radio pioneers 1945 · radio pioneers 1945 editorial board harold p. westman, editor -in -chief r....
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RADIO PIONEERS1945
RADIO PIONEERS1945
Commemorating the Radio Pioneers DinnerHotel Commodore, New York, N. Y.
November 8, 1945
New York SectionINSTITUTE OF RADIO ENGINEERS
Copyright 1915
DE. W. L. EVERITT
President, Institute of Radi Engineers andMaster of Ceremonies, Radio Pioneers 1945.
Reprinted byLindsay Publications IncBradley IL 60915
All rights reserved.
ISBN 1-55918-346-2
2006
1 2 3 4 5
RADIO PIONEERS1945
EDITORIAL BOARD
HAROLD P. WESTMAN, Editor -in -Chief
R. R. BATCHER HUGO GERNSBACK
E. L. BRAGDON KEITH HENNEY
GEORGE H. CLARK
C. E. DEAN
LLOYD ESPENSCHIED
ARTHUR H. LYNCH
ROBERT H. MARRIOTT
DONALD MeNICOL
K. B. WARNER
FOREWORDCommemorating the "Radio Pioneers Party" of the New York Section of theInstitute of Radio Engineers, this souvenir book attempts to present a thumb-nail review of radio before 1926. If it stimulates the memories of the old timers,it will have achieved its purpose.
Inevitably, certain of the editors were able to contribute mere fully thanothers. Especial mention is made of Lloyd Espenschied who, practically over-night, wrote the outline of history from the chronology by Donald McNicol; andof George H. Clark, confirmed radio historian, whose inexhaustible files made thisbook possible in the brief time available for its compilation. The preparation ofthe various committee lists was undertaken by Louis G. Pacent, Hugo Gernsback,and John di Blasi.
Grateful acknowledgment is made of the permission granted by Bryan DavisPublishing Company (Radio Engineering) and Telephone and Telegraph Age forthe republishing of the chronology by Donald McNicol. Sincere thanks go tothose many others who shared in the preparation of this book.
HAROLD P. WESTMANEditor -in -Chief
COMMITTEESLOUIS GERARD PACENTGEORGE LEWISWILLIAM L. EVERITTRALPH R. BATCHEREDWARD J. CONTENT
GEORGE ADAIRHERMAN A. AFFELE. C. ANDERSONAUSTIN BAILEYGEORGE W. BAILEYW. R. G. BAKERRALPH R. BATCHERHOWARD BENNETTHAROLD H. BEVERAGEJACK BINNSP. BOUCHERONRALPH BOWNE. L. BRAGDONHAROLD H. BUTTNER0. H. CALDWELLFRANK E. CANAVACIOLE. FINDLEY CARTERNELSON P. CASEJOSEPH CIMORELLIGEORGE H. CLARKI. S. COGGESHALLA. B. COLEGEORGE CONNOREDWARD J. CONTENTFRANK COWANWILLIAM CREWB. R. CUMMINGSGEORGE DE SOUSAJOHN DI BLASIMELVILLE EASTHAM
JOHN V. L. HOGANGEORGE MILNE
ROGER M. WISE, Chairman
JOHN V. L. HOGANHARRY SADENWATERKEITH HENNY
ChairmanVice -ChairmanMaster of CeremoniesSecretaryTreasurer
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
LLOYD ESPENSCHIEDWALTER C. EVANSWILLIAM L. EVERITTPAUL FORTINHOWARD FRAZIERHENRY C. GAWLERHUGO GERNSBACKPAUL F. GODLEYALFRED N. GOLDSMITHVIRGIL M. GRAHAMJ. W. GREERW. H. GRIMDITCHH. G. GROVERRAYMOND GUY0. B. HANSONDANIEL E. HARNETTKEITH HENNEYGEORGE B. HOADLEYJOHN V. L. HOGANJACK HOLLOWAYLAWRENCE C. F. HORLEDORMAN D. ISRAELCYRIL M. JANSKY, JR.EWELL K. JETTCHARLES B. JOLLIFFEJ. KELLY JOHNSONT. JOHNSON, JR.IRA J. KAARV. A. KAMINFRED KLINGENSCHMITT
BROADCASTING
0. B. HANSON, Chairman
W. B. LODGEJ. R. POPPELE
ENTERTAINMENT
GEORGE C. CONNOR,
R. H. MCMANNZEH BOUCKFRANK MARX
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HUGH S. KNOWLESFREDERICK A. KOLSTERGEORGE LEWISHAROLD M. LEWISWILLIAM B. LODGEROBERT H. MARRIOTTD. W. MAYWILLIAM J. MCGONIGLEGEORGE 0. MILNELOUIS G. PACENTC. J. PANNILLJACK POPPELEHARADEN PRATTC. A. PRIESTFRANK It IEBERANDREW RINGJOHN B. RUSSELLFRANCIS M. RYANHARRY SADENWATERCARL E. SCHOLZB. E. SHACKELFORDJAMES E. SHEPHERDJ. Q. STANSFIELDARTHUR F. VAN DYCKHAROLD P. WESTMANW. C. WHITEROGER M. WISEHAROLD A. WHEELERP. D. ZURIAN
F. A. WANKELW. PURCELL
Vice -Chairman
ROBERT MONROEJACK POPPELEE. F. CARTER
FINANCE HISTORICAL PRESENTATION PRIZES
GEORGE B. HOADLEY
GEORGE C. CONNOR
GEORGE H. CLARK 0. H. CALDWELL DORMAN D. ISRAEL
REFRESHMENT
HARRY SADENWATER, Chairman
PAUL F. GODLEY
ARRANGEMENTS
D. W. MAY
H. C. GAWLER, Chairman J. Q. A. HOLLOWAY, Vice -Chairman
CECIL E. BRIGHAMJOHN D. CRAWFORDB. V. K. FRENCHEDWARD M. GLAZER
R. R. BATCHERE. L. BRAGDONGEORGE H. CLARKC. E. DEAN
ZEH BOUCKJ. CARTIERJOHN D. CRAWFORDPAUL B. FINDLEYR. E. GATESARTHUR HALLORANKEITH HENNEY
J. G. ACEVESH. A. AFFELE. F. W. ALEXANDERSONGEORGE W. ALMOURE. V. AMYD. C. ARMOREDWIN H. ARMSTRONGHARRY E. ATHEARN
W. R. G. BAKERH. Y. BALLONR. H. BARCLAYE. BARNWELLWILLIAM J. BARKLEY
J. KELLY JOHNSOND. W. MAYP. R. MORTONHENRY W. PARKER
SOUVENIR BOOK
HAROLD P. WESTMAN, Editor -in -Chief
LLOYD ESPENSCHEIDHUGO GERNSBACKKEITH HENNEYARTHUR H. LYNCH
PUBLICATION
E. L. BRAGDON, Chairman
THOMAS R. KENNEDYA. C. LESCARBOURAARTHUR H. LYNCHS. P. MCMINNDONALD MCNICOLJOHN MILLSH. PococK
FOUNDERSJ. M. BASKERVILLEARTHUR BATCHELLERRALPH R. BATCHERLOUIS F. BATESH. R. BAUNRALPH R. BEALDON G. BEARDSLEYBENJAMIN BECKERMANB. S. BENNINGJACK BINNSWILLIAM F. BISSINGA. S. BLATTERMANSAMUEL S. BOGARTCHARLES F. BOWEN
5
GLENN W. PAYNEHENRY SCAREJOHN C. STROEBEL
ROBERT H. MARRIOTTDONALD MCNICOLK. B. WARNER
RAY D. RETTEN MEYERJOHN F. RIDERK. B. WARNERWILL WHITMORELEWIS WINNER
PAUL BOWENRALPH BOWNQ. A. BRACKETTE. L. BRAGDON0. C. BRILLE. F. BROADHEADA. P. BROWNEWALRAME S. BROWNEH. L. BROWNLIEJ. A. BRYANFRANCIS C. BUCHENBERGERELMER E. BUCHER,0. E. BUCKLEYDONALD G. BURNSIDE
FRANCIS X. BUTLERH. H. BUTTNER
S. CABOTWALTER CADYR. NEIL CALVERTJ. E. CAMPBELLJ. H. CAMPBELLFRANK E. CANAVACIOLALLEN D. CARDWELLW. W. CHADBOURNEE. L. CHAFFEECORWIN C. CHAPMANSTACY REEVES CHASEL. W. CHUBBGEORGE H. CLARKT. E. CLARKLEWIS M. CLEMENTR. A. CLEVALOUIS COHENSAMUEL COHENARTHUR B. COLECHARLES H. COLLINS, JR.DANIEL COLLINSP. B. COLLISONG. B. COOPERJ. H. CORNWELLA. S. COWANE. R. CRAMB. R. CUMMINGSAUSTEN M. CURTISFULTON CUTTING
JAMES DAGESJAMES E. DAVIDSONF. C. DAVISG. S. DAVISCHARLES E. DEANLEE DE FORESTJ. H. DELLINGERGEORGE S. DE SOUSAW. A. DIBOLBENJAMIN L. DOLBEARHAROLD P. DONLEI. H. DRACEWILLIAM DUBILIERJ. B. DUFFYALLEN B. DuMornF. W. DUNMOREGANO DUNN
C. L. EARLEMELVILLE EASTHAMCORNELIUS D. EHRETJ. B. ELENSCHNEIDERC. F. ELWELLJ. ENGLERWILLIAM P. ENGLISH, JR.LLOYD ESPENSCHEIDP. H. EVANS
PHILIP FARNSWORTHC. FARRANDJ. F. FARRINGTON
FRANK H. FAYF. H. FERGUSONW. J. FERRICKARTHUR C. FILMI. C. FINKELSTEINE. D. FORBESR. G. FORDJOSEPH D. FOUNTAINWILLIAM H. FRASSEL. F. FULLER
E. GAGEC. C. GALBRAITHHENRY C. GAWLEFtHUGO GERNSBACKW. H. GILLENLOUIS M. GINSBERGPAUL M. GODLEYLouis R. GLEASONO. M. GLUNTG. F. GNAUALFRED N. GOLDSMITHJOHN C. GREGGV. FORD GREAVESRALPH A. HACKBUSHW. H. HALEH. E. HALLBORGJOHN H. HAMMOND, JR.S. W. HANCEW. W. HANSCOMFRANCIS HARTFRANK A. HARTC. W. HASLETT0. S. HASLETTROBERT L. HATFIELDERIC HAUSMANALAN HAZELTINERALPH M. HEINTZE. H. HEINTZER. A. HEISINGG. E. HENDERSONKEITH HENNEYW. 0. HENSGENH. H. HILLSENFRANK A. HINNERSJOSEPH M. HOFFMANW. S. HOGG, JR.STANFORD C. HOOPERJOHN V. L. HOGANC. I. HOPPOUGHHARRY M. HORTONHARRY W. HoucxJ. E. HUDSONH. J. HUGHESLEWIS M. HULLN. E. IRWINARTHUR E. JACKSONFRANK B. JEWETTT. JOHNSON, JR.CLIFFORD M. JONESJOSEPH S. JONESMARVIN JONES
6
C. MERRILL KELLYG. 0. K. KENDRICKROSCOE KENTFRANK KINGJ. F. KNAPPF. A. KNOWLTONEDGAR KOBAKJAMES C. KOEHLC. C. KOLSTERF. A. KOLSTERF. W. KRANZFREDERICK KROEGERF. H. KROGERL. R. KRUMM
R. H. LANGLEYEDWARD G. LATTAJ. J. LEARYOSCAR LEMIEUXW. LEMMONLAWRENCE LESHGEORGE LEWISB. LIEBOWITZC. D. LINDRIDGED. C. LITTLEF. B. LLEWELLYNE. H. LOFTINARTHUR H. LYNCH
I. G. MALOFFHENRY H. MANDLERAY H. MANSONW. MARKSROBERT H. MARRIOTTBENJAMIN P. MARTINF. HOWARD MASON3. 0. MAUBORGNEC. P. MAXONH. F. MCCULLOUGHDONALD MCNICOLW. A. MCDONALDJOSEPH P. MCGIVERNH. H. MESSERE. B. MIESSNERCECIL MILESJOHN M. MILLERROBERT F. MILLERJOHN MILLSFRED G. MOEE. B. MOORER. A. MOOREARTHUR H. MORSEA. MOWATJOHN S. MURPHYTHOMAS MURPHY
ELLISON NALLE. L. NELSON0. OLIVER NELSONE. H. NICHOLASL. C. PACENTJAMES PARKERA. F. PARKHURSTM. H. PAYNE
WILLIAM C. PEARSEGEORGE B. PEGRAMW. W. PERRYJOSEPH A. PECKGREENLEAF W. PICKARDE. N. PICKERILLGEORGE W. PIERCELOUIS F. PIKEHARADEN PRATTD. R. PRICEH. S. PRICEJ. ALBERT PROCTOR
RICHARD H. RANGERA. RAUP. C. RAWLESS. REBERLouis F. REICKRONALD B. RESPESST. RICHARDSH. S. ROBERTSGEORGE A. ROBINSONH. J. ROUNDF. B. RUSHWORTHF. M. RYANFRED C. RYANHARRY SADENWATERDAVID SARNOFFJAMES M. SAWYER
J. L. SCHERMERHORNF. J. SCHMITTH. W. SECORA. R. SHARPLESSJAMES J. SHEEHANJOSEPH E. SHUDYMACMURDO SILVERJ. A. SILVERMANE. J. SIMONN. H. SLAUGHTERA. KELLOG SLOANEUGEN B. SMITHJ. 0. SMITHWILLIAM E. SMITHRICHARD A. SOMERVILLEC. SPEAKERC. H. SPHARA. 0. STEVENST. M. STEVENSE. W. STONEJ. STONE STONEWILLIAM STRAHLDONALD STUARTE. W. SUNDBERG
A. H. TAYLORW. D. TERRILLROY E. THOMPSONEUGENE M. THURSTON
SPONSORSBENJAMIN ABRAMS
President, Emerson Radio & Phonograph Corp.F. A. D. ANDREA
President, Andrea Radio CorporationLUDWIG ARSON
President, Radio Receptor Company, Inc.
