ralph morris, tanarit sakulyanontvittaya and jeremiah johnson environ international corporation
DESCRIPTION
Use of PM Source Apportionment to Assess the Contributions of Sources in the Eastern U.S. to PM 2.5 Concentrations. Ralph Morris, Tanarit Sakulyanontvittaya and Jeremiah Johnson ENVIRON International Corporation [email protected] Dennis McNally, Cyndi Loomis and Gregory Stella - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Use of PM Source Apportionment to Assess the Contributions of Sources in
the Eastern U.S. to PM2.5 Concentrations
Ralph Morris, Tanarit Sakulyanontvittaya and Jeremiah Johnson
ENVIRON International [email protected]
Dennis McNally, Cyndi Loomis and Gregory Stella
Alpine Geophysics, LLC
October 8, 2008
Acknowledgements
This work was funded by the Association for Southeast Integrated Planning (ASIP) and Visibility States and Tribal Association of the Southeast (VISTAS)
Acknowledge the assistance and guidance provided by the VISTAS/ASIP Technical Workgroup:– Patricia Brewer, SESARM,
Technical Coordinator– Jim Boylan, Georgia Department
of Natural Resources– George Bridgers, North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
VISTAS and ASIP Modeling
VISTAS and ASIP have been modeling the 2002 annual period using a 36/12 km CMAQ modeling database for several years to assess ozone, PM2.5 and visibility in the Southeastern U.S.– VISTAS is modeling the 2002 current and 2018
future years to make 2018 visibility projections for the Southeastern States Regional Haze State Implementation Plans (SIPs) that were due December 2007
– ASIP is modeling the 2002 current and 2009 and 2012 future years to make 2009 and 2012 8-hour ozone and PM2.5 projections for the Southeastern States 8-hour ozone and PM2.5 SIPs due June 2007 and April 2008, respectively.
VISTAS/ASIP 36/12 km Domains
2002 Annual Runs– 4 Quarters w/ ~15 day spin up– MPI w/ 6 CPUs
36 km: 148 x 112 (4 days)
12 km: 168 x 177 (10 days)
19 Vertical Layers
CMAQ V4.51 w/ SOAmods– M3Dry– CBM-IV/AE4/SORGAM– SOAmods: In 2005 VISTAS
enhanced CMAQ to include SOA from sesquiterpenes and isoprene (Morris et al., 2006)
ASIP PM2.5 Point Source Contributions Projected 2009 PM2.5 concentrations are near the standard at
several monitoring sites
Some ASIP/VISTAS states wanted to know individual contributions of several point sources to 2009 PM2.5 levels– 31 individual point sources in 6 states identified– Contributions due to SO2 and primary PM emissions requested
ASIP 36/12 km database inappropriate for individual point source modeling– 12 km grid cell size too coarse to treat chemistry and dispersion
of point source plumes– Use of high enough resolution to resolve point source plume
would be computationally prohibitive– Would need to perform base case and 31 zero-out runs to get
individual source contributions
Elected to develop a new CAMx 2002 database:– 12/4 km domain with two-way nested grids– Plume-in-Grid to address near-source chemistry and dispersion– PM Source Apportionment Technology (PSAT) to obtain individual
source contributions
Full Chemistry Plume-in-Grid
Incremental chemistry approach allows full gas-phase aqueous-phase and aerosol chemistry within Plume-in-Grid modules (SCICHEM)– CAMx Incremental Reactions for Organics and NOx
(IRON) Plume-in-Grid (PiG) treatment
Diffusive growth– Shares SCICHEM concepts for second-order
turbulence closure– Assumes horizontal growth is isotropic (Kx = Ky)
