rafael bejar mds higher risk and on the horizon - session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7...

12
3/31/2014 1 High Risk MDS and Novel Therapy: What’s on the Horizon? Rafael Bejar MD, PhD Aplastic Anemia & MDS International Foundation Regional Patient and Family Conference April 5 th , 2014 Overview Refining Prognosis and ‘High’ Risk Novel Treatments Advances in Stem Cell Transplantation Examples from the Lab Refining Prognosis Low Blood Counts 71 yearold man with big red cells and low blood counts that developed over the past 6 months. Normal Range 1.9 7.9 45

Upload: others

Post on 15-Jul-2020

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Rafael Bejar MDS Higher Risk and On the Horizon - Session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7 Eligibility Age ≥ 18 81%years Untreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or detectingAML And any differenceof

3/31/2014

1

High Risk MDS and Novel Therapy:

What’s on the Horizon?

Rafael Bejar MD, PhD

Aplastic Anemia & MDS International Foundation

Regional Patient and Family Conference

April 5th, 2014

Overview

• Refining Prognosis and ‘High’ Risk

• Novel Treatments

• Advances in Stem Cell Transplantation

• Examples from the Lab

Refining Prognosis

Low Blood Counts71 year‐old man with big red cells and low blood counts that developed over the past 6 months.

NormalRange

1.9 7.9

45

Page 2: Rafael Bejar MDS Higher Risk and On the Horizon - Session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7 Eligibility Age ≥ 18 81%years Untreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or detectingAML And any differenceof

3/31/2014

2

Low Blood Counts71 year‐old man with big red cells and low blood counts that developed over the past 6 months.

Way too many cells in the bone marrow4% blasts in aspirate

Dysplasia in all three cell types

Normal Karyotype (chromosomes ok)

NormalRange

1.9 7.945

Greenberg et al. Blood. 1997;89:2079‐88; Greenberg et al. Blood. 2012:120:2454‐65.

International Prognostic Scoring System

MDA Lower Risk ModelPrognostic Category

LR-PSS Prognostic Score Value

1 2

Cytogenetics Not normal or del(5q)

Age, years ≥ 60

Hemoglobin, g/dL < 10

Platelets, × 109/L 50‐200 < 50

BM blasts, % ≥ 4%

Garcia-Manero G, et al. Leukemia. 2008;22:538-543.

Risk Category

Risk Score

1 0‐2

2 3‐4

3 ≥ 5

Survival, months from referral

Pat

ien

ts,

%

0 2412 4836 60 8472 960

20

40

60

80

100

25%‐33% of patients are in Category 3

The survival of Category 3 patients is similar to that of Intermediate‐2 riskpatients using the IPSS!

IPSS‐Revised (IPSS‐R)

Greenberg et al. Blood. 2012:120:2454‐65.

ipss‐r.com

Page 3: Rafael Bejar MDS Higher Risk and On the Horizon - Session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7 Eligibility Age ≥ 18 81%years Untreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or detectingAML And any differenceof

3/31/2014

3

Current Therapies

Guidelines for Higher Risk MDSGoal: to improve DURATION OF LIFE

Inhibitors of DNA methyl transferases: 

Both incorporate into DNA and cause hypomethylation (DEC > AZA)

AZA preferentially causes DNA damage and induces apoptosis

Hypomethylating Agents

AZA‐001 Phase III: AZA vs. ld‐ARA‐C vs. supportive care

OS benefit: + 9.5 mos

Time to AML: 17.8 vs. 11.5 mos

TI: 45% vs. 11%

Azacitidine Response:

ORR: ~50%

CR: ~17%

Median time to response: 3 cycles (81% by cycle 6)

Azacitidine

Page 4: Rafael Bejar MDS Higher Risk and On the Horizon - Session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7 Eligibility Age ≥ 18 81%years Untreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or detectingAML And any differenceof

3/31/2014

4

Decitabine Phase III Trial ADOPT Trial and 3‐Schedule Trial

Dosed q8h x 3 days per 28 days Dosed q24h x 5 days per 28 days

CR: 17% CR: 17%

CR+PR: 30% CR+PR: 32%

ORR: 52%  (+ heme response)

Best response: 50% at 2 cycles

Major Toxicity:Neutropenia: 31%   (FN 11%)

Thrombocytopenia: 18%

Decitabine Guidelines for Higher Risk MDS

Special Considerations:

Refer for Transplant Early‐ Even patients in their 70’s can benefit from RIC transplant

AZA > DEC (for now)‐ AZA has been shown to have a survival advantage, DEC has not (yet)

Don’t forget Quality of Life‐ Consider treatment palliative and weigh against patient needs

Look for Clinical Trials‐ Few option after AZA are available and none are approved

Goal: to improve DURATION OF LIFE

Outcomes After Azacitidine

Comparison to decitabine failures @ MDACC: median survival 4.3 months, n=87

Prébet T et al, J Clin Oncol 2011; Aug 20;29(24):3322-7. Epub 2011 Jul 25.Jabbour E et al, Cancer 2010; 116:3830–3834.