DEAN BABBITTPresident, Sonotone Corporation
DR. W. R. G. BAKERVice President, General Electric Company
JOHN BALLANTYNEPresident, Philco Corporation
WILLIAM A. BARKLEYExecutive Vice President, Collins Radio Co.
P. S. BILLINGSPresident, Belmont Radio Corporation
JACK BINNSPresident, Hazeltine Corporation
OTTO B. BLACKWELLAss't Vice President, American Telephone &Telegraph Company
0. BLAKEPresident, Cornell-Dubilier Corporation
QUINCY A. BRACKETTPresident, Radio Station WSPR
DR. 0. E. BUCKLEYPresident, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
JACKSON BURGESSPresident, C. F. Burgess Laboratories, Inc.
7
R. W. TomsL. T. TOWNSENDWILLIAM H. TUCKH. M. TURNER
FLOYD VANDERPOELA. F. VANDYCKR. J. VOSBURGH
L. C. WALLACEG. P. WALLEYPAUL E. WAREK. B. WARNERHAROLD E. WATKINSJ. WEINBERGERH. A. WHEELERLYNDE P. WHEELERD. B. WHITEW. C. WHITEL. E. WHITTEMORESIDNEY L. WILLIAMSC. C. WILSONBENJAMIN E. WOLFM. C. WRIGHT
ALBERT L. YOUNG
H. R. ZEAMANJONATHAN ZENNECKASHLEY C. ZWICKER
A. C. BURKEPresident, Burke Electric & X -Ray Company,Ltd.
H. H. BUTTNERPresident, Federal Telecommunication Labora-tories, Inc.
M. CLEMENTSPresident, Caldwell -Clements Inc.
MAJOR GENERAL J. A. CODE, JR., S.C.Ass't Chief Signal Officer, U. S. Army
SAMUEL COHENPresident, General Instrument Corporation
MAJOR GENERAL R. B. COLTON, A.A.F.Air Communications Officer, U. S. Army AirForce
COLONEL V. A. CONRAD, S.C.Commanding Officer, Signal Corps EngineeringLaboratories
R. C. COSGROVEPresident, Radio Manufacturers Association
POWEL CROSLEY, JR.Director, The Crosley Corporation
HENRY CROWLEYPresident, Henry L. Crowley & Company, Inc.
COMMANDER PAUL A. DE MARS, U.S.N.R.Washington, D. C.
GEORGE S. DE SOUSATreasurer, Radio Corporation of America
GANO DUNNPresident, The J. G. White Engineering Corp.
CAPTAIN W. C. EDDY, U.S.N.Director of Eddy Naval Schools
CHARLES EISLERPresident, Eisler Engineering Company
RAY C. ELLISVice President, Raytheon Manufacturing Co.
WALTER C. EVANSVice President, Westinghouse Electric Corp.
SHERMAN M. FAIRCHILDChairman, Fairchild Engine & Airplane Corp.
C. RUSSELL FELDMANNPresident, International Detrola Corporation
CAPTAIN W. G. H. FINCH, U.S.N.R.President, Finch Telecommunications Inc.
ARTHUR FREEDVice President, Freed Radio Corporation
ALLEN W. FRITSCHEPresident, General Industries Company
PAUL GALVINPresident, Galvin Manufacturing Company
A. H. GARDNERPresident, Colonial Radio Corporation
ISIDOR GOLDBERGPresident, Pilot Radio Corporation
DR. ALFRED N. GOLDSMITHNew York City
LT. COLONEL G. M. GREEN, S.C.Office of Chief Signal Officer
W. H. GRIMDITCHExecutive Vice President, Hazeltine ElectronicsCorporation
W. J. HALLIGANPresident, The Hallicrafters Company
LLOYD A. HAMMARLUNDPresident, The Hammarlund ManufacturingCompany, Inc.
MAJOR GENERAL W. H. HARRISON, S.C.Office of Chief Signal Officer
L. M. HEINEMANPresident, Permoflux Corporation
RALPH M. HEINTZVice President, Jack & Heintz, Inc.
J. C. HINDLEGeneral Manager, New York Transformer Co.
J. Q. A. HOLLOWAYVice President, Devenco Company
REAR ADMIRAL S. C. H00PER, U.S.N. (Ret.)New York
CAPTAIN CHARLES W. HORN, U.S.N.R.Washington, D. C.
HARRY W. HOUCKGeneral Manager, Measurements Corporation
CAPTAIN D. R. HULL, U.S.N.Deputy Director of Electronics, Bureau of Ships
THOMAS M. HUNTERPresident, American Transformer Company
MAJOR GENERAL H. C. INGLES, S.C.Chief Signal Officer, U. S. Army
8
DR. F. B. JEWETTPresident, National Academy of Sciences
A. A. JUVILERPresident, Hamilton Radio Corporation
F. R. LACKVice President, Western Electric Company, Inc.
CARL LANGEVINPresident, The Langevin Company, Inc.
WILLIAM P. LEARPresident, Lear Inc.
OLIVER I. LEWIS, S.C.Chief Engineer, Engineering & Technical Serv.
FRED M. LINKPresident, Fred M. Link
COLONEL D. K. LIPPINCOTT, S.C.Director of Patents & Inventions Branch
COMMANDER E. H. LOFTIN, U.S.N. (Ret.)Boonton, New Jersey
W. A. MACDONALDPresident, Hazeltine Corporation
MAJOR GENERAL H. M. MCCLELLANDAir Communications Officer
COMMANDER E. F. MCDONALD, JR.President, Zenith Radio Corporation
LT. COLONEL C. J. MCINTYRE, S.C.Chief Activities Branch, Office of Chief SignalOfficer
RUSSEL MAGUIREPresident, Maguire Industries Inc.
COLONEL OSCAR C. MAIER, A.A.F.Director Watson Laboratories
DR. R. H. MANSONPresident, Stromberg-Carlson Company
L. K. MARSHALLPresident, Raytheon Manufacturing Company
CHARLES MARCUSVice President, Bendix Aviation Corporation
MAJOR GENERAL J. 0. MAUBORGNE, S.C. (Ret.)Shrewsbury, New Jersey
COLONEL H. G. MESSER, S.C.Office of Chief Signal Officer
COLONEL R. G. H. MEYER, S.C.Director of Squier Signal Laboratories
JAMES MILLENPresident, James Millen Manufacturing Com-pany, Inc.
I. A. MITCHELLPresident, United Transformer Corporation
COLONEL T. H. MITCHELLVice President, RCA Communications, Inc.
S. W. MULDOWNYPresident, National Union Radio Corporation
LOUIS NEWMANPresident, The Daven Company
E. A. NICHOLASPresident, Farnsworth Television & RadioCorporation
COLONEL J. D. O'CONNELL, S.C.Director of Engineering, Signal Corps Engi-neering Laboratories
C. F. DILKSPresident, Dilks, Inc.
COMMODORE J. B. Dow, U.S.N.Director Electronics Division, Bureau of Ships
ALLEN B. Du MONTPresident, Allen B. Du Mont Laboratories, Inc.
DR. H. S. OSBORNEChief Engineer, American Telephone & Tele-graph Company
C. J. PANNILLPresident, Radiomarine Corp. of America
LT. COL. S. E. PETRILLO, S.C.Officer in Change of Field Engineering BranchSquire Laboratories
WALTER E. POORPresident, Sylvania Electric Products Inc.
PAUL PORTERChairman, Federal Communication Comm.
J. J. RAFERTYPresident, J. H. Bunnell & Company
LT. COLONEL R. H. RANGER, S.C.Office of Chief Signal Officer
COLONEL R. W. RAYNSFORD, S.C.Ass't Chief, Engineering & Technical Service
WILLIAM A. READYPresident, National Company, Inc.
REAR ADMIRAL J. R. REDMAN, U.S.N.Director of Naval Communications
H. B. RICHMONDChairman of the Board, General Radio Co.
E. W. RITTERVice President, Corning Glass Works
BRIGADIER GENERAL T. C. RIVES, A.A.F.U. S. Army Air Forces
H. C. ROEMERExecutive Vice President, Federal Telephone &Radio Corporation
G. J. SALIBAPresident, Presto Recording Corporation
BRIG. GENERAL DAVID SARNOFFPresident, Radio Corporaion of America
I. I. SCHACHTELVice President, Sonotone Corporation
CHARLES R. SPEAKERNew York City
ROBERT SPRAGUEPresident, Sprague Electric Company
REAR ADMIRAL ELLERY W. STONE, U.S.N.R.Chief Commissioner, Headquarters Allied Com-mission
NILES TRAMMELLPresident, National Broadcasting Co., Inc.
COLONEL F. F. UHRHANE, S.C.Office of Chief Signal Officer
MAJOR GENERAL GEORGE L. VAN DEUSEN, U.S.A.Chief of Engineering & Technical Service
EDWARD WALLERSTEINPresident, Columbia Recording Corporation
SENATOR ARTHUR WALSHExecutive Vice President, Thomas A. EdisonInc.
EDWARD WESTONChairman, Weston Electrical Instrument Corp.
T. A. WHITEPresident, Jensen Radio Manufacturing Co.
MARK WOODSPresident, A.B.C. Broadcasting System
NECROLOGYLOUIS W. AUSTIN DAVID GRIMES
STUART BALLANTINEH. 0. BOEHMEFERDINAND BRAUNW. H. G. BULLARDC. F. BURGESS
FRANK CONRADE. B. CRAFT
GEORGE DAVIS
THOMAS A. EDISON
R. A. FESSENDENJOHN FIRTHW. A. FITZPATRICKJ. A. FLEMINGJ. A. FREED
C. GODFREYA. H. GREBE
OLIVER HEAVISIDEHEINRICH R. HERTZGux HILLW. G. HUDSONWARREN HUBLEY
A. E. KENNELLY
OLIVER LODGEC. V. LOGWOODMAHLON LOOMISFRITZ LOWENSTEIN0. K. LUSCOMBE
G. MARCONIW. W. MASSIEJAMES CLERK MAXWELLJOHN H. MORECROFT
P. 0. PEDERSENMICHAEL I. PUPIN
9
A. RIGHTOSCAR C. RoosL. W. ROSENTHALE. RUSSELL
E. SAWYERA. E. SEELIGGEORG SEIBTHARRY SHOEMAKERFRANK SPRAGUEGEORGE 0. SQUIERJOHN STONE STONE
NIKOLA TESLAB. J. THOMPSONE. TURNEY
G. VALLAURI
ROY A. WEAGANTW. A. WINTERBOTTOM
J. ACEVESL. ALEXANDERH. B. ALLENE. V. AMYE. C. ANDERSONF. A.D. ANDREAM. ARENDTE. H. ARMSTRONGL. ARSONJ. ASHTONWILSON AULLW. BACHMANA. BAILEYJ. M. BALFOORTNORMAN T. BALLS. BARAFR. R. BARCLAYS. BARONEA. BATCHELLERM. BATSELR. BEAcHW. E. BEALSESF. C. BEEKLEYS. BENSONJ. L. BERNARDA. B. BERRESFORDC. E. BESSEY11. H. BEVERAGEE. BICAKC. BIDERMANF. J. BINGLEYJ. BINNSC. BLOCHERW. C. BOHNE. B. BOISEH. A. BOOTHJ. D. BOOTHP. BOUCHERONZ. BOUCKF. R. BRICKC. E. BRIGHAMJ. H. BROADBENTD. BROWNJ. BROWNE. BucHERC. BURCHG. E. BURGHARDH. BUTLERI. F. BYRNEJ. L. CALLAHANV. CAMPR. W. CARLISLES. CARLISLEH. CARMENE. F. CARTERN. P. CASEJ. CAULFIELD
STEPHEN CERSTVIK
GENERAL COMMITTEEJOHN DI BLASI, ChairmanE. L. CHAFFEEA. B. CHAMBERLAINP. C. CHANKOH. CHINNP. S. CHRLSTALDIL. W. CHUBBL. M. CLEMENTM. CLEMENTSL. M. COCKADAYI. S. COGGESHALLW. A. COHENP. B. COLLISONC. B. COOPERA. CoEBErrH. P. CORWITHA. J. COSTIGANW. F. CormE. S. CRANEJ. R. CRAWFORDG. C. CROM, JR.M. CRONKHITEP. CROSLEY, JR.JOHN F. CROWLEYB. R. CUMMINGSG. B. CUMMINGSA. L. CURTISE. A. CYRIAXE. W. DANNALSW. H. DAVISC. E. DEANA. DEANSK. DECKERL. DE FORESTG. S. DESOUSAH. M. DETRICKD. DEWITTW. F. DIEHLC. J. DILEsA. J. DILLONC. F. DILLSH. A. DIPALMADAVID F. DOODYA. A. DOWERSC. DREHERH. DREYERG. T. DROSTEW. DUBILIERA. DUNCANN. DUNHAM0. E. DUNLAPD. D. L. DUNNG. BASHM. E. EASONM. EASTHAMW. EDDYG. V. ELTGROTHG. ELTZE. W. ENGSTROM
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G. W. ENTWHISTLEL. ESPENSCHIEDC. F. ESTEYF. A. FARALLAC. FARANDP. FARNSWORTHP. J. FAULKNERH. FAYJ. B. FERGUSONW. G. H. FINCHJ. FORSHAYC. E. FRAZERF. FRENCHJ. A. FRIEDR. F. GATESH. GERNSBACKE. GIBBST. GIELINT. GIBLUI0. M. GLUNTT. T. GOLDSMITHW. N. GOODWIN, JR.C. GRAFFF. GREENWOODJ. W. GREERE. N. GREIBACHJ. GRIFFINW. M. GRIMJ. GRINANB. GROSSH. GROVERF. A. GUNTHERC. D. GUTHRIEH. GWYNNA. HALLJ. M. HALLH. E. HALLBORGA. H. HALLORANL. A. HAMM ARLUNDC. R. HANNAE. HANSENL. A. HANSENA. HARDWICKD. E. HARNETTW. HARRISONJ. V. L. HARTLEYF. X. HAYESA. HAYNESH. C. HAZELL. GRANT HECTORG. C. HEESH. HEINDELR. A. HEISINGH. HELLERV. HENDRICKSONL. N. HIGGINSJ. M. HIGHW. P. HILLIARD
