PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR

DISSERTATION

Mr. NINGARAJ.S.GHATANATTI

I YEAR M. Sc NURSING

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

YEAR 2010-2011

TULZA BHAVANI COLLEGE OF NURSING

NO, 899/3, NEAR HAJRAT JUNEEDI DARGA, GYANG BAWADI,

BIJAPUR-586101.

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

BANGALORE KARNATAKA

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR

DISSERTATION

1.

NAME OF THE CANDIDATE AND ADDRESS

Mr. NINGARAJ.S.GHATANATTI

I YEAR M.Sc. (NURSING),

TULZA BHAVANI COLLEGE OF

NURSING

NEAR HAJRAT JUNEEDI DARGA,

GYANG BAWADI,

BIJAPUR-586101.

2.

NAME OF THE INSTITUTE

Tulza Bhavani College of Nursing,

No, 899/3, Near Hajrat Juneedi Darga, Gyang Bawadi,

Bijapur-586101.

3.

COURSE OF THE STUDY AND SUBJECT

I Year M.Sc. (Nursing),

Community Health Nursing

4.

DATE OF ADMISSION TO THE COURSE

24th April 2010

5.

TITLE OF THE STUDY

“A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge of high school students regarding causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution in selected Government high schools at Bijapur district, Karnataka”.

6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

6.1 INTRODUCTION

“In the attitude of silence the soul finds the path in a clearer light, and what is elusive and deceptive resolves itself into crystal clearness. Our life is along and arduous quest after Truth”.

- Mahatma Gandhi.

The present generation and the coming generations have to solve three grave problems, namely, population poverty and pollution if they have to survive. Pollution being the most dangerous problem likes cancer in which death is sure but slow. Environment pollution is assuming dangerous proportions all through the globe and India is not free from this poisonous disease. This is the gift of modern living, industrialization and urbanization. Unless timely action is taken we have a forbid and bleak future for the world.1

The word noise is derived from the Latin term nausea. It has been defined as unwanted sound, a potential hazard to health and communication dumped into the environment with regard to the adverse effect it may have on unwilling ears. Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Sound, which pleases the listeners, is music and that which causes pain and annoyance is noise. At times, what is music for some can be noise for others.

A decibel is the standard for the measurement of noise. The zero on a decibel scale is at the threshold of hearing, the lowest sound pressure that can be heard, on the scale acc. To smith, 20 db is whisper, 40 db the noise in a quiet office. 60 db is normal conversation, 80 db is the level at which sound becomes physically painful. The Noise quantum of some of the cities in our country indicate their pitch in decibel in the nosiest areas of corresponding cities, e.g. Delhi- 80 db, Kolkata - 87,Bombay-85, Chennai-89 db.1

Sources of Noise Pollution:-Noise pollution like other pollutants is also a by product of industrialization, urbanizations and modern civilization. Broadly speaking, the noise pollution has two sources, i.e. industrial and non- industrial. The industrial source includes the noise from various industries and big machines working at a very high speed and high noise intensity. Non- industrial source of noise includes the noise created by transport/vehicular traffic and the neighborhood noise generated by various noise pollution can also be divided in the categories, namely, natural and manmade. Most leading noise sources will fall into the following categories: roads traffic, aircraft, railroads, construction, industry, noise in buildings, and consumer products. 2

Harmful Effects On Human Being, Animal and Property:-

Noise has always been with the human civilization but it was never so obvious, so intense, so varied & so pervasive as it is seen in the last of this century. Noise pollution makes men more irritable. The effect of noise pollution is multifaceted & inter related. The effects of Noise Pollution on

Human Being, Animal and property are as follows:

· It decreases the efficiency of a man

· Lack of concentration

· Fatigue

· Abortion in females

· It causes Blood Pressure or mental illness

· Temporary or permanent Deafness

· Effect on vegetation - Poor quality of Crops.

· Effect on animals - Noise pollution damage the nervous system of animal. Animal looses the control of its mind. They become dangerous.

