radiography procedure- latest

8/13/2019 Radiography Procedure- Latest

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1.0 Scope

This procedure describes the requirement for Radiographic Examination of butt Welds using

Iridium 192 gamma ray.

2.0 Code

! "#E "E$ % Radiographic examination.

&! "'T(T$(1 )'*T Recommended practice!

$! "#E "E$ I+

*! W" *1.1 "tructural code

E! ,I -/0- for tan 3obs

4! "#E &1.1 5 1. etc.

3.0 References

The abo6e 7 any 3ob specific requirement by the client.

4.0 Definitions & Abreviations

Radiographer : person 8ho performs radiographic operation.

Defect : n imperfection beyond the acceptable range 8hich is imaged on the

graphed film

)4urther definition can be seen in the attached radiation safety plan!

ID : In adequate penetration due to high lo8

IC : In adequate cross penetration.

I! : Incomplete fusion.

I!D : In complete fusion due to cold lap.

IC : Internal conca6ity.

"# : &urn through.

$SI : Elongated slag inclusion.

& C : Indi6idual or scattered porosity 5 clustered porosity.

%." : :ollo8 bead.

IC : Internal conca6ity.

C : $racs.

$ & I : ;ndercutting ad3acent to the co6er pass < undercutting at the root pass.


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A.I. : ccumulation of imperfections.

'.0 ersonne( )*a(ification

'.1 The qualifications of personnel shall be as stipulated in current edition of merican society for

'*T recommended practice "'T(T$(I.

'.2 s a minimum all personnel conducting Radiography Examination shall be certified to =e6el

II> assisted by a le6el(I> supporting hand.

'.3 Interpretation of Radiographs shall be carried out by =e6el II or =e6el III.

+.0 S*rface reparation

ny surface irregularity that may interfere 8ith the interpretation of the Radiographs shall be

remo6ed> so that> these irregularities cannot mas or be confused 8ith the image of the

discontinuities.

,.0 $-*ipent

Radiographs shall be carried out using ?amma radiations as agreed by the client> unless specially

ased for x(ray.

The Radiation technique shall achie6e the density and I@I image requirements of this procedure.

,.1 !i(s for Radiograph/

Industrial x(ray films shall be used for radiography. To obtain required radiographic quality and

sensiti6ity> nnexure ( I may be used for selection for film depending on application. The ability to

achie6e required density and to obtain the sensiti6ity is the prime criteria for selection of film and

generally it is achie6able as per nnexure I.

ll films to be used for radiography shall be 6isibly in good condition and 8ithin the 6alidity

period.

;nexposed films shall be stored in a manner> that they are protected from the effects of =ight>

,ressure> :eat> excessi6e :umidity> 4umes or penetrating radiation.

,.2 Intensif/ing Screens

To a6oid greater radiation> only lead intensifying screens shall be used.

,.3 !i(ters co((iators asing

$ollimators shall be used 8here e6er possible> so that scatter 5 bac radiation can be controlled to

the minimum.

,.4 !i( vieing faci(it/.


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%ie8ing facility shall pro6ide subdued bacground lighting of an intensity that 8ill not cause reflections>

shado8s or glare on the Radiograph that interfere 8ith the interpretation process. The 6ie8er used shall

pro6ide a 6ariable intensity light source> 8hich 8ill emit sufficient illumination to enable the interpreter to

distinguish all the pertinent details of radiography

,.' Densitoeter Step edge fi(

recently calibrated *ensitometer or a certified comparison film step(Wedge shall be used for

measuring density of radiographs.

,.+ Iage )*a(it/ IndicatorsI)Is5: 6

,.+.1 The Image @uality Indicators used shall be either "T# "E(1/2 :ole type or "T# "E(


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in I@I selection. The actual measurement of the Weld reinforcement is not required.

7.4.3 9e(ds itho*t Reinforceents: The thicness on 8hich the I@I is based is the nominal "ingle(

Wall thicness. &acing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the Weld thicness in

I@I thicness.

7.4.4 9e(ds oining Dissii(ar ;ateria(s or 9e(ds ith Dissii(ar !i((er ;eta(: When the Weld

metal is of an alloy group or grade that has a radiation attenuation that differs from the base

material> the I@I material selection shall be based on the 8eld metal and be in accordance 8ith

1.1. When the density limits of the material selection for the

additional I@Is shall be based on the base material and be in accordance 8ith 1.1.

7.' I)I ;ateria(

7.'.1 The material of the I@I shall be of similar Radiographic density to that material under

examination i.e. "teel for "teel> luminium for luminium.

