rare cancers in children

8/4/2019 Rare Cancers in Children

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Rare Cancers In Children

By Kyle J. Norton

All article and E books written by Kyle J. Norton are for information and education only,

please consult with your doctor and related field specialist before applying.

Rare cancer in childhoodCancer in childhood are rare, approximately 1 in every 600 children willdevelop any type of cancer before the age of 15 due to abnormal cells

growth in part of a child body.

Wilms' tumor of kidney

Wilm's tumor of kidney also known as nephroblastoma is rare cancer of the

kidneys that only occurs in children. About 75% occurs in normal children

and only (25%) is associated with other developmental abnormalities.

Symptoms1. Abdominal swelling

2. An abdominal mass you can feel

It happens to approximate 15% of all cases

3. Fever

A general cause of cancer

4. Blood in the urine


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Due to cancer has caused damage to the kidney

5. Loss of appetite


6. Weight loss

Unintentional weight loss over 10% is common symptom of cancer

7. Anemia

Due to the cancer has affected the function of erythropoietin in production of

hemoglobin.

8. Hypertension

Due to secretion of renin by the tumor.

9. Etc

Causes and risk factors

1. Gene mutation

a. Mutations of the WT1 gene on chromosome 11 p 13 are found inapproximately 20% of Wilms' tumors.

b. A inactivated gene on the X chromosome, WTX, is found in

approximately 30% of Wilms' tumor cases.

2. Race

People of African descent have the higher risk of Wilms' tumor.

3. Gender

Female are also more at risk than male to develop Wilms' tumors.

4. Age

Increased risk of Wilms' tumor if the children is under 5 of ages

5. Family history

Approximately less than 3% of children with Wilms' tumor have at least one

relative with the same cancer

6. Heredity

Birth defects such as Aniridia, Hemihypertrophy, Cryptorchidism, etc.,

according to statistic has a strong link to Wilms' tumor

7. Etc.

Diagnosis and test

1. Abdominal swelling2. An abdominal mass you can feel

It happens to approximate 15% of all cases

3. Fever


4. Blood in the urine

Due to cancer has caused damage to the kidney


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5. Loss of appetite


6. Weight loss

Unintentional weight loss over 10% is common symptom of cancer

7. Anemia

Due to the cancer has affected the function of erythropoietin in production of

hemoglobin.

8. Hypertension

Due to secretion of renin by the tumor.

9. Etc

Grades

The Grades of Wilms' Tumor of Kidney are depending to the tendency of

spreading. Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely

to spread while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.

Stages

Wilms' Tumor of Kidney is classified as 5 stages

1. Stage 0

If the cancerous cell have not penetrated in deeper tissue but in the surface

of the kidney.

2. Stage I

In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded

into deep the prostate lining, but still completely inside the kidney.

a. Stage IA

The cancer is not 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.

a.1. Stage IA1:

The invasion area is 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch)

wide.

a.2. Stage IA2:

The invasion area is 3 mm but 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less

than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.b. Stage IB:

The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue but less than 5cm

(2 inch)

b.1. Stage IB1:

Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).

b.2. Stage IB2:


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Cancer is 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but less than 5cm (2 inch)

3. Stage II

In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still

within the kidney.

4. Stage III

In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately

surrounding the kidney.

5. Stage IV

In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately outside of

the affected kidney into other distant parts of the body.

Diagnosis and tests1. Blood test of creatinine

a. A blood test measures the level of creatinine in the blood.

b. Creatinine clearance

Collection of the samples of urine to compare the level of creatinine from

the urine with the one from the blood.

2 Ultrasound

Ultrasound allows your doctor to visualize and assess the size and to check

for any abnormality and surrounding area with image taken from the test.

3. CT Scan (computerized tomography)

A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken

around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the

inside of the body in details. The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see

the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the

nearby structure and lymph nodes.

4. MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging)

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technologyused to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body

used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in

the lymph nodes and surrounding areas.

4. Chest X ray

Check X ray is to check the lung for spreading of the cancer.


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5. Biopsy

A sample of the effected area is taken by a thin tube-like instrument, under

local anesthesia or general anesthesia examined by a pathologist under

microscopy to view the type and stage of the cancer.

6. Etc.

Treatments

Once the location, stage and grade of the cancer is determined, treatments

are include

1. Surgery and chemotherapy

Surgery is the first treatment used to remove as much of cancer as possible

and to accurate determine if there is any spread.

2. Chemotherapy

a. If the cancer has spread, chemotherapy with use of drugs such as

vinristine, actinomycin,adrianycin, platinum drugs, etc. The cure of Wilm's

cancer is very high, even the cancer has spread to distant part of the body.

Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cancer combined

with radio therapy. Chemo is recommended to shrink the tumor if surgery is

not possible.

b. Side effects

b.1. Nausea

b.2. Vomiting

b.3. Hair loss

b.4. Fatigue

b.5. Anemia

b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes

b.7. Infection

b.8. Etc.

3. Radiotherapy

a. Sometime doctors give radiation for kidney tumors after surgery andbefore chemotherapy. Radiation may be used to kill any cancer cells

remaining in the body locally. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of

radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from

growing or regrowing.

b. Side effects

b.1. Fatigue


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b.2. Chest pain

b.3. Heart problem

b.4. Short of breath

b.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.

b.6. Etc.

4. Etc.

Rare Cancers In Childhood - Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is an uncommonly rapid spreading cancer arises from cells

of eye of retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is rare caver in

childhood, in US approximately 300 children are diagnosed withretinoblastoma each year. About 3 out of 4 children with retinoblastoma

have a tumor in only one eye and 1 in 4, both eyes are affected. Although the

cancer can develop quickly, can be cured in most cases. 90% of

Retinoblastoma diagnosed within the first three years of the child's life.

Types of retinoblastoma

1. Hereditary Retinoblastoma

Is caused by the mutation of gene Rd at birth. it can affect not only the cells

of the eye, but in all of the body's cells- If multiple tumors are present in

both eyes, the term assigned is multi-focal retinoblastoma. Retinoblastomaeffects approximately 70% of patient in all cases.

2. Sporadic Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma is caused abnormal cells growth in the retina other than

hereditary .


1. Gene

Retinoblastoma is caused by changes in or absence of a gene called RB1located on chromosome 13q14 resulting in the inability of RB1 to produce a

tumor suppressor protein that normally helps to regulate the cell cycle of

cells of the retina, causing retinoblastoma. Chikdren with inherited

retinoblastomas are more likely to be bilateral.

2. Radiation therapy

Children who had radiation to treat other cancer are at increased risk of


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retinoblastoma.

3. Family history

Increased risk of retinoblastoma if you have a family history of the disease.

4. Age

The cancer tends to develop in children before age of 3.

5. Etc.

Symptoms

1. Abnormal appearance of the pupil

The pupil located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to enter

the retina. In retinoblastoma, the cells of the retina have become cancerous,

causing abnormal appearance of the pupil.

2. Leukocoria

Leukocoria is an abnormal white reflection from the retina of the eye caused

by abnomal cells growth in the retina.3. Deterioration of vision

4. Faltering growth or delayed development.

5. A red and irritated eye

6. Cross-eyed

7. Eye enlargement

8. Etc.

Stages

Stages of Retinoblastoma depends to the size and location of the tumor.

1. Intraocular retinoblastoma

Cancer is inside one or both eyes and has not spreading to the surrounding

tissue and nearby lymph node.

2. Extraocular retinoblastoma

Cancer has spread to the surrounding tissue, lymph node and distant parts of

the body

Diagnosis and tests

After recording the family history and complete physical exams includingeye exam with with dilated pupils to allow the doctor to look through the

lens and pupil to the retina.

1. Eye exams

If the child has some of the above symptoms, the first test which you doctor

order is the eye exam with a ophthalmologist including including the retina

and the optic nerve with the use of general anesthesia.


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1. Blood test

Blood test to check for the nonavailability of the RB1 gene.

2. Ultrasound






inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see



4. MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging)MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is one of many advanced technology

used to visualize internal structures cross sectional imaging of your body

used effectively in providing the better details of the metastasis of cancer in

the lymph nodes and surrounding areas.

5. Etc.

Preventions

If your family carry a genetic passing through of mutation of gene RB1, it is

for the best interest of the child to have a genetic testing to assess the risk of

retinoblastoma, so it can be diagnosed early for cure and with preservation

of the child vision.

Treatments

1. Surgery

a. The aims of surgery is to cure and to preserve vision, if the tumor small.

Otherwise, surgery is to remove as much of cancer as possible. Sometimes

the tumor is very large and the vision in the eye is lost, enucleation may be

necessary.b. Risks and side effects

Surgical and anesthesia risks

2. Radiotherapy

a. Sometime doctors give radiation for retinoblastoma after surgery and

before chemotherapy. In retinoblastoma Radiation may be used as treatment


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of retina with photocagulation with the use of high-energy x-rays or other

types of radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them

from growing or regrowing.

b. Side effects

b.1. Fatigue

b.2. Chest pain

b.3. Heart problem



b.6. Etc.although there will be some effect on the surrounding tissue.

Radiotherapy for retinoblastoma is usually used in situations when other

treatments have not been successful.