Accounts for turbulence and horizontal shearAll diffusive growth in Ky y
– Vertical growth (Kz)Turbulence only (thermal instability and mechanical
mixing)
Full Chemistry Plume-in-Grid
Important to simulate proper chemistry in early evolution of point source plumes
Very little if any ozone and secondary PM2.5 formed under Stage 1 and 2 plume chemistry conditions for large NOx sources
Stack
(Source: Karamchandani et al., 2002)
PM and Ozone Source Apportionment
PM and Ozone Source Apportionment Technology (OSAT/PSAT) available in CAMx– Uses reactive tracers that operate in parallel to host model
and tracks ozone and PM formation back to emission source regions and categories
– PSAT has five families of tracers: SO4; NO3/NH4; Primary PM; SOA; and Hg
SO4 and Primary PM families selected for ASIP point source PM2.5 contribution modeling
Similar approaches in CMAQ (TSSA and PPTM)
Allows for identification of the ozone and PM impacts from several individual sources or groups of sources in single run
CAMx 12/4 km domain nested within ASIP 12 km CMAQ domain (one-way nesting)
CAMx 12/4 modeling using two-way interactive grid nesting
2002 base case using standard model
2009 base case with PSAT PM2.5 source apportionment for 31 point sources, plus:– Bus– All other sources
120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 1320 1440 1560 1680 1800 1920 2040
-1560
-1440
-1320
-1200
-1080
-960
-840
-720
-600
-480
-360
-240
-120
0
120
240
360
480
VISTAS CMAQ 12 km : 168 x 177 (108, -1620) to (2124, 504)CAMx 12km : 54 x 71 (828, -612) to (1476, 240)
CAMx 04km (includes buffer cells):Steubenville/W ierton 26 x 35 (1316, 80) to (1420, 220)Charleston 50 x 38 (1172, -148) to (1372, 4)Louisville 17 x 26 ( 944, -184) to (1012, -80)Chattanooga/Knoxville 47 x 44 (1028, -496) to (1216, -320)
VISTAS C M AQ 12km
CAM x 12km
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
CAMx 12km : 54 x 71 (828, -612) to (1476, 240)
CAMx 04km (includes buffer cells):Steubenville/W ierton 26 x 35 (1316, 80) to (1420, 220)Charleston 50 x 38 (1172, -148) to (1372, 4)Louisville 17 x 26 ( 944, -184) to (1012, -80)Chattanooga/Knoxville 47 x 44 (1028, -496) to (1216, -320)
CAMx 12km
4km Chat
4 km Char
4 km Steu
4 km Loui
CAMx 12/4 Domains
Four 4 km domains:– Charleston-Huntington,
KY/OH/WV– Wheeling-Weirton,
OH/PA/WV– Louisville, IN/KY– Knoxville-Chattanooga,
GA/KY/NC
PSAT to obtain individual PM2.5 contributions from 31 point sources
Plume-in-Grid for 31 plus other large point sources
Huntington-Ashland and Charleston 4 km Domain Map with FRM sites & Source Locations
11 8 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 2 0 1 2 4 0 1 2 6 0 1 2 8 0 1 3 0 0 1 3 20 1 34 0 13 6 0
-1 4 0
-1 2 0
-1 0 0
-8 0
-6 0
-4 0
-2 0
0
Ma ra thon Ashland Pe t LLC
Ak Steel CorpE I Dup ont Inc
Kentucky Po wer Co Big Sand y P la nt
Ohio Valley Electric Co rp . Kyge r C re ekGa vin Power P la nt
Swva, Inc.
Dup ont - Belle
Bayer Crop science
App alach ia n Power - Mo unta ine er Plan t
Flexsys - Nitro Plan tAp palachia n Power - John E Amo s P la nt
KY-Bo yd-00 17
KY-Carte r-05 00
OH-Lawren ce -0 010
OH -Scioto -0 013
W V-Cab ell-000 6WV-Kan awha -0010WV-Kan awha -1005
App ala ch ian Po wer - Ka nawh a Rive r Plant
App alach ia n Po wer - Philip Sp orn P lan t
Huntington A lloysFmc Corpo ratio n - S team PlantUnion C arbid e (Dow) So. C harle ston P la ntClea ron Co rp .