F. A. HINNERSH. C. HOGENCAMPL. C. F. HORLEC. W. HORNJ. L. HORNUNGH. W. HOUCKW. HOWELLL. N. HULLL. A. HYLAND
J. KELLY JOHNSONT. JOHNSON, JR.
H. D. KAULBACKR. KEATORT. R. KENNEDYF. KINGA. KISHPAUGHJ. F. KNAPPW. KORENF. W. KRANZH. E. KRANZL. R. KRUMM
R. H. LANGLEYPAUL LARSENW. D. LAUGHLING. LAYNGA. C. LESCARBOURAF. LESTERMORRIS LEVYE. LEWISO. I. LEWISR. L. LEWISH. C. LIKELD. G. LITTLED. S. LITTLEHAROLD LLOYDE. H. LOFTINA. E. LYLEA. H. LYNCH
I. G. MALOFFC. W. MAPSCHARLES MARCUSR. H. MARRIOTTR. E. MATHESK. MAYERSF. MAYNARDJ. H. MCCAULEYP. MCLEANR. H. McMANNS. MCMINNL. MICKEYB. F. MIESSNERJ. MILLENB. MILLERJ. MILLERW. MOCELICW. MOGEYA. P. MORGANR. MORGANJ. MORLEYL. E. MORRISSEY
E. MORSEF. MULLERR. MULLERA. G. MUNDELR. I. MYERS
E. L. NELSONL. C. NICHOLSB. H. NODENE. W. Nom
L. O'CLEARY0. OEHMANH. OLIVERA. C. OMBERGB. OSTMANR. PARETJ. H. PAYNE, JR.H. PEARSONT. T. PETERSR. PETRILLOS. E. PETRILLoE. N. PICKERILLW. P. POWERSJ. H. PRESSLEYW. PRIESSC. A. PRIEST
J. R. RAGAZZINIL. F. RANDOLFA. H. RAUSCEF. X. RETTENMEYERR. D. RETTENMEYERW. REUMANJ. L. REYNOLDSE. D. RICEJOSEPH L. RICHEYS. RICHMANH. B. RICHMONDJ. F. RIDERD. RIGNEYEVANS RILEYW. ROCHEM. ROSEU. B. RossG. T. ROYDENC. R. RUNYONPHILIP T. RUSSELJ. RUSSELLF. M. RYAN
B. SALZBERGG. R. SAMSH. A. SAULR. A. SAYRESW. F. SCANLANO. SCHAIRERC. SCHULTZH. M. SCHWABP. SCHWERINC. A. SERVICEC. SERVICE, JR.CARL W. SERVICEH. S. SHEA
11
C. M. SHERWOODE. R. SHUTEM. SILVERW. C. SIMONG. ST,RNIPERM. B. SLEEPERJ. 0. SMITHD. SOULEINL. SPANGENBERGJ. A. SPENCERF. M. SQUIREC. M. SREBROFFH. STANLEYJ. J. STANTLEYK. STARKH. STEINBERTA. STOBBSC. STONEE. W. STONEA. A. STUART, JR.T. J. STYLESJ. SWANSON
S. TARZIANH. TASKERW. H. TAYLORF. THEMER. E. THOMPSONL T. TINDALLP. TIIAUTWEINL. C. TRUESDELLC. D. TUSKA
J. G. UZMANN
J. B. VARIANI. VERMILYA
A. F. WALLISA. WALSHJ. C. WALTERP. WAREK. B. WARNERW. L. WEBBJ. WEINBERGERP. WERNERJ. WHITES. Y. WHITET. WHITEW. C. WHITEH. WIENW. S. WILSONG. V. WILTEEW. K. WINGL. E. WITTEMOREM. C. WRIGHTN. WUNDERLICH
R. F. YATESA. L. YOUNGF. C. YOUNGL. C. YOUNG
M. ZARETC. T. ZEORAL
THE INSTITUTE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOBy JOHN V. L. HOGAN
Fellow and Past President, I. R. E.(Address before Radio Pioneers Dinner, November 8, 1945)
T UST a few days more than twelve weeksj ago, the Institute of Radio Engineers,and, indeed, radio itself, became two warsold. No one can state, with any determinabledegree of accuracy, how much the Instituteand its membership have contributed to thewinning of those two wars. But radio com-munication was much used in World War I,and radio communication and control werewell nigh indispensable in World War II ;
and I do not believe that I would be farwrong if I should say that the greater partof our radio development, both civil and mili-tary, has been based upon the work and thethinking of men who have been and are asso-ciated with the Institute of Radio Engineers.
I think we should all recognize that therecord of the Institute, and of its members,is something to which we can point with agood deal of pride. It is far away greaterthan anything that was dreamed of in 1912by the three men who planned the Institute,just as radio is far and away greater thananything that they dreamed of. Perhaps inanother thirty-three years a second crop ofRadio Pioneers, including some of us andour sons and our brothers, will be lookingback at 1945 and either praising or con-demning us according to how wisely we nowplan for their future. Perhaps in 1978 therewill be another opportunity for radio peopleand the industry to show whether or not theylike what the Institute is doing, and, if thereis, I hope that the applause will be as clearand loud as that which today's Institute hasheard as hundreds of thousands of dollarsclinked into the Building Fund.
In the early days of radio the two centersof activity were New York and Boston. NewYork had the American Marconi Company,de Forest and Shoemaker; the Boston areahad Stone and Fessenden ; Massie, with theaid of the Fall River Line, had a sphere ofinfluence extending into both territories.Since the virus of radio seems to compelradio men to become gregarious, even in the
12
JOHN V. L. HOGAN
face of company policies that favor secretive-ness, it was probably inevitable that radioengineering groups should be formed in bothcities. The Society of Wireless TelegraphEngineers gradually evolved from the some-what academic atmosphere of the John Stonelaboratories in Boston, at a date that I can-not now fix but which must have been wellbefore I joined Fessenden at Brant Rock inDecember, 1909. The comparable New Yorkorganization was The Wireless Institute,which held its first meeting at the UnitedEngineers' Building on March 10, 1909. Thatthe primary object of societies like thesewas to aid in the development of radio isclearly shown by a letter that Bob Marriott,the first President of The Wireless Institutesent out to about two hundred people "inter-ested in wireless" on May 14, 1908. I thinkthat letter, which resulted in the forming ofThe Wireless Institute, is well worth reading,so here it is :
"Dear Sir :-You have often thought no doubt that
Wireless Telegraphy would be developedfaster if those engaged in it would worktogether more.
The Electrical Engineers have come to-gether in the United States by forming theAmerican Institute of Electrical Engineers.This institution has helped to make betterElectrical Engineering, better ElectricalEngineers and better feeling between com-petitive firms.
Why should not we form the Institute ofWireless Engineers and pattern it after theAmerican Institute of Electrical Engineers.The American Institute of Electrical Engi-neers' plan as applied to Wireless peoplewould be briefly as follows :-
First : Any person interested in Wirelesswith proper recommendations, etc., would beeligible to associate membership.
Second : Any person having done valuable,original work in Wireless would be eligibleto full membership.
Third : Any person whom the Society byvote, should decide upon, would be eligibleto honorary membership.
Fourth : Meetings would be held once amonth, at which papers on Wireless subjectswould be read and criticised.
Fifth : Every member and associate wouldreceive a copy of the papers read, togetherwith the criticisms, thus giving absent mem-bers the same information as those present.
Sixth : A library of Wireless publicationswould be accumulated as rapidly as the fundsof the Institute would permit. Each memberor associate member would have access tothis library.
Seventh: The Officers and Committeeswould be about as follows :-President, Vice -President, Manager, Treasurer and Secre-tary. Committees : - Executive Committee,Committee on Finances, Committee onPapers, Board of Examiners, Library Com-mittee, Editing Committee and necessaryspecial committees appointed from time totime.
Eighth : The dues would be possibly about$10.00 per year.
I believe an organization formed on aplan similar to the above would materiallyimprove Wireless, increase the knowledge
13
and ability of members, avoid friction be-tween employees and employers, and to someextent between Wireless Companies.
Would you join such an organization asoutlined? If so, please write me and givefull expression of your views in regard tothe matter in order that an organization maybe formed on the right lines. Also such anorganization might contemplate the estab-lishment of a beneficiary association in con-nection with the Institute.
Yours very truly,
R. H. Marriott,Ass't, Scientific Manager,United Wireless Telegraph Co.,42 Broadway, New York."
I hope you will particularly note the open-ing sentence, to the effect that "WirelessTelegraphy would be developed faster ifthose engaged in it would work togethermore". That very simple statement couldwell be a text for us today ; it was true in1908 and it still is true.
At the April, 1909, meeting Mr. Marriottdelivered a paper entitled "The Wireless In-stitute", and in it he went farther into theInstitute's relation to technological develop-ment. Referring to the constitution that hadbeen adopted a month earlier, he said :
"Regarding the object, 'To advanceWireless Telegraphy, Wireless Telephony,and kindred arts', Wireless Telegraphy isalready of benefit to mankind, and the ob-ject is to make it of greater benefit; Wire-less Telephony shows possibilities, and theobject is to help make it beneficial . . ."
Here again we have an excellent expres-sion of what an Institute like ours can andmust do. An insight into how it can be doneis given by a list of 26 titles that Mr. Mar-riott then proposed for projected papers.Many of them are good topics today, as theywere in 1909, for instance:
"The Recent Wireless Bills before Con-gress"
"The Regulation of Amateur Stations""Unnecessary Interference""Static""The Present Field for Wireless""Aerials"
"Wireless Waves""How and What Wireless Operators
should be Taught".Now, I've been talking mostly about Bob
Marriott, for his energy and foresight led tothe founding of our progenitor, The Wire-less Institute. But there was another, andyounger man, who soon came into the pic-ture. He was not an officer of the Institute,but with his B.S. degree and his position ofInstructor of Physics in the College of theCity of New York, he was keenly interestedin the advancement of radio. His first ap-pearance of record seems to be as of Septem-ber, 1909, when he gave evidence of hisinquiring and quantitative turn of mind byasking Harry Shoemaker "How do you deter-mine the capacity for average transformersunder ordinary conditions?" This was dur-ing the discussion following Shoemaker'spaper on "The Production of High FrequencyOscillations", and I imagine that Harry wassomewhat flabbergasted by Alfred's question.Probably he couldn't define an "averagetransformer" any better than the rest of uscould, and I'm sure he knew nothing about"ordinary conditions". In those days therewere no ordinary conditions in wireless,-everything was always extraordinary! Any-way, Shoemaker gave the incipient Doctorand Editor a very wise answer, beginningthis way: "There are certain rules to follow,but you must have certain determinationsbefore you can apply the mathematical for-mulae . . ." That, again, was true in 1909and is true today.
I should not pass on to the formation ofthe Institute of Radio Engineers without tell-ing you that just two months later, the pos-sessor of that same inquiring brain, AlfredN. Goldsmith, delivered before The WirelessInstitute a now genuinely historic paperunder the title "Radio -Telephony", which heaccurately termed "the youngest branch ofelectrical engineering". He deserves creditfor what I regard as a keen analysis of whathad been done up to that date, but perhapseven more for having omitted to prognosti-cate the use of radio telephony for thebroadcasting of singing commercials. Hisconclusion was "It seems therefore so soonas certain obstacles, largely of a technicalnature, can be overcome that the wireless
14
telephone will have a wide field of applica-tion". He was right.