3. Chemotherapy

a. If the cancer has spread, chemotherapy with use of drugs to cureretinoblastoma even the cancer has spread to distant part of the body.

Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cancer combined

with radio therapy. Chemo is recommended to shrink the tumor if surgery is

not possible.

b. Side effects

b.1. Nausea

b.2. Vomiting

b.3. Hair loss

b.4. Fatigue

b.5. Anemia


b.7. Infection

b.8. Etc.

4. Photocoagulation

a. In retinoblastoma, photocoagulation is used to destroy abnormal blood

vessels with aim to treat tumors in the eye by using a laser which produces

light in the visible green wavelength that can be absorbed by hemoglobin in

red blood cells.b. Risks and side effects

b.1. Loss of vision, worsening visual acuity,

b. 2. Reduced night vision, and

b.3. Hemorrhaging in the eye

b.4. Etc.


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5. Etc.

Rare Cancers In Childhood - Neuroblastoma

Rare cancer in childhood

Cancer in childhood are rare, approximately 1 in every 600 children will

develop any type of cancer before the age of 15 due to abnormal cells

growth in part of a child body.

Neuroblastoma,

An extracranial solid cancer arises from nerve tissue found in infants and

children as a result of untrollable cells growth caused by genetic mutation. Itis classified into 3 risk categories: low, intermediate, and high risk. The

disease occurs in 1 out of 100,000 children.

Symptoms

1. Fever

Abnormally consistent fever symptoms may be a symptoms of

neuroblastoma, it happens to about approximately 25 percent of patients.

2. Pain

Complained about constant abdomen pain may also be a symptom of

neuroblastoma as over 65% neuroblastoma center at the abdomen.3. Loss of appetite

A general symptom of any form of cancer

4. Weight loss

Any unintentional weight loss over 10% is a sign of cancer.

5. Bone pain or tenderness

if the cancer has spreads to the bone

6. Difficulty breathing or a chronic cough

if the cancer has spread to the lung

7. Enlarged abdomenAs a result from a large tumor or excess fluid accumulation.

8. Pale skin

Cancer has interfered with production of red blood cells

9. Paralysis of the hips, legs, or feet

It may be caused the enlarge tumor has interfered with nerve function in

controlling the movement of lower extremities


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10. Loss of body balance

May be due to the cancer has interfered with function of vestibulocochlear

nerve

11. Uncontrolled eye movements

AS cancer has interfered with one or all cranial nerves

12.Etc.


1. Gene

Neuroblastoma arises from nerve tissue found in infants and children, as a

result of uncontrollable cells growth caused by genetic mutation. Children

with below genetic disorders are at risk of the cancer

a. Neurofibromatosis

Neurofibromatosis is a genetically-inherited disorder of nerve tissue grows

benign tumors.b. Fetal hydantoin syndrome

Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome is a rare disorder caused by exposure of a fetus to

the anticonvulsant drug phenytoin (Dilantin).

c. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

BeckwithWiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth disorder affecting

many parts of the body an unusual rate.

d. Etc.

4. Family history

Risk of the cancer increases if you have a family history of the cancer.

5. Age

Children below 15 years of age are at increased risk of neuroblastoma

6. Heredity

The cancer may be genetic passing through from your parent affecting

approximately 2% of all cases.

7. Etc.

Diagnosis and tests

After recording the family history and physical exam, including lumps,

sweeling, and any other signs of the disease1. 24 hours urine tests

If you doctor suspected that it may be Neuroblastoma, the first tesrt will be

24 hours urine test for level of the markers - homovanillic acid (HMA) and

vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA). A sign of Neuroblastoma if higher than

normal amount of homovanillic acid (HMA) and vanillyl mandelic acid

(VMA) is found.


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2. Blood chemistry test

A sign of neuroblastoma if the blood chemitry test came back with elevation

of markers of hormones dopamine and norepinephrine.




inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see



4. Ultrasound



5. Biopsy

A sample of the effected area is taken by a thin tube-like instrument, under

local anesthesia or general anesthesia examined by a pathologist under

microscopy to view the type and stage of the cancer.

6. Chest X ray

Check X ray is to check the lung for spreading of the cancer.

7. Etc.

Grades

The Grades of Neuroblastoma are depending to the tendency of spreading.

Low grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread

while high grade cancer indicates otherwise.

Stages

Neuroblastoma is classified as 5 stages

1. Stage 0If the cancerous cell have not penetrated in deeper tissue but in the surface

of the nerve tissue.

2. Stage I

In stage I, the cancerous cells are no longer in the surface but have invaded

into deep the prostate lining, but still completely inside the nerve tissue.


