rahees seminar

8/8/2019 Rahees Seminar

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APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

RAHEES.P

CS6NO:40


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ABSTRACT

Remote Sensing techniques become potential and indispensable

tools for solving many problems of civil engineering. Remote sensing observations provides data on earths resources in a spatial

format, so as to use it in various fields of civil engineering. Different

themes namely, terrain, geology, hydrology drainage, land use and so

on can be extracted from remote sensing data. All the above thematic

information along with their attributes can be integrated to solve

many problems of civil engineering. Some current uses of Remote

Sensing in civil projects are housing, sanitation, power water supply,

disposal of effluents, urban growth, irrigation project design and planning, new road alignment etc. For this Remote sensing is used to

generate development models by integrating the information on

natural resources, Landslides in mountainous areas causing heavy

loss can also be mapped and landslide prone zones can also be

delineated. Other uses are Exploration and Management through

Rainwater Harvesting, Identification & Management of Drinking

Water Potential, Ground water Potential Zoning, Watershed

Management and obligational Network Planning and tourism. Thesetechniques are also vital tools for urban and rural developing

planning.


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INTRODUCTION

Remote Sensing is the science and art of acquiringinformation (spectral, spatial, and temporal) about material, objects,area, or phenomenon, without coming into physical Contact withthe objects, or area, or phenomenon under investigation. Withoutdirect contact, some means of transferring information through

space must be utilized. In practice, remote sensing is the stand-offcollection through the use of a variety of devices for gatheringinformation on a given object or area. . In remote sensing,information transfer is accomplished by use of electromagneticradiation (EMR). EMR is a form of energy that reveals its presenceby the observable effects it produces when it strikes the matter. EMRis considered to span the spectrum of wavelengths from 10- 10 mmto cosmic rays up to 1010 nm, the broadcast wavelengths, which

extend from 0.30-15mm.Remote sensing tool can be used to study things on all

scales ranging from the smaller within the atom to the universe as a whole. while remote sensing tools are often associated withresearchers and scientists who conduct scientific inquiry .

The common man also practices natural remote sensing inhis day to day life in one form or other. While reading the book ever

we utilize the principles of remote sensing. In this case our eyes are

the sensor that respond to the lite reflected from the words. Theimpulses corresponding to the light reflected from the dark andbright areas in the page are the signals or data being gathered byour eyes. These data are analyzed by our mental computer tointerpret the meaning contained in the letters, words and sentences.The human eye-brain system may be considered as one of the mostadvanced end to end remote sensing systems, but it can collect onlythe information brought to it by the visible light which is a verysmall part of band width of the electromagnetic spectrum.


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COMPONENT PARTS OF A REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM

there are four basic components of a remote sensingsystem include a target an energy source, a transmission path and asensor.

The target is the object or materials that is being studied.The component in the system measure and record information about

the target without actually coming in to physically contact. Theremust also be an energy source which illuminates or provideselectromagnetic energy and will act as a medium for transmittinginformation from the target to the sensor. The sensor remote devicethat will collect and record the electromagnetic radiation. Once theenergy has been recorded,the resulting set of data mus betransmitted to a remote where the data are processed into usableformat which is most often as a image. The image interpreted in

order to extract information about target. This interpretation can bedone electronically with the aid of computers and image processingsoftware.

Weather satellite imaging of the earth is a familiarexample of a remote sensing system. Such system is the earth'ssurface, which give off energy in the form of infrared radiationenergy. This energy travels through the atmosphere and space andreaches the sensor mounted on a satellite platform. Varying levels of

this energy are recorded transmitted to stations on the earth andconverted into images that depict differences in temperature at

target Transmission pathEnergy source sensor


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planet's surface. In a similar manner other weather satellite sensorsmeasure the visible from the sun as it is reflected off earth's surfaces,transmitted through the space recorded and sent to earth forprocessing.

Another familiar form of remote sensing that occurs on arelatively smaller scale is medical technologies such as magneticresonance imaging (MRI) ,sonograms and X-ray images, produceimages of the inside of the human body.

ELCTROMAGNETIC ENERGY:Is a medium for transmitting from the target to sensor. It is

travels in waves. The nature of energy traveling may be best visualized by considering the waves in the ocean as they pass underits surface. This is analogous to waves of radiation through openspace with very similar qualities. Waves have measurable propertiesthat help us in describing radiation, including wave length,frequency, amplitude and velocity.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of theradiation according to wave frequency. In this the range fromextremely low energy, long wave length,low frequency energy toextremely high energy, short wave length,high frequency energytypes such as gamma ray radiation.

SENSORS :Sensors are devices used for making observations. These

consist of mechanisms usually sophisticated lenses with filter coatings to

focus the area observed in a plane in which the detectors are placed. These

detectors are sensitive to a particular region in which the sensor is

designed to operate and produce outputs which are representative of the

observed area. the sensors have it's own capability of detecting the energy

reflected from the earth's surface feature.