9% didn’t tolerate AZA (69% were not responding, 31% had an initial response)

55% primary failure (progression in 60% , stable disease without response in 40%) 

36% secondary failure after initial response (best response: CR 20% , PR 7%, HI 73%)

Reasons for “failure” in azacitidine failure study

Outcomes after failure

Median overall survival for whole cohort post‐AZA: 5.6 months

2 year survival: 15%

Favorable factors:  female, younger (<60), better risk karyotype, <10% blasts, some response to azacitidine

Slide borrowed from Dr. David Steensma

• Data available on 435 pts – from AZA001, J9950, J0443, French compassionate program

• Overall median survival after azacitidine failure: 5.6 months

Prébet T et al J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:3322-7Jabbour E et al Cancer 2010;116(16):3830-4

Subsequent therapy Number of patients (%) Median survival

Allogeneic transplant 37 (9%) 19.5 months

Investigational therapy (e.g. IMiD, HDACi, other)

44 (10%) 13.2 months

Intensive cytotoxic therapy (e.g., 3&7)

35 (8%) 8.9 months

Low‐dose chemotherapy (e.g. LDAC, 6‐MP)

32 (7%) 7.3 months

Palliative / supportive care 122 (28%) 4.1 months 

Subsequent therapy unknown 165 (38%) 3.6 months

Slide borrowed from Dr. David Steensma

Outcomes After Azacitidine

Page 5: Rafael Bejar MDS Higher Risk and On the Horizon - Session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7 Eligibility Age ≥ 18 81%years Untreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or detectingAML And any differenceof

3/31/2014

5

Treatment of Higher Risk MDS

We need BETTER therapies!

We need MORE therapies!

Better Formulations

Oral Azacitidine

2011 – Oral AZA given 7 days out of 28 is safe and appears effective

2012 – Treating for 14 or 21 days enhances biologic activityand is effective – 34% ORR and 40% transfusion independent 

2013 – Phase III Clinical Trial of Lower Risk Transfusion Dependence‐ should lead to FDA approval

PROSOral drug that can be taken at home

CONSGastrointestinal side effectsMay take 6‐8 cycles to reach maximum response

SGI‐110Resistant to degradation

Longer half‐life

May allow less frequent dosing 

‐ 5 days vs. once weekly

In clinical trials at USC

Yoo C B et al. Cancer Res 2007;67:6400-8.

Page 6: Rafael Bejar MDS Higher Risk and On the Horizon - Session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7 Eligibility Age ≥ 18 81%years Untreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or detectingAML And any differenceof

3/31/2014

6

Combination Therapies

Combination Therapy

Example: At least 2 clinic trials in development combine:

Azacitidine+

Deferasirox (Exjade) 

Approach: Improve upon existing therapies

Advantage: drugs are already FDA approved for MDS

Positive results can quickly change practice!

• Multicenter, single‐arm open‐label phase II continuation study (N = 36)

• Patient eligibility

– Higher‐risk MDS: CMML‐2, RAEB‐1 or ‐2, IPSS intermediate 2 or high (score ≥ 1.5), or revised IPSS score 4 or 5

– No previous treatment with lenalidomide or azacitidine

• Maximum of seven 28‐day treatment cycles administered

– Lenalidomide 10 mg on Days 1‐21

– Azacitidine 75 mg/m2 on Days 1‐5

– After 7 cycles, patients could continue azacitidine monotherapy off study

• Median patient follow‐up: 12 mos (range: 3‐55)

Sekeres MA, et al. Blood. 2012;120:4945-4951.

Lenalidomide + Azacitidine

Slide borrowed from Dr. Rami Komrokji

• Median CR duration: 17+ mos(range: 3‐39+)

• Median OS among CR: 37+ mos (range: 7‐55+)

• 8 patients evolved to AML at median of 18 mos after CR

• Treatment well tolerated; FN was most common grade 3/4 AE (22%)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Lenalidomide/Azacitidine(N = 36)

Response Rate (%)

CR

Hematologic improvement

44

28

Lenalidomide + Azacitidine

Sekeres MA, et al. Blood. 2012;120:4945-4951.Slide borrowed from Dr. Rami Komrokji

Page 7: Rafael Bejar MDS Higher Risk and On the Horizon - Session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7 Eligibility Age ≥ 18 81%years Untreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or detectingAML And any differenceof