· Effect on property - Loud noise is very dangerous to buildings, bridges and monuments.

6.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY

We have made the law relating to noise pollution but there is need to creating general awareness towards the hazardous effects of noise pollution. Particularly, in our country the people generally lack consciousness of the ill effects which noise pollution creates ad how the society including they themselves stand to beneficiary preventing generation and emission of noise pollution. The target area should be educational institutions and more particularly school. The young children of impressionable age should be motivated to desist from playing with firecrackers, use of high sound producing equipments and instruments on festivals, religious and social functions, family get-togethers and celebrations etc. which cause noise pollution. Suitable chapters can be added into textbooks, which teach civic sense to the children and teach them how to be good and responsible citizen which would include learning by heart of various fundamental duties and that would obiviously include learning not to create noise pollution and to prevent if generated by others.

Pollution is derived from the verb pollute. Section 2(c) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 defines environmental pollution to mean the presence in the environment of any environmental pollutant. Section 2(b) of the said Act defines environmental pollutant to means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be or tends to be injurious to environment.1

The other end of the spectrum is acceptable noise levels at home and in non work environments. Studies have found that steady noise above 50 decibels becomes a moderate annoyance and above 55 a serious annoyance at home. For health and safety reasons in a non work environment, 55 decibels is set as a safe level for outside and 45 decibels inside. Hospitals and schools safe levels are 35 decibels.

I.P.C. Public Nuisance 268-295 : Chapter IV of Indian Penal code deals with offences relating to public health, safety, decency , morals under Sections 268, 269, 270, 279, 280, 287, 288, 290, 291, 294. Noise pollution can be penalized with the help of above section. Private remedies suits in the area may related to public nuisance under A299. This article punishment in case of Public nuisance law of torts covers. A person is guilty of public nuisance who does any act or is guilty of an illegal omission which causes any common injury, danger, or annoyance to the pubic. Who ever commits a public nuisance in any case not otherwise punishable by this code, shall be punished with fine, which may extend to Rs. 200.3

A variety of studies have suggested an association between noise exposure and the occurrence of disorders involving extra-auditory organs such as disorders of the nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems. The high-pressure liquid chromatographic estimation of norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in discrete regions of the rat brain indicates that noise stress can alter the brain biogenic amines after 15 days of stress exposure. Ocimum sanctum (OS), a medicinal herb that is widely claimed to posses antistressor activity and used extensively in the Indian system of medicine for a variety of disorders, was chosen for this study. Administration of the 70% ethanolic extract of OS had a normalizing action on discrete regions of brain and controlled the alteration in neurotransmitter levels due to noise stress, emphasizing the antistressor potential of this plant.4

Ambient Standards of Noise5

Ambient Standards of Noise

Categroy of Area

Limit in dB (A) Leq

Day Time

Night Time

Industrial area

75

70

Commercial area

65

55

Residential area

55

45

Silence zone

50

40

Associations of blood pressure and arterial compliance with occupational noise exposure in female workers of textile mill. There are few studies on the arterial compliance of noise exposure. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between hearing loss, blood pressure and arterial compliance of female workers who exposed to occupational noise in a textile mill. Cumulated noise exposure (CNE) was calculated according to the noise intensity and the exposure period.6

Hearing loss affects 30 million people in the United States; of these, 21 million are over the age of 65 years. This disorder may have several causes: heredity, noise, aging, and disease. Hearing loss from noise has been recognized for centuries but was generally ignored until some time after the Industrial Revolution.7

The spatial and temporal patterns of noise exposure due to road traffic in Karachi City, Pakistan, and found that levels of noise were generally higher during mornings and evenings because of the commuting pattern of Karachi residents. This study found the average value of noise levels to be over 66dB, which could cause serious annoyance according to the World Health Organization (WHO) outdoor noise guidelines. Maximum peak noise was over 101dB, which is close to 110dB, the level that can cause possible hearing impairment according to the WHO guidelines.8