PLATFORMS


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A remote sensing platform is designed with a relatively narrow

set of purposes in mind. The decision must be made when designing a

remote sensing technology. The type of sensor capabilities must be

defined. The platform on which the sensor are mounted must be capable

of receiving remotely sensed data and to transmit to the end user. Thus the

transmission processing and distribution of a data from a satellite sensor

must be carefully designed to the needs.

Ground based remote sensing platforms can transmit data

using ground based communication such as radio and micro wave

transmission or computer net works. Some systems can use platform

allowing researchers to manually collect the data from the platform. Data

collected can be stored on board and retrieved once the aircraft lands.

Satellite data is to be obtained since the satellite remains in space during

its entire operational life time. This data transmitted back to the earth to

ground receiving station. Data collected from a satellite platform can be

transmitted to earth in a variety of ways. The data is transmitted directly to

the ground receiving station that is within its line of sight. For immediate

transmission a satellite can rely data to receiving station through a serious

of communications satellites in orbit around the earth from one satellite tothe next until it is able to reach the ground receiving station desired.

The data received at the ground station are in a raw digital

format. It requires to be processed to correct systematic,geometric and

atmospheric distortion to the imagery and translated in to standardized

format. The data are written to some from of storage media like tape, disk

or CD. The data are typically achieved at most receiving and processing

station.

APPLICATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERINGRemote sensing techniques become potential and indispensable

tools for solving many problems of civil engineering. Remote sensing

observations provides data on earths resources in a spatial format, so as to

use it in various fields of civil engineering.


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IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING:

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) provides designers with

feedback of structural performance, assisting in development of structures

with higher utility and lower

manufacturing costs. Structural Health Monitoring nowadays continues to

advance from conventional strain gauges to FBG Fibre Optic Sensors

(FOS) and major breakthroughs in wireless remote monitoring. Fibre optic

sensors use optical wavelength of fibre Bragg grating to measuretemperature and strain. FOS has many advantages over the traditional

electrical system such as:

Suitable for long-term permanent SHM: monitor structure during

construction stage

and whole lifespan as well

No calibration needed

One cable can have hundreds of the sensors

Simple installation

Cable can run kilometres, no length limit

Fibre optic sensors use light signal - no electrical sparking, intrinsically

safe

Gauge length can be few metres long to measure global behaviours of

structures

Suitable for both static and dynamic measurement


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The primary of monitoring is to ensure the longevity and safety

of the structure as well as optimizing its management. To implement

corrective measures and maintenance action, monitoring must be enable

the timely detection of any condition or behavior that could deteriorate the

structure, deem it unsafe or potentially results in its failure. The

monitoring programme plays a fundamental role during the construction

phase as it enables the verification of design hypotheses and construction

processes, affecting, in some cases, the construction rate of the structures

and overall quality. Most defects are introduced already at the time of

construction. Monitoring also allows performance evaluation of new

materials and technologies used in bridge construction and rehabilitation.

This objective is easily achieved with fibre optic sensors since these

sensors effectively integrate in new materials such as fibre- reinforced

polymer composite. Furthermore, fibre optic sensors adapt perfectly to

long-term monitoring of bridges behaviour as well as short-term

monitoring of bridges dynamic behaviour under traffic load. Finally,

monitoring can be used as a tool for supervised lifetime extension of

bridges approaching the end of their life or in need of major repair. Itensures that such bridges are operated safely while allowing the

postponement of major investments and traffic disruption.

REGIONAL PLANNING AND SITE INVESTIGATIONS:

Site investigations in general require topographic and geologic

considerations. Remote sensing data permits such an assessment. In case

of dam site investigation, information on topography is essential.

Geological consideration involves the different soil and rock types and

physical properties. In selecting river-crossing sites for bridges and

pipelines, an important consideration is the stability of slopes leading

down to and up from the water crossing. Such slopes include riverbanks,

terrace faces and valley wall. History of river erosion and sedimentation


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would give clues needed for locating the sites where scour is likely to

occur. High spatial resolution satellite data with stereo vision capability

can facilitate depth perception in the above said investigations and also for

regional planning of large commercial airports, harbors, industrial towns

and recreational sites.The hydro geological and geomorphologic

information along with geological structures derived from satellite data are

very useful in sitting the ground water bore holes.

