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UNIVERSITY

Term Paper

Topic- Railway reservation system

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Rohit Beniwal Rahul Kumar

Roll no. RD4002 B31

B.Tech ECE

Subject.CSE (202)

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. PROPOSED SYSTEM

3. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

4. RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM PROGRAME

5. TESTING WHITE BOX TESTING BLACK BOX TESTING

6. CODE COMPLETENESS EVALUATION

7. DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

8. ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM

9. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTs

10. REFERENCE

1.INTRODUCTION :-

This project introduces railway reservation system. It explain how reservation is being done in Indian railways .the step by step produce is explain this project is developed .All most The header files have been used in this project proper comments have been given at desiedlocations to make the project user friendly. Varies function and structureasare used to makes complete use of the language.

2.PROPOSED SYSTEM:-

Today one cannot afford to rely on the fallible human being of be really wants to stand against today merciless competition where not to wise saying to err is human no longer valid it outdate to rationalize your mistake .so to keep pace with time to bring about the best result without malfunction in grand greater efficiency so to replace the unending heaps of flies with a much sophisticated hard disk of the computer .one has to use the data management software has been an ascent in atomization various organization. Many software product working are now in market which have help in making the organizations work easier and efficiently .data management initially had to maintain lot of ledgers and a lot of paper work has to be done but now only. this prevents a lot of time and money. the work become fully automated and any information regarding

the organization can be obtained by clicking the button .more over now it an age of computer of and auto mating such an organization give the better look

3.SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE:-

the system development life cycle is a projects into smaller more management technique that divide complex project into smaller more easily managed segment or phase .segmenting project allow managers to verify the successful completion of project phase before allocating resources to subsequent phase .software development project typing include initiation planning, design ,development, testing, implementation and maintenance phase. However the phase may be divided differently depending on the organization involved .initially project activities might be designated as request requirement –definition and planning phase or initiation, concept-development and planning phase. End user development should be involved in reviewing the output of each phase to ensure the system is being built to deliver the needed functionality initiation phase the initiation phase begins when a business sponsor identifies a need or an opportunity. The purpose of the Initiation phase is to

1. Identify and validate an opportunity to improve business accomplishments of the organization or a deficiency related to a business need. Identify significant assumptions and constraints on solutions to that need.

2. Recommend the exploration of alternative concept and methods to satisfy the need including questioning the need for technology will a change in the business process offer a solution.

3. Assure executive business and executive technical sponsorship.the sponsor designates a project manager and the business need is documented in a concept proposal.the concept proposal include information about the business process and the relationship to the agency and organization infrastructure and the strategic plan .A successful concept proposal result in a project management charter which outline the outline the authority of the project to be begin the project

4.INITIATION PHASE :-

The Initiation Phase begins when a business sponsor identifies a need or an opportunity. The purpose of the Initiation Phase is to

1. Identify and validate an opportunity to improve business accomplishments of the organization or a deficiency related to a business need.

2. Identify significant assumptions and constraints on solutions to that need. 3. Recommend the exploration of alternative concepts and methods to satisfy the need including questioning the need for technology, i.e., will a change in the business process offer a solution. 4. Assure executive business and executive technical sponsorship. The Sponsor designates a Project Manager and the business need is documented in a Concept Proposal. The Concept Proposal includes information about the business process and the relationship to the Agency and Organization Infrastructure and the Strategic Plan. A successful Concept Proposal results in a Project Management Charter which outlines the authority of the project manager to begin the project.

5.SYSTEM CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT:-

The System Concept Development Phase begins after a business need or opportunity is validated by the Agency Organization Program Leadership and the Agency or organization .The purpose of the System Concept Development Phase is to:

I. .Determine the feasibility and appropriateness of the alternatives. III. dentify system interfaces.

III. Identify basic functional and data requirements to satisfy the business need.

IV. Establish system boundaries, identify goals, objectives, critical success factors and performance measures.

V. Evaluate costs and benefits of alternative approaches to satisfy the basic functional requirements

VI. Assess project risks

6.PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF SDLC:

PALANING

MAINTENANANCE

IMPLEMENTTATION

ANALYSISDESIN

7.PLANNING PHASE:-

The planning phase is the most critical step in completing development, acquisition and maintenance projects. careful planning particularly in the early stages of a project is necessary to coordinate activities and manage project risks effectively. The depth and formality of project plans should be commensurate with the characteristics and risks of a given project. Project plans refine the information gathered during the initiation phase by further identifying the specific activities and resources required to complete a project. A critical part of a project manager job is to coordinate discussions between user, audit, security, design, development and network personnel to identify and document as many functional, security and network requirements as possible. during this phase a plan is developed that documents the approach to be used and includes a discussion of methods toolsm tasks, resources, project schedules and user input. Personnel assignments costs, project schedule and target dates are established. A Project Management Plan is created with components related to acquisition planning configuration management planning

8. REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS PHASE:-

This phase formally defines the detailed functional user requirements using high-level requirements identified in the Initiation System Concept and Planning phases. It also delineates the requirements in terms of data system performance, security, and maintainability requirements for the system. The requirements are defined in this phase to a level of detail sufficient for systems design to proceed. They need to be measurable, testable and relate to the business need or opportunity identified in the Initiation Phase. The requirements that will be used to determine acceptance of the system

I. Further define and refine the functional and data requirements and document them in the Requirements document

II. Complete business process reengineering of the functions to be supported verify what information drives the business process what information is generated

III. who generates it where does the information go and who processes itDevelop detailed data and process models system inputs outputs and the process.

IV. Develop the test and evaluation requirements that will be used to determine acceptable system performance

9.DESIGN PHASE:-

The design phase involves converting the informational functional and network requirements identified during the initiation and planning phases into unified design specifications that developers use to script programs during the development phase. Program designs arec onstructed in various ways. Using a top-downapproach designers first identify and link major program components and interfaces then expand designlayouts as they identify and link smallersub systems and connections. Using a bottom up approach designers firstidentify and link minor program components and interfaces, then expand design layouts as they identify and link larger systems and connections. During this phase the system is designed to satisfy the functional requirements identified in the previous phase. Since problems in the design phase could be very expensive to solve in the later stage of the software development a variety of elements are considered in the design to mitigate risk.

i. Identifying potential risks and defining mitigating design features.

ii. Performing a security risk assessment.

iii. Developing a conversion plan to migrate current data to the new system.

iv. Determining the operating environment.

v. Defining major subsystems and their inputs and outputs.

vi. Allocating processes to resources.

vii. Preparing detailed logic specifications for each software module.

10.IMPLEMENTATION PHASE:-

This phase is initiated after the system has been tested and accepted by the user. In this phase the system is installed to support the intended business functions. System performance is compared to performance objectives established during the planning phase. Implementation includes user notification user training installation of hardware installation of software onto production computers and integration of the system into daily work processes. This phase continues until the system is operating in production in accordance with the defined user requirements

11.OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE PHASE:-

The system operation is ongoing.The system is monitored for continued performance in accordance with user requirements and needed system modifications are incorporated. Organization needs. When modifications or changes are identified the system may reenter the planning phase.The purpose of this phase is to

I. Operate maintain and enhance the system.

II. Certify that the system can process sensitive information.

III. Conduct periodic assessments of the system to ensure the functional requirements continue to be satisfied

IV. Determine when the system needs to be modernized, replaced, or retired

12.RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM PROGRAM:-

#include <conio.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <iostream.h>#include <string.h>#include <graphics.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <dos.h>static int p = 0;class a{char trainn[5], driver[10], arrival[5], depart[5], from[10], to[10], seat[8][4][10];public:

void install();

void allotment();void empty();void show();void avail();void position(int i);

}train[10];void vline(char ch){

for (int i=80;i>0;i--)cout<<ch;

}void a::install(){

cout<<"Enter train no: ";cin>>train[p].trainn;cout<<"\nEnter Driver's name: ";cin>>train[p].driver;cout<<"\nArrival time: ";cin>>train[p].arrival;cout<<"\nDeparture: ";cin>>train[p].depart;cout<<"\nFrom: \t\t\t";cin>>train[p].from;cout<<"\nTo: \t\t\t";cin>>train[p].to;train[p].empty();p++;

}void a::allotment(){

int seat;char number[5];top:cout<<"Train no: ";cin>>number;int n;for(n=0;n<=p;n++){

if(strcmp(train[n].train n, number)==0)break;

}while(n<=p)

{cout<<"\nSeat Number: ";cin>>seat;if(seat>32){

cout<<"\nThere are only 32 seats available in this train.";}else{if (strcmp(train[n].seat[seat/4][(seat%4)-1], "Empty")==0)

{cout<<"Enter passanger's name: ";cin>>train[n].seat[seat/4][(seat%4)-1];break;

}else

cout<<"The seat no. is already reserved.\n";}}

if(n>p){

cout<<"Enter correct train no.\n";goto top;