So now we must skip three years and lookat 1912. The Boston activities of the Stonecompany seemed to be tapering off, and Fes-senden's laboratory had been transferredfrom Brant Rock to the Bush Terminal inBrooklyn. Even before then the Stone physi-cists had dared to fraternize with the Fessen-den engineers, and the Society of WirelessTelegraph Engineers profited from theirjoint interests and activities. But with mostof its members moving to New York, some-thing had to be done. To have two radiosocieties in this city seemed silly, so the twomen I have mentioned, Marriott and Gold-smith, met with the erstwhile Secretary ofthe Society of Wireless Telegraph Engineersto see what could be done about it. To bringmy talk to an early conclusion, let me saysimply that the result was the consolidationof the two older Societies into the Instituteof Radio Engineers.
The Institute of Radio Engineers was for-mally established on May 13, 1912, and thetwo founder societies went with the wind.Its first president was that perennial youth,Robert H. Marriott; its Editor of Publica-tions was Alfred N. Goldsmith, and yourspeaker was active as a member of the Boardand of the Committee on Standardization.
My theme has been the Institute and itsrelation to the development of radio, but Ifear that the relationship must be taken asimplicit rather than as explicitly detailed.As a matter of fact, you all know how im-portant the Proceedings, the papers, the dis-cussions and the work of the StandardizationCommittee have been. Rather than to listento a dissertation on how a learned societycan contribute to research.
By January 1, 1913, when the first year-book was published, the Institute member-ship had increased to exactly 100. It hasbeen growing ever since, as has its serviceto the development of radio. And I feel thatits size, its influence and its service will con-tinue to grow if all of us will keep on livingup to Bob Marriott's creed of 1908-"radiowill be developed faster if those engaged init will work together more".
HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTE OFRADIO ENGINEERS
THE Institute of Radio Engineers, theworld's leading society in its field, came
into being as a merger of two earlier associa-tions, each one covering the same activitiesas the later I. R. E., although in a more re-stricted way.
First of these-in fact, it was the pioneerradio club in the United States-was theSociety of Wireless Telegraph Engineers, inthe beginning, a "wholly owned" technicalgathering of the Stone Telegraph and Tele-phone Company, headed by John Stone Stoneof revered memory. This society was incor-porated under the laws of Massachusetts in1908, though formed a year earlier. Itsmeetings generally were held at the home ofMr. Stone.
The origin of this association was clearlyexpressed by its founder in later years, whenhe said :
"In 1907 it occurred to me that itwould be a distinct advantage to eachof us if we crystallized our ideas aboutour work into scientific papers, and thatit would be of great value to all of us
JOHN STONE STONE
Fourth President I.R.E., and Founder ofSociety of Wireless Telegraph Engineers
15
ROBERT H. MARRIOTT
First President, I.R.E., and Founder ofWireless Institute
to hear and discuss such papers. Itherefore organized the Society of Wire-less Telegraph Engineers within thestaff of the Stone Telegraph and Tele-phone Company. . . . The value of thisSociety to its members became so appar-ent that in 1908 it was decided to in-corporate the Society and to extend theprivilege of membership to radio engi-neers generally."
Beginning with a group of eleven, the as-sociation grew to a membership of forty-three, through inclusion of the engineers ofthe Fessenden Company (the National Elec-tric Signaling Co.), at Brant Rock, Mass.,not far from Boston, and a few from greaterdistances, such as Dr. deForest, Fritz Lowen-stein and others.
Meetings of the "Swatties" as the S. W.T. E. was called, for obvious reasons, notbecause its original members labored in theswampy and mosquito -ridden lands adjacentto the Charles River, were eagerly attendedand papers of high caliber were delivered. A
few of these contributions deserve mentionhere.
ALTERNATING CURRENT ALGEBRA, by JohnStone Stone.
HARMONICS IN ARC CIRCUITS, by E. D.Forbes.
A NEW METHOD FOR SOLVING PROBLEMSCONNECTED WITH THE PROPAGATION OFWAVES ALONG AN INFINITE LINE, byJohn Stone Stone.
A METHOD FOR OBTAINING UNITY POWER -FACTOR IN THE SUPPLY CIRCUITS OFWIRELESS TELEGRAPH STATIONS, by JohnStone Stone.
TUBULAR CONDENSERS, by 0. C. Roos.AN EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF
OLIVER HEAVISIDE'S THEORY OF THE IN-DUCTION OF CURRENTS IN CORES, by RoyT. Wells.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THEAUDION, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TOAPPLYING A POSITIVE POTENTIAL TO THEGRID, by Sewall Cabot.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THELoss OF ENERGY IN THE DIELECTRICS OFCOILS IN OSCILLATING CIRCUITS, by E.R. Cram.
THE PERIODICITIES AND DAMPING COEFFI-
DR. L. W. AUSTINThird President, I.R.E.
16
GREENLEAF W. PICKARD
Second President, I.R.E.
CIENTS OF COUPLED OSCILLATORS, byJohn Stone Stone.
A somewhat similar organization had beenfounded among employees of the UnitedWireless Telegraph Company in and aboutNew York City, under the leadership ofRobert H. Marriott, a U. W. T. Co. engineer.The first meeting was held at 42 Broadway,New York, on January 23, 1909. In the mem-bership were wireless engineers and execu-tives, operators and installation engineers.Meetings were held either at 42 Broadway orat Columbia University. The initial member-ship of 14 increased to 99 by 1911.
Important scientific and engineeringpapers were read at the Wireless Institutemeetings, among which may be mentionedthe following, delivered during the initialyear of the organization :
ANTENNAE, by Greenleaf W. Pickard.HOW BUSINESS CAN BEST BE HANDLED IN
CASE OF DISTRESS, by J. R. BinnsTHE PRODUCTION OF HIGH FREQUENCY OS-
CILLATIONS, by Harry Shoemaker.PROPORTIONING THE TRANSMITTER TO
AERIAL, by F. W. Midgley.
PROF. ARTHUR E. KENNELLY
Fifth President, I.R.E.
RADIO - TELEPHONY, by Alfred NortonGoldsmith.
was a crucial year for cer-tain wireless companies, and equally criticalfor the wireless societies which they hadfounded. The Stone Telegraph and Tele-phone Company had bowed out of the pic-ture by this time, and the Fessenden Com-pany had moved its headquarters and lab-oratory from Brant Rock to Brooklyn, N. Y.Faced by these new conditions, the "Swat -ties" ceased to exist as such. At the sametime, the Wireless Institute was decliningrapidly. It had fallen to a membership oftwenty-seven, due in great part to the indict-ment of several of its officers and the conse-quent receivership appointed for the com-pany.
Before passing to the dramatic manner inwhich R. H. Marriott, president of the Wire-less Institute since its inception, and JohnStone Stone, pater familias of the S. W. T. E.,managed to merge the two dying organ-izations into a single entity which has sincerisen to its present status, a list of chartermembers of these early societies should berecorded here for the sake of history, if forno other reason. They were :
17
SOCIETY OF WIRELESS TELEGRAPH ENGINEERS
J. C. ARMOR F. A. KOLSTERSEWALL CABOT W. S. KROEGERW. E. CHADBOURNE FRITZ LOWENSTEING. H. CLARK WALTER W. MASSIEE. R. CRAM E. B. MOOREG. S. DAVIS G. W. PICKARDLEE DE FOREST SAMUEL REBERV. F. GREAVES OSCAR C. RoosJ. V. L. HOGAN, JR. JOHN STONE STONEW. S. HOGG E. W. SUNDBERGGUY HILL A. F. VAN DYCKF. H. KNOWLTON
THE WIRELESS INSTITUTE
WILLIAM F. BISSINGP. B. COLLISONJAMES DAGESLLOYD ESPENSCHIEDPHILIP FARNSWORTHFRANK FAYEDWARD GAGEALFRED N. GOLDSMITHFRANCIS HARTROBERT L. HATFIELDARTHUR A. HEBERT
FRANK HINNERSJAMES M. HOFFMANROBERT H. MARRIOTTA. F. PARKHURSTG. W. PICKARDH. S. PRICEA. RAUEMIL J. SIMONC. H. SPEARFLOYDVANDERPOELR. A. WEAGANT
With the S. W. T. E. membership dividedby distance, and its parent organization dis-banded, and with the W. I. membership in acritical condition which eventually followedits parent into desuetude, Robert Marriott
PROF. M. I. PUPINSixth President, I.R.E.
PROF. GEORGE W. PIERCE
Seventh President, I.R.E.
decided that it would be advantageous forboth former organizations to combine into anew society. He discussed the subject withJohn Stone Stone and found the latter en-tirely amenable to the suggestion. After sev-eral consultations it was decided that Mr.Marriott should proceed to put the idea intopractice. Thus it is to Robert H. Marriott,and to him alone, that the initial plan of theI. R. E. is due. It was only fitting, therefore,that he should be chosen as its first presi-dent. A joint committee appointed to studythis merger met on March 9, 1912, approvedthe plan, and submitted recommendationsto the Boston and New York organizationsfor approval. This initial work was donechiefly by Marriott, Hogan and Goldsmith.
I. R. E. held its first meeting at Fayer-weather Hall, Columbia University, on May13, 1912. At this gathering only official busi-ness was transacted, chiefly the matter ofelecting officers to serve until 1913. R. H.Marriott was chosen as president, FritzLowenstein vice-president, Emil J. Simonsecretary, and E. D. Forbes, treasurer. TheBoard of Direction included G. W. Pickard,Frank Fay, John V. L. Hogan, Jr., and LloydEspenschied, in addition to the elected offi-cers.
18
Charter members of the Institute were de-fined as those who had been members ofeither the Society of Wireless Telegraph En-gineers or the Wireless Institute in 1912.The number was less than 50. One of these,G. W. Pickard, was the only "double-jointed"charter member, since he had been associatedwith both originating societies. By Decem-ber 5, 1912, the membership had grown to108.
After about a year, it was decided to in-corporate the Society. A meeting to decidedetails of this move was held at Sweet'sRestaurant, in down -town New York, onJune 23, 1913. Those members with a morelegal mind in the make-up of the Institute,finally drew up Articles of Incorporation andon August 23, 1913, the organization wasincorporated under the laws of the State ofNew York.
In brief, the expressed aims of the newassociation were:
To advance the art and science of
JOHN V. L. HOGANEighth President, I.R.E.
radio transmission, to publish works ofliterature, science and art for such pur-pose, to do all and every act necessary,suitable and proper for the accomplish-ment of any of the purposes or the at-tainment of any of the powers hereinset forth, either alone or in associationwith other corporations, firms or indi-viduals, to do every act or acts, thing orthings, incidental or appurtenant to orgrowing out of or connected with theaforesaid science or art, or power orany parts thereof, provided the same benot inconsistent with the laws underwhich this corporation is organized, orprohibited by the State of New York.
(There are some who insist that patentapplications have first place as to complexityand half -talk!)
Before and after incorporation, the Insti-tute held monthly meetings sometimes atFayerweather Hall, or in the office of Dr.Goldsmith at the College of the City of NewYork; again at the offices of Mr. Hogan orMr. Espenschied. From 1914 to 1925, Dr.Goldsmith was host for a great majority ofthese meetings. This was in accordance withhis promise to Bob Marriott when the for-mer returned from a trip to Europe in 1914.
E. F. W. ALEXANDERSON
Ninth President, I.R.E.
19
FULTON CUTTING
Tenth President, I.R.E.
Dockside, he promised faithfully to give upall other activities and further the cause ofI. R. E. "For this", writes Marriott, "he hadthe money, the ability and the location, sothat he could easily live up to this promise,and he most emphatically did."
One of the most important functions of theInstitute was to preserve its technical papers,and the remarks made upon them, in pub-lished "Proceedings." These at first were is-sued quarterly; by 1916 they were steppedup to bi-monthly production; by 1927 theywere printed every month. Dr. Goldsmithwas elected editor of the "Proceedings" atthe beginning, and with rare ability turnedout a technical magazine remarkably freefrom errors, edited to the highest tenets ofgood taste and appearance.
Rarely does anyone assume such a posi-tion of necessity somewhat dictatorial with-out encountering open or concealed hostility,but Dr. Goldsmith's tact, his admitted fitnessfor the place, and the excellence of his work,together with the fact that all praise was re-flected in the direction of the Institute, havewon the approval of all. As expressed by"B. D." in an article published in the May,1937 issue of Electronics-matter from whichhas been freely borrowed in this enlargedview of the subject-"The fact that the Pro-
ceedings is the recognized publication in theradio engineering field is in no small measuredue to the interest and ability which Dr.Goldsmith has exhibited."
However, a one-man editorial board couldnot keep up with the rapidly growing pub-lication, so in November, 1928, a multi -per-sonnel Board was established, consisting ofA. N. Goldsmith, Chairman ; Stuart Ballan-tine, Ralph R. Batcher, W. G. Cady, CarlDreher and G. W. Pickard. This Board ex-amined all manuscripts submitted for use inthe "Proceedings", and carried on extensiveediting work, after a Papers Committee had
JOHN H. MORECROFT
Twelfth President, I.R.E.
examined each offering for technical accu-racy.