Noise is a prominent feature of the environment including noise from transport, industry and neighbours. Exposure to transport noise disturbs sleep in the laboratory, but not generally in field studies where adaptation occurs. Noise interferes in complex task performance, modifies social behaviour and causes annoyance. Aircraft and road traffic noise exposure are associated with psychological symptoms but not with clinically defined psychiatric disorder. In both industrial studies and community studies, noise exposure is related to raised catecholamine secretion. In children, chronic aircraft noise exposure impairs reading comprehension and long-term memory and may be associated with raised blood pressure. Further research is needed examining coping strategies and the possible health consequences of adaptation to noise.9

6.3. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of literature in a research report is a summary of current knowledge about a particular problem and includes what is known and not known about the problem. The literature is reviewed to summarize knowledge for use in practice or to provide a basis for conducting a study. Review of literature section includes a description of the current knowledge of a particular problem, the gaps in this knowledge base and the contribution of the study to the development of knowledge in this area. Review of literature is a key step in research process. The major goals of review of literature are to develop a strong knowledge base to carry out research and non research scholarly activity.

Huss A, Spoerri A, Egger M, Roosli M. 2010 Nov. Swiss National Cohort Study Group. A study was conducted in Switzerland, on Aircraft noise, air pollution, and mortality from myocardial infarction. With the Objectives for study is Myocardial infarction had been associated with both transportation noise and air pollution.They examined residential exposure to aircraft noise and mortality from myocardial infarction, taking air pollution into account. They analyzed 4.6 million persons older than 30 years who were followed from near the end of 2000 through December 2005, including 15,532 deaths from myocardial infarction. Mortality increased with increasing level and duration of aircraft noise. Finally conluded that, Aircraft noise was associated with mortality from myocardial infarction, with a dose-response relationship for level and duration of exposure.10

Bhosale BJ, Late A, Nalawade PM, Chavan SP, Mule MB. 2010 Jul-Sep. Studies on assessment of traffic noise level in Aurangabad city,India. Noise pollution due to vehicular traffic is one of the growing environmental problems of urban centers. The study deals with the assessment of traffic noise levels in Aurangabad city. With respect to the total number of vehicles passing the road in unit time, which was surveyed by direct count method, six different sites from Aurangabad city, viz., Nagar Naka, Kranti Chowk, CIDCO bus stand, Railway station area, Dhoot Hospital and Baba petrol pump were selected to study the vehicular noise level. Noise measurements were carried out at these six locations on both working day and holiday during the peak traffic hours, i.e. 8:00 a.m. - 11:a.m., 1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m., in the morning, afternoon and evening sessions, respectively, after 5 minutes time interval. The noise level was monitored using noise level meter. The results obtained from this investigation showed that the Nagar Naka, Kranti chowk and CIDCO bus stand area have dense traffic zones when compared with the Railway station area, Dhoot Hospital and Baba petrol pump. The minimum and the maximum noise levels are 74 and 86 dB, respectively, on working day and 70 and 81 dB, respectively, on holiday. The measured noise level values exceed the prescribed noise level.11

Oyedepo OS, Saadu AA. 2009 Nov. A comparative study of noise pollution levels in some selected areas in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria. noise pollution levels in some selected areas in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria, in The noise pollution is a major problem for the quality of life in urban areas. This study was conducted to compare the noise pollution levels at busy roads/road junctions, passengers loading parks, commercial, industrial and residential areas in Ilorin metropolis. A total number of 47-locations were selected within the metropolis. Statistical analysis shows significant difference (P < 0.05) in noise pollution levels between industrial areas and low density residential areas, industrial areas and high density areas, industrial areas and passengers loading parks, industrial areas and commercial areas, busy roads/road junctions and low density areas, passengers loading parks and commercial areas and commercial areas and low density areas.12