TOWN PLANNING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT:

To achieve the objectives of making metropolis cities more

livable and of international standard, a co-coordinated and integrated

approach among the various agencies involved in urban development and

provision of services are needed including participatory process in

planning and implementation at local body levels. As well as to have

planned and organized disposal of population through growth centres,which will acts as counter-magnets to the cities growth. This growth may

not able to withstand the existing infrastructure, traffic, road, drainage and

utility networks etc. Advance urban planning is required for a planned

development of the area for which up to date real time and accurate

information are the vital important. Remote Sensing is inevitable

technology in the development of national Infrastructure and planning and

they provide solution related to many environmental issue. It is very muchimportant for urban planning activities & environmental improvement. For

sustainable development of urban agglomeration, optimal urban land use

plans and resources development models need to be generated by

integrating the information on natural resources, demographic and socio

economic data in a GIS domain with the currently available satellite data.

ENVIRONMENT AND GEOLOGY:


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Whether for irrigation, power generation, drinking,

manufacturing, or recreation, water is one of our most critical resources.

Image interpretation can be used in a variety of ways to help monitor thequality, quantity of water resources. It is well proven in exploring ground

water prospect zones. One such example is Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water

Mission with help of remote sensing and GIS. Sediment pollution is often

clearly depicted on aerial and space images. Materials that form films on

the water surface, such as oil films, can also be detected through the use of

aerial and satellite images. Normal colours or ultraviolet aerial

photography is often employed for the detection of oil films on water.

Thick oil slicks have a distinct brown or black colour. Thinner oil sheens

and oil rainbows have a characteristic silvery sheen or iridescent colour

banding but do not have a distinct brown or black colour.

Jharkhand State now-a- days are affected with ground water

scarcity forcing the people to depend on the surface water like lakes, rivers

etc. which are polluted like Damodar River and Suwarnrekha river.

Damodar river flowing through coal fields is affected with sediment

pollution carrying coal mining wastes leading to lowering of water level

from November to June.

A knowledge of groundwater location is important for both

water supply and pollution control analysis. Remote sensing plays a vital

role in delineating potential areas of groundwater occurrence for detailed

exploration, thus reducing the cost and time involved in groundwaterexploration. Potential groundwater areas cannot be seen on satellite images

directly. The clue to the groundwater search is the fact that sub-surface

geological elements forming aquifers have almost invariable surface

expressions, which can be detected by remote sensing techniques. Satellite

data provide information about geomorphic features, structures, land uses

and rock types (in a few cases) indicating the presence of groundwater.

Some selected landforms and structural features that are indicators forpotential groundwater zones are valley fills, palaeochannels, alluvial fans,


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dykes, interdunal depression etc.

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING:

By analyzing multi-date RS data, it would be possible to

monitor the effects of dam construction. Remotely sensed data of pre and

post dam construction can reveal the forest and other land at different

water levels. This would also help in preliminary investigation of impact

assessment of dams and rehabilitation. To study the feasibility of inter

basin transfer of surplus flood flows, RS data can be cost effective. Inlarge area reconnaissance studies, various technically feasible and

economically viable alternatives in locating surplus flow diversion routes

to water deficient basins can be arrived at. Also, reservoir sites to store the

surplus flows in these basins could be identified. Such projects of large

dimensions require considerations of land use / land cover, soil and

geological mapping, terrain evaluation, construction material inventory

etc. The latter are derived from satellite remote sensing data of particularresolution depending upon the scale on which such information is

required. The water storage built in through reservoirs, tanks, etc., are

often reduced due to sedimentation. Remotely sensed data can be used to

monitor the water bodies over time and assess the silting condition. In case

of gauged reservoirs of medium to large sizes, RS data can provide an

assessment of sediment volume and reduction in the capacity of sediment

volume and reduction in the capacity of the reservoir. In case of small

water bodies such as tanks, it is possible to come out with a list of

problematic tanks with symptoms of heavy siltation and loss of water

holding capacity. The condition of tank bunds, fore shore encroachment,

etc., also can be analysed with the help of highspatial resolution RS data.

Characterization of water bodies in terms of geological,

geomorphological, hydro geological, soil and land use / land cover

parameters carried out using RS data enables conservation of land and

water resources. The RS based input integrated with ground based


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information through GIS is useful for broad reconnaissance level

interpretation of land capability, irrigation suitability, potential land use,

water harvesting areas, monitoring the effects of soil and water

conservation measures, estimation of run off and sediment yields and

monitoring land use change including land degradation. The commercial

areas of irrigation projects are fed by different sources of irrigation like

reservoir, tanks, ponds and wells. Assessment of command areas and crops

would be highly useful in water release policy or conjunctive use of water

in the overall project command area. Satellite data has been

advantageously used to obtain such information on surface irrigation

projects. In case of floods, appropriate flood management work has to be

executed to reduce the damages and utilize the floodwaters. Using multi-

date Preflood and post flood images) damage due to flood can be

successfully assessed. This will help in mitigation andrelief distribution.