When I. R. E. was formed, standardiza-tion in the radio field was unknown. Sym-bols, definitions, etc., were concocted andused as personally desired. Coincidentallywith its formation, the Institute recognizedthe necessity of establishing definite stand-ards, and formed a Committee for this pur-pose. The first report of the Standards Com-mittee was issued in 1913 and published inVol. 4, Part 4 of the "Proceedings." Thisdealt with definitions, graphical symbols, andthe matter of tests and ratings. Subsequentreports were issued on following years.
20
IRVING LANGMUIR
Eleventh President, I.R.E.
World War I seriously reduced the ranksof the operating personnel of the Institute,and of the membership as well. Member-ship dropped from 1300 in 1917 to 800 in1918. But the war's end more than compen-sated for the loss and I. R. E. looked forwardto a renaissance of its activities along the
DR. JOHN H. DILLINGER
Thirteenth President, I.R.E.
standard lines of code transmission and re-ception, tubes and direction -finding.
However, an entirely new branch of radio'sactivity came out of World War I, just asadvances have arisen due to the conflict justended. That branch was Broadcasting.Starting with Frank Conrad's amateur sta-tion 8XK, KDKA followed as a licensedbroadcasting outlet, and soon amateurs wereentirely submerged by the b.c.l.'s.
The award of Medals became one of theInstitute's most prized procedures. The firstto be established was the Medal of Honor,set up in 1917. Two years later Emil J.Simon, a Fellow of the Institute, made abequest of $10,000, the income from whichwas to be awarded annually to a person whohad made notable contributions in radioscience. This tribute is known as the MorrisLiebmann Memorial Prize.
MEMBERSHIP UST OF THE INSTITUTEOF RADIO ENGINEERS
As of December 5, 19121. D. C. Armor 28. Harold P. Donle 55. W. S. Hubley 82. D. R. Price2. B. S. Benning 29. J. B. Elenschneider 56. Comdr. N. E. Irwin 83. H. S. Price3. H. Y. Ballon 30. John Engler 57. Jos. S. Jones 84. A. Rau4. W. W. Bissing 31. Lloyd Espenschied 58. C. Merrill Kelly 85. P. C. Rawles5. Charles F. Bowen 32. Frank Fay 59. James C. Koehl 86. Samuel Reber6. Q. A. Brackett 33. Philip Farnsworth 60. C. C. Kolster 87. T. Richards7. 0. C. Brill 34. E. D. Forbes 61. F. A. KoLsma 88. 0. C. Roos8. A. P. Browne 35. Edward Gage 62. F. A. Knowlton 89. Fred C. Ryan9. Don. G. Burnside 36. Harry Gawler 63. F. H. Kroger 90. A. E. Seelig
10. S. Cabot 37. A. N. Goldsmith 64. R. H. Langley 91. Harry Shoemaker11. J. H. Campbell 38. V. F. Greaves 65. J. J. Leary 92. J. L. Schemerhorn12. J. E. Campbell 39. W. H. Hale 66. Chas. Lequesne 93. J. A. Silverman13. R. Neil Calvert 40. H. E. Hallborg 67. Lawrence Lesh 94. E. J. Simon14. W. W. Chadbourne 41. Francis Hart 68. M. Liebman 95. H. W. Secor15. G. H. Clark 42. Robert L. Hatfield 69. G. H. Lewis 96. A. 0. Stevens16. T. E. Clark 43. J. H. Hammond, Jr. 70. Benj. Liebowitz 97. C. H. Sphar17. L. Cohen 44. W. W. Hanscom 71. C. D. Lindridge 98. A. Kellog Sloan18. C. H. Collins, Jr. 45. W. 0. Hensgen 72. F. Lowenstein 99. John Stone Stone19. P. B. Collison 46. Arthur A. Herbert 73. W. W. Massie 100. E. W. Sundberg20. A. B. Cole 47. Mr. Hetherington 74. R. H. Marriott 101. Donald Stuart21. Capt. A. S. Cowan 48. Guy Hill 75. E. B. Miessner 102. W. D. Terrill22. E. R. Cram 49. Frank Hinners 76. E. B. Moore 103. R. E. Thompson23. A. M. Curtis 50. J. V. L. Hogan, Jr. 77. H. A. Moore 104. A. Van Dyck24. James Dages 51. Comdr. W. S. Hogg 78. L. G. Pacent 105. Floyd Vanderpoel25. F. C. Davis 52. Jos. M. Hoffman 79. A. F. Parkhurst 106. R. A. Weagant26. G. S. Davis 53. C. I. Hoppough 80. G. B. Pegram 107. H. R. Zeaman27. Lee de Forest 54. J. E. Hudson 81. G. W. Pickard 108. Ashley C. Zwicker
Members of General Committee, Radio Pioneers Dinner: Left to right: EdwardJ. Content; R. R. Batcher ; Louis G. Pacent; George B. Hoadley.
01
THE RADIO CLUB OF _MEW Arr+HE first meeting of the Radio Club of
1 America was held in the Ansonia Hotel,New York City, on January 2, 1909. TheClub was formed by a small group of amateurboy experimenters who originally called itthe Junior Wireless Club Ltd. whose presi-dent was W. E. D. Stokes, Jr. The club heldregular monthly meetings for the discussionof radio topics. Two years later in 1911 itwas decided to change the name to RadioClub of America. This meeting, held at thehome of Frank King, really marks the birthof the Club. The Officers elected were: Pres-ident, Frank King; Vice Pres., George Eltz,Jr.; Secretary, George E. Burghard; Treas-urer, Ernest V. Amy.
The purpose of the organization as statedin the constitution was "The promotion ofcooperation among those interested in scien-tific investigation in the art of Radio com-munication."
Among the club's early activities was thekilling of the Depew Bill in Washington. Re-alizing that this bill threatened to throttleall private radio experimental theclub sent a delegation to Washington whichsucceeded so well that the bill was killed incommittee. These activities are recorded inthe Congressional Record of 1910.
In 1912 through the efforts of its membersthe club issued the first Radio Call Book.It consisted of two blue -printed sheets andcontained the names of the then existentamateur radio operators in the vicinity ofNew York, with their call letters.
Papers were read by members or guests atall monthly meetings. Some of the earlyreadings were : "The Hudson Audion Fila-ment", by Dr. W. G. Hudson; "The Hetero-dyne Receiving System", by John V. L.Hogan; "Quenched Spark Sets", by FritzLowenstein ; and "The Regenerative Circuit",by Edwin H. Armstrong.
The club's activities were so many andvaried during the ensuing years that spacewill not permit their recording here. In 1915a transmitting station was erected and main-tained by members in the Ansonia Hotel tohandle all traffic for Admiral Fletcher, whomade his headquarters there while the U. S.
22
Fleet was in the Hudson River. Several hun-dred messages were successfully transmittedand received. A year later one of the mem-bers, John F. Grinan, broke all amateurtransmitting records by sending the firsttranscontinental relay message and also thefirst signals to the West Coast direct, fromstation 2PM.
During the war period from 1917 to 1919,
FRED KLINGENSCHMITT
President, Radio Club of America.
all club activities were suspended, since themembership representation in the armedforces was almost 100 percent. After thewar ended a banquet was arranged in honorof Major E. H. Armstrong, who had justreturned from France. The object was to dohomage to his many achievements, notablythe invention of the superheterodyne re-ceiver.
As an aftermath of the war, the U. S.Navy decided in 1919 to fly the Atlantic anddesignated and equipped three NC boats for
the purpose. Harry Sadenwater, prominentmember of the Radio Club, made the trip onthe NC1 as radio operator.
In 1921, the club erected an official trans-mitting station at Greenwich, Conn., in orderto enter the transatlantic tests. This station,with call letters 1BCG, became famous asthe first transmitter ever to send a messageacross the Atlantic on short waves with lowpower. It also broke all records by transmit-ting messages direct to the West Coast andCatalina Island over land.
The Club always has been active and willcontinue to be active in all matters pertain-ing to regulation of radio transmission andreception. In 1922 it was represented on theHoover Radio committee by Major Arm-strong, and in 1923 it sent a delegation toremonstrate with President Coolidge aboutthe interference caused by naval stations tobroadcasting. Professor Pupin, who was evera great friend of radio, protested against theWhite -Dill Bill at the 1926 banquet when hewas guest of Honor, with the warning, "Nolime tangere", meaning "hands off !" This billproposed a Radio Commission and was laterpassed over opposition. The club then senta wire to the President recommending its
well-known member, Robert H. Marriott, asa member of the commission.
The annual Banquet is one of the few so-cial activities of the club aside from themonthly meetings, and has been held everyyear with the exception of the periods ofwar. On December 19, 1935, the club pre-sented Major Armstrong with a scroll dedi-cating the Armstrong Medal in recognitionof his achievements in the radio art. Themedal is presented from time to time to amember of the club who has made an impor-tant contribution to the radio art and sci-ence. It is presented on the occasion of theannual banquet. Among the medalists todate are Dr. Harold H. Beverage, ProfessorAlan Hazeltine, and Harry W. Houck.
Many important discoveries have been pre-sented before the membership in the pastfew years. Notable among these was thedemonstration by Armstrong of his systemof frequency modulation in 1939.
The Radio Club of America this year holdsits thirty-sixth anniversary banquet with theproud distinction of being the oldest radioclub in existence today.
Contributed by George Burghard
NEW YORK THE HUB OF RADIO ACTIVITYATHOUGH Elwell, de Forest and Fuller
in their active years did a few trickswith wireless on the West Coast, and spas-modic efforts were reported now and then innon -oceanic cities, such as Chicago, Cleve-land and Washington, no city has ever com-pared with New York as the originatingpoint of radio activities.
The Wireless Institute, Bob Marriott's pet,used to hold its meetings at 42 Broadway,New York. When he merged with Stone'sSociety to form the Institute of Radio En-gineers, the incorporation took place atSweet's Restaurant at 2 Fulton Street, andmany of its subsequent meetings were heldthere and at Fusco's Restaurant, 18 BeaverStreet. De Forest stations graced 17 StateStreet, Stone Street, and 66 Broadway; theWireless Specialty Company had a NewYork office at 81 New Street and later at 149Broadway. The Wireless Improvement
23
Company was also a tenant of 81 New Street.Dubilier odorized the air with his condenser -impregnating compound from 217 CenterStreet. The Telefunken Company held outat 111 Broadway, where it had a tower andR. Pfund. The Atlantic CommunicationCompany was at 47 West Street. ColonelJohn Firth had his latter-day office at 25Beaver Street, where this Souvenir Programwas fabricated.. The New York Herald sta-tion, OHX, was in the Barge Office at theBattery, within a stone's throw of the pres-ent Wireless Operators' Monument. TheMarconi Wireless Telegraph Company ofAmerica was located at many successivesites : Bridge Street, 37 Walter Street, 125Front Street, 29 Cliff Street, 27 Elm Street,27 William Street, and lastly at 66 BroadStreet, and 326 Broadway. The last-namedlocation also housed the International RadioTelegraph Co., grandchild of Fessenden.
WILLIAM J. MCGONIGLE
President, Veteran Wireless Operators Association.
VETERAN WIRELESS OPERATORS ASSOCIATIONTHE Veteran Wireless Operator's Asso-
ciation stems back to the very first wire-less operators' fraternity, founded by Wil-liam S. Fitzpatrick in 1912 among the oper-ators of the de Forest company of that date,and later of the United Wireless TelegraphCompany. Its name was the "OWLS'', whichwhen spelled backward formed the initials ofthe "Society of Licensed Wireless Operators."
At first, the organization was purely fra-ternal, but soon it began to be active in urg-ing better salaries and working conditionsfor the men. The companies concerned"clamped down." A year or two later it re-appeared as the American Wireless Teleg-raphers Association, headed by BenjaminBeckerman. This, too, lasted only a fewyears.
In 1918 the most flourishing of these earlyassociations was formed. It was called theUnited Radio Telegraphers Association, withBen Beckerman as president, and SamSchneider, Peter Podell, and Bill Fitzpatrickas associated officers. This was not exactlyan operators' union, but it worked somewhatalong those lines. However, lacking a placeto meet, it promised "to be good" if the Mar -
24
coni Company would donate a clubhouse.This was done by Mr. E. J. Nally, and thename of the association changed to the Mar-coni Radio Telegraphers Association.
Old-time members of these short-lived so-cieties still desired to found another associa-tion, this time a permanent one. Peter Po -dell, Bill Fitzpatrick, Sam Schneider, andGilson Willetts severally and individuallyyearned for this, but did nothing activelyabout it until all at once the last named lead-er, aided by his dynamic right-hand man,Jim Moresca-the two were then handlingGernsback's broadcasting station WRNY-held conferences with the other old-timersnamed, and as a result the Veteran WirelessOperators Association was formed. Meetingswere held first at WRNY, but on Nov. 23,1925, the first of many hotel meetings washeld, the initial site being the Astor. Littleby little the idea grew, and on June 16, 1926,the first annual reunion on a large scale,titled the "Annual Cruise", took place. Thishas been repeated every year since, usuallyin February.
Late in 1928 the V. W .0. A. was incorpo-rated under the laws of the State of Dela-
ware. Its incorporators were J. F. J. Maher,its first president; the late Arthur Coleman,and G. H. Clark. Its aims, as set forth in thefirst handbook and list of members, datedJanuary 1, 1929, are, briefly, to foster anesprit de corps among wireless operators, toafford opportunity for social intercourse, torecognize meritorious service by operators,arid to acquaint the public with the workdone by operators, and with their traditionsand ideals.
