rail engine

7/29/2019 Rail Engine

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RailwayLocomotive

D.MOHAN KUMAR(10ME01007)

D.CHETAN VARMA(10ME01026)


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What is a Locomotive?

A locomotive is a railway vehicle that provides themotive power for a train.

A locomotive has no payload capacity of its own,and its sole purpose is to move the train along thetracks.

Locomotives are classified mainly into Steam,Diesel , Electric and Hybrid.


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Stages of Development of aLocomotive

Steam Locomotive : Steam Engine was inventedby George Stephenson in 1813.In the 19th centurythe first railway locomotives were powered bysteam, usually generated by burning wood, coal, oroil.


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Working of a Steam Engine


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Diesel Locomotive

A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive inwhich the prime mover is a diesel engine, areciprocating engine operating on the Diesel cycle

as invented by Dr. Rudolf Diesel


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Electric Locomotive

The first known electric locomotive was built in1837 by chemist Robert Davidson.

An electric locomotive is a locomotive poweredby electricity from overhead lines, a third rail or anon-board energy storage device (such as achemical battery or fuel cell).

Electricity is used to eliminate smoke and takeadvantage of the high efficiency of electricmotors; however, the cost of railway

electrification means that usually only heavilyused lines can be electrified.


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Hybrid Locomotive

A hybrid locomotive uses an onboard rechargeable energy

storage system (RESS), placed between the power source (oftena diesel engine prime mover) and the traction transmission systemconnected to the wheels.


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Working of a Hybrid Locomotive


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Control of the Engine

The rail engine is controlled by 3 levers.

The first lever is the Notch lever. It is a 8-notchsystem. The engine accelerates on increasing thenumber of notch. The 8th notch gives the

maximum acceleration to the engine.

The second lever is the direction lever. Theforward and reverse motion of the engine iscontrolled by this lever.

The third lever is the brake lever. On applying thislever, the brake is applied to the engine. Whenthis is applied, the brake shoes come in contactwith the wheel and hence the engine comes torest.


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Parts of a Locomotive

6-Cylinder Engine : A V6 engine is an engine with sixcylinders mounted on the crankcase in two banks ofthree cylinders, usually set at either a right angle oran acute angle to each other, with all six pistonsdriving a common crankshaft


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Generator :One main generators to generate

power for the traction motors and two auxiliarygenerators are provided to generate power forother purposes in the engine like lighting.

Traction Motor : Traction motor refers toan electric motor providing the primary rotational

torque of a machine, usually for conversioninto linear motion (traction).

Battery: The batteries used in a locomotive areNi-Cad batteries . They are 8 in number . Thesebatteries initiate the motion of the main

generator.


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Radiator Fan : The radiator is provided to cool theengine when it exceeds a temperature of 68C.It automatically starts when the engine

temperature rises above 68C.It is connected to the motor shaft using auniversal coupling.Universal Coupling withstandstwisting upto an angle of 18.


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Governor : A governor setup is provided to theengine to control the flow of fuel into the 6cylinders of the engine.


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Fuel Injection Pumps(FIP): FIPs are provided to mixengine oils to the fuel in the right proportion andinject this mixture into the cylinders for combustion.

One FIP is provided for each cylinder.

Because of the need for positive injection into avery high-pressure environment, the pump developsgreat pressuretypically 15,000 psi (100 MPa) or moreon newer systems.


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Compressor : Compressor provides the required airfor the combustion of fuel in the chamber. It alsoprovides air for the air braking systems.

Turbochargers: A turbocharger is a forcedinduction device used to allow more power to beproduced for an engine.

The turbocharger's compressor draws in ambientair and compresses it before it enters into the intakemanifold at increased pressure. This results in a greatermass of air entering the cylinders on each intake.


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Working of Locomotive

Unlike the engine in automobiles, rail engine is runby traction motors and not the main motor.

The main motor runs the generator. The powergenerated by the generator is given to the

traction motors which runs the wheels of theengine.

The governor controls the amount of fuel enteringthe 6 cylinders depending on the notch applied.

The compressor sucks in air necessary forcombustion in the engine. It also generates thevacuum necessary to apply brake between thewagons.


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To start the engine, the charge from the batteriesstart the generator which then continues thegeneration due to the action of the self motor.

As soon as the engine gets hotter than 68C, theradiator fan automatically gets on and cools the

engine.


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Practical Problem in a

Locomotive The coaches are connected to the engine with

Hooks. An appropriate angle of contact shouldbe maintained between the hooks such that the

friction force is sufficient enough to maintaincontact between the hooks.

But due to enormous force being applied to thehook during motion and braking, the hookexperiences deformations and after certain

period of time , it may reach fatigue.

A SOLIDWORKS model and simulation have beenperformed to analyse this problem of linkage. Theresults are shown below.


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Simulation Results(Contd.)


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Conclusion

In order to avoid failure, materials like CarbonSteel (WCB) of ASTM A216 Grade WCB is used formanufacture of railway hooks. This material not

only has a high yield strength but is also corrosiveresistant and withstands a large range oftemperatures.

The modern day rail engine has evolved from aefficiency of 8% for the steam engine to 28% for

the electric engine.

rail engine

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