Francis CD, Ortega CP, Cruz A. 2009 Aug. A study was conducted on Noise pollution changes avian communities and species interactions. Humans have drastically changed much of the world's acoustic background with anthropogenic sounds that are markedly different in pitch and amplitude than sounds in most natural habitats. This novel acoustic background may be detrimental for many species, particularly birds. Given that noise pollution is becoming ubiquitous throughout much of the world, knowledge of species-specific responses to noise and the cumulative effects of these novel acoustics may be crucial to understanding and managing human-altered landscapes.13

Aasvang GM, Moum T, Engdahl B. 2008 Jul. A study on Self-reported sleep disturbances due to railway noise: exposure-response relationships for nighttime equivalent and maximum noise levels. The objective of the survey was to study self-reported sleep disturbances due to railway noise with respect to nighttime equivalent noise level and maximum noise level. A sample of 1349 people in and around Oslo in Norway exposed to railway noise was studied in a cross-sectional survey to obtain data on sleep disturbances, sleep problems due to noise, and personal characteristics including noise sensitivity. Noise sensitivity, type of bedroom window, and pass-by frequency were significant factors affecting noise-induced sleep disturbances, in addition to the noise exposure level. Because about half of the study population did not use a bedroom at the most-exposed side of the house, the exposure-response curve obtained by using noise levels for the most-exposed facade underestimated noise-induced sleep disturbance for those who actually have their bedroom at the most-exposed facade.14

Otenio MH, Cremer E, Claro EM. 2007 Mar-Apr. A study was conducted on Noise level in a 222 bed hospital in the 18th health region-PR. in 2005- mar by Otenio M H, Cremer E, Claro EM , on Noise level in a 222 bed hospital in the 18th health region-PR. Environment noise pollution is common place today, at intolerable levels. In hospitals, technological developments have, as a consequence, potentially harmful noise levels. Much of the hospital noise comes from inside, rather than outside, and the major source of such noise is the Intensive Care Unit, for example equipment and hospital staff talk. Our goal with the present study was to investigate the noise level present in the different hospital environments, within a 222 bed hospital located at the 18th health zone, PR. The study was carried out in March, 2005, during a period of 24 hours, in tem different sectors. We checked environmental sound level by means of a model 1350 decibel meter. The sound level found in our study was of 63.7 dB(A) in average, which exceeds the 45 dB recommended by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (1987).In the analyzed sectors, the sound level was considerably above the recommended maximum. The hospital staff should be aware of this noise level and its effects, so that they may act in a more efficient way in order to reduce this noise pollution; thus benefiting the professionals and patient recovery.15

Goines L, Hagler L.Noise pollution: a modem plague. 2007 Mar. A study was conducted on Noise pollution: a modem plague. Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Environmental noise consists of all the unwanted sounds in our communities except that which originates in the workplace. Environmental noise pollution, a form of air pollution, is a threat to health and well-being. It is more severe and widespread than ever before, and it will continue to increase in magnitude and severity because of population growth, urbanization, and the associated growth in the use of increasingly powerful, varied, and highly mobile sources of noise. It will also continue to grow because of sustained growth in highway, rail, and air traffic, which remain major sources of environmental noise. The potential health effects of noise pollution are numerous, pervasive, persistent, and medically and socially significant. Noise produces direct and cumulative adverse effects that impair health and that degrade residential,social, working, and learning environments with corresponding real (economic) and intangible (well-being) losses. It interferes with sleep, concentration, communication, and recreation. The aim of enlightened governmental controls should be to protect citizens from the adverse effects of airborne pollution, including those produced by noise. People have the right to choose the nature of their acoustical environment; it should not be imposed by others.16

Banerjee D, Chakraborty SK. 2006 Jan. A study was conducted on Monthly variation in night time noise levels at residential areas of Asansol city (India). Intense vehicular movement and industrial activities are the major noise producing sources in the Asansol city. Ambient night time noise levels were monitored in ten residential areas from August 2002 to July 2003, to study the existing quality of noise and their impact in the local community. Based on the monitored noise levels in the area, traffic-social survey was also conducted. About 39% of individuals surveyed were highly annoyed with noise pollution from different origins. The study revealed that night time noise levels (10.00 pm - 6.00 am) in all the locations exceeded the limit prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board. The day time noise level was much higher at all locations in respect of the night time noise level. The Day-Night equivalent noise level was determined and ranged between 67.16 dB(A) and 89.44 dB(A). The percentile noise level (L90) exceeded the CPCB standard in all cases and varied from 72.36 dB(A) to 102.45 dB(A). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the local community is exposed to high noise environment.17

