Outline

1. Introduction to wheat and production constraints

2. Fast track release of rust resistant bread wheat varieties in

Ethiopia

3. Examples in rapid seed multiplication of rust resistant wheat

varieties & variety promotion activities

4. Conclusion

Wheat in Ethiopia (CSA, 2000-2011)

Introduction

Introduction

Wheat production in Ethiopia is

constrained by several factors. Among the

most important ones are:

• wheat stem, leaf and yellow

rusts,

• septoria blotch & fusarium scab

Year Variety Virulence

against

Estimated

loss (%)

1974 Laketch Sr?

1988 Dashen Yr9 58

1994 Enkoy Sr36 67-100

2010 Kubsa Yr27 Up to 100

Historical rust epidemics in Ethiopia:

Introduction

• Dominant bread wheat varieties of Ethiopia are

susceptible to the stem rust race Ug99

• Fast track variety release & rapid seed multiplication

activities were initiated in 2008 to rapidly address the

prooblem

Here we report success stories in fast variety

release, rapid seed multiplication & variety

replacement

1. Fast track release of

rust resistant bread

wheat varieties in

Ethiopia

Introduction of

Ug99 resistant

lines from

CIMMYT (5 lines)

DRRW-Eth

Year 1 (2009): Offseason

at DZARC & KARC :

Evaluation for local

races of rusts and

agronomic performance

Main-season 2009:

1) Multi-location verification trials

(10mx10m) on 25 locations

(research station & 2 on-farm) (KU,

BJ, AS, AN, AR, SG, DH, DNB, HO,

AD, SN)

2) Pre-release seed increase (same

year) on 5 ha at Kulumsa (USAID)

3) Application for release to NVRC

4) Field visit by variety release

technical committee

Use of nursery data from

ETH & data from

CIMMYT Njoro, KEN

2nd year: 2010 off-season : Pre-

release seed multiplication at Werer

on 100 ha.

April 2010:

- Variety release defense

- Danda & Kakaba

released

Main-season (2010)

• Demonstration of

Kakaba & Danda’a s

at national level

• Deliver initial seed

to seed growers

Example: Approaches used for the release of Ug99 varieties: Danda’a & Kakaba

Further seed increase in 2011 offseason:

Upper Awash, Werer, Robani farm, Koga

Table 1: Germplasm introduced from CIMMYT & ICARDA for fast track

variety release of Ug99 resistant varieties during 2009

Lines Pedigree Seed Source Seed

imported

(kg)*

1 CHONTE #1 SERI.1B*2/3/KAUZ*2/BOW//K

AUZ/4/PBW343*2/KUKUNA

CIMMYT 100

2 DANPHE #1 KIRITATI//2*PBW65/2*SERI.1

B

CIMMYT 100

3 MUNAL #1 "s" WAXWING*2/KIRITATI CIMMYT 100

4 PICAFLOR #1 KIRITATI//SERI/RAYON CIMMYT 100

5 QUAIU #2 BABAX/LR42//BABAX*2/3/VI

VITSI

CIMMYT 100

6 FLAG 3 PYN/BAU//MILAN ICARDA 100

7 FLAG 5 PYN//BAU/MILAN ICARDA 50

8 AMIR-2 CHAM-6/WW 1402 ICARDA 100

Total 750

Figure 1: Box plot showing grain yield

distribution of the genotypic at selected

locations (summer 2009)

Figure 2: 10 years rainfall (June

– October) at Dhera 2009

Results

Table 2: Mean grain yield and other traits (10 locs)

Genotype

Heading

(days)

Maturity

(days)

YLD,

kg/ha

TKW,

G

1 Local check 71.5a 124ab 2720.6b 32d

2 Chonte#1 71.4a 122bc 3109.2a 36c

3 Danphe#1 71.3a 125a 3295.8a 39a

4 Munal#1 70.6b 121c 3110.3a 36c

5 Picaflor#1 61.4e 112d 3121.6a 36c

6 Quiau#2 68.5d 120c 3159.9a 38b

7 Standard check 69.6c 124ab 3140.3a 36c

Mean 69 121 3094 36

LSD 0.46 1.96 190.5

C.V., % 1.17 2.8 10.68

R2 0.998 0.988 0.977

Figure 3: Grain yield of Ug99 resistant candidate varieties in selected sites

(2009)