7.'.2 When special alloy materials are required to be radiographed reference shall be made to "#E

"ec %> rticle 22> and "E


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approximately 12/oapart shall be placed on the circumferential seam and on all the other 8elds

radiographed simultaneously on the same 6essel> one additional I@I shall be used.

7.,.4 4or segments of spherical 6essel 8here the source is located at the centre of the 6essel and four or

more film holders are used for a single exposure> the I@I shall be placed as detailed in 1..

7.,.' Where one or more components are radiographed simultaneously by a panoramic technique> each

film should ha6e image of I@I.

7.,.+ When ,anoramic Technique is used the no. of exposures0 films represented by the film containing

I@I> shall be documented in the technique sheet to enable correct identification of radiographs that

8ould require re(shoots due to improper sensiti6ity exhibited on the reference radiograph.

7.7 S%I;S

Where6er due to reinforcement for any reason a shim is to be used> this 8ill be based on the

additional Reinforcement 8hich is applicable in that particular case

=.0 Sing(e a(( e>pos*re. 6 Sing(e 9a(( Sing(e Iage S9SI5:

single 8all exposure technique shall be used for radiography 8here6er practical.

In "ingle Wall Technique> the radiation passes through only one 8all of the Weld or ob3ect> 8hich is

6ie8ed for acceptance.

nnexure ( III and nnexure ( I% illustrates different exposure arrangement for "ingle WallTechnique.

Techniques of radiographed shall be illustrated in the annexure %II and %III.

=.1 ?ocation arer@6

=ocation marers shall appear as Radiographic images. They shall be placed on the part and not on

the exposure holder cassette. Their locations shall be permanently mared on the surface of the part

being radiographed or on a map in a manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph to be

accurately located on the part> so as to pro6ide guidance on the radiograph that the required co6erage

of the region being examined has been obtained.

=ead location marers 8ill be placed on the part at clearly mared inter6als.

=.1.1 So*rce Side@6

=ocation marers 8ill be placed according to that illustrated in nnexure ( II. #arers for *ouble

Wall technique> *ouble Wall 6ie8ing shall be placed on the "ource side of the component )on the

opposite side of the Weld to the radiation source for elliptical technique!.

=.1.2 !i( side@6


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ll location marers for *ouble Wall technique> *ouble Wall 6ie8ing shall be positioned prior to

commencing radiography and shall remain in position throughout radiography of that 8eld> to enable

the interpreter to be fully a8are of the direction and orientation of successi6e exposures

=.1.3 $ither side

10.0 Do*b(e a(( e>pos*re

Where it is not practical to use a single(8all technique a double(8all technique shall be used.

In this Technique the Radiation passes through t8o 8alls and only the Weld on the 4ilm "ide Wall is 6ie8ed

for acceptance on the radiograph.

Coverage:

When complete co6erage is required for $ircumferential Welds> a minimum of three exposures at

12/oto each other shall be made.

nnexure C % and %I illustrates different exposure arrangement for *ouble 8all Technique and

"ingle Wall %ie8ing.

Do*b(e 9a(( #echni-*e Do*b(e a(( vieing:

4or Welds in component HF )9mm! or less in nominal outside diameter> this technique 8ill be

used in 8hich the radiation passes through t8o 8alls and the 8eld in both 8alls is 6ie8ed for

acceptance in the same radiograph. 4or *ouble Wall Technique> *ouble 8all 6ie8ing only a

"ource "ide I@I shall be used. If the ;g requirement cannot be met> "ingle Wall %ie8ing shall be

used.

The radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the Weld 8ill be at an angle sufficient to

separate the images of the "ource "ide and 4ilm "ide portions of the Weld and is called an elliptical

exposure.

s an alternati6e the Welds may be radiographed in such a 8ay> so that the images of both 8alls

are superimposed.

When complete co6erage is required a minimum of t8o exposures per 3oints shall be made at 9/ /to

each other for elliptical exposures and a minimum of three exposures at either -/ oor 12/oto each

other shall be made for superimposed exposures. When "ingle Wall %ie8ing is recommended to

meet the un(sharpness requirements a minimum of four exposures shall be made for each

circumferential 3oint.

10.1 Processing

10.1 ,rocessing 8ill be manual or automatic depending upon the type of 3ob.

10.2 *e6elopment of film is to be done by follo8ing the Time 0 Temperature correction chart as

recommended by 4ilm0chemical #anufactures. 4ilms shall be agitated for first 1/ sec. of each


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minute during de6elopment. This 8ill help film de6elop e6enly.

10.3 4ollo8ing de6elopment> the acti6ity of de6eloper in emulsion shall be neutralised by an acetic acid

stop bath for H to 1 minute 8ith agitation for first 1/ sec.

10.4 4ilms 8ill be fixed for at least t8ice the clearing time 8ith agitation for the first 1/ sec. and again at

the end of the first minute.