3/31/2014

7

Eligibility

Age ≥ 18 yearsUntreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or AMLAnd any of the following:

Total bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dLCreatinine ≥ 2 mg/dLECOG performance status > 2Excluded from all other clinical trials:

– Presence of other active malignancy

Garcia-Manero et al. Blood 2011

Dose and schedule

AZA 75 mg/m2 IV QD days 1 to 5

Vorinostat 200 mg PO TID days 1 to 5

Cycles repeated every 28 days

Patients (N=30) CR (%) CRp (%) ORR (%)

ALL 8 (26) 1 (3) 30

Diploid (7) 3 (42) 0 42

-5/-7 (16) 3 (10) 1 (3) 13

+8 (3) 2 (66) 0 66

Azacitidine + Vorinostat

Slide borrowed from Dr. Rami Komrokji

S1117 (US/Canada Intergroup) Study

g

Eligible:Higher‐risk MDS or 

CMML(5‐19% blasts or IPSS Int‐2/High)

Azacitidinemonotherapy(7 days x 75 mg/m2/day)

Azacitidine + lenalidomide(10 mg/d for 21/28 days)

Azacitidine + vorinostat(600 mg/day)

Principal investigator: Mikkael Sekeres, Cleveland Clinic

n=80

n=80

n=80

Primary endpoint: overall response rate [ORR] (IWG 2006)Secondary endpoints: overall and progression‐free survival, safety

Power:81% probability of detecting a 20% difference in ORR (with alpha 0.05) 

Slide borrowed from Dr. David Steensma

Novel Agents

Pipeline of Completely New Drugs

Ezatiostat

MAP Kinase Inhibitors

TGF-beta Inhibitors

Neddylation Inhibitors

Indolamine Dioxygenase Inhibitors

p53 Modulators

Hedgehog Inhibitors

Aminopeptidase Inhibitors

RNA Pol I Inhibitors

Anti-CD47 AntibodiesOptions

Suffering

Page 8: Rafael Bejar MDS Higher Risk and On the Horizon - Session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7 Eligibility Age ≥ 18 81%years Untreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or detectingAML And any differenceof

3/31/2014

8

ON 01910

Gumireddy K, et. al. Cancer Cell 2005; 7: 275.

Rigosertib (ON‐01910)

PLK1 & Cdc25C Inhibition

Multikinase Inhibitor

Currently in Phase III Trial 

3‐day continuous infusion

Slide borrowed from Dr. Rami Komrokji

N BM CR (+HI) HI ORR

All patients 32 6 (1) 4 10/32 (31%)

3-day infusions 17 4 (1) 3 7/17 (41%)

3-day pivotal (1800 mg/d) 13 4 (1) 2 6/13 (46%)

0 20 40 60 800

20

40

60

80

100

Weeks

Surv

ival p

robabili

ty (

%)

BM Blast ResponseNot AssessedProgressive DiseaseStable BM Blast Count50%+ BM Blast Decrease

OS by MarrowBlast Response

Median:68 wks

Raza et al. Blood 2011; 3822

Rigosertib after Azacitidine

Slide borrowed from Dr. Rami Komrokji

Gumireddy K, et. al. Cancer Cell 2005; 7: 275.

Hedgehog Inhibitors

Slide borrowed from Dr. Rami Komrokji

Pathway important for stem cells

Several inhibitors in development

Drug PF‐04449913Phase I in AML and MDS had several responders (7/21)

Combination of PF‐04449913 and decitabine is open and will be available at UCSD to previously untreated MDS patients.

Ezatiostat (Telintra)

Stimulates differentiation pathway downstream of growth factor receptors

TPO mimetics

G‐CSF (neupogen)

ESAs

Page 9: Rafael Bejar MDS Higher Risk and On the Horizon - Session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7 Eligibility Age ≥ 18 81%years Untreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or detectingAML And any differenceof

3/31/2014

9

Ezatiostat (Telintra)Target population are lower risk patients, but trials show activity in heavily pretreated patients!

Phase II Study:‐ 56% had previously received Azacitidine or Decitabine‐ 38% had previously received Lenalidomide‐ 77% had previously received Erythropoietin

Results:‐ 22% had a red cell response‐ 19% had a neutrophil response‐ 20% had both‐ 29% had reduced transfusion needs‐ average time to response was 8 WEEKS!‐ very little toxicity!!

Raza et al. Cancer. 2013. 118(8) 2138-47.

Stem Cell Transplantation

Trends in Transplantation

Goal of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation:

#1) Replace a dysfunction host hematopoietic system with normal, healthy donor marrow.

#2) Allow the donor immune system to destroy the abnormal, diseased host cells (MDS). 