Satellite derived snow cover assessment is being extensively

used as an important input in snow melt runoff prediction models to assist

in multi purpose reservoir operations. Seasonal snow melt inflow forecasts

for Bhakra reservoir in Sutlej basin are being operationally issued every

year with the accuracy better than 90% to Bhakra Beas ManagementBoard.

LANDSLIDES:Landslide is the result of a wide variety of processes which

include geological, geomorphological and meteorological factors. The

important terrain factors are lithology, structure, drainage, slope, land use,geomorphology and road network. A complete landslide hazard

assessment requires an analysis of all these factors leading to instability in

the region. The feature extraction of some of these factors can be done

from the interpretation of satellite images. With the increase in efficient

digital computing facilities, the digital remote sensing data and their

analysis have gained enormous importance. Then the spatial and temporal

thematic informations derived from remote sensing and ground basedinformation need to be integrated for data analysis.


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LEAST COST HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT:

Highways are part of the infrastructure that makes up the spinalcord of modern society. Remote sensing provides a valuable tool in the

process of planning and design of highways. To obtain an optimum

highway route alignment which is economical, suitable and compatible

with the environment, various types of data have to consider

simultaneously. Handling and managing this large amount of data

manually, is not easy. Remote sensing images of the study area were used

as the source (spatial data). Various collateral data from various officeswas collected to be used as non spatial data. These images were used to

prepare the digitized formats required for the GIS techniques. Using the

Resistance concept (such as areas suitable for the new alignment were

assigned a low resistance value, whereas the areas not suitable for the new

alignment were assigned a high resistance value) the data was prepared for

analysis.

TERRAIN MAPPING AND ANALYSIS:

Assessment of the performance of the terrain for specific

developmental activities can be made through terrain evaluation. For this,

terrain information can be acquired from RS data and by generating the

Digital Terrain Model (DTM). A DTM is an ordered array of numbersrepresenting the spatial distribution of terrain characteristics stored in a

computer so as to enable the determination of any quantitative data

pertaining to terrain. DTMS is useful in investigation of a number of

alternative horizontal and vertical alignments of canals, roads, pipelines or

corridors for any such applications. In engineering construction like dam,

the knowledge of material comprising the terrain is essential for proper

planning, location, construction and maintenance of engineering facilities.For computation of hydrograph parameters like peak runoff rate, time of


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concentration and time to peak, the height and slope information derived

from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) are useful.

The information on regional engineering soils is essential for

general planning and site evaluation purposes. High spatial resolution

satellitedata can be analyzed to delineate various landforms, mapping of

soil classes of significance to engineering construction, delineation of

landforms engineering, soil relationships and grouping of landforms with

various physiographic setting or terrain associations. Remote sensing

based inventory of construction material such as boulders, quarry rock,

sand clay mixtures etc., would help to locate suitable sites of

construction materials for building up of water resources engineering

projects like dams, bridges, etc., across the rivers.

Remote Sensing is the science and art of acquiringinformation (spectral, spatial, and temporal) about material, objects,area, or phenomenon, without coming into physical Contact withthe objects, or area, or phenomenon under investigation. Withoutdirect contact, some means of transferring information through

space must be utilized. In practice, remote sensing is the stand-offcollection through the use of a variety of devices for gatheringinformation on a given object or area. . In remote sensing,information transfer is accomplished by use of electromagneticradiation (EMR). EMR is a form of energy that reveals its presenceby the observable effects it produces when it strikes the matter. EMRis considered to span the spectrum of wavelengths from 10- 10 mmto cosmic rays up to 1010 nm, the broadcast wavelengths, which

extend from 0.30-15mm.Remote sensing tool can be used to study things on all

scales ranging from the smaller within the atom to the universe as a whole. while remote sensing tools are often associated withresearchers and scientists who conduct scientific inquiry .


we utilize the principles of remote sensing. In this case our eyes are

the sensor that respond to the lite reflected from the words. Theimpulses corresponding to the light reflected from the dark and


15/33

bright areas in the page are the signals or data being gathered byour eyes. These data are analyzed by our mental computer tointerpret the meaning contained in the letters, words and sentences.The human eye-brain system may be considered as one of the most

advanced end to end remote sensing systems, but it can collect onlythe information brought to it by the visible light which is a verysmall part of band width of the electromagnetic spectrum.

there are four basic components of a remote sensing systeminclude a target an energy source, a transmission path and a sensor.

The target is the object or materials that is being studied. Thecomponent in the system measure and record information about thetarget without actually coming in to physically contact. There mustalso be an energy source which illuminates or provideselectromagnetic energy and will act as a medium for transmittinginformation from the target to the sensor. The sensor remote devicethat will collect and record the electromagnetic radiation. Once theenergy has been recorded,the resulting set of data mus betransmitted to a remote where the data are processed into usable

format which is most often as a image. The image interpreted inorder to extract information about target. This interpretation can bedone electronically with the aid of computers and image processingsoftware.