The list of presidents is not long. It con-sists of Gilson Willetts (temporary) ; the lateW. S. Fitzpatrick (temporary) ; WilliamGill ; J. F. J. Maher (3 terms) ; the late J. B.Duffy; Fred Muller (4 terms) ; G. H. Clark(two terms) and W. J. McGonigle, nineterms to date. Herbert Hoover and SenatoreGuglielmo Marconi have been HonoraryPresidents of the Association, and Dr. Leede Forest fills that role today.
" V2iC ELI s PERA-Tp,
Obverse of Marconi Memorial Medal,Veteran Wireless Operators Assn.
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al ihi Mercerti Windless Taisigalisek Cs, 1 Amori4s.,
First newspaper published on shipboard with news furnished by wireless teleg-raphy, 1899. Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Co., Ltd.
25
The Operators' Monument, Battery Park, N. Y.
BY THE side of the Barge Office, at theBattery, on the lower tip of Manhattan,
stands a small monument, flanked by a drink-ing fountain. It has been viewed by count-less thousands since its dedication on May12, 1915.
The monument is the American equivalentof a similar memorial, erected in Godalming,England, in memory of Jack Philips, the-wireless operator who stuck to his post anddied in his devotion to duty, on the sinkingof the S.S. Titanic, April 15, 1912.
The American monument was originallyplanned for the same purpose as the memo-rial in Britain, but later it was decided toextend it to include all operators who mightgive their lives in saving others by means ofwireless. The first subscription was from theNew York Times, for $100, and soon there-after, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Com-pany of America donated $500.
Memorial services have been held on each:succeeding Memorial Day, at first under theauspices of the Marconi Company, and lateriby the Veteran Wireless Operators Associa-tion, If some heroic deed has occurred dur-ing the previous year, a bronze plaque withthe hero's name is placed upon the monumentshaft and the services are especially dedi-cated to his memory. The name of GeorgeEccles, who died on the sinking of the S.S.Ohio, in 1909, heads the list of heroes.
Funds for the maintenance of the monu-ment, for adding bronze memorial noticeswhen further deeds of heroism occurred, andfor memorial wreaths and other appropriatesymbols of appreciation were first disbursedby a committee headed by E. B. Pillsbury.At his death, the late J. B. Duffy adminis-tered the money. Now it is jointly held by aMonument Committee, stemming from theoriginal controllers and the Veteran Wire-less Operators Association,
Within V. W. . A,'s domain there hasbeen for some time a somewhat similar Mar-coni Memorial Fund of which BrigadierGeneral David Sarnoff is Chairman. Its pur-pose is the erection of a suitable memorial tothe Father of Wireless. The Committee hasacquired some valuable material from the
26
Operators' Monument, Battery Park, New York.
New York World's Fair, including a bas-relief in black marble of the Senatore. Re-cently, the merging of these funds has beendiscussed with the idea of seeking furtheraid to erect a really fitting memorial to thosewho have given their lives that wirelessmight save others as well as to the man whomade this life saving possible.
WHEN RADIO MEN WERE POETSTo the honorable Editor -in -ChiefWho edits the griefIn the little sheafOf paper leafWe dedicate this dope beneathAnd bespeak in the "Service Magazine"A place where it can well be seen.
G. C. McCarty from the "H. T. Scott"Says holidays are tommyrot,And busted flat has returned to battleWith radiograms on the "City of Seattle."
etc. etc. etc.C. B. CooperMarconi Service Magazine, April, 1914
"000,00101..
THE INSTITUTE OFRADIO ENGINEERS
CONST{TUTION
I.:!ST CiF N1ENI B P. 5
' List of Stations
iheficari Radio Relax League, C.
!-IartiOrd, Conn.
Cover pages of official booklets is-sued by the pioneer wireless soci-
eties of the U. S. A.
27
AMATEUR RADIO AND THE A.R.R.L.AMATEUR wireless clubs came into exist-
ence almost as soon as commercial sta-tions appeared in this country. Later searchmay uncover the very first of these associa-tions, but at the present moment it mustsuffice to note that by 1909, over ninety suchclubs were listed in Hugo Gernsback's Wire-less Blue Book.
These were all individual clubs. Despitethe American fondness for unions, from theearliest days down to the present these clubshave come and gone, retaining through theirexistence, whether ephemeral or long, theirown rights. However, an entirely separateorganization, devoted to the betterment ofamateur radio in general was formed, andwith this any club could be affiliated, or itmight remain as aloof as it pleased. Never-theless, this association, the American RadioRelay League, has continued to look afterthe interests of amateur radio as a whole.It publishes one of the most technical radiomonthlies extant on the subject of amateurradio, and, in addition, a Handbook whichcannot be bettered by any textbook for ac-curacy, clarity and coverage. To the printed
Radio Club of America headquarters, HotelAnsonia; Hudson Fulton Centennial Celebration.
28
Amateur station "IUW" of A. R. Nilson,Providence, R. I., 1912.
pages of the monthly magazine, any club orany individual amateur may subscribe, butthere is one phase in which the individualmust bow to A.R.R.L.'s power, willy-nilly-he has to accept the betterments in alloca-tions of the radio spectrum which have beenfought for, and won, by A.R.R.L.'s unselfishcontests with Government and "the inter-ests". Therefore, in any recital of Amateurs'Progress, the parallel history of the A.R.R.L.must be interwoven.
The first amateur in the world was youngGuglielmo Marconi, who wheedled an un-recorded number of Italian lire from hisrather unwilling father for the crude spark -coils of the day, for wire and files and glasstubing. His achievements, first betweentables in his attic and later on his father'swell -kept lawn, smacked of the amateur ifanything could be thus called. Hertz, on theother hand, was doing scientific work ;Popoff was the meteorologist, trying to copystatic instead of eliminating it; others werelikewise of high intellectual status, butyoung Guglielmo was purely and simply thekid trying to send messages from point Ato point B.
Little by little the amateur craze grew."Craze" was the correct word, as far asthe weird set-ups concocted by the laws wereconcerned. Also as to the feelings of the
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Covers of early catalogues listingamateur wireless apparatus.
"Seeing Godley Off." Left to right: K. B.Warner; Paul Godley; Fred Schnell.
Navy and the commercial operators who hadto listen to the rock -crushers when urgentmessages were in the air. Everyone "chewedthe fat". Standard procedure was to callanother station, ask him "How is my spark?"(and not in Q -code at that), and then pro-ceed to do the same thing all over again withas many other stations as could be reached.
"Plain aerial" was standard. A famousset of this era was the 100 -mile wireless setof the Electro Importing Co., with an opencore transformer, recommended for use withinterrupter or 60 cycle A.C.
In those early days, the amateur in manycases, had more money than some of the com-mercial companies. Moreover, both classesof wireless workers used apparatus almostequally crude. It is rather an unflatteringcommentary on the state of the art as itexisted around 1903-1910, that the commer-cial concerns had to give jobs to the amateurswith the biggest sets around New York, inorder to get a chance to receive their ownmessages.
One of the early amateur clubs was theJunior Wireless Club, Ltd., formed in NewYork in 1909, under the leadership of W. E.D. Stokes, Jr. George Eltz, Ernest Amy,Frank King, George Burghard were amongthe members. A certain Dr. Besser, call HB,was known as the Queen of the Glue Factory,because he wps unable to send over fivewords a minute. This association finally?hanged its name to the Radio Club ofAmerica. Its trend today has veered away
30
somewhat from the amateur line which wasits admitted starting point.
There were many other wireless clubs,in the principal cities of the United States,around that time. It was in one of them, theHartford Radio Club, that the idea of inter-connecting amateurs as a relaying organiza-tion, was born. This idea originated withHiram Percy Maxim, famous as a pioneerautomobile inventor and the inventor of theMaxim silencer. It was he who introducedthe idea of one station forwarding messagesto another along a specified route, insteadof "every station for himself".
In January, 1914, Maxim-who had hisown amateur station, 1WH, at his home inHartford, and who later listed himself asable to copy 20 w.p.m.,-called a meeting ofthe Radio Club of Hartford, and explainedto them the tremendous advantages to begained by forming definite methods of rout-ing, and relaying messages along those lines.Apparently a traffic manager at heart, hesold his scheme to the members, and byMay, 1914, a committee had laid out a plan,which soon was being introduced to all ama-teurs within reach.
In June, 1914, the Club relayed its firstmessage from Hartford to Buffalo. Fromthat time on, the growth of the idea and thesuccess of "routes" were scarcely short ofphenomenal. The League was incorporatedunder the laws of the State of Connecticutin January, 1915. By that time it had a CallBook of its own, with 400 stations listed inthe United States and Canada. Copies ofthis edition, bearing the date of October,1914, are now collectors' items. Glancingthrough the yellowing pages, one notes suchwell-known names as Harry R. Cheetham,D. A. Lewis, F. Clifford Estey, Eugene S.Pearl, Charles E. Apgar, Edward T. Dickey,Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., F. B. Chambers, Mal-colm Ferris, Charles Stewart, and manyothers who later rose to important positionsin the various fields of communication -with-out -wires.
Much of this mushroom growth was dueto the fact that two far-sighted men earlysaw the need of a printed organ to spreadthe amateur idea and to report progress.These men were Mr. Maxim and his fellowHartfordian, Clarence D. Tuska, the latter a
college student in his late teens. This maga-zine, called "QST", made its bow to theetheric world in December, 1915. The twofounders assumed the original expense andcalled for subscriptions. By the beginningof the year, the A.R.R.L. was "on its own",having parted company with the Radio Clubof Hartford and become national in scope.
A.R.R.L.'s first nation-wide relay tookplace early in 1917 between Los Angeles,Denver, Jefferson City, Albany, and Hart-ford. Relaying was a reality. Then came thewar ! All amateur stations were shut down,and most of the members joined the armedforces. There they contributed their raregift of experience in communications to theArmy and Navy radio services. At the sametime, the amateurs were gaining experiencein both theory and practice through theiroperation of Signal Corps and Navy radiostations.
When the war ended, the A.R.R.L. Boardvoted to reorganize the League, and in June,1919, it bought QST from its original twoowners. Lieut. K. B. Warner was electedsecretary, later becoming editor and busi-ness manager. Everyone set to go,using headphones which had been "loaned"to them by Army and Navy during the War,to hook up audions regeneratively and addamplifiers to them. But Navy SecretaryDaniels blocked all such moves. Finally,though the efforts of A.R.R.L. and Mr.Maxim, the lid was lifted, and the "bigboom" started. QST for May, 1934, recallsthese days in the following poetic language:
"Gangway for King Spark! Glori-ous old sparks! Night after night theyboomed and echoed down the air lanes.Night after night the mighty chorusswelled, by ones, by twos, by dozens,until the crescendo thunder of theirStentor bellowings shook and jarred thevery universe. A thousand voices clam-ored for attention. Five hundred cycle'shigh, metallic ring. The resonant or-gan basso of the sixty -cycle "sync".The harsh, resounding snarl of thestraight rotary. Good-natured sparksthat drawled lazily and ended in athroaty chuckle as the gap coasteddownhill for the sign -off."
81
Amateur wireless station of Frank King, "FK",1907.
"Spark forever !" was the slogan of theamateurs in those days. With VT reception,the spark seemeo to be ideal. But a singleevent changed the tide. That was the holdingof A.R.R.L.'s second transatlantic test, in De-cember, 1921, when A.R.R.L. sent Paul God-ley, foremost expert on receiving in Americaand universally known as "Paragon Paul",to England. Setting up his apparatus on ableak Ardrossan moor, at the very edge ofthe sea, he picked up thirty American sta-tions. But then came the amazing news :more than two-thirds of the recorded sta-tions were c.w.! That was enough. In a year,most spark sets were in the scrap heap; sorapid was the changeover that in three yearsspark had sunk to utter oblivion. King VTrode the waves supreme.
In November, 1923, Fred Schnell at 1M0worked with Leon Deloy, SAD, in Nice,France, the first two-way communicationover the Atlantic. Deloy's "rough, throatygurgle" filled the fones, the account says,referring to the 25 -cycle source of his power.Most significant of all, this work was doneon 110 meters. "200 Meters and Down" haddescended half -way ! On December of thissame year, the first QSO between Englandand America occurred, with K. B. Warneron the U. S. end.
Such, briefly, has been the history of ama-teur Radio, and especially of the AmericanRadio Relay League, perhaps the most ag-gressive of all American radio organizations,certainly the most successful in convincingofficialdom of what was right and whatwould be best for the art.
HISTORY OF RADIODown to 1925
Brief but Comprehensive-Including SomeLittle Known Background and Highlights
PRELUDE
Things that went before,in the Victorian age
INSTRUMENTALITIES :
Electromechanical devices; the Leyden jar,the Ruhmkorf coil, spark discharges inair and gaseous tubes.
SERVICES :
Telegraphy, early telephony, and the be-ginnings of electric power.
SOME PREMATURE PROPOSALS :
1850 - 90 - Induction "wireless" experi-ments by Highton, Loomis, Trowbridge, Dol-bear, etc.
