Radioactivity and Pollution in the Nordic Seas and Arctic: Observations, Modeling and Simulations (Springer Praxis Books / Geophysical Sciences)Radioactivity and Pollution in the Nordic Seas and Arctic
ISBN: 9783540242321
Contributors
Authors
Introduction
1 Sourees of anthropogenie pollution in the Nordie Seas and Arctic
1.1 RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION: CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOURCES
1.1.1 Classification of sources
1.1.3 Nuclear industry enterprises
1.1.3.1 European reprocessing plants
1.1.4 Scientific and research reactors and laboratories
1.1.5 Special combines
1.1.6.1 Nuclear military test explosions
1.1.6.2 Underground civilian ("peaceful'') nuclear explosions
1.1.7 Military bases, nuclear icebreakers, and submarines
1.1.8 Miscellaneous accidents
1.2.1 The Mayak Production Association, Chelyabinsk
1.2.2 The Siberian Chemical Combine, Tomsk-7
1.2.3 The Mining Chemical Combine. Krasnoyarsk-26
1.3 NON-RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
1.3.1 Main sources of marine pollution in the Russian Arctic
1.3.1.1 Barents Sea
1.3.1.2 White Sea
1.3.1.3 Kara Sea
1.3.1.4 Laptev Sea
1.3.2 Distribution of pollution in the Russian Arctic Seas and coastal areas
1.3.2.1 Barents Sea
1.3.2.2 White Sea
1.3.2.3 Kara Sea
1.3.2.4 Laptev Sea
2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY REGION
2.1.1 The Ob' and Yenisei River systems
2.1.1.1 The Ob' River
2.2.1 Databases and information system
2.2.2 Environmental data
2.2.3 Radioactive and non-radioactive pollution data
3 Generie model system (GMS) for simulation of radioaetive spread in the aquatie environment
3.1 RATIONALE, CONCEPT, AND STRUCTURE OF THE GMS
3.1.1 GMS structure and data streams
3.1.2 Modeling management
3.2.1 General model description
3.2.2 Radionuclide tracer module
3.2.3 Model validation results
Description of the new version of MICOM
Validating the new model using simulated and observed 129 I from Sellafield and La Hague
Summary
3.3.1 General model description
3.4 THE OB' AND YENISEI RIVER AND ESTUARY MODELS
3.4.1 One-dimensional model to simulate the transport of radionuclides in a river system-RIVTOX
Sub-model of river hydraulics
Boudary and initial conditions
Hydrodynamics
3.4.3 River model validation results
4 Studies of potential radioaetive spread in the Nordie Seas and Aretie using the generie model system (GMS)
4.1 SIMULATION OF PAST CONTAMINATION OF THE NORDIC SEAS AND ARCTIC FROM ANTHROPOGENIC RELEASES
4.1.1 River and estuary transport and dilution of radioactive pollutants from rivers to the Kara Sea
Reconstruction of past contamination of the Ob' River by the Mayak PA nuclear plant
Reconstruction of past contamination of the Yenisei River by the MCC nuclear plant
4.1.2 Transport and dilution of radioactive waste and dissolved pollutants in the Kara Sea
Transport of Strontium-90 from the Ob' River from 1949 to 1965 (Historical Run 1)
Transport of strontium-90 and cesium-137 from Yenisei River from 1958 to 1993 (Historical Run 2)
4.1.3 Transport and dilution of radioactive waste and dissolved pollutants from all sources
Modeling the transport and dilution of radioactive waste and dessolved pollutants
Setup of the radionuclide simulation (hindcast)
Results
4.2.1 The Mayak PA scenario
4.2.2 "Krasnoyarsk" scenario
4.2.3 "Tomsk" scenario
4.2.4 "C02-doubling" scenario
4.2.5 "Submarine" seenarios
4.3 ASSESSMENTS OF POTENTIAL ACCIDENTAL RELEASES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
4.3.1 Potential radioactive contamination from rivers to the Kara Sea
River runoff in the 20th and 21st centuries
Simulation of flux of radionuclides to the Kara Sea from a hypothetical accidental release from nuclear plants
4.3.2 Potential radioactive contamination in the Kara Sea
Transport of 90 Sr from the Ob' to the Kara in 2084-2086 (Scenario I)
Transport of 137 Cs from the Ob' in 2084-2089 (Scenario II)
Transport of 90 Sr from Ob' to the Kara Sea during 2084-2086
137 Cs transport from the Yenisei during 2089-2094 (Scenario IV)
90 SR transport from the Yenisei for the 2084-2086 (Scenario V)
4.4 TRANSOPORT OF RADIOACTIVITY IN THE ARCTIC AND POSSIBLE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
4.4.1 Accident scenario of 90Sr from the Ob' and Yenisei Rivers
4.4.2 Spread of accidentally released 90Sr under present and 2 * CO2 warming seenarios
4.5 POTENTIAL TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVITY FROM SUBMARINE ACCIDENTS
4.5.1 Local model simulations
4.5.2 Large-scale model simulations
5 Studies of the spread of non-radioactive pollutants in the Arctic using the generic model system (GMS)
5.1 APPROACH TO SIMULATION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
5.1.1 Persistent organic pollutants
Equilibrium sorption
Exchange of PCBs between and bottom sediments
5.2 MODELLING PCB SPREAD IN ARCTIC RIVERS AND COASTAL WATERS USING THE GMS
5.2.1 Modification of the models for simulation of PCBs
Sorption
Volatilization
Direct exchange of PCBs between water and bottom sediments
5.2.2 GMS application to simulate the transport and fate of PCBs released in the Yenisei River and estuary
5.3 MODELING PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON SPREAD USING THE GMS
5.3.1 Processes of oil spread in the marine environment
5.3.2 Modeling oil spread in the marine environment
6 Assessment and input to risk management
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.1.2 Source term characteristics
6.2 SCENARIOS
6.4 RESULTS
6.5 CONCLUSIONS
APPENDICES A Time series of annual average concentrations of radionuclides in water and sediments by accident scenario and Iocation used for dose caIcuIations
APPENDICES B Doses to individuals in critical groups from all accident seenarios given by radionuclide and exposure pathway
Afterword
References
Index