Weather satellite imaging of the earth is a familiarexample of a remote sensing system. Such system is the earth'ssurface, which give off energy in the form of infrared radiationenergy. This energy travels through the atmosphere and space and

reaches the sensor mounted on a satellite platform. Varying levels ofthis energy are recorded transmitted to stations on the earth andconverted into images that depict differences in temperature atplanet's surface. In a similar manner other weather satellite sensorsmeasure the visible from the sun as it is reflected off earth's surfaces,transmitted through the space recorded and sent to earth forprocessing.

Another familiar form of remote sensing that occurs on a

relatively smaller scale is medical technologies such as magneticresonance imaging (MRI) ,sonograms and X-ray images, produce

target Transmission pathEnergy sourcesensor


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images of the inside of the human body. Is a medium fortransmitting from the target to sensor. It is travels in waves. Thenature of energy traveling may be best visualized by considering the

waves in the ocean as they pass under its surface. This is analogous

to waves of radiation through open space with very similar qualities.Waves have measurable properties that help us in describingradiation, including wave length, frequency, amplitude and velocity.Electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of the radiationaccording to wave frequency. In this the range from extremely lowenergy, long wave length,low frequency energy to extremely highenergy, short wave length,high frequency energy types such as

gamma ray radiation.Sensors are devices used for making observations.

These consist of mechanisms usually sophisticated lenses with filter

coatings to focus the area observed in a plane in which the detectors are

placed. These detectors are sensitive to a particular region in which the

sensor is designed to operate and produce outputs which are representative

of the observed area. the sensors have it's own capability of detecting the

energy reflected from the earth's surface feature. A remote sensing

platform is designed with a relatively narrow set of purposes in mind. The

decision must be made when designing a remote sensing technology. The

type of sensor capabilities must be defined. The platform on which the

sensor are mounted must be capable of receiving remotely sensed data and

to transmit to the end user. Thus the transmission processing and

distribution of a data from a satellite sensor must be carefully designed to

the needs.


using ground based communication such as radio and micro wavetransmission or computer net works. Some systems can use platform


collected can be stored onboard and retrieved once the aircraft lands.




transmitted to earth in a variety of ways. The data is transmitted directly tothe ground receiving station that is within its line of sight. For immediate


17/33


of communications satellites in orbit around the earth from one satellite to

the next until it is able to reach the ground receiving station desired.




format. The data are written to some from of storage media like tape, disk

or CD. The data are typically achieved at most receiving and processing

station.

Remote sensing techniques become potential and indispensable tools for

solving many problems of civil engineering. Remote sensing observations

provides data on earths resources in a spatial format, so as to use it in

various fields of civil engineering.





advance from conventional strain gauges to FBG Fibre Optic Sensors(FOS) and major breakthroughs in wireless remote monitoring. Fibre optic

sensors use optical wavelength of fibre Bragg grating to measure

temperature and strain. FOS has many advantages over the traditional

electrical system such as: Suitable for long-term permanent SHM:

monitor structure during construction stage




Simple installation



18/33


safe


structures







monitoring programme plays a fundamental role during the construction

phase as it enables the verification of design hypotheses and construction




materials and technologies used in bridge construction and rehabilitation.This objective is easily achieved with fibre optic sensors since these

sensors effectively integrate in new materials such as fibre- reinforced

polymer composite. Furthermore, fibre optic sensors adapt perfectly to




bridgesapproaching the end of their life or in need of major repair. Itensures that such bridges are operated safely while allowing the






physical properties. In selecting river-crossing sites for bridges andpipelines, an important consideration is the stability of slopes leading


19/33







and recreational sites.The hydro geological and geomorphologic

information along with geological structures derived from satellite data are





provision of services are needed including participatory process in

planning and implementation at local body levels. As well as to have

planned and organized disposal of population through growth centres,

which will acts as counter-magnets to the cities growth. This growth may


utility networks etc. Advance urban planning isrequired for a planneddevelopment of the area for which up to date real time and accurate

information are the vital important. Remote Sensing is inevitable

technology in the development of national Infrastructure and planning and

they provide solution related to many environmental issue. It is very much

important for urban planning activities & environmental improvement. For


plans and resources development models need to be generated byintegrating the information on natural resources, demographic and socio




Image interpretation can be used in a variety of ways to help monitor the

quality, quantity of water resources. It is well proven in exploring ground

water prospect zones. One such example is Rajiv Gandhi Drinking WaterMission with help of remote sensing and GIS. Sediment pollution is often