1870-C. F. Varley plans superimposinga -c telegraph channel upon d -c, detecting bymeans of polarized Geissler tube, Britishpatent No. 1044.
1880 - Bell's photophone (light beam)telephone, christened the radiophone by Mer-cadier.
1890's-Attempts at multiplex telephonyby Hutin and Leblanc, Pupin, John StoneStone, using oscillators and h.f. alternators.
ACCRETION OF FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE :
Conception of electrical action at a dis-tance on the basis of a finite time of prop-agation in a manner analogous to light,starting with Faraday, Gauss, Weber andKirchhoff, and maturing in the 1860's and1870's in Maxwell's equations which iden-tified light as electromagnetic waves andindicated the possibility of longer waves.That the spark discharge from the Leydenjar is oscillatory, suggested as early as1827 by Felix Savary, followed by JosephHenry and Helmholtz. Experimental ver-ification 1850's -60's by Fedderson andPaalzow. In 1883 Fitzgerald indicatedLeyden jar discharges should emit Max-wellian radiation.
32
L I It III- 1%1,41111
OLIVER HEAVISIDE
BIRTH OF RADIO IN THE PHYSICALLABORATORY
1887-88 - Hertz generates and detectshigh -frequency electromagnetic waves.Studies their propagation over wires andthrough space ; demonstrates optical prop-erties of space waves: reflection, refraction,polarization.
1890's-Further scientific study of Hert-zian waves by Righi, Bjerknes, Lecher(standing waves on wires) Lodge, Drude, etal.
Foreshadowing of the application of Hert-zian waves to telegraphy, in the FortnightlyReview for February 1892, by Crookes.
FIG. 2,-TESLA CENTRAL 1.0%1'131 PU T VX1.. TWA NUTTING Town'
roft wow) mtimpriv. 1kI)CNCLYFEC, LONG ISLAND. V
(rower is a pyramid haying erght sides; smallest dimensions act,
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Early detectors :The minute spark gap of Hertz.Microphonic contact and galvanometer by
Fitzgerald.Gaseous trigger tube-Zehnder.Filings coherer-Branley.Automatic decoherer ; Lodge, Marconi.Magnetic; Rutherford.Use by Popoff of vertical antenna -ground
and coherer for registering lightning flashes.1891-92-Nikola Tesla demonstrates high -
frequency power effects.
BEGINNING OF WIRELESSTELEGRAPHY
1895 - 1905 - Marconi applies Hertzianwaves to wireless telegraphy using a verticalantenna -ground radiator and absorber, pro-ducing vertically polarized waves which couldbe readily increased in length to avoid thelimitation of line of sight propagation.
Other inventors, as distinct from the earli-er scientists; Slaby, Fessenden, Stone, deForest.
SS
The Marconi Company is formed in Eng-land, and the new art is taken up by Com-panies in other countries, such as Slaby-Arcoand Telefunken in Germany, Ducretet inFrance, de Forest, Stone and Fessenden inthe U. S. A.
1900 -10 --First application of wireless toships at sea, earliest to British ships by vir-tue of that country's natural interest innavigation.
The sparks crackle at sea; wireless comesto the rescue, CQD, later SOS.
1909.12-S.S. Republic sinks in collision;sensational rescue of passengers by wireless ;followed by another striking demonstrationin the Titanic disaster.
1910-12-Wireless companies capitalizedin the millions ; watered stock unloaded onthe public by unscrupulous promoters, someof whom go to jail.
WIRELESS BECOMES INTERNATIONAL :
The necessity for intercommunication onthe high seas leads to international agree-ments covering :
1. Standardization of calling frequency(600 meters, 500 kc) and of traffic pro-cedure.
SENATORE GUGLIELMO MARCONI
2. Technical provisions for minimizinginterference ; made fully possible onlyafter the attainment of continuouswave transmission.
First international conference at Berlin1903 and 1906; then at London 1912, whichled to the licensing of radio operators andtransmitting stations.OVERSEAS WORKING :
1901-Newfoundland kite reception.
SOME HIGH SPOTS OF THE EARLYLITERATURE
1873-Maxwell's "Treatise on Electricityand Magnetism."
1892-Hertz's ". Ausbreitung der Elek-trischen Craft." Translation into English,1900, by Jones, entitled "Electric Waves."
1897-Lodge's "Signaling Across SpaceWithout Wires". Slaby's "Die Funkentele-graphie."
1898-Righi's "Die Optik der ElektrischenSchwingungen."
1905 -Z enneck's "ElektromagnetischeSchwingungen and drahtlose Telegraphie."
1906-Fleming's "The Principles of Elec-tric Wave Telegraphy."
1908-"Jahrbuch der drahtlose Teleg-raph & Telephonie", started.
1909-Robinson's "Manual of Radioteleg-raphy", and succeeding issues.
1913-I. R. E. Proceedings begun.1913-Yearbook of Wireless Telegraphy
begun by Marconi Co. Continued to 1925.
J. R. ("Jack") Binns, heroic wireless operatorof the S.S. Republic, rammed by the S.S. Floridaon June 23, 1909. The apparatus shown was not
the type used on that occasion.
34
Marconi spark installation on S.S. Minnehaha,1904. Note tape, coherer, 10 -inch coil and the
tuning coil in aerial.
FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION
1870-Beginning of the idea of superim-posing messages on different frequencies; ana -c channel superimposed upon a d -c channelin wire telegraphy, disclosed in C. F. Var-ley's British patent No. 1044 of 1870. A -cchannel taken off through a condenser, d -cchannel through an inductance; rudimentaryfilter circuit.
1870'8-80's-Simultaneous telegraph -tele-phone tests by Elisha Gray; successful sys-tem by Van Rysselberghe.
1887-88-Use of electrical resonance byHertz; first resonance curve.
1890.95-Early attempts at superimpos-ing a plurality of channels for multiplex wiretelephony, already mentioned.
1900-1905-Coupled circuit wireless tech-nique for greater persistence of waves andgreater selectance : Lodge, Marconi, JohnStone Stone, Fessenden.
1900-1915-Recognition by G. A. Camp-bell of the cutoff characteristic of a periodi-cally loaded line. Derivation about 1910 ofthe artificial line ; proportioning to givebandpass or high-pass or low-pass band char-acteristic.
The accumulation of knowledge of electro-magnetic wave propagation over circuits,starting with Kirchhoff's network laws, andrunning through the whole rise of knowledgeassociated with Maxwell and Heaviside, andconcerned practically with attenuation, phaseshift, impedance matching, band characteris-tics, has rolled up a great circuit networktheory and technique.
TRANSITION TO CONTINUOUS -WAVEOPERATION
Early 1900's-At first some confusion ofthought : For purposes of radiation is itnecessary to have a very sudden reversal ofelectric force corresponding to a frequencyof a million?
An authority, J. A. Fleming, thought so,in a paper presented at the InternationalElectrical Congress meeting at the St. LouisExposition, 1904.
Sustained waves needed for : Greater selec-tivity; attainment of radiotelephony.
1905-15-Trend to longer distances dic-tated more persistent and more powerfulwaves.
Spark discharges of higher spark fre-quency; rotary, timed spark, quenched, com-pressed air, attenuated air gaps.
Discharges of an arc character : ElihuThomson's arc, 1893 ; Duddell's musical arc,1900; Poulsen, 1903. Poulsen arc the firstgenerally used high power CW transmitter.
In the laboratory, mercury vapor arcs,Peter Cooper Hewitt, 1903-4; Vreeland's os-cillator; not high enough in frequency.
Machine alternators creep upward in fre-quency as radio frequencies come down.
1903-6-10,000 to 50,000 cycle machines,1 kw, developed by Steinmetz and by Alex-anderson of G.E., for Fessenden.
1912-15-High power alternator and mag-netic amplifier started for transoceanic op-eration, by Alexanderson, designed by Alex-anderson.
1906-12-Some early attempts at radio-telephony, by Fessenden and de Forest inAmerica, by Poulsen, Majorana, Vanni,Ruhmer in Europe. Major Squries' experi-ments in high frequency wire transmissionusing alternator and audio -detector, 1911.
EARLY ORIGIN OF ELECTRONICS
1850-1900-The origin of the vacuumtube and electronics in general lies deep inthe experimental physics of the last century.Curiosity as to the nature of the electricaldischarge in a partially evacuated tubestarted in the 1700's ; and progress ensuedwith the development of improved vacuum
35
Fessenden alternator, 60,000 cycles; 1/4 kw. out-put. Installed at Brant Rock (Mass.) Station,
"BO."
pumps and continued experimental study ofthe flow of electricity through attenuatedgases.
Pioneer experimentalists : Faraday whonamed the negative terminal the cathode;Pliickner, Geissler, Goldstein who gave thename cathode rays, Hittorf and Crookes, whofirst seriously studied with rays.
In the 1880's Edison discovers filament -plate conduction in an incandescent lamp,but the phenomenon is not understood. Studyof thermionic emission by Elster and Geitel,Wehnelt and Richardson into the 1900's.
Pursuit of the electron, its measurementand identification, participated in by many,such as Schuster, Weichert, Lenard, Kauf-mann, Stark, and notably J. J. Thomson,about 1900.
The discovery of X-rays by Roentgen in1895, and the discovery of radio activity byBecquerel in 1896 greatly stimulated inter-est in vacuum tubes and electron emissionand the constitution of matter.
1900-1912-Early beginnings of the prac-tical vacuum tube :
The Braun cathode ray tube, giving a vis-ible pattern, the oscilloscope of television.
Mercury-vapor amplifying tubes by PeterCooper Hewitt, H. D. Arnold and others.
Two -element rectifier tubes by Wehneltand Fleming.
First recorded notes by deForest and his engi-neers concerning the audion.
Adaptation of the Braun tube as a de-flection -beam amplifier, by von Lieben.
The grid -controlled tube or audion of deForest; first a radio detector, 1906-07 ;adapted to an amplifier in 1912; and later toan oscillator; when perfected as a highvacuum tube, became the great electronic in-strument of electric communications.
CLASSICAL T-ExTB001{S:
1902-Stark's "Die Elektrizitate inGasen"
1903-J. J. Thomson's "Conduction ofElectricity through Gases"
1904-Soddy's "Radio -Activity : From theStandpoint of the Disintegration Theory"
Rutherford's "Radio -Activity"
1916-Richardson's "Emission of Elec-tricity from Hot Bodies"
USHERING IN THE ELECTRONIC AGEOF RADIO
1912-13-Production of the high vacuumamplifying tube, as an improvement on deForest, using the findings of pure science,almost simultaneously in two great industriallaboratories, by H. D. Arnold of the tele-phone company, and Irving Langmuir ofG.E.
The vacuum tube then quickly graduatedfrom the realm of a. rather mysterious andunreliable device to one of great utility cap-able of being engineered.
36
1912-15-The vacuum tube's characteris-tics come to be known, and the harnessing ofit as a circuit element established.
The amplifying tube becomes :An oscillator ; de Forest, Armstrong,
Meissner, Round, Colpitts, Hartley.A modulator; Alexanderson, Colpitts,
van der Bijil, Heising.A power amplifier for transmission;
Arnold, Langmuir, van der Bijil.
1914-15-Devising of the first all -vacuumtube radio and carrier current telephonesystems, resulting in the solution of the prob-lem of high frequency telephony for bothradio and wires-in the Bell System's labo-ratories and those of the G. E.
1915-First spanning of the oceans bythe human voice, by experimental vacuumtube radiotelephony, by the telephone com-pany with the co-operation of the U. S. Navy,at Arlington, Va. (NAA).
1916.-Development of first experimentalvacuum tube radiotelephone systems for theNavy by G. E. and the W. E. Co.
Publication by G. E. of circuits on produc-tion from vacuum tube oscillators of higherfrequencies, up to 15 megacycles.
1913-20-Some contributions to theknowledge of the vacuum tube and transmis-sion circuits:
Mastering of knowledge of the operationof the de Forest grid audion and the problemof increasing the electron emission leadingto the perfection of the high vacuum tube,
Early deForest auctions. On the left is the fa-mous "green for grid, red for plate" type. Thesewere the colors of the sleeving over the wires
leading to these elements.
Racks of tubes arranged in parallel as used dur-ing the first radiotelephone conversation acrssthe Atlantic in 1915, from Navy station NAA.
by Arnold and Langmuir in industrial labo-ratories, 1913.
First published elucidation of the opera-tion of the audion as a detector by Arm-strong, 1914.
Expression of the value of plate current interms of plate and grid voltage, and the con-cept of the amplification factor mu, andtreatment of the vacuum tube as part of acircuit network, by van der Bijil, Nicholsand Carson, published in 1918-1920.
Recognition of the band nature of a mod-ulated carrier, starting with Campbell andhis band filter, and maturing in Carson'sanalysis of carrier and sidebands and his in-vention of single sideband transmission,1915.
1917-18-War Developments:First production of vacuum tubes in quan-
tity, both coated filament and tungsten fila-ment types, by W. E. Co, and G. E.
Development of small radiotelephone setsfor submarine chasers and airplanes, repre-senting beginning of radiotelephones forsmall boats and for aviation. (CW 936).
RENEWAL OF ELECTRONIC RADIOFOR CIVIL PURPOSES
1919-22-Development and field testing ofvacuum tube radiotelephone and telegraphsystems for marine use.
