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Radionuclide transport in surface systems: Examples of supporting modelling Sten Berglund, SKB, Sweden EMRAS II WG3 meeting, Vienna

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Page 1: Radionuclide transport in surface systems: Examples of ... · – Processes described by distribution factors (e.g. Kd ). ... ‐Climate: glaciation cycle ... L2 to L3 L3 to L2 L1

Radionuclide transport in surface systems:  Examples of supporting 

modellingSten Berglund, SKB, Sweden

EMRAS II WG3 meeting, Vienna

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Objective and contents

• Background on the Swedish concept and geological conditions. 

• Examples of modelling performed to support the dose modelling and PA.

• Questions for further discussion.

When a programme is at the stage where specific sites are considered, site data and site models provide the main support to the PA.

The aim is to show some examples of how this is done in the Swedish programme.

Page 3: Radionuclide transport in surface systems: Examples of ... · – Processes described by distribution factors (e.g. Kd ). ... ‐Climate: glaciation cycle ... L2 to L3 L3 to L2 L1

Background: The Swedish repository concept

• Repository depth: 400–700 m

• Underground facilities: 2–4 km2

• 6,000 canisters

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Background: Geology and hydrogeology

• “Old” rock (~ 109 years), “young” soils/deposits (~ 104 years).

• Thickness of deposits: a few metres, up to 30m in valleys. 

• Clays and organic deposits in potential discharge areas.

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Background: Transport from repository to surface

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Notes on different types of models

• Models used in performance assessment are by necessity simplified:– Coarse discretisation (box models)

– Simplified hydrology (turnover times)

– Processes described by distribution factors (e.g. Kd ).

• Simplifications need to be tested and motivated.

• Some inputs need to be calculated by more detailed models (e.g. water fluxes).

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Examples of modelling tasks

• Flow and transport in hypothetical discharge areas:– Model discretisation

– Detailed flow paths and discharge locations

– Quantification of water fluxes

• Analysis of retention processes:– Identification of processes that can be active at the site

– Process quantification in numerical model

• Flow and transport in a changing landscape

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Discharge areas I: Develop flow model 

c. 37 km2Forsmark area

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Discharge areas II: Illustrate flow directions and  identify recharge and discharge areas

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Discharge areas III: Transport modelling 

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SZ conc (g/m3)1 yr

10 yrs

25 yrs

50 yrs

100 yrs

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Retention I: Evaluate chemical data from the site 

0.000

0.001

0.001

0.002

0.002

0.003

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

[Ca] (mol/kg)

[Sr]

(mol

/kg)

TillLake & wetland

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

log [Fe] (mmol/kg)

log

[Th]

(mm

ol/k

g)

Till sedLake & wetland sediments

-10.5

-10

-9.5

-9

-8.5

-8

-7.5

-7

-7 -6 -5 -4 -3

log[Fe] (mol/l)

log[

Th] (m

ol/l)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0Ca (mmol/l)

Sr (m

mol

/l)

Till water

Stream waterLake water

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Retention II: Identify processes and develop conceptual model for selected radionuclides 

14C 129I 36Cl 94Nb 59Ni 93Mo 79Se 99Tc 230Th 235U 135Cs 90Sr 226Ra

Processes likely to be active in the QD of Forsmark Available thermodynamic data Processes not likely to be active in the QD of Forsmark Retention processes not relevant for the indicated element

Association with phosphatesAssociation with sulfates

Incorporation into bacteriaAssociation with carbonatesAssociation with sulfides

Sorption onto Fe-Mn-Al oxyhydroxides

Retention process

Precipitation as pure phasesSorption onto phyllosilicates

Sorption onto organic matter

Note: preliminary results! 

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Retention III: Quantify effects of processes using transport model 

2D model domain

Sorption of Sr by two different processes

Sorption of Cs

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Retention IV: Calculate ”Kd values” (concentration ratios) 

Uranium Strontium

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Changing hydrology I: Shoreline displacement and model areas 

Changes affecting hydrology:‐ Shoreline displacement‐ Processes affecting deposits‐ Lake succession‐ Stream network ‐ Climate: glaciation cycle (permafrost conditions ),possibly ”delayed” by globalwarming

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Changing hydrology II: Discharge areas  infuture land areas 

Are the new land areas different from the present ones?

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Changing hydrology III: Discharge fromrepository releasein/around futurelakes, streams and wetlands

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Changing hydrology IV: Export to dose models

LAKE MIREMIRE

L1

L2

L3

OL

LAKE+MIRE

Net prec

OL to L1 L1 to OL

OL in

OL out

L1 to L2 L2 to L1

L2 to L3 L3 to L2

L1 inL1 out

L2 in

L2 out

OL to L1 L1 to OLNet prec

L2 to L1L1 to L2

L3 to L2L2 to L3

OL outOL in

L1 inL1 out

L2 inL2 out

Water balance figure

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Questions for discussion

• Which aspects of PA models need support and how much modelling should be done for this purpose?

• Generic vs site specific assessments – what can and should be done at different stages?

• Distributed models vs box models – how to organise and discretisise models?

• …