehillsformixed‐grasspastures,notcrops•  Animalmanure•  BiologicalN‐fixation


•  OrganicFoodProductionAct,1990•  Organic‐Soilsgrowninsoilfreeofcommercialinorganicfertilizers/pesticidesfor3+years.

•  CertifiedOrganic–cropsgrownonlandthathasbeeninspected

•  USDAOrganic–Cattle&livestockthathasnotbeenraisedwithantibioticsorhormones&arefedorganicfeed.

•  HumaneRaised&Handled–animalsthatgetfreshair,exercise,&are“cagefree”


•  IPM•  Limiteduseofpesticides,incorporatedwithcropration,continualmonitoringofpests,disease‐resistantvarieties,andbiologicalpestcontrols.


MakingSubsistenceAgricultureSustainable&MoreProductive:

•  Slash‐and‐burnagricultureinrainforestsissustainable,iffewpeoplepracticeit

•  Researcherstryingtofindwaystoincreaselong‐termproductivity•  Heavymulching•  Polycultures•  N‐fixation•  Agroforestry

FisheriesoftheWorld

Majortypesofseafood:

FisheriesoftheWorld

http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/11/60minutes/main3700644.shtml

FisheriesoftheWorld

ProblemsandChallengesfortheFishingIndustry

FisheriesoftheWorld

http://www.hippocampus.org/hippocampus.php/course_locator.php?course=AP%20Environmental%20Science&lesson=59&topic=2&width=800&height=550&topicTitle=Fish%20Harvesting&skinPath=http://www.hippocampus.org/hippocampus.skins/default

FisheriesoftheWorld

Overharvestingisthemostseriousproblem

FisheriesoftheWorld

OceanPollutionandDeterioratingHabitat80%ofglobaloceanpollutioncomesfromhumanactivitiesonland

FisheriesoftheWorld

Aquaculture:FishFarming•  2003aquacultureproductionoffinfishandshellfish=41.9milliontons

•  InUS:aquacultureaccountsfor6%ofallseafoodconsumed;$900million‐a‐ yearindustry

•  Majordrawback:itsexpensive

raven5e ppt ch19 - mrs. moretz's science site · • marasmus • caused by low calorie &...

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