rafael bejar mds higher risk and on the horizon - session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7...
TRANSCRIPT
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High Risk MDS and Novel Therapy:
What’s on the Horizon?
Rafael Bejar MD, PhD
Aplastic Anemia & MDS International Foundation
Regional Patient and Family Conference
April 5th, 2014
Overview
• Refining Prognosis and ‘High’ Risk
• Novel Treatments
• Advances in Stem Cell Transplantation
• Examples from the Lab
Refining Prognosis
Low Blood Counts71 year‐old man with big red cells and low blood counts that developed over the past 6 months.
NormalRange
1.9 7.9
45
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Low Blood Counts71 year‐old man with big red cells and low blood counts that developed over the past 6 months.
Way too many cells in the bone marrow4% blasts in aspirate
Dysplasia in all three cell types
Normal Karyotype (chromosomes ok)
NormalRange
1.9 7.945
Greenberg et al. Blood. 1997;89:2079‐88; Greenberg et al. Blood. 2012:120:2454‐65.
International Prognostic Scoring System
MDA Lower Risk ModelPrognostic Category
LR-PSS Prognostic Score Value
1 2
Cytogenetics Not normal or del(5q)
Age, years ≥ 60
Hemoglobin, g/dL < 10
Platelets, × 109/L 50‐200 < 50
BM blasts, % ≥ 4%
Garcia-Manero G, et al. Leukemia. 2008;22:538-543.
Risk Category
Risk Score
1 0‐2
2 3‐4
3 ≥ 5
Survival, months from referral
Pat
ien
ts,
%
0 2412 4836 60 8472 960
20
40
60
80
100
25%‐33% of patients are in Category 3
The survival of Category 3 patients is similar to that of Intermediate‐2 riskpatients using the IPSS!
IPSS‐Revised (IPSS‐R)
Greenberg et al. Blood. 2012:120:2454‐65.
ipss‐r.com
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Current Therapies
Guidelines for Higher Risk MDSGoal: to improve DURATION OF LIFE
Inhibitors of DNA methyl transferases:
Both incorporate into DNA and cause hypomethylation (DEC > AZA)
AZA preferentially causes DNA damage and induces apoptosis
Hypomethylating Agents
AZA‐001 Phase III: AZA vs. ld‐ARA‐C vs. supportive care
OS benefit: + 9.5 mos
Time to AML: 17.8 vs. 11.5 mos
TI: 45% vs. 11%
Azacitidine Response:
ORR: ~50%
CR: ~17%
Median time to response: 3 cycles (81% by cycle 6)
Azacitidine
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Decitabine Phase III Trial ADOPT Trial and 3‐Schedule Trial
Dosed q8h x 3 days per 28 days Dosed q24h x 5 days per 28 days
CR: 17% CR: 17%
CR+PR: 30% CR+PR: 32%
ORR: 52% (+ heme response)
Best response: 50% at 2 cycles
Major Toxicity:Neutropenia: 31% (FN 11%)
Thrombocytopenia: 18%
Decitabine Guidelines for Higher Risk MDS
Special Considerations:
Refer for Transplant Early‐ Even patients in their 70’s can benefit from RIC transplant
AZA > DEC (for now)‐ AZA has been shown to have a survival advantage, DEC has not (yet)
Don’t forget Quality of Life‐ Consider treatment palliative and weigh against patient needs
Look for Clinical Trials‐ Few option after AZA are available and none are approved
Goal: to improve DURATION OF LIFE
Outcomes After Azacitidine
Comparison to decitabine failures @ MDACC: median survival 4.3 months, n=87
Prébet T et al, J Clin Oncol 2011; Aug 20;29(24):3322-7. Epub 2011 Jul 25.Jabbour E et al, Cancer 2010; 116:3830–3834.