20/33

















exploration,thus reducing the cost and time involved in groundwaterexploration. Potential groundwater areas cannot be seen on satellite images

directly. The clue to the groundwater search is the fact that sub-surface

geological elements forming aquifers have almost invariable surface




Some selected landforms and structural features that are indicators forpotential groundwater zones are valley fills, palaeochannels, alluvial fans,

dykes, interdunal depression etc. By analyzing multi-date RS data, it

would be possible to monitor the effects of dam construction. Remotely

sensed data of pre and post dam construction can reveal the forest and

other land at different water levels. This would also help in preliminary

investigation of impact assessment of dams and rehabilitation. To study

the feasibility of inter basin transfer of surplus flood flows, RS data can becost effective. In large area reconnaissance studies, various technically


21/33

feasible and economically viable alternatives in locating surplus flow

diversion routes to water deficient basins can be arrived at. Also, reservoir

sites to store the surplus flows in these basins could be identified. Such

projects of large dimensions require considerations of land use / land

cover, soil and geological mapping, terrain evaluation, construction

material inventory etc. The latter are derived from satellite remote sensing

data of particular resolution depending upon the scale on which such

information is required. The water storage built in through reservoirs,

tanks, etc., are often reduced due to sedimentation. Remotely sensed data

can be used to monitor the water bodies over time and assess the silting

condition. In case of gauged reservoirs of medium to large sizes, RS data

can provide an assessment of sediment volume and reduction in the

capacity of sediment volume and reduction in the capacity of the reservoir.

In case of small water bodies such as tanks, it is possible to come out with

a list of problematic tanks with symptoms of heavy siltation and loss of

water holding capacity. The condition of tank bunds, fore shore

encroachment, etc., also can be analysed with the help of highspatial

resolution RS data.

Characterization of water bodies in terms of geological,geomorphological, hydro geological, soil and land use / land cover

parameters carried out using RS data enables conservation of land and

water resources. The RS based input integrated with ground based




conservation measures, estimation of run off and sediment yields andmonitoring land use change including land degradation. The commercial






projects. In case of floods, appropriate flood management work has to beexecuted to reduce the damages and utilize the floodwaters. Using multi-


22/33







year with the accuracy better than 90% to Bhakra Beas Management

Board.

Landslide is the result of a wide variety of processes which include

geological, geomorphological and meteorological factors. The important

terrain factors are lithology, structure, drainage, slope, land use,

geomorphology and road network. A complete landslide hazard

assessment requires an analysis of all these factors leading to instability in

the region. The feature extraction of some of these factors can be done




thematic informations derived from remote sensing and ground basedinformation need to be integrated for data analysis.

Highways are part of the infrastructure that makes up the spinal

cord of modern society. Remote sensing provides a valuable tool in the




simultaneously. Handling and managing this large amount of datamanually, is not easy. Remote sensing images of the study area were used

as the source (spatial data). Various collateral data from various offices

was collected to be used as non spatial data. These images were used to




alignment were assigned a high resistance value) the data was prepared foranalysis.


23/33

Assessment of the performance of the terrain for specific developmental

activities can be made through terrain evaluation. For this, terrain

information can be acquired from RS data and by generating the Digital

Terrain Model (DTM). A DTM is an ordered array of numbers

representing the spatial distribution of terrain characteristics stored in a


pertaining to terrain. DTMS is useful in investigation of a number of

alternative horizontal and vertical alignments of canals, roads, pipelines or



planning, location, construction and maintenance of engineering facilities.

For computation of hydrograph parameters like peak runoff rate, time of


from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) are useful.

The information on regional engineering soils is essential for


satellitedata can be analyzed to delineate various landforms, mapping of

soil classes of significance to engineering construction, delineation of

landforms engineering, soil relationships and grouping of landforms withvarious physiographic setting or terrain associations. Remote sensing

based inventory of construction material such as boulders, quarry rock,

sand clay mixtures etc., would help to locate suitable sites of

construction materials for building up of water resources engineering

projects like dams, bridges, etc., across the rivers.

Remote Sensing is the science and art of acquiringinformation (spectral, spatial, and temporal) about material, objects,area, or phenomenon, without coming into physical Contact withthe objects, or area, or phenomenon under investigation. Withoutdirect contact, some means of transferring information throughspace must be utilized. In practice, remote sensing is the stand-offcollection through the use of a variety of devices for gatheringinformation on a given object or area. . In remote sensing,

information transfer is accomplished by use of electromagneticradiation (EMR). EMR is a form of energy that reveals its presence


24/33

by the observable effects it produces when it strikes the matter. EMRis considered to span the spectrum of wavelengths from 10- 10 mmto cosmic rays up to 1010 nm, the broadcast wavelengths, whichextend from 0.30-15mm.

