rainwater harvesting ccrt dr. reddy_2
DESCRIPTION
Rain Water Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesTRANSCRIPT
Centre for Cultural Resources and TrainingMinistry of Culture Govt. of India
Rain Water Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources 14th Sep. ‘10
Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar ReddyCEO, GEO [email protected]://e-geo.org
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesThe Barefoot College, Tilonia
WASTED WATER
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesThe Barefoot College, Tilonia
STRUGGLE FOR WATER
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesThe Barefoot College, Tilonia
POLLUTED WATER
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesThe Barefoot College, Tilonia
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
RECHARGE WELLS
The Barefoot College, Tilonia
While it would normally take between 20-30 years for water to percolate 100 feet from an
open tank, it has been noticed in an open well
300,000 litres can percolate to the same depth
within a week.
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesEvery drop counts
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resourcesuk-energy-saving.com
• India has 2% of world’s land, 4% of freshwater, 16% of population, and 10% of its cattle.
• Geographical area = 329 Mha of which 47% (142 Mha) is cultivated, 23% forested, 7% under non-agri use, 23% waste.
• Per capita availability of land 50 years ago was 0.9 ha, could be only 0. 14 ha in 2050.
INDIA’S LAND RESOURCE, IRRIGATION AND FOOD
PRODUCTION
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
Out of cultivated area, 37% is irrigated which produces 55% food; 63% is rain-fed producing 45% of 200 M t of food.
In 50 years (ultimate), proportion could be 50:50 producing 75:25 of 500 M t of required food.
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
Freshwater management in India
Anupma Sharma
Water Conservation
Watershed management
Water quality conservation
Inter basin water transfer
GW management
Recycle and reuse of water
Public involvement and capacity building
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources.ppt (11)
What Is Rainwater Harvesting?
RWH technology consists of simple systems to collect, convey, and store rainwater. Rainwater capture is accomplished primarily from roof-top, surface runoff, and other surfaces.
RWH either captures stored rainwater for direct use (irrigation, production, washing, drinking water, etc.) or is recharged into the local ground water and is call artificial recharge.
In many cases, RWH systems are used in conjunction with Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR). ASR is the introduction of RWH collected rainwater to the groundwater / aquifer through various structures in excess of what would naturally infiltrate then recovered for use
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources.ppt (12)
Why Rainwater Harvesting?
Conserve and supplement existing water resources
Available for capture and storage in most global locations
Potentially provide improved quality of water
Supply water at one of the lowest costs possible for a supplemental supply source.
Capturing and directing storm water (run-off) and beneficially use it
Commitment as a corporate citizen - showcasing environmental concerns
Public Mandate (India)
Replenishing local ground water aquifers where lowering of water tables has occured
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources.ppt (13)
Why Not RWH?
Not applicable in all climate conditions over the world
Performance seriously affected by climate fluctuations that sometimes are hard to predict
Increasingly sophisticated RWH systems (ASR) necessarily increases complexities in cost, design, operation, maintenance, size and regulatory permitting
Collected rainwater can be degraded with the inclusion of storm water runoff
Collected water quality might be affected by external factors
Collection systems require monitoring and continuous maintenance and improvement to maintain desired water quality characteristics for water end-use
Certain areas will have high initial capital cost
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources.ppt (14)
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Surface Water
Infiltration
Evapotranspiration
Let’s take a look atThe Water
Cycle
Consumption
Surface Runoff
Groundwater
Sea water intrusion
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources.ppt (15)
Design and Feasibility Criteria
Collection Area
Rainfall
Demand
Primary Use (Direct Use, Artificial Recharge (AR) or Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR))
Storage capacity
Level of Security - risk of the storage tank running dry
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources.ppt (16)
Collection Area and Characteristics
Measure Area
Runoff Characteristics• Roof top 0.75 – 0.95• Paved area 0.50 – 0.85 • Bare ground 0.10 – 0.20 • “Green area” 0.05 – 0.10
Water harvesting potential(m3) = Area (m2) X Rainfall (m) X Collection Efficiency
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources.ppt (17)
Quality Issues
Roofs contain: bird droppings, atmospheric dust,
industrial and urban air pollution
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources.ppt (18)
Operational Procedures and Design Considerations
Screen to prevent birds,
animal and insects;
Lead based paint must not be used on the
roof;
Tar based roof coatings and materials should
not be used – Phenolics and other organics can leach from materials
If roofs painted with acrylic paints, new concrete or metal roofing - first few rainfalls should not be
collected to avoid metals, detergents, and other
chemicals
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources.ppt (19)
Operational Procedures and Design Considerations
Storage tank – dark materials to exclude light and algae formation
Corrosion resistant materials
Tank in protected shaded area –
lower temperature
For multiple storage tanks –
design for frequent turnover
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources.ppt (20)
A news article says that ground water levels in New Delhi are falling and RWH will become mandatory.