9% didn’t tolerate AZA (69% were not responding, 31% had an initial response)
55% primary failure (progression in 60% , stable disease without response in 40%)
36% secondary failure after initial response (best response: CR 20% , PR 7%, HI 73%)
Reasons for “failure” in azacitidine failure study
Outcomes after failure
Median overall survival for whole cohort post‐AZA: 5.6 months
2 year survival: 15%
Favorable factors: female, younger (<60), better risk karyotype, <10% blasts, some response to azacitidine
Slide borrowed from Dr. David Steensma
• Data available on 435 pts – from AZA001, J9950, J0443, French compassionate program
• Overall median survival after azacitidine failure: 5.6 months
Prébet T et al J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:3322-7Jabbour E et al Cancer 2010;116(16):3830-4
Subsequent therapy Number of patients (%) Median survival
Allogeneic transplant 37 (9%) 19.5 months
Investigational therapy (e.g. IMiD, HDACi, other)
44 (10%) 13.2 months
Intensive cytotoxic therapy (e.g., 3&7)
35 (8%) 8.9 months
Low‐dose chemotherapy (e.g. LDAC, 6‐MP)
32 (7%) 7.3 months
Palliative / supportive care 122 (28%) 4.1 months
Subsequent therapy unknown 165 (38%) 3.6 months
Slide borrowed from Dr. David Steensma
Outcomes After Azacitidine
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Treatment of Higher Risk MDS
We need BETTER therapies!
We need MORE therapies!
Better Formulations
Oral Azacitidine
2011 – Oral AZA given 7 days out of 28 is safe and appears effective
2012 – Treating for 14 or 21 days enhances biologic activityand is effective – 34% ORR and 40% transfusion independent
2013 – Phase III Clinical Trial of Lower Risk Transfusion Dependence‐ should lead to FDA approval
PROSOral drug that can be taken at home
CONSGastrointestinal side effectsMay take 6‐8 cycles to reach maximum response
SGI‐110Resistant to degradation
Longer half‐life
May allow less frequent dosing
‐ 5 days vs. once weekly
In clinical trials at USC
Yoo C B et al. Cancer Res 2007;67:6400-8.
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Combination Therapies
Combination Therapy
Example: At least 2 clinic trials in development combine:
Azacitidine+
Deferasirox (Exjade)
Approach: Improve upon existing therapies
Advantage: drugs are already FDA approved for MDS
Positive results can quickly change practice!
• Multicenter, single‐arm open‐label phase II continuation study (N = 36)
• Patient eligibility
– Higher‐risk MDS: CMML‐2, RAEB‐1 or ‐2, IPSS intermediate 2 or high (score ≥ 1.5), or revised IPSS score 4 or 5
– No previous treatment with lenalidomide or azacitidine
• Maximum of seven 28‐day treatment cycles administered
– Lenalidomide 10 mg on Days 1‐21
– Azacitidine 75 mg/m2 on Days 1‐5
– After 7 cycles, patients could continue azacitidine monotherapy off study
• Median patient follow‐up: 12 mos (range: 3‐55)
Sekeres MA, et al. Blood. 2012;120:4945-4951.