Remote sensing tool can be used to study things on allscales ranging from the smaller within the atom to the universe as a

whole. while remote sensing tools are often associated withresearchers and scientists who conduct scientific inquiry .


we utilize the principles of remote sensing. In this case our eyes arethe sensor that respond to the lite reflected from the words. Theimpulses corresponding to the light reflected from the dark andbright areas in the page are the signals or data being gathered byour eyes. These data are analyzed by our mental computer tointerpret the meaning contained in the letters, words and sentences.The human eye-brain system may be considered as one of the mostadvanced end to end remote sensing systems, but it can collect onlythe information brought to it by the visible light which is a very

small part of band width of the electromagnetic spectrum.there are four basic components of a remote sensing systeminclude a target an energy source, a transmission path and a sensor.

The target is the object or materials that is being studied. Thecomponent in the system measure and record information about thetarget without actually coming in to physically contact. There mustalso be an energy source which illuminates or provides

electromagnetic energy and will act as a medium for transmittinginformation from the target to the sensor. The sensor remote devicethat will collect and record the electromagnetic radiation. Once theenergy has been recorded,the resulting set of data mus betransmitted to a remote where the data are processed into usableformat which is most often as a image. The image interpreted inorder to extract information about target. This interpretation can bedone electronically with the aid of computers and image processing

software.Weather satellite imaging of the earth is a familiar

target Transmission pathEnergy source sensor


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example of a remote sensing system. Such system is the earth'ssurface, which give off energy in the form of infrared radiationenergy. This energy travels through the atmosphere and space andreaches the sensor mounted on a satellite platform. Varying levels of

this energy are recorded transmitted to stations on the earth andconverted into images that depict differences in temperature atplanet's surface. In a similar manner other weather satellite sensorsmeasure the visible from the sun as it is reflected off earth's surfaces,transmitted through the space recorded and sent to earth forprocessing.

Another familiar form of remote sensing that occurs on arelatively smaller scale is medical technologies such as magneticresonance imaging (MRI) ,sonograms and X-ray images, produceimages of the inside of the human body. Is a medium fortransmitting from the target to sensor. It is travels in waves. Thenature of energy traveling may be best visualized by considering the

waves in the ocean as they pass under its surface. This is analogousto waves of radiation through open space with very similar qualities.Waves have measurable properties that help us in describing

radiation, including wave length, frequency, amplitude and velocity.Electromagnetic spectrum is the arrangement of the radiationaccording to wave frequency. In this the range from extremely lowenergy, long wave length,low frequency energy to extremely highenergy, short wave length,high frequency energy types such as

gamma ray radiation.Sensors are devices used for making observations.

These consist of mechanisms usually sophisticated lenses with filter

coatings to focus the area observed in a plane in which the detectors are

placed. These detectors are sensitive to a particular region in which thesensor is designed to operate and produce outputs which are representative

of the observed area. the sensors have it's own capability of detecting the

energy reflected from the earth's surface feature. A remote sensing

platform is designed with a relatively narrow set of purposes in mind. The

decision must be made when designing a remote sensing technology. The

type of sensor capabilities must be defined. The platform on which the

sensor are mounted must be capable of receiving remotely sensed data andto transmit to the end user. Thus the transmission processing and


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distribution of a data from a satellite sensor must be carefully designed to

the needs.


using ground based communication such as radio and micro wave

transmission or computer net works. Some systems can use platform


collected can be stored onboard and retrieved once the aircraft lands.




transmitted to earth in a variety of ways. The data is transmitted directly to

the ground receiving station that is within its line of sight. For immediate


of communications satellites in orbit around the earth from one satellite to

the next until it is able to reach the ground receiving station desired.




format. The data are written to some from of storage media like tape, diskor CD. The data are typically achieved at most receiving and processing

station.

Remote sensing techniques become potential and indispensable tools for

solving many problems of civil engineering. Remote sensing observations

provides data on earths resources in a spatial format, so as to use it in

various fields of civil engineering.





advance from conventional strain gauges to FBG Fibre Optic Sensors

(FOS) and major breakthroughs in wireless remote monitoring. Fibre optic

sensors use optical wavelength of fibre Bragg grating to measuretemperature and strain. FOS has many advantages over the traditional


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electrical system such as: Suitable for long-term permanent SHM:

monitor structure during construction stage




Simple installation



safe


structures







monitoring programme plays a fundamental role during the constructionphase as it enables the verification of design hypotheses and construction




materials and technologies used in bridge construction and rehabilitation.