}}

void a::empty(){

for(int i=0; i<8;i++){

for(int j=0;j<4;j++){

strcpy(train[p].seat[i][j], "Empty");}

}}void a::show(){

int n;char number[5];cout<<"Enter train no: ";cin>>number;for(n=0;n<=p;n++)

{if(strcmp(train[n].trainn, number)==0)break;

}while(n<=p){

vline('*');cout<<"Trainno: \t"<<train[n].trainn<<"\nDriver: \t"<<train[n].driver<<"\t\tArrival time: \t"<<train[n].arrival<<"\tDeparture time:"<<train[n].depart<<"\nFrom: \t\t"<<train[n].from<<"\t\tTo: \t\t"<<train[n].to<<"\n";vline('*');Train[0].position(n);int a=1;for (int i=0; i<8; i++){

for(int j=0;j<4;j++){

a++;if(strcmp(train[n].seat[i][j],"Empty")!=0)cout<<"\nThe seat no "<<(a-1)<<" is reserved for

"<<train[n].seat[i][j]<<".";}}

break;}if(n>p)

cout<<"Enter correct train no: ";}void a::position(int l){

int s=0;p=0;for (int i =0; i<8;i++){

cout<<"\n";for (int j = 0;j<4; j++){

s++;if(strcmp(train[l].seat[i][j], "Empty")==0)

{cout.width(5);cout.fill(' ');cout<<s<<".";

cout.width(10);cout.fill(' ');cout<<train[l].seat[i][j];p++;

}else{cout.width(5);cout.fill(' ');cout<<s<<".";cout.width(10);cout.fill(' ');cout<<train[l].seat[i][j];}

}}

cout<<"\n\nThere are "<<p<<" seats empty in Train No: "<<train[l].trainn;

}void a::avail(){

for(int n=0;n<p;n++){

vline('*');cout<<"Train no: \t"<<train[n].trainn<<"\nDriver: \

t"<<Train[n].driver<<"\t\tArrival time: \t"<<train[n].arrival<<"\tDeparture Time: \t"<<train[n].depart<<"\nFrom: \t\t"<<train[n].from<<"\t\tTo: \t\t\t"<<train[n].to<<"\n";vline('*');vline('_');

}}void main(){clrscr();int w;int gd=DETECT, gm;initgraph(&gd, &gm, "");setbkcolor(BLUE);while(1){

cout<<"\n\n\n\n\n";cout<<"\t\t\t1.Install\n\t\t\t"<<"2.Reservation\n\t\t\t"<<"3.Show\n\t\t\t"<<"4.Traines Available. \n\t\t\t"<<"5.Exit";cout<<"\n\t\t\tEnter your choice:-> ";cin>>w;switch(w){

case 1: train[p].install();break;

case 2: train[p].allotment();break;

case 3: train[0].show();break;

case 4: train[0].avail();break;

case 5: exit(0);}

}}Getch();}

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:-

Advantages and disadvantages The black box tester has no bonds with the code and a tester's perception is very simple a codemust have bugs. Using the principle .Ask and you shall receive black box testers find bugs where programmers don't.But on the other hand black box testing has been said to be like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight. because the tester doesn't know how the software being tested was actually constructed. That's why there are situations when a black box tester writes many test cases to check something that can be tested by only one test case

some parts of the back end are not tested at all. Therefore, black box testing has the advantage of an unaffiliated opinion on the one hand and the disadvantage of blind exploring on the other

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:-

ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM:-

Now one can easily plan the journey comfortably as the process is efficient and fast with being easy to access. Reservations can be made through the Indian railways site or at the ample reservation centers all over the country. Also now there are authorized agencies which provide reservation facility on behalf of India railways and without waiting in long line one can easily book a ticket. The booking is done through an E- Ticket issue which have a PNR number of which one has to take a print and just have to show at the station. It not only provide reservation but cancellation can also be done through this system at ease andone can use a credit card to complete the process. This being a big step in terms of improvement in the railway system it is widely accepted across the country.

NEW CUSTOMER TRAIN DATA BASE

CHECH FOR AVAILABLE

TRAINS

AMOUNT

2 MAIN TRAIN CUSTOMER INFORMATION

CREATE RECODE

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:-

1.Operating system ii. Processor:iii. Motherboard iv. Ramv. Hard disk vii. Floppy drive 1.44 mb viii.Monitorix.Key board and mouse x. Printer

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

1. office Xp

REFERENCE:-

I. . www.wikipedia.comII. www.answers.com

III. www.askme.comIV. www.esnips.coV. BY E.BALAGURUSWAMI