Lenalidomide + Azacitidine
Slide borrowed from Dr. Rami Komrokji
• Median CR duration: 17+ mos(range: 3‐39+)
• Median OS among CR: 37+ mos (range: 7‐55+)
• 8 patients evolved to AML at median of 18 mos after CR
• Treatment well tolerated; FN was most common grade 3/4 AE (22%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Lenalidomide/Azacitidine(N = 36)
Response Rate (%)
CR
Hematologic improvement
44
28
Lenalidomide + Azacitidine
Sekeres MA, et al. Blood. 2012;120:4945-4951.Slide borrowed from Dr. Rami Komrokji
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Eligibility
Age ≥ 18 yearsUntreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or AMLAnd any of the following:
Total bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dLCreatinine ≥ 2 mg/dLECOG performance status > 2Excluded from all other clinical trials:
– Presence of other active malignancy
Garcia-Manero et al. Blood 2011
Dose and schedule
AZA 75 mg/m2 IV QD days 1 to 5
Vorinostat 200 mg PO TID days 1 to 5
Cycles repeated every 28 days
Patients (N=30) CR (%) CRp (%) ORR (%)
ALL 8 (26) 1 (3) 30
Diploid (7) 3 (42) 0 42
-5/-7 (16) 3 (10) 1 (3) 13
+8 (3) 2 (66) 0 66
Azacitidine + Vorinostat
Slide borrowed from Dr. Rami Komrokji
S1117 (US/Canada Intergroup) Study
g
Eligible:Higher‐risk MDS or
CMML(5‐19% blasts or IPSS Int‐2/High)
Azacitidinemonotherapy(7 days x 75 mg/m2/day)
Azacitidine + lenalidomide(10 mg/d for 21/28 days)
Azacitidine + vorinostat(600 mg/day)
Principal investigator: Mikkael Sekeres, Cleveland Clinic
n=80
n=80
n=80
Primary endpoint: overall response rate [ORR] (IWG 2006)Secondary endpoints: overall and progression‐free survival, safety
Power:81% probability of detecting a 20% difference in ORR (with alpha 0.05)
Slide borrowed from Dr. David Steensma
Novel Agents
Pipeline of Completely New Drugs
Ezatiostat
MAP Kinase Inhibitors
TGF-beta Inhibitors
Neddylation Inhibitors
Indolamine Dioxygenase Inhibitors
p53 Modulators
Hedgehog Inhibitors
Aminopeptidase Inhibitors
RNA Pol I Inhibitors
Anti-CD47 AntibodiesOptions
Suffering
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ON 01910
Gumireddy K, et. al. Cancer Cell 2005; 7: 275.
Rigosertib (ON‐01910)
PLK1 & Cdc25C Inhibition
Multikinase Inhibitor
Currently in Phase III Trial
3‐day continuous infusion
Slide borrowed from Dr. Rami Komrokji
N BM CR (+HI) HI ORR
All patients 32 6 (1) 4 10/32 (31%)
3-day infusions 17 4 (1) 3 7/17 (41%)
3-day pivotal (1800 mg/d) 13 4 (1) 2 6/13 (46%)
0 20 40 60 800
20
40
60
80
100
Weeks
Surv
ival p
robabili
ty (
%)
BM Blast ResponseNot AssessedProgressive DiseaseStable BM Blast Count50%+ BM Blast Decrease
OS by MarrowBlast Response
Median:68 wks
Raza et al. Blood 2011; 3822
Rigosertib after Azacitidine
Slide borrowed from Dr. Rami Komrokji
Gumireddy K, et. al. Cancer Cell 2005; 7: 275.
Hedgehog Inhibitors
Slide borrowed from Dr. Rami Komrokji
Pathway important for stem cells
Several inhibitors in development
Drug PF‐04449913Phase I in AML and MDS had several responders (7/21)
Combination of PF‐04449913 and decitabine is open and will be available at UCSD to previously untreated MDS patients.
Ezatiostat (Telintra)
Stimulates differentiation pathway downstream of growth factor receptors
TPO mimetics
G‐CSF (neupogen)
ESAs
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Ezatiostat (Telintra)Target population are lower risk patients, but trials show activity in heavily pretreated patients!
Phase II Study:‐ 56% had previously received Azacitidine or Decitabine‐ 38% had previously received Lenalidomide‐ 77% had previously received Erythropoietin
Results:‐ 22% had a red cell response‐ 19% had a neutrophil response‐ 20% had both‐ 29% had reduced transfusion needs‐ average time to response was 8 WEEKS!‐ very little toxicity!!
Raza et al. Cancer. 2013. 118(8) 2138-47.
Stem Cell Transplantation
Trends in Transplantation
Goal of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation:
#1) Replace a dysfunction host hematopoietic system with normal, healthy donor marrow.
#2) Allow the donor immune system to destroy the abnormal, diseased host cells (MDS).