Vidya Sagar T, Nageswara Rao G. 2006 Apr. A study was conducted on Noise pollution levels in Visakhapatnam City (India). Visakhapatnam is an industrial and sea port city located on the east coast of India. A hospital (RCD hospital),residential area (Lawson's Bay Colony), traffic zone (Jagadamba junction, Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation Complex junction and Seethammadhara junction) and industrial zone (Sea port) were chosen to monitor the noise levels. The observed noise level at RCD hospital was more than 10 dBA in any time. The background noise at Santhi Ashram was approximately 3dBA less at night time and 2dBA less at day time compared to ambient air quality noise standards (AAQNS) for silent zone. The ambient air quality noise levels (AAQNL) at traffic junctions were 5 dBA or more than those prescribed by AAQNS for commercial zone and most of the values were found in the range of 80 +/- 10 dBA, among which 75% values were found in the range of 110 +/- 10 dBA. AAQNL near port were found in the range of 5 to 10 dBA positive shifts on AAQNS due to conveyor operation. The AAQNL were alarming even in the absence of conveyor system, indicating the impact of vehicular traffic. Remedial measures were suggested separately for each situation.1

Leventhall HG. 2004 Apr-Jun. A study was conducted on, Low frequency noise and annoyance was conducted in UK by. Low frequency noise, the frequency range from about 10 Hz to 200 Hz, has been recognised as a special environmental noise problem, particularly to sensitive people in their homes.There have been a large number of laboratory measurements of annoyance by low frequency noise, each with different spectra and levels, making comparisons difficult, but the main conclusions are that annoyance of low frequencies increases rapidly with level.. An approximate estimate is that about 2.5% of the population may hav e a low frequency threshold which is at least 12 dB more sensitive than the average threshold, corresponding to nearly 1,000,000 persons in the 50-59 year old age group in the EU-15 countries. This is the group which generates many complaints. Low frequency noise specific criteria have been introduced in some countries, but do not deal adequately with fluctuations. Validation of the criteria has been for a limited range of noises and subject.19

Borchgrevink HM. 2003 Jan-Mar. A study was conducted in Narway on, Does health promotion work in relation to noise? Noise is a health risk. The only scientifically established adverse health effect of noise was noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Besides noise may affect quality of life and cause annoyance and sleep disturbance. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) still rates noise induced hearing loss among the top ten work-related problems. Besides socio-acusis and leisure noise seem to be an increasing hazard to hearing, also in young children and adolescents. This seems partly related to acute leisure noise exposure (e.g. toy pistols, amplified music). However, population studies increasingly find non-normal high-frequency hearing including the characteristic NIHL-"notch" around 6 kHz also in subjects who do not report noise exposure incidents or activities. Today 12.5% of US children 6-19 years show a noise-"notch" in one or both ears (n= 5249, Niskar et al 2001). A Norwegian county audiometry survey on adults >/= 20 years n=51.975) showed mean unscreened thresholds +10 dB at 6 kHz for both genders even or the youngest age group 20-24 years (Borchgrevink et al 2001). Accordingly, the present health promotion initiatives seem insufficient in relation to noise and noise-induced hearing loss.20

Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P, Namasivayam A. 1997 Apr. A study was conducted on Effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn on noise induced changes in plasma corticosterone level. Ethanol extract of leaves of ocimum sanctum was screened for its antistressor actions against acute and chronic noise stress in albino rats by investigating the plasma corticosterone level in these animals. There was a significant elevation of the corticosterone level in plasma of rats subjected to 30 min noise (100 dB) stress. Chromic exposure (4 hr daily for 30 days) to noise with same intensity reduced the hormonal level significantly. Treatment of animals with ethanol extract of Ocimum sanctum prevented the changes in plasma level of corticosterone induced by exposure to both acute and chronic noise stress, indicating the antistressor property of the plant against noise.21

6.4. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

“A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge of Government high school students regarding causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution in selected Government high schools at Bijapur district, Karnataka”.