This objective is easily achieved with fibre optic sensors since these

sensors effectively integrate in new materials such as fibre- reinforcedpolymer composite. Furthermore, fibre optic sensors adapt perfectly to


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bridgesapproaching the end of their life or in need of major repair. It

ensures that such bridges are operated safely while allowing the






physical properties. In selecting river-crossing sites for bridges and

pipelines, an important consideration is the stability of slopes leading







and recreational sites.The hydro geological and geomorphologicinformation along with geological structures derived from satellite data are





provision of services are needed including participatory process inplanning and implementation at local body levels. As well as to have

planned and organized disposal of population through growth centres,

which will acts as counter-magnets to the cities growth. This growth may


utility networks etc. Advance urban planning isrequired for a planned

development of the area for which up to date real time and accurate

information are the vital important. Remote Sensing is inevitabletechnology in the development of national Infrastructure and planning and


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they provide solution related to many environmental issue. It is very much

important for urban planning activities & environmental improvement. For


plans and resources development models need to be generated by

integrating the information on natural resources, demographic and socio




Image interpretation can be used in a variety of ways to help monitor the

quality, quantity of water resources. It is well proven in exploring ground

water prospect zones. One such example is Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water

Mission with help of remote sensing and GIS. Sediment pollution is often

















exploration,thus reducing the cost and time involved in groundwater

exploration. Potential groundwater areas cannot be seen on satellite images

directly. The clue to the groundwater search is the fact that sub-surfacegeological elements forming aquifers have almost invariable surface


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Some selected landforms and structural features that are indicators for

potential groundwater zones are valley fills, palaeochannels, alluvial fans,

dykes, interdunal depression etc. By analyzing multi-date RS data, it

would be possible to monitor the effects of dam construction. Remotely

sensed data of pre and post dam construction can reveal the forest and

other land at different water levels. This would also help in preliminary

investigation of impact assessment of dams and rehabilitation. To study

the feasibility of inter basin transfer of surplus flood flows, RS data can be

cost effective. In large area reconnaissance studies, various technically

feasible and economically viable alternatives in locating surplus flow

diversion routes to water deficient basins can be arrived at. Also, reservoir

sites to store the surplus flows in these basins could be identified. Such

projects of large dimensions require considerations of land use / land

cover, soil and geological mapping, terrain evaluation, construction

material inventory etc. The latter are derived from satellite remote sensing

data of particular resolution depending upon the scale on which suchinformation is required. The water storage built in through reservoirs,

tanks, etc., are often reduced due to sedimentation. Remotely sensed data

can be used to monitor the water bodies over time and assess the silting

condition. In case of gauged reservoirs of medium to large sizes, RS data

can provide an assessment of sediment volume and reduction in the

capacity of sediment volume and reduction in the capacity of the reservoir.

In case of small water bodies such as tanks, it is possible to come out witha list of problematic tanks with symptoms of heavy siltation and loss of

water holding capacity. The condition of tank bunds, fore shore

encroachment, etc., also can be analysed with the help of highspatial

resolution RS data.

Characterization of water bodies in terms of geological,

geomorphological, hydro geological, soil and land use / land cover

parameters carried out using RS data enables conservation of land andwater resources. The RS based input integrated with ground based


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conservation measures, estimation of run off and sediment yields and

monitoring land use change including land degradation. The commercial






projects. In case of floods, appropriate flood management work has to be

executed to reduce the damages and utilize the floodwaters. Using multi-







year with the accuracy better than 90% to Bhakra Beas ManagementBoard.

Landslide is the result of a wide variety of processes which include

geological, geomorphological and meteorological factors. The important

terrain factors are lithology, structure, drainage, slope, land use,

geomorphology and road network. A complete landslide hazard

assessment requires an analysis of all these factors leading to instability inthe region. The feature extraction of some of these factors can be done




thematic informations derived from remote sensing and ground based

information need to be integrated for data analysis.

Highways are part of the infrastructure that makes up the spinalcord of modern society. Remote sensing provides a valuable tool in the


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simultaneously. Handling and managing this large amount of data

manually, is not easy. Remote sensing images of the study area were used

as the source (spatial data). Various collateral data from various offices

was collected to be used as non spatial data. These images were used to




alignment were assigned a high resistance value) the data was prepared for

analysis.

Assessment of the performance of the terrain for specific developmental

activities can be made through terrain evaluation. For this, terrain

information can be acquired from RS data and by generating the Digital

Terrain Model (DTM). A DTM is an ordered array of numbers

representing the spatial distribution of terrain characteristics stored in a


pertaining to terrain. DTMS is useful in investigation of a number ofalternative horizontal and vertical alignments of canals, roads, pipelines or



planning, location, construction and maintenance of engineering facilities.

For computation of hydrograph parameters like peak runoff rate, time of


from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) are useful.The information on regional engineering soils is essential for


satellite


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CONCLUSION

There are ample evidences of applying the recent advances insatellite based remote sensing technology in various fields of civil

engineering such as water resources,minaral resources,land slides, etc..

Indias space programme ensuring continuous availability of remote

sensing data and launching of future satellites carrying high spatial and

spectral resolution sensors can go a long way in

providing useful information required for civil engineering applications.

rahees seminar

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