Figure 4: Yield advantage over standard checks

Figure 5: Cluster of wheat lines based on agronomic data

(Ward’s similarity index)

Table 3: Reactions to stem and yellow rusts and

septoria; data from ETH & CIMMYT Njoro, KEN

No. Genotype

Ethiopia 2009 Njoro, Kenya SR data

Stem rust Yellow

rust Septoria

OFS

29/03/07

MAIN

Season

11/10/07

SR

resistance

type

1 ST CK 50SMS 20S 63

2 CHONTE#1 25MRMS 15S 74 20MS 10MS R-MR

3 DANPHE#1 15MS 20MS 75 10MS 20MSS R-MR

4 MUNAL#1 50SMS 30S 75 20M 15M MR

5 PICAFLOR#1 40MSMR 20MS 86 20M 20M MR

6 QUIAU#2 20MSMR 15S 88 50MR 40M srTmp

7 LOC CK 30MS 5MS 63

What are the outputs of this work?

• Danphe#1 and Picaflor#1 were finally released as ‘Danda’a’ and Kakaba,

respectively during 2010.

• NVC recommended Quau#2 to be tested under irrigation in low altitudes

where septoria is not a problem. And it was released for irrigated lowland

areas as Gambo.

Danda’a

KIRITATI//2*PBW65/2*SERI.1B Kakaba

KIRITATI//SERI/RAYON

Other success stories in variety release (Year 2011)

HOGGANA = FLAG-5 = PYN/BAU//MILAN

SHORIMA =

UTIQUE96/3/PYN/BAU//M

ILAN

HULUKA =

UTIQUE96/3/PYN/BAU//MIL

AN

Gambo (BABAX/LR42//BABAX*2/3/VIVITSI)

Year 2012

HIDASE

YANAC/3/PRL/SARA//TSI/VEE#5/4/CR

OC-1/AE.SQUAROSA(224)//OPATTA

OGOLCHO

WORRAKATTA/2*PASTOR

Summary on adaptation zones and yield potential of new

BW varieties

Name Year of

release Height (cm)

Maturity

(days)

Rainfall Altitude Yield

(mm) (m) (MT/ha)

1 Hidase 2012 91-110 110-125 >600 2100-2800 4.5-7.0

2 Ogolcho 2012 75-90 90-105 500-800 1500-2100 3.3-5.0

3 Hulluka 2012 133 104 >600 2200-2800 3.9-7.1

4 Gambo 2011 88-113 90-145 Irrigated 650-2400 3.7-5.5

5 Shorima 2011 85-120 105-150 600-900 1900-2600 4.4-6.3

6 Hoggana 2011 85-103 121-170 800-1200 2200-2900 4.6-6.0

7 Danda’a 2010 90-113 110-145 >600 2000-2600 3.5-7.0

8 Kakaba 2010 85-100 90-120 500- 800 1500-2200 3.3-5.2

2. Examples in rapid seed multiplication of

rust resistant wheat varieties & variety

promotion activities

Progresses of robust source seed multiplication

• Triggered by:

– Stem rust race Ug99

• Strategies followed:

a) Pre-release & post release

seed multiplication during

Off-season (irrigation)

Main-season (rain-fed)

b) Focus on rust resistant

bread wheat varieties

Variety Year of

Release

1 Danda’a 2010

2 Gambo 2010

3 Kakaba 2010

4 Shorima 2011

5 Hoggana 2011

6 Hidasie 2012

7 Hulluka 2012

8 Ogolcho 2012

Table 4: Pre-release seed multiplication of candidate varieties in main

crop season of 2009 and off-season of 2010.

A total 66 MT of Danda’a, Kakaba and Gambo varieties was

produced before their approval for release.