Conditioning

Donor Cells

Engraftment Graft‐vs.‐MDS

<5% of patients with MDS currently undergo allogeneic SCT

“Only curative therapy”

Survives transplant;MDS cured!(35‐40%)

Survives transplant;MDS recurs/persists

(30‐40%)

Patients who go in to RIC allo SCT with <10% blasts appear to have lower relapse

Transplant candidateDonor identified

Dies from complication of transplant (20‐25%)

Optimal timing, pre‐transplant therapy, conditioning unclear;usually reserved for IPSS Int‐2/High (IBMTR Markov analysis) 

Cutler C et al Blood 2004; 104(2):579‐85Sekeres M et al JNCI 2008;100(21):1542‐51. Slide borrowed from Dr. David Steensma

Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation for MDS

Page 10: Rafael Bejar MDS Higher Risk and On the Horizon - Session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7 Eligibility Age ≥ 18 81%years Untreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or detectingAML And any differenceof

3/31/2014

10

Obstacles to TransplantationGraft Rejection 

– need to suppress the host immune system

Toxicity– infection– organ damage– graft versus host disease

Finding a Donor– siblings match only 25% of the time– and are often too old or ill to donate

Overcoming ObstaclesAvoiding Graft Rejection 

– better approaches to immune suppression

Less Toxicity– better supportive care– better antigen matching– reduced intensity conditioning

Alternative Sources for Stem Cells– haploidentical – “half” match– umbilical cord blood stem cells

0

20

40

60

80

100

1990-1996 1997-2003 2004-2010

< 50 years>= 50 years

Trends in Allogeneic Transplantsby Transplant Type and Recipient Age*

1990‐2010

* Transplants for AML, ALL, NHL, Hodgkin Disease, Multiple Myeloma

Tran

spla

nts,

%

2001-2005 2006-2010

<=20 yrs21-40 yrs41-50 yrs51-60 yrs>60 yrs

Page 11: Rafael Bejar MDS Higher Risk and On the Horizon - Session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7 Eligibility Age ≥ 18 81%years Untreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or detectingAML And any differenceof

3/31/2014

11

Allogeneic Transplants for Age 20yrs,Registered with the CIBMTR, 1993‐2010

‐ by Donor Type and Graft Source ‐

Num

ber

of T

rans

plan

ts

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

11,000

12,000

13,000

14,000

1993-94 1995-96 1997-98 1999-00 2001-02 2003-04 2005-06 2007-08 2009-10

Related BM/PBUnrelated BMUnrelated PBUnrelated CB

Bejar et al. ASH Meeting 2012. (in submission)

Blasts < 5% (n=42)

Blasts ≥ 5% (n=45)

p = 0.029

Other karyotype (n=59)

Complex karyotype (n=28)

p = 0.005

Overall Survival After Transplant

Genetics and Transplantation

72 patients with select mutations

TK Pathway = NRAS, KRAS, CBL, CBLB, JAK2, PTPN11, BRAF, MPL, KITBejar et al. ASH Meeting 2012. (in submission)

Genetics and TransplantationNo Complex Karyotype (n=59)

Complex  and TP53Mut Absent (n=12)

Complex  and TP53 Mut Present   (n=16)

Overall Survival After TransplantNo Adverse Mutation  (n=47)

TP53Mutated (n=18)

TET2 Mutated w/o TP53mutation (n=10)

DNMT3A Mutated w/o TP53 or TET2 mutation (n=12)

Genetics and Transplantation

Genetic testing can better predict risk of transplantation

Identify patients that are unlikely to do well with standard approaches.

Find those that might do better than expected!

Page 12: Rafael Bejar MDS Higher Risk and On the Horizon - Session 2 · 2014-03-31 · 3/31/2014 7 Eligibility Age ≥ 18 81%years Untreated MDS (≥ Int‐1) or detectingAML And any differenceof

3/31/2014

12

Immunologic TherapyKiller T‐cell

Plasma B‐cell

Tumor Cell

Chimeric Antigen Receptor

Immunologic Therapy

Chimeric Antigen Receptor Modified T‐cell

Tumor Cell

Acknowledgements:Bejar Lab ‐ UCSDAlbert Perez

Brigham and Women’sBen Ebert

Allegra Lord

Ann Mullally

Anu Narla

Bennett Caughey

Bernd Boidol

Damien Wilpitz

Marie McConkey

DFCI / Broad David Steensma

Donna Neuberg

Kristen Stevenson

Mike Makrigiorgos 

Derek Murphy

Columbia UniversityAzra Raza Naomi Galili

MD Anderson Cancer CenterGuillermo Garcia‐Manero

Hagop Kantarjian

Sherry Pierce

Gautam Borthakur

Memorial Sloan‐KetteringRoss Levine

Omar Abdel‐Wahab