CAM x 04 km (inc lude s bu ffer c ells):Ch arle ston 50 x 38 (11 72 , -1 48 ) to (1 37 2, 4)
Point Sou rc esFRM Sites
Huntington-Ashland-Charleston: 4 km Grid; All Sources and SO4+Prim-PM
ASIP 2009 Q1 Projected SO4+EC+POC
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
KY-Boyd
-001
7
KY-Car
ter-0
500
OH-Law
rence
-001
0
OH-Scio
to-0
013
WV-C
abell
-000
6
WV-K
anawha
-001
0
WV-K
anawha
-100
5
Sources
SO
4+
EC
+P
OC
ug
/m3
BC
IC
Others
Appalachian Pow er Co.-John E A
Flexsys - Nitro Plant
Appalachian Pow er Co.-Mountain
Appalachian Pow er Co.-Philip S
Ohio Pow er - Kammer Plant
Ohio Pow er - Mitchell Plant
Ppg Industries, Inc.
Clearon Corp.
Bayer Cropscience
Appalachian Pow er - Kanaw ha Ri
Union Carbide (Dow ) So. Charle
Fmc Corporation - Steam Plant
Dupont - Belle
Isg Weirton
Sw va, Inc.
Huntington Alloys - A Special
Bow ater New sprint & Directory
E.U.Du Pont De Nemours And Com
Pa Pow er Co/Bruce Mansfield Pl
W.H. Sammis Plant
Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp
Cardinal Pow er Plant (Cardinal
Gavin Pow er Plant
Ohio Valley Electric Corp Kyge
R.E. Burger Plant
Kentucky Pow er Co Big Sandy P
E I Dupont Inc
Ak Steel Corp
Marathon Ashland Pet Llc
Psi Energy - Gallagher
ASIP 2009 Annual Projected SO4+EC+POC
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Sources
SO
4+E
C+
PO
C u
g/m
3
Appalachian Pow er Co.-John E A
Flexsys - Nitro Plant
Appalachian Pow er Co.-Mountain
Appalachian Pow er Co.-Philip S
Ohio Pow er - Kammer Plant
Ohio Pow er - Mitchell Plant
Ppg Industries, Inc.
Clearon Corp.
Bayer Cropscience
Appalachian Pow er - Kanaw ha Ri
Union Carbide (Dow ) So. Charle
Fmc Corporation - Steam Plant
Dupont - Belle
Isg Weirton
Sw va, Inc.
Huntington Alloys - A Special
Bow ater New sprint & Directory
E.U.Du Pont De Nemours And Com
Pa Pow er Co/Bruce Mansfield Pl
W.H. Sammis Plant
Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp
Cardinal Pow er Plant (Cardinal
Gavin Pow er Plant
Ohio Valley Electric Corp Kyge
R.E. Burger Plant
Kentucky Pow er Co Big Sandy P
E I Dupont Inc
Ak Steel Corp
Marathon Ashland Pet Llc
Psi Energy - Gallagher
Huntington-Ashland and Charleston:4 km Grid; 31 Facilities
Ak Steel Corp
Swva Inc.
(12.9)
(10.3)
(13.7)
(15.0)
(14.5)
(13.3) (15.0)
(CAMx 4 km 2009 PM2.5 DVs)
ASIP 2009 Annual Projected PSO4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
KY-Boy
d-00
17
KY-Car
ter-0
500
OH-Law
renc
e-00
10
OH-Scio
to-0
013
WV-C
abell
-000
6
WV-K
anaw
ha-0
010
WV-K
anaw
ha-1
005
Sources
PS
O4
ug
/m3
Huntington- Ashland and Charleston: 31 Facilities; SO4 (left) and Primary PM (right)
ASIP 2009 Annual Projected PEC+POA
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
KY-Boy
d-00
17
KY-Car
ter-0
500
OH-Law
renc
e-00
10
OH-Scio
to-0
013
WV-C
abell
-000
6
WV-K
anaw
ha-0
010
WV-K
anaw
ha-1
005
Sources
PE
C+
PO
A u
g/m
3
SO4 Primary PM
Wheeling 4 km Domain Map with FRM sites and Source Locations
1 3 2 0 1 3 40 1 36 0 1 3 8 0 1 4 0 0 1 4 208 0
10 0
12 0
14 0
16 0
18 0
20 0
22 0
R .E . B urg e r P la n t
C a rd in al P o w e r P la n t (C a rd in a l O p era tin g
W h e e lin g -P ittsb urg h S te e l C o rp
W .H . S a m m is P la n t
P a P o w e r C o /B ru ce M a n s fie ld P l t
Isg W e ir to n
P p g In d u s tr ie s , In c .