6.5. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To asseess the pre test knowledge of Government high school students, regarding causes, hazards, and prevention of noise pollution during pre-test.

2. To prepare structured teaching programme for selected Government high school students regarding causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution after administration of structured teaching programme.

3. To assess the post test knowledge of students in selected Government high school, regarding causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution,after administration of structured teaching programme.

4. To evalvate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme regarding cuases, hazards and prevention of noise pollution..

5. To find out the association between demographic variables with pre test and post test knowledge score among adolescent regarding causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution.

6.6. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

1. Study:It refers to apply the mind to read and examine for the purpose of learning and understanding.

2. Assess:It refers to judging the worth of structured teaching programme on causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution.

3. Effectiveness:It refers to the capacity or efficiency of structured teaching programme.

4. Structured teaching programme:It refers to systematically organized instruction on causes, hazards and prevention of sound pollution.

5. Knowledge:It refers to familiarity, awareness, or understanding gained through experience or study.

6. High school students:It refers to school students who are studying in 8th 9th and 10th class.

7. causes: It refers to which That which produces or effects a result; that from which anything proceeds, and without which it would not exist.

8. Hazzards: It refers to a chance of being injured or harmed; danger, by noise pollution.

9. Prevention:It refers to control by preventing the occurrence of something; "money was allocated to study the cause and prevention of influenza".

10. Noise:The word noise is derived from the Latin term nausea. It has been defined as unwanted sound, a potential hazard to health and communication dumped into the environment with regard to the adverse effect it may have on unwilling ears.

11. Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or that damage the environment.

6.7. ASSUMPTIONS

1. Structured teaching programme regarding causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution will improve the knowledge of high school students.

2. Students will be able to express their knowledge regarding causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution.

3. Students will be able to take preventive measures from noise pollution.

7. MATERIAL AND METHODS

7.1 SOURCE OF DATA : 13 to 16 year’s old students at selected Government high schools at Bijapur district.

7.2 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

7.2.1. Research Design : Non probability convenient sampling to assess the knowledge of high school students regarding causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution. 7.2.2. Research Variables

Independent variables: In this study independent variable refers to Structured Teaching Programme regarding causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution.

Dependent variables : Knowledge of high school students regarding causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution

Extraneous variables : In the present study the independent variables include Age, Residence, Religion, Father’s and Mother’s Education, Father’s and Mother’s Occupation, Exposing to noise, Traffic, Hobbies, Noisy environment,

7.2.3. Setting

: Selected Government high schools at

Bijapur district.

7.2.4. Population : All the high school students aged 13- 16 Years who are attending the high schools At Bijapur district.

7.2.5. Sample

: High school students at Bijapur district, Who Fulfill the inclusion criteria and the Sample size is 100.

7.2.6.Criteria for the sample selection

· Inclusion criteria

· Students those who are all studying in high School standard (8th to 10th Std).· Who are all willing to participate in the study.

· Who are all present during the period of data Collection.

· Both male and female students will be included.

· Exclusion criteria:

· Students who are all not willing to participate in the Study.

· Who are all absent during the period of data Collection.

7.2.7. Sampling Technique

: Non-probability, convenient sampling Technique.7.2.8. Tool for data collection

: The tool consist of the following Section. Section 1

: To assess the Demographic data.

Section 2 : Knowledge based questions.

Regarding causes, hazards and. prevention of noise pollution.