10.' Washing 8ill be for at least 1/ minutes in running 8ater bath or by $ascade method.

10.+ 4ilms shall be dipped in 8etting agent for at least 2 minutes or 8iped using a film 8iper.

10., 4ilms shall be then hung and dried.

10.7 If automatic processing units used> the processing shall be done as recommended by the processor

manufacturer.

11.0 )*a(it/ of Radiographs

ll radiographs shall be free from mechanical> chemical or other artifacts to the extent that they

cannot mas or be confused 8ith the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the ob3ect

being radiographed. "uch images include but are not limited toJ (

)a! 4ogging.

)b! ,rocessing defects such as 8ater or chemical mars.

)c! "cratches> 4inger mars> $rimps> "tatic> "mudges or Tears.

)d! =oss of details due to poor screen to film contact.

False indication due to defective screen

11.1 "(eishes

&lemishes shall not be allo8ed on the films.

11.2 Densit/ Range

*ensity range for gamma(ray should be 2./ to A./ and x(ray should be 1. to A./> :o8e6er clientKs

requirement should be adhered to o6er and abo6e this said range.

11.2.1 Dnly single film 6ie8ing techniques shall be employed.

11.2.2 The transmitted film density in the area of interest shall be bet8een 1. to A./ for +(ray and 2./ to

A./ for ?amma Ray. :o8e6er the clientKs density requirement is to be follo8ed.

11.3 Densit/ variations fro I)I

The density of the Radiograph any8here through the area of interest shall not 6ary more that C1G

or 7 /G from the density through the body of the hole type I@I or ad3acent to the designated 8ire

of a 8ire I@I. If it exceeds the abo6e limits> an additional I@I shall be used for those areas and the

Radiographs shall be retaen


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11.3.1 %o(e t/pe I)Is ith Shis

When shim under hole type I@I is used the 7/G density restrictions of at least three I@Is shall be used each located at approximately

12/oapart. Where sections of longitudinal 8eld ad3oining the circumferential shall be radiographed

simultaneously 8ith the circumferential 8eld> an additional I@I shall be placed on each such

longitudinal 8eld at the end of the each section most remote from the 3unction 8ith the

circumferential 8eld being radiographed.

"5In order to maintain continuity of records in6ol6ing the exposures> all the radiographs exhibiting

I@I that 6erify the techniques permitted in accordance 8ith 1. must be retained.

11.4 I)I Sensivit/

11.4.1 I@I shall be selected as specified in nnexure ( +I. thinner or thicer hole type I@I may

be substituted for any section thicness as gi6en in nnexure( + pro6ided an equi6alent I@I

sensiti6ity is maintained.

11.4.2 4or equi6alent hole type I@I sensiti6ity refer nnexure ( +II.

11.' "ac Scatter Radiation

s a chec on &ac "cattered Radiation> a lead letter &K 8ith minimum dimension of H in.

)1mm! in height and 101- in. )1.mm! in thicness shall be attached to the bac of each film

holder. "hould a light image of the letter &K be clearly appear on the Radiograph> correcti6e

measures shall be taen and the area shall be Re(radiographed till satisfactory results are obtained.

dar image of the L&F on a lighter bacground is not a cause for re3ection.

11.+ 8eoetrica( n6sharpness

Radiography shall be performed so that ?eometrical ;nhappiness of the radiograph does not

exceed the follo8ing limits.

#aterial Thicness in )mm! ;g maximum in )mm!


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nder 2 '05 /./2/ )/.1!

2 through )/(


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13.0 Doc*entation.

$ompleted Radiographs shall be submitted for interpretation and e6aluation along 8ith

Radiographic report form as exhibited in the nnexure C +III.

The report shall be made separate for each seam based on the different techniques used. If more

number of 8elds are radiographed using the same technique the report form may contain all the

3oints 8hich are radiographed using same technique 6ariables.

13.1 Radiographs

13.1 system of identification 8hich is acceptable to the client shall be used using lead marers or

other type of marers to produce a permanent and traceable record of indi6idual part or Welds as

determined by the manufacturer 8hich includes>

a! Wor Drder 'o.

b! "eam 'o. or $omponent 'o.

c! *ate of Test

d! #anufacturers "ymbol or 'ame and any other I* suggested by the client.

13.2 Radiographs after repair shall be identified by the additional symbol R1 for first repair and be

numbered R2> R for subsequent addition of repair thereafter.

13.3 Re(shooting due to poor quality of radiographs> due to confusing artifacts and for any other reasons

shall be identified by the symbol R"1 for first re(shoot and be numbered R"2> R" for

subsequent addition of re(shoot thereafter.