Conditioning
Donor Cells
Engraftment Graft‐vs.‐MDS
<5% of patients with MDS currently undergo allogeneic SCT
“Only curative therapy”
Survives transplant;MDS cured!(35‐40%)
Survives transplant;MDS recurs/persists
(30‐40%)
Patients who go in to RIC allo SCT with <10% blasts appear to have lower relapse
Transplant candidateDonor identified
Dies from complication of transplant (20‐25%)
Optimal timing, pre‐transplant therapy, conditioning unclear;usually reserved for IPSS Int‐2/High (IBMTR Markov analysis)
Cutler C et al Blood 2004; 104(2):579‐85Sekeres M et al JNCI 2008;100(21):1542‐51. Slide borrowed from Dr. David Steensma
Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for MDS
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Obstacles to TransplantationGraft Rejection
– need to suppress the host immune system
Toxicity– infection– organ damage– graft versus host disease
Finding a Donor– siblings match only 25% of the time– and are often too old or ill to donate
Overcoming ObstaclesAvoiding Graft Rejection
– better approaches to immune suppression
Less Toxicity– better supportive care– better antigen matching– reduced intensity conditioning
Alternative Sources for Stem Cells– haploidentical – “half” match– umbilical cord blood stem cells
0
20
40
60
80
100
1990-1996 1997-2003 2004-2010
< 50 years>= 50 years
Trends in Allogeneic Transplantsby Transplant Type and Recipient Age*
1990‐2010
* Transplants for AML, ALL, NHL, Hodgkin Disease, Multiple Myeloma
Tran
spla
nts,
%
2001-2005 2006-2010
<=20 yrs21-40 yrs41-50 yrs51-60 yrs>60 yrs
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Allogeneic Transplants for Age 20yrs,Registered with the CIBMTR, 1993‐2010
‐ by Donor Type and Graft Source ‐
Num
ber
of T
rans
plan
ts
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
1993-94 1995-96 1997-98 1999-00 2001-02 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10
Related BM/PBUnrelated BMUnrelated PBUnrelated CB
Bejar et al. ASH Meeting 2012. (in submission)
Blasts < 5% (n=42)
Blasts ≥ 5% (n=45)
p = 0.029
Other karyotype (n=59)
Complex karyotype (n=28)
p = 0.005
Overall Survival After Transplant
Genetics and Transplantation
72 patients with select mutations
TK Pathway = NRAS, KRAS, CBL, CBLB, JAK2, PTPN11, BRAF, MPL, KITBejar et al. ASH Meeting 2012. (in submission)
Genetics and TransplantationNo Complex Karyotype (n=59)
Complex and TP53Mut Absent (n=12)
Complex and TP53 Mut Present (n=16)
Overall Survival After TransplantNo Adverse Mutation (n=47)
TP53Mutated (n=18)
TET2 Mutated w/o TP53mutation (n=10)
DNMT3A Mutated w/o TP53 or TET2 mutation (n=12)
Genetics and Transplantation
Genetic testing can better predict risk of transplantation
Identify patients that are unlikely to do well with standard approaches.
Find those that might do better than expected!
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Immunologic TherapyKiller T‐cell
Plasma B‐cell
Tumor Cell
Chimeric Antigen Receptor
Immunologic Therapy
Chimeric Antigen Receptor Modified T‐cell
Tumor Cell
Acknowledgements:Bejar Lab ‐ UCSDAlbert Perez
Brigham and Women’sBen Ebert
Allegra Lord
Ann Mullally
Anu Narla
Bennett Caughey
Bernd Boidol
Damien Wilpitz
Marie McConkey
DFCI / Broad David Steensma
Donna Neuberg
Kristen Stevenson
Mike Makrigiorgos
Derek Murphy
Columbia UniversityAzra Raza Naomi Galili
MD Anderson Cancer CenterGuillermo Garcia‐Manero
Hagop Kantarjian
Sherry Pierce
Gautam Borthakur
Memorial Sloan‐KetteringRoss Levine
Omar Abdel‐Wahab