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
Storage
1. Ponds and Reservoirs
2. Artificial recharge of Groundwater
3. Water Tanks
4. Rainwater runoff in surface water
5. Rainwater runoff in groundwater
6. Rainwater runoff in tanks
7. Effluent in surface water
8. Effluent in ground water
Every drop counts
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesEvery drop counts
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesEvery drop counts
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesEvery drop counts
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
Jn nurm – URBAN RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Tackle water shortage during summers
Recharge aquifers
Reduced power consumption in pumping water
Reduced water logging and flooding in low lying areas
Reduced erosion
Improved Groundwater quality through dilution. Eg: Coastal areas
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
Means of water conservation
Prof. T. I. Eldho , Prof. T. I. Eldho ,
New dams - inter-basin
transfer
Groundwater - underdevelop
ed
Demand Management
Water savings - increase in
efficiency, reduce evaporation.
Water productivity - increases in crop per drop
Virtual water – Food
production
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
Watershed Development & Modelling
Prof. T. I. Eldho , Prof. T. I. Eldho ,
Limited water resources,-
more demand.
Watershed is the basic
scientific unit.
Need for proper planning and
management.
Integrated watershed
development approach
Digital revolution
Recent advances in watershed modelling - use of computer
models, remote sensing and GIS.
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
WATERSHED Development
Watershed (ha) Classification
50,000-2,00,00010,000-50,0001,000-10,000100-1,00010-100
WatershedSub-watershedMilli- watershedMicro-watershedMini-watershed
Prof. T. I. Eldho , Prof. T. I. Eldho ,
Watershed Characteri
stics.
Hydrology of
watershed.
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
Precipitation
Interception Storage
Surface Runoff
Groundwater Storage
Channel Processes
InterflowDirect Runoff
Surface Storage
BaseflowPercolation
Infiltration
ET
ET
Flowchart of simple watershed model (McCuen, 1989)
WATERSHED MODELLING …
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
Integrated Watershed ApproachIWM is the process of planning and implementing water and natural resources …… an emphasis on integrating the bio-physical, socio-economic and institutional aspects.
Social issues are addressed through involvement of women and minority.
Community led water users groups have led the implementation efforts.
1970 1980 1990 2000
Pu
bli
c P
art
icip
ati
on
Watershed development program
Low
HighM
ain
ly w
ater
co
nse
rvat
ion
Soc
io-e
con
omic
wit
h
wat
er c
onse
rvat
ion
Soc
io-e
con
omic
, w
ater
con
serv
atio
n,
par
tici
pat
ion
Pu
bli
c p
arti
cip
atio
n
pla
nn
ing,
des
ign
, im
ple
men
tati
on
Project success
Prof. T. I. Eldho , Prof. T. I. Eldho ,
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
Water Conservation & Harvesting
Total water management for sustainable
development?. Prof. T. I. Eldho , Prof. T. I. Eldho ,
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
Water Conservation
Prof. T. I. Eldho , Prof. T. I. Eldho ,
Important step for solutions to issues of water and environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits
Conserve water because it is right thing to do!.
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
Water Conservation…
Prof. T. I. Eldho , Prof. T. I. Eldho ,
Install small shower heads to reduce the flow of the water. Water in which the vegetables & fruits have been washed - use to water the flowers & plants.
At the end of the day if you have water left in your water bottle do not throw it away, pour it over some plants.
Re-use water as much as possible
Change in attitude & habits for water conservation
Every drop counts!
!!
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
Water Conservation
Water conservation interventions includes contour trenches, gully
plugging, vegetative and field bunding, percolation tanks.
Overall land treatment against potential area is varying between 40-60%.
45%
30%
25%
Private land Fallow land Forest land
28%
65%
2% 5%
Contour bunding Gully pluggingStaggered trenching Level terraces
Type of land ownership for soil and water conservation
measures
Techniques of soil and water conservation measures Prof. T. I. Eldho , Prof. T. I. Eldho ,
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water Resources
CCRT
Rainwater Harvesting and Conservation of Water ResourcesTHANK YOU