13.4 These identifications need not necessarily appear as radiographic images. The identification

information shall be plainly and permanently indicated on all the radiographs. In any case this

information shall not obscure the area of interest.

13.' If lead marers are used for identification and they formed as radiographic images> corrections can

be made using other permanent marers> in case of any mistaes> pro6ided these mistaes are

corrected 8ith the prior appro6al from the clientKs representati6e. The signature of the personnel on

the film near the corrected location shall be considered ha6ing recei6ed appro6al from the respecti6e

indi6idual. In such cases the name and designation of the indi6idual signed shall be a6ailable on the

film 8ith a remar of correction made in this film.

13.+ Radiograph reader sheet

pro3ect based radiography reader sheet shall be prepared> so that it 8ill be easier to identify the

details> In case any 6erification is needed later.


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RADIA#IB< SA!#$ ?A fe8 definitions and abre6iations

organisational le6els> duties and responsibilities> Indi6iduals permissible dossier rate> ,,E> equipment>

8or instructions> storage pits> emergency procedures etc.etc> can be seen in the attachment

Anne>*re 6 I

Recoended Ind*stria( Radiographic !i(s for 8aa ra/ Ir. 1=2.

9e(d thicness inc(*dingreinforceent

;an*fact*rer


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A


13/27

Anne>*re6III

$>pos*re So*rce69e(d6!i(5 Arrangeent: A


14/27

Bptiona( So*rce

?ocation

!i( !i(

$>pos*re #echni-*e: Sing(e a(( #echni-*e Sing(e a(( Eieing.

;ini* $>pos*res: At (east 3 e>pos*res 120 degree to each other.ipe siFe ?iitations: An/ siFe.

I)I p(aceent: So*rce side henever ossib(e. !i( Side hen hand p(acing is not possib(e.

?ocation ;arer (aceent: !i( Side.


15/27

A


16/27

Apos*re #echni-*e: Sing(e 9a(( #echni-*e Sing(e a(( Eieing. So*rce B*t side ipe5

;ini* $>pos*res: At (east ' e>pos*res at ,2 degree to each other.

ipe siFe ?iitations: 12 inch dia. and above.

I)I p(aceent: So*rce side.

?ocation ;arer (aceent: So*rce Side.

A


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Bptiona( So*rce

(ocations

!i( !i(

$>pos*re #echni-*e: Do*b(e 9a(( #echni-*e Sing(e a(( Eieing.


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;ini* $>pos*res: At (east 3 e>pos*res 120 degree to each other.

ipe siFe ?iitations: An/ siFe.

I)I p(aceent: !i( Side.

?ocation ;arer (aceent: !i( Side.

A


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So*rce ?ocation

!i(

!i(

"ourceDffset


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$>pos*re #echni-*e: Do*b(e 9a(( #echni-*e Do*b(e a(( Eieing. So*rce Bffset to read both

so*rce side and fi( side iages of e(d. $((iptica( iages.5

;ini* $>pos*res: At (east 2 e>pos*res at =0 degree to each other.

ipe siFe ?iitations: 3 HG 7=5 and be(o BD pipes.



A


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So*rce ?ocation

!i(

!i(


22/27

$>pos*re #echni-*e: Do*b(e 9a(( #echni-*e Do*b(e a(( Eieing. Read s*periposed so*rce side

and fi( side iages of e(d.5

;ini* $>pos*res: At (east 3 e>pos*res at +0 or 120 degree to each other.

ipe siFe ?iitations: 3 HG 7=5 and be(o BD pipes.



''E+;RE I+

:D=E (TP,E I@I *E"I?'TID'> T:I$N'E""> '* :D=E *I#ETER"

R$!: AS;$ Section E Artic(e 2 #ab(e #6233.1

I)I DesignationI)I

#hicness in.

5

1T %o(e

Diaeter in.

)

2T %o(e

Diaeter in.

5

4#%o(e

Diaeter in.

5

/.// )/.1! /./1/ )/.2! /./2/ )/.1! /./A/ )1./2!

< /.//1 /./1 )/.! /./1 )/.! /.// )/.A/ /./A/ )1./2! /./A/ )1./2! /.// )2./! /.1-/ )A./-!A /./A )1.1A! /./A )1.1A! /./9/ )2.29! /.1/ )A.


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/ /.// )1.2

-/ /./-/ )1.2! /./-/ )1.2! /.12/ )./! /.2A/ )-.1/!


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S$# CS$# D

9ire Diaeter 9ire

Identit/

9ire Diaeter 9ire

Identit/

in. )mm! )mm!

/./2 )/.1! 11 /.1// )2.A! 1-

/./A/ )1./2! 12 /.12- ).2/! 1

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