O h io P ow er - M i tche ll P la n tO h io P o w e r - K a m m e r P la n t
W V -B roo ke -0 0 05
W V -H a n co ck -00 1 1W V -H a n co ck -10 0 4
W V -M a rsh a ll-10 0 2
W V -O h io -0 0 1 0
CA M x 04 km (in clude s bu ffer ce lls):Ste ube nville/W ie rton 2 6 x 35 (1 31 6, 8 0) to (14 20, 220 )
Point Sou rc esFRM Sites
ASIP 2009 Annual Projected SO4+EC+POC
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
WV-B
rook
e-000
5
WV-H
anco
ck-0
011
WV-H
anco
ck-1
004
WV-M
arsh
all-100
2
WV-O
hio-00
10
Sources
SO
4+E
C+
PO
C u
g/m
3
Appalachian Pow er Co.-John E A
Flexsys - Nitro Plant
Appalachian Pow er Co.-Mountain
Appalachian Pow er Co.-Philip S
Ohio Pow er - Kammer Plant
Ohio Pow er - Mitchell Plant
Ppg Industries, Inc.
Clearon Corp.
Bayer Cropscience
Appalachian Pow er - Kanaw ha Ri
Union Carbide (Dow ) So. Charle
Fmc Corporation - Steam Plant
Dupont - Belle
Isg Weirton
Sw va, Inc.
Huntington Alloys - A Special
Bow ater New sprint & Directory
E.U.Du Pont De Nemours And Com
Pa Pow er Co/Bruce Mansfield Pl
W.H. Sammis Plant
Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp
Cardinal Pow er Plant (Cardinal
Gavin Pow er Plant
Ohio Valley Electric Corp Kyge
R.E. Burger Plant
Kentucky Pow er Co Big Sandy P
E I Dupont Inc
Ak Steel Corp
Marathon Ashland Pet Llc
Psi Energy - Gallagher
Wheeling and Steubenville-Weirton: 4 km Grid; 31 Facilities and SO4+Prim-PM
(13.3)
(12.5)
(13.6)
(13.5)
(12.8)
Isg Weirton
W.H. Sammis
Wheeling Pittsburgh
Steel
Wheeling-Weirton: 31 Facilities; SO4 (left) and Primary PM (right)
ASIP 2009 Annual Projected PSO4
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
Sources
PS
O4
ug
/m3 ASIP 2009 Annual Projected PEC+POA
0.00
0.30
0.60
0.90
1.20
1.50
Sources
PEC
+PO
A u
g/m
3
SO4
Primary PM
Summary of ASIP Nearby Sources Analysis
High resolution (4 km) PSAT source apportionment modeling was performed for four areas to assess the contributions of 31 facilities to projected 2009 PM2.5 Design Values
Largest contributions from all the other sources in the CAMx 12 km domain and Boundary Conditions
The largest single facility contribution to any 2009 PM2.5 Design Value was 2.1 µg/m3 by Ak Steel Corp at the Lawrence County, Ohio FRM site (2009 PM 2.5 DV of 13.7 µg/m3) in the Huntington 4 km domain– Source extremely close to monitor so use of finer grid than
4 km or local-scale model may be needed to properly address impacts
Conclusions Photochemical Grid Models (PGMs) now have the
capability of simulating the contributions of individual sources to ozone and PM2.5 concentrations accounting for full-science chemistry:– Two-way grid nesting and flexi-nesting– Full chemistry Plume-in-Grid– Ozone and PM source apportionment
New PGM developments further extend such “single source” contribution applications– Addition of receptor sampling grid allows for calculation of near-
source (fence line) impacts due to Plume-in-Grid point sources
Use of these modeling tools are becoming routine – ASIP point source assessment, NEPA assessments, Texas BART
modeling, multi-pollutant offset modeling, PM2.5 SIP modeling, etc.