7.2.9. Method of data collection: Formal permission will be obtained from the head of the selected high school of At Bijapur district and informed consent from the students and the assuring them about the confidentiality of the information. The investigator will administer the questionnaires to students to assess the knowledge regarding causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution. The data will be collected from 6-8 Subjects per day and the duration of Data collection will be 45 days Including the pilot study.

7.2.10. Plan for the data analysis : The collected data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

· Descriptive statistics : Frequency, Percentage, mean and standard deviation will be used.

· Inferential statistic : Coefficient- Correlation and chi-square test will be used.

7.3 Does the study requires any

investigation or intervention to be

conducted on patient or other

human or animals?

: Yes, to prepare and provide informational Booklet on knowledge regarding causes, hazards and prevention of noise pollution. 7.4 Has ethical clearance been

obtained from your institution? : The ethical clearance will be obtained

from the institution.

: An informed consent from subjects will

be obtained during the period of data

collection.

8. LIST OF REFERENCES.

1. www.legal service India.com

2. www.prakruti.org (1 July 2009)

3. SP. Singal, published(2005),Alpha International ltd, www.google.com

4. Ravindran R, Rathinasamy SD, Samson J, Senthilvelan M. Noise-stress-induced brain neurotransmitter changes and the effect of Ocimum sanctum (Linn) treatment in albino rats. 2005 Aug;98(4):354-60.

5. Indiastat.com,www.google.com

6. Ni CH, Chen ZY, Zhou Y, Zhou JW, Pan JJ. Associations of blood pressure and arterial compliance with occupational noise exposure in female workers of textile mill. 2007 Aug 5;120 (15):1309-13.

7. Catlin FI. Noise-induced hearing loss. 1986 Mar;7(2):141-9.

8. Mehdi MR, Kim M, Seong JC, Arsalan MH.Spatio-temporal patterns of road traffic noise pollution in Karachi, Pakistan. 2011 Jan;37 (1):97-104. Epub 2010 Sep 19.

9. Stansfeld SA, Matheson MP.Noise pollution: non-auditory effects on health. 2003;68:243-57.

10. Huss A, Spoerri A, Egger M, Roosli M; Swiss National Cohort Study Group. Aircraft noise, air pollution, and mortality from myocardial infarction. 2010 Nov;21(6):829-36.

11. Bhosale BJ, Late A, Nalawade PM, Chavan SP, Mule MB. Studies on assessment of traffic noise level in Aurangabad city, India.2010 Jul-Sep;12(48):195

12. Oyedepo OS, Saadu AA. A comparative study of noise pollution levels in some selected areas in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria. 2009 Nov;158(1-4):155-67. Epub 2008 Oct 10.

13. Francis CD, Ortega CP, Cruz A.Noise pollution changes avian communities and species interactions. 2009 Aug 25;19(16):1415-9. Epub 2009 Jul 23.

14. Aasvang GM, Moum T, Engdahl B.Self-reported sleep disturbances due to railway noise: exposure-response relationships for nighttime equivalent and maximum noise levels. 2008 Jul;124(1):257-68.

15. Otenio MH, Cremer E, Claro EM.Noise level in a 222 bed hospital in the 18th health region-PR. 2007 Mar-Apr;73(2):245-50.

16. Goines L, Hagler L.Noise pollution: a modem plague. 2007 Mar;100 (3):287-94.

17. Banerjee D, Chakraborty SK.Monthly variation in night time noise levels at residential areas of Asansol city (India). 2006 Jan;48(1):39-44.

18. Vidya Sagar T, Nageswara Rao G.Noise pollution levels in Visakhapatnam City (India). 2006 Apr;48(2):139-42.

19. Leventhall HG.Low frequency noise and annoyance. 2004 Apr-Jun;6(23):59-72.

20. Borchgrevink HM.Does health promotion work in relation to noise? 2003 Jan-Mar;5(18):25-30.

21. Sembulingam K, Sembulingam P, Namasivayam A. Effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn on noise induced changes in plasma corticosterone level. 1997 Apr;41(2):139-43.

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