rainbows, fiber optics, sun dogs, sun glasses sections 26-8 & 25-5 physics 1161: lecture 18
TRANSCRIPT
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Rainbows, Fiber Optics, Sun Dogs, Sun Glasses
• sections 26-8 & 25-5
Physics 1161: Lecture 18
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Physics 1051 Lecture 7 Slide 2
Internal Reflection
• All rays reflect internally, but the top three rays reflect only a small percentage internally; most energy leaves the prism.
• The fourth and fifth rays are reflected 100 % internally
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Physics 1051 Lecture 7 Slide 3
Internal Reflection in Prisms
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Total Internal Reflection
normal
q2
q1
n2
n1
Recall Snell’s Law: n1 sin(q1)= n2 sin(q2)(n1 > n2 q2 > q1 )
q1 = sin-1(n2/n1) then q2 = 90
qc
Light incident at a larger angle will only have reflection (qi = qr)
qiqr
“critical angle”
For water/air:n1=1.33, n2=1q1 = sin-1(n2/n1) = 48.80
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Can the person standing on the edge of the pool be prevented from seeing the light by total internal reflection ?
1) Yes 2) No
PoolCheckpoint
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Can the person standing on the edge of the pool be prevented from seeing the light by total internal reflection ?
1) Yes 2) No
PoolCheckpoint
“There are millions of light ’rays’ coming from the light. Some of the rays will be totally reflected back into the water,but most of them will not.”
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Fiber Optics
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Fiber Optics
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Indices of Refraction
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What is the critical angle of a diamond-air boundary?
1 2
1
sinc
n
n
1sin airc
diamond
n
n
1 1sin
2.42c
1sin 0.413 24o
critical angle
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Internal Reflection in Diamond
• The critical angle fordiamond in air is24.5 o.
• Any ray which strikes the inside surface at an angle greater than 24.5o will be totally internally reflected.
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The diagrams show incident rays approaching a boundary with a second medium. The relative indices of refraction of the two media are indicated. In which diagram will total internal reflection occur, providing the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle?
1 2 3 4
0%
10%
52%
38%
1. Diagram A2. Diagram B3. Diagram C4. None of these
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The diagrams show incident rays approaching a boundary with a second medium. The relative indices of refraction of the two media are indicated. In which diagram will total internal reflection occur, providing the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle?
1 2 3 4
10%
43%
10%
38%
1. Diagram A2. Diagram B3. Diagram C4. None of these
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DispersionBlue Bends Best
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Different FrequenciesDifferent Indices of Refraction
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Refractive IndexFunction of Wavelength
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Table of Indices
Blue Yellow Red
(486.1 nm) (589.3 nm) (656.3 nm)Crown Glass 1.524 1.517 1.515
Flint Glass 1.639 1.627 1.622
Water 1.337 1.333 1.331
Cargille Oil 1.53 1.52 1.516Carbon
Disulfide 1.652 1.628 1.618
Material
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Refraction & Reflectionin a Raindrop
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Skier sees blue coming up from the bottom (1), and red coming down from the top (2) of the rainbow.
Rainbow: Checkpoint
Wow look at the variation in index of
refraction!
Which is red?
Which is blue?
Blue light is deflected more!
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Rainbow Formation• An observer sees
red light comingfrom droplets ofwater higher inthe sky.
• Droplets of waterlower in the skysend violet lightto the eye.
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Physics 1051 Lecture 7 Slide 21
Rainbow Arch
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Rainbow
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Rainbow Zoom
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Double Rainbow
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Double Rainbow on Way to School
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Physics 1051 Lecture 7 Slide 26
Double Rainbow Diagrams
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Physics 1051 Lecture 7 Slide 27
Double Rainbow Diagram
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Physics 1051 Lecture 7 Slide 28
Double Rainbow Picture
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Alexander’s Dark Band• Sky is light inside primary
rainbow• Dark between primary
and secondary bows• Light beyond the
secondary rainbow• Dark region between is
called Alexander’s Dark Band
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Green Flash
http://www.faqs.org/faqs/astronomy/faq/part3/section-13.html
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Does moon halo predict bad weather?
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22o Halo• A halo is a ring of light
surrounding the sun or moon.
• Most halos appear as bright white rings but in some instances, the dispersion of light as it passes through ice crystals found in upper level cirrus clouds can cause a halo to have color.
Randomly oriented hexagonal ice crystals
Diameter less than 20.5 micrometers
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Sundogs
• Sundogs or parhelia on right and left of sun
Flat faces horizontally oriented
Hexagonal ice crystals
Diameter greater than 30 micrometers
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Sundog
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Unpolarized & Polarized Light
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Polarization of LightUnpolarized
Polarized
Electric fields of unpolarized light vibrate in all directions perpendicular to the direction the light travels.
A polarizing filter can constrain light to vibrate in only one direction
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Unpolarized LightCheckpoint
• Unpolarized light (like the light from the sun) passes through a polarizing sunglass (a linear polarizer).
• The intensity of the light when it emerges is1. Zero2. 1/2 what it was before3. 1/4 what it was before4. 1/3 what it was before5. Need more information
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Polarized LightCheckpoint
• Now, horizontally polarized light passes through the same glasses (which are vertically polarized).
• The intensity of the light when it emerges is:1. Zero2. 1/2 what it was before3. 1/4 what it was before4. 1/3 what it was before5. Need more information
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Polarizing Filters
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Polarization
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Law of MalusWhen a second polarizer is rotated, the vector component perpendicular to its transmission plane is absorved, reducing its amplitude to E = E0cos
Since the transmitted intensity is proportional to the square of the amplitude, the intensity is given by the formula I = I0cos2
Theta is the angle between the two poloarizers.
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Polarization
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Reflected Horizontally Polarized
•Polarization of Reflected Light
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Sun Glasses Checkpoint
• Polaroid sun glasses are often considered better than tinted sunglasses because:1. They block more light2. They are safer for your eyes3. They decrease glare4. They are cheaper
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Brewster’s Angle• At this angle of
incidence all the reflected light is polarized parallel to the surface of the material (non-conducting)
•Polarization of Reflected Light
2
1
tan( )n
n
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Which pair of glasses is best suited for automobile drivers? (The polarization axes are shown by the straight lines.)
1 2 3
50%
10%
40%1. A2. B3. C
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Two Polarizers
Perpendicular AxesParallel Axes
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Insert Third Polarizer