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a. Stage IA

The cancer is not 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.

a.1. Stage IA1:

The invasion area is 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and & less than 7mm (1/4 inch)

wide.

a.2. Stage IA2:

The invasion area is 3 mm but 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and & less

than 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.

b. Stage IB:

The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue but less than 5cm

(2 inch)

b.1. Stage IB1:

Cancer is 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).

b.2. Stage IB2:

Cancer is 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but less than 5cm (2 inch)

3. Stage II

In stage II, the cancerous cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still

within the nerve tissue.

4. Stage III

In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately

surrounding the nerve tissue.

5. Stage IV

In this stage, cancerous cells has spread to the tissues immediately outside of

the affected nerve tissue into other distant parts of the body.

Treatments

Treatment depends to the location, grade and stage of the cancer.

1. Surgery

a. The aim of the surgery is to cure, if the cancer has not spread and the

location is fieasible for operation. your surgeon will remove as much of the

tumor as possible. If cancer can not remove completely then radiotherapy tokill cells locally or chemotherapy to kill the remaining cancerous cells in the

body.

b. Risks and Side effects

Surgical and anesthesia risk

2. Radiotherapy


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a. Sometime doctors give radiation for kidney tumors after surgery and

before chemotherapy. Radiation may be used to kill any cancer cells

remaining in the body locally. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of

radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from

growing or regrowing.

b. Side effects

b.1. Fatigue

b.2. Chest pain

b.3. Heart problem



b.6. Etc.

3. Chemotherapy

a. If the cancer has spread, chemotherapy with use of drugs very effectivelyto cure neuroblastoma, even the cancer has spread to distant part of the body.

Chemotherapy is mostly used to treat with advance stage of cancer

combined with radio therapy. Chemo is recommended to shrink the tumor if

surgery is not possible. In some cases, high doses of chemotherapy may be

recommended.

b. Side effects

b.1. Nausea

b.2. Vomiting

b.3. Hair loss

b.4. Fatigue

b.5. Anemia


b.7. Infection

b.8. Etc.

4. Monoclonal antibody therapy

a. Monoclonal antibody therapy is the use of antibodies attach to the

substances by killing the cancer cells, keeping them from spreading given by

infusion.b. Most common risks and side effects

b.1. Heart problem and low blood pressure

b.2. Skin rashes, itching and infection

b.3. Fever and muscle pain

b.4. Fatigue, tiredness and headache

b.5. Diarrhea


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b.6. Nausea and vomiting

b.7. Etc.

5. Stem cell transplant

a. In Neuroblastoma, stem cells of a donor or are removed from the blood or

bone marrow of the patient are frozen and stored. After other treatments are

completed, the stored cells are infused back to the body.

b. Risks and side effects

b.1. Bone marrow suppression

b.2. Infection

b.3. Graft-Versus-Host Disease

b.a. Graft Failure

b.5. Cancer Relapse

b.6. Etc.

6. Etc.

Recommended Reading: Super Food Library

The Nature Super Food For Health Living and Longevity

And Look 10-20 Years Younger Than Your Biological Age

For other cancer articles visit

http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/2011/07/cancers-from-b-to-t-

most-common-types_26.html

For more health article, visithttp://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com

Or follow me on http://twitter.com/kylejnorton

Author biography

kyle J. Norton - I have been studying natural remedies for disease prevention

for over 20 years and working as a financial consultant since 1990. Health

Researcher and Article Writer. Master in Mathematics and BA in World

Literature and Literary criticism.
http://d240demluou8yzrf76rxbp7o2f.hop.clickbank.net/?tid=FOODSFORTHOUGHThttp://d240demluou8yzrf76rxbp7o2f.hop.clickbank.net/?tid=FOODSFORTHOUGHThttp://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/2011/08/For%20other%20cancer%20articles%20visit%20http:/medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/2011/07/cancers-from-b-to-t-most-common-types_26.htmlhttp://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/2011/08/For%20other%20cancer%20articles%20visit%20http:/medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/2011/07/cancers-from-b-to-t-most-common-types_26.htmlhttp://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/http://twitter.com/kylejnortonhttp://d240demluou8yzrf76rxbp7o2f.hop.clickbank.net/?tid=FOODSFORTHOUGHThttp://d240demluou8yzrf76rxbp7o2f.hop.clickbank.net/?tid=FOODSFORTHOUGHThttp://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/2011/08/For%20other%20cancer%20articles%20visit%20http:/medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/2011/07/cancers-from-b-to-t-most-common-types_26.htmlhttp://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/2011/08/For%20other%20cancer%20articles%20visit%20http:/medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/2011/07/cancers-from-b-to-t-most-common-types_26.htmlhttp://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.com/http://twitter.com/kylejnorton

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