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Randahl C. Palmer Dr. Nolan Hertel Dr. Armin Ansari Work funded by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention through TKCIS

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Page 1: Randahl C. Palmer Dr. Nolan Hertel Armin Ansarihpschapters.org/src/2010/7...Randahl C. Palmer- Evaluation of Intern… · Attach aluminum feet to bottom of the PVC pipes. String cables

Randahl C. PalmerDr. Nolan HertelDr. Armin Ansari 

Work funded by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention

through TKCIS

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Overview• Motivation• Portal Monitors• Detector Characterization Method• Experimental Procedure• Experimental Data• Monte Carlo N‐Particles Version 5 (MCNP) Models of 

Detectors • Theoretical vs. Experimental Comparisons• TPM 903B Portal Monitor Count Rate over 30 Days 

Corresponding to 250 mSv• Current and Future Work

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Motivation Goal

To identify individuals who have received > 250 mSv of internal contamination via ingestion or inhalation, for the purpose of further testing and treatment during 1stcut screening of the public after a Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD).  

Purpose To determine the validity of using portal monitors to achieve the aforementioned goal

End Goal Procedure sheets for the usage of portal monitors

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Ingestion

Triage Decision Making

RDDRDDTriage

Contaminated

Clean

Inhalation

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Why Portal Monitors?  In the event of an RDD a large population is likely to be affected and must be triaged making the following properties of portal monitors valuable

Portable  Whole body counters Easy to assemble and operate Readily available Relatively large throughput

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TPM ‐903B Portal Monitor

TPM‐903B – Thermo Scientific Transportable portal monitor 2 x BC408 plastic scintillators 

Volume 10.6 liters  1.6 mm of lead shielding around 3 sides  Energy Range: 60 keV to 2 MeV

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Detector Characterization MethodAcquire CPS for Portal Monitors for Point 

Source Measurements with Varying PMMA 

Attenuations 

Model the Detectors Model the Detectors in MCNP in MCNP 

&  Simulate the Point &  Simulate the Point Source MeasurementsSource Measurements

Victim Victim Sent Sent HomeHome

Determine Determine Count Rate Count Rate (CPS) per (CPS) per 250 mSv250 mSv

Internal Internal Contamination Contamination 

Procedure Procedure SheetsSheets

Compare  MCNP to Compare  MCNP to the Experimental the Experimental Measurements Measurements =Scaling Factor =Scaling Factor 

(C/E)(C/E)

Use Dose Coefficients Listed in Rad Toolbox  

(ICRP 72)

MCNP Models of  MIRD and UF’s Voxel 

Phantoms 

Determine Source Distribution  Over Time Via DCAL

Will the Will the Effective Dose Effective Dose 

likely Exceed 250 likely Exceed 250 mSv?mSv?

Victim Sent Victim Sent to to Hospital Hospital for further for further screening screening 

and possible and possible treatmenttreatment

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Assumptions External contamination removed (i.e. changing clothing and showering)

Only to be used as 1st stage of triage of internal contamination

Count rates listed in procedure sheets correspond to an effective dose equivalent of 250 mSv

People with count rates equal to or higher than those listed in the procedure sheet need further evaluation Treatment should be based upon further evaluation

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Procedure

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Determining Count Rate per 250 mSv

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Experimental Data Experimental Measurement 5 positions 13 PMMA thicknesses

~6 mm ‐ ~12 mm

4 sources

Isotope Photon Energy (MeV)

Photon Emission Intensity

Ba-1330.384, 0.356, 0.303, 0.276, 0.081, 0.035,

0.031, 0.030

0.089, 0.622, 0.184, 0.071, 0.338,

0.122, 0.631, 0.341

Co-60 1.332, 1.1730 0.999, 0.999Cs-137 0.662 0.853Na-22 1.275, 0.511 0.999, 1.798

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Experimental Data

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TPM 903B Count Rate Dependence on Position

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MCNP Models of the DetectorsTPM - 903B with slab phantom

(with minimum and maximum attenuation)

TPM Portal Monitor

PMMA Box

PMMA Source Holder

& Source

AluminumFeet

Full Attenuation

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Lower Limit of Detection and Energy Cutoff of TPM 903B

TPM 903B Energy Cutoff:60 keV

Table values calculated according to: Knoll, Glenn F. Radiation Table values calculated according to: Knoll, Glenn F. Radiation Detection and Measurements. 3Detection and Measurements. 3rdrd Edition. Pgs94Edition. Pgs94--96, 116.96, 116.

TPM Portal Monitor Lower Limit of DetectionBackground Level at Which Data Was Taken

Background 4985 CPSStandard Deviation 71 CPSLower Limit of Detection (above background) 331 CPSLower Limit of Detection 5316 CPS

Double Background LevelBackground 9970 CPSStandard Deviation 100 CPSLower Limit of Detection (above background) 467 CPSLower Limit of Detection 10437 CPS

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Example of TPM 903 B MCNP Output with Energy Cutoff of 60 keV for Cs‐137

Energy Cutoff

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TPM 903B MCNP vs. Experiment

TPM 903B Energy Cutoff: 60 keVMCNP/Experimental

TPM 903B Energy Cutoff: 60 keVMCNP/Experimental

TPM 903B Energy Cutoff: 60 keVMCNP/Experimental

TPM 903B Energy Cutoff: 60 keVMCNP/Experimental

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TPM 903B Portal Monitor Count Rate  Corresponding to 250 mSv Over 30 Days After Uptake

DOE/NRC RDD isotopes of concern:Co‐60, Cs‐137, I‐131 and Ir‐192

ingested & inhaledWith MIRD anthropomorphic stylized phantoms

Anthropomorphic Phantoms

Height(cm)

Mass(kg) BMI Adipose Mass

(kg)

Reference Male 179 73.1 23 11

Reference Female 168 56.5 20 15

Adipose Male 179 93.7 30 22

Adipose Female 168 73.9 26 15

Post-Menopausal Adipose Female 168 85.9 30 27

10-year Androgynous Child 140 32.7 n/a n/a

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TPM‐903B (Adult with Inhaled Radioactivity)Basic Operation

Attach aluminum feet to bottom of the PVC pipes. String cables through top PVC pipe and place on 

top of the two sides.   Connect the portal monitor to AC power or D‐cell 

batteries and turn on. Acquire the background count by pressing the 

“Start” button and record value. Once background has been acquired data can be 

taken. Have the person stand sideways inside the center of the portal monitor facing the display unit.

Depress “Start” button to acquire data. If the alarm goes off, ignore and continue collecting 

counts. After a count rate has been obtained, subtract the 

background count from the number on the display and compare the result to the proper trigger level.

Example Procedure Sheet

Trigger Levels

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Current and Future Work TPM 903B Portal Monitor Count Rate Corresponding to 250 mSv Over 30 Days After Uptake with University of Florida’s Voxel Male Phantom Compare with MIRD Anthropomorphic Stylized Phantoms

MIRD Phantom UF Voxel Phantom

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Current and Future WorkCanberra MiniSentry

Verify MiniSentry Data and Determine the Energy Cutoff and its Count Rate Corresponding to 250 mSv Over 30 Days After Uptake 

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Acknowledgements Dr. Nolan Hertel Dr. Armin Ansari Dr. Eric Burgett Team Hertel Center for Disease Control and Prevention  Funding through TKCIS