Speeded up access to seeds of these varieties after release

Genotype Current status

Rain fed at Kulumsa (2009) Irrigation at Werer (2010)

Area (ha)

Amount

produced

(MT) Area (ha)

Amount

produced

(MT)

Quaiu#1 Gambo 1.0 3.1 12 14.7

Munal#1 Unreleased 1.0 3.5 12 10.7

Chonte#1 Unreleased 0.6 2.3 24 20.8

Damphe#1 Danda'a 0.9 2.5 24 18.4

Picaflor#1 Kakaba 0.7 2.7 30 32.6

Flag-3 Unreleased 0.5 1.4

Amir-2 Unreleased 0.6 1.7

Total 5.3 17.2 102.0 97.2

Table 5: Area and quantity of Danda’a and Kakaba produced using irrigation

during off-season in 2010 by different institutions-Crush Program

Location Variety Area planted

(ha)

Seed

produced

(MT)

Seed source Responsible

organization

Werer/Middle Awash Danda’a 30 35.3 Kulumsa RC EIAR

Werer/Middle Awash Kakaba 60 49.1 Kulumsa RC EIAR

Robani Farm/Upper

Awash

Kakaba 30 34.0 Kulumsa RC EIAR

Koga/Gojam Kakba 70 80.0 Kulumsa RC ESE

Merti/Upper Awash Kakaba 126 68.4

Kulumsa RC ESE

Nura-Era/Upper

Awash

Kakaba 140

76.0

Kulumsa RC ESE

Nura-Era/Upper

Awash

Danda’a 40

21.7

Kulumsa RC ESE

Total 496 364.5

Table 6: Amount of seed of rust resistant bread wheat varieties produced (MT) in the Kulumsa during 2011/12 main-season

Variety* Breeder Pre-basic Basic Total

Kakaba 2.9 17.7 129.6 150.2

Danda’a 3 65.5 133.4 201.9

Digelu 1.8 38.5 43.7 84.0

Hoggana 1 - - 1.0

Hulluka 3 - - 3.0

Shorima 3.4 - - 3.4

Gambo 1.8 - - 1.8

Total 16.9 121.7 308.9 445.3

*New varieties have replaced older varieties in seed sector

Variety Seed amount (MT)

Danda'a 25.0

Shorima 2.8

Hulluka 7.5

Gambo 8.0

Total 68.0

Varieties are well

disseminated through

pre-scaling up program

Majority of seed

produced has been

distributed to public

seed enterprises such as

OSE, ASE, SSE, BADE.

Table 7: Volume of pre-basic seed produced on rust resistant bread wheat

varieties under irrigation at Werer Research Center in 2011/12.

Variety Amount

(MT)

Kakaba Pre-basic 6.0

Kakaba Basic 296.7

Danda‘a Basic 130.5

Total 433.2

Table 9: Volume of pre-basic &

basic seeds produced (MT) by public

seed producers (ESE, OSE, ASE,

BADE) during 2011/12 main

season.

Variety Total

Danda'a 2,252.0

Digelu 9,172.7

Kakaba 3,211.0

Total 14,635.7

Table 10: Volume of certified seed (MT) produced by public seed producers in 2011/12.

14,600 tons of seed is enough to

cover 97,000 ha of land (6.5 % of

wheat area in Ethiopia).

Promotion of Rust Resistant Varieties

By the involvement of various actors & projects:

• National scaling up – EIAR, RARIs, HLIs, MoA/ BoA

• Rapid deployment of rust resistant and high yielding varieties for achieving food security in Ethiopia

• EAAPP-WRCoE

• AGRA wheat

• NGOs

Promotion of Rust Resistant

Varieties: field days/visits

Conclusion • Fast track variety release has become the best approach for fast

replacement of rust resistant wheat varieties in Ethiopia

• Pre-release seed multiplication of promising lines accelerates

varietal accessibility right at the time of their release

• The current paradigm on seed multiplication using main

season & offseason irrigation is a vital solution for increasing

seed availability of new varieties

Acknowledgements

• CIMMYT & ICARDA for providing elite germplasm &

data on germplasm

• USAID for funding rapid seed multiplication activities

• B&M Gates

• DRRW project

• CORNEL UNI

• WB for funding wheat project through EAAPP

• SEED GROWERS / ESE, OSE, ASE, SSE