First radiotelephone system for public
37
service, between Catalina Island and themainland. Beginning of development of pri-vacy systems.
The piezo-electric crystal oscillator, start-ed during the war by Nicolson, is devised byProf. Cady in quartz crystal form for highfrequency stability and selectivity, due tobecome the basis of radio frequency control.
The interleaving and conflicting patentsituation that had grown up between thetelephone company and the G. E. Co. was re-lieved by a cross -licensing agreement, where-by each was free to develop in its field.
Development of the water-cooled powertube in the telephone company's laboratoriesled in 1922 to the undertaking of transatlan-tic radiotelephony on a long -wave basis fromthe RCA station at Rocky Point, L. I.
The spreading of vacuum tube knowledgeduring the war to an army of young menled in the postwar period to enlarged inter-est in radio, and as radiotelephone transmit -
r
Water-cooled transmitting tubes, Circa 1922.Types shown are 1, 10 and 100 kw.
ting experiments were renewed, the nucleusof an audience was provided by thousands ofamateurs interested in the technique andseeking entertainment in the air.
INCIDENCE OF BROADCASTING
Since the very beginning of man's abilityto transmit sound electrically, interest ex-isted in the possibility of widespread dissem-ination of news and amusement by telephony.Wire broadcast systems existed in several ofthe capitals of Europe around the turn ofthe century, but their growth was inhibitedby the limited coverage and a technique in-adequate in volume and quality.
1919-20-Amateur listening and partici-pation in radiotelephone test emissions invarious cities of the country grew apace andformed the backdrop of radio broadcasting.
(de Forest and others had undertakensporadic radiotelephone broadcasts since1907, using initially arc transmitters.)
Stations which first emitted regular enter -
0
I
Receiving and transmitting tubes up to 5 watts,1918.
38
PerIkon detector, favorite of the 1910 period.Product of Professor Pickard.
tainment programs, the services of whichcontinued:
The Detroit News, starting by October1920, using a de Forest vacuum tube trans-mitter.
Station of the Westinghouse Companyin East Pittsburgh, KDKA, starting inNovember 1920, first licensed broadcast-ing station.
1921-Station established by the Westing-house Company in Newark, N. J., WJZ.
So great became the demand for broad-casting stations that the government author-ity, then the Department of Commerce un-der Hoover, held the first National RadioConference to regulate the frequency assign-ment and time dividing, Stations at firstwere crowded on a common wavelength of360 meters.
1922-The beginning of toll broadcasting,which was to solve the economic problem ofhow to sustain the service, in the telephonecompany's New York station WEAF.
Beginning of the making of field strengthmeasurements.
1923-The initiation of network broad-casting over telephone circuits betweenWEAF and the Sheppard Stores' station inBoston, WNAC; and then with ColonelGreen's station at Round Hill, Mass.,WMAF. Followed by the linking of stationsin New York, Schenectady, Pittsburgh andChicago for a meeting of the National Elec-tric Light Association.
1924-Broadcast transmitting stations getup to 5 KW power using water-cooled tubes ;first use of crystal controlled transmitter,WEAF.
Pillars of Wireless(Listed according to date of birth)
MAHLON LOOMIS-He should be includedin the list of wireless experimenters becausehe used the upper strata of air to connect hiskite -erected antennas at sender and receiver.He even used static electricity as an aid, notas a deterrent, making use of it to "power"his wire -air strata -wire circuit. He actuallycovered a distance of fourteen miles by this
MAHLON LOOMIS
method, which depended essentially of rob-bing the aerial stratum of its charge at onepoint, thereby causing a lessened dischargeto earth at a distant point, at his receiver.
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL
39
Void of practicality, Loomis' demonstrationnevertheless pointed a scientific moral.
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL-Not the experi-menter, but the introversive scientist, he wasfirst to bring into prominence the "missinglink", the ether, which in our day, with theuniversal urge of scientists to replace onetheory with another, is called "that supremeparadox of Victorian science and yet a tri-umph of the scientific imagination." Thiswill probably be replaced as a "convenient
PROF. AMOS E.DOLBEAR
fiction" at approximately twenty-five yearperiods as time goes on.
AMOS EMERSON DOLBEAR-Inventor of anelectrostatic telephone, capable of working astransmitter and receiver, he sought to trans-fer this from line wire to kite -elevated an-tenna. His electrostatic lines of force refusedto detach themselves from their home wireand migrate into space, as did the laterwaves of Marconi, hence his attained dis-tance of transmission was negligible.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON-The world's great-est example of practical experimentation,Edison ventured several times upon thethreshold of wireless communication, buteach time lacked the key to open the doorinto the ether. His discovery of the flow ofcurrent, in one direction, through the "emptyspace" of his electric lighting bulbs led,through the Fleming valve and the de Forestaudion, to our present greatest magic tool.His observation of mysterious sparks cre-ated in myriad places by the discharge glint-ing at the vibrator of a magnetic inter-rupter led him to call this effect, rightly,"etheric force", but he never traced it to itstrue source. His induction telegraph experi-ments, the pioneer effort to enable moving
trains to communicate with stations andsignal towers, lacked the flexibility laterfurnished by the waves of Hertz and re -
JOHN AMBROSEFLEMING
mained a scientific toy.JOHN AMEROSE FLEMING-Ponderous cre-
ator of early dicta on the theory and practiceof wireless communication, he gave to theworld a very early computer of the extentof ether waves, the "cymomter", the Flem-ing valve, first dipole, and the first electronicdetector used in wireless reception.
OLIVER HEAvisioE-Mathernatician of theuppermost heights ; inward -living, steeped inthought, he gave the world its first dim con-ceptions of the basis of propagation of elec-trical waves, and pointed out initially theinfinitely tenuous layer which acts as the"mirror" to reflect wireless waves, headingfor the infinite, back to earth.
OLIVER LODGE-Probing into the unknown,where wireless dwelt, he studied it in theory,and applied that theory to material better -
WAVER LODGE
rnent, particularly in the realm of resonance.Led from the physical into the psychical, itremains for the indefinite future to demon -
40
strate his ability to establish contact withearthly things.
HEINRICH RUDOLPH HERTZ-First to cre-ate, detect and measure electromagneticwaves, originally prophesied by Maxwell, heconfirmed the latter's theory. Using primi-tive available devices, he conducted amazingexperiments not only as to the creation anddetection of ether waves, but concerningtheir reflection, refraction and velocity, allwith the exactness of the physicist.
MICHAEL IDVORSKY PUEIN-Great electro-physicist, inventor, and educator, he toucheddirectly upon wireless in only a limited way,chiefly in early work on a special form ofelectrolytic detector, in development of theloading coil, and in tuning in general_ As ateacher, however, in the schoolroom and inthe pages of the technical press, his influencewas great indeed. Perhaps his greatest creditin Fame's ledger is that he piloted the early,thorny way of a young enthusiast who after-ward became one of radio's leaders, EdwinHoward Armstrong.
NIKOLA TESLA-Brilliant, erratic, daringexperimenter, he would make wireless a
NIKOLA TESLA
global agitator, not a mere activity existingbetween two distant points. Indeed, commu-nication seemed a paltry use for such gigan-tic influences as oscillatory currents. Hesought to have them carry unlimited powerto distances limited only by the contour ofthe earth's sphere. Failing, he never ceasedto dream, and whether in the solitude of hisstudy or amid the admiring plaudits of hisconstant friends, he never lost faith in hisown, his novel, originations.
ARTHUR EDWIN KENNELLY-Choosing thecareer of a mathematical physicist, he probedthe mysteries of the ether, and, independent
of the similar work of Oliver Heaviside,proved the existence of an electrically con-ductive layer high above the earth. In com-bined honor to these separate discoverers, itis proper that this reflecting cloud should beknown today as the Kennelly -Heavisidelayer.
GEORGE OWEN sQuiER-Military scientist,poet of engineering, this leader -for -a -time ofthe United States Army Signal Corps foundopportunity between routines of militarysignalling to devise a form of "wired wire-less", to use trees as antenna pick-ups, andto experiment with other forms of wirelessmore esoteric than military formations.
REGINALD A U B R E Y FESSENDEN - Thisstormy petrel of wireless was perhaps themost strenuous and prolific of radio's inven-tors. To him belongs the credit for the be-ginning of the radio alternator, the hetero-dyne system of reception, the electrolyticdetector, and early wireless telephony. Witha dynamic, inspiring imagination, a boomingand dictatorial manner in matters creative,and an utter disregard of the value of money,he made an impression on the developmentof wireless that is eternal. His station atBrant Rock, Mass., "BO", will live foreverin memory, as will his compressed air con-densers, ideal in theoretical value, and hissynchonous rotary gap, which marked theupper point of spark transmission, prior tothe general acceptance of the quenched gap.
LOUIS WINSLOW AUSTIN - This measurerof the ether lived an ideal existence as thescientific radio expert of the United StatesNavy. Hidden in the quiet confines of theBureau of Standards, he flung radio tenta-cles into space, and sought the causes offading and of static interference. With Dr.Louis Cohen he developed the Austin -Cohenformula for determining the radio effect dueto a given radio cause.
JOHN STONE STONE-He selected selectiv-ity as his gift to a decrement -tortured ether.Realizing the stimulation of mutual argu-ment, he founded the world's first wirelessengineering society, from which stems infirst degree the Institute of Radio Engineers.
LEE DE FOREST-Creativeness tortured himin its many phases. As a result he gave tothe world three three -electrode electronic de-vices: the detector, amplifier, and oscillator
41
on which the modern radio art is based. Hisgrid, applied as a traffic policeman of elec-trons, proved to be the Archimedes -de Forestlever that, in certain fact, moved the world.
GDGLIELMO MARCONI-He and many otherspondered on the experiments of Hertz, andwhile others dimly saw the possibility oftransmitting thought without wires, he wasthe first to translate this into a key and adetector connected by ether waves. Popoff,at that same time, sought to receive andrecord static ; Marconi's effort for long years,was to reject it. Fortunate in finding busi-ness backing, he gained rightfully the titleof Father of Wireless Communication.
GREENLEAF W. PICKARD
GREENLEAF WHITTIER PICKARD-Of him itcould never be said that his life was crystal-clear, what with silicons, perikons, and py-rons emitting from him in regular sequence.With the poetical nature of his illustriousancestor, his detectors were poems in min-eral form. Led astray in later years into thedim by-paths of litigation, he later returnedto his first love, with the difference that hismodern crystals control rather than detect.
FRANK CONRAD-Unassuming, an amateurat heart, Conrad was the first to create andestablish a public broadcasting station. Thatstation was and is KDKA. It stemmed di-rectly from radiophone tests in his home
town of East Liberty, Pa., during WorldWar I. In later years, by a dramatic experi-ment in London during a conference, hedemonstrated the especial value of shortwaves established once and for all time theireffectiveness for long distance work.
ERNST F. W. ALEXANDERSON-Creator ofthe Alexanderson radio -frequency alternator,perhaps the most elegant machine everknown in the realm of radio, he devised aswell the multiple -tuned antenna with its out-door coils mounted on concrete. He is alsofamed for the development of the tunedradio -frequency amplifier. A pioneer in tele-vision, he and G.E. gave early demonstra-tions in Schenectady, using a mechanicalscanner, which later fell before the moreversatile electronic method.
A. HOYT TAYLOR-A teacher and professoroutwardly, within he was a seeker of thenew. His early probing into short-wave tech-nique led him into the realms of Navy Radioduring World War I. Since then he has beenthe engineer -cum -scientist of the U. S. Navyto their mutual advantage. A pioneer inradar, his work stems back to the first ob-servation of the interference produced by ametallic structure passing between transmit-ter and distant receiver. By self -confessionhe is in equal parts, physicist, inventor, navalofficer, and engineer.
ALBERT WALLACE HULL-He is inventor ofthe magnetron, a form of ultra -high -fre-quency electronic generator, which has wonnew fame in the field of radar. Predecessors,also to his credit, were the dynatron and plio-dynatron. First to place the finger of proofon the "shot -effect" as a cause of receivernoise, his work led to the development of thescreen -grid tube, sans feedback. The thyra-tron also looks to him as its creator.
IRVING LANGMUIR - Essentially a chemistand metallurgist by early training, he appliedthese factors to radio tube design withmarked success. His discoveries are abstruseas to nature and title, such as the acceptedconcept of adsorbtion and orientation ofmolecules at surfaces; also the mechanism ofgas reactions at the surface of metallic tung-sten. One of the only scientists known whoadmits that he worked "for the fun of it."
ROY ALEXANDER WEAGANT-He gave his en-tire mature life as an engineer to the
42
solving of Nature's uncontrolled vagaries inthe field of radio communication. He earlydeveloped the theory that static, eternal bug-aboo of wireless, originated in a source di-rectly overhead, and thus could be solved bydirectional antennas, the latter being ar-ranged in circuit so that they would balanceout signals from above (static) and receivewith enhanced valuation signals in line withtheir horizontal extension (signals from thewanted station). Years of experiment proved.his theory; his was the first really operativestatic -reducing system.
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS KOLSTER - Spurredinto early action by his superior, John StoneStone, Kolster in later years developed thefirst practical direction finder for shore orship, a rotatable loop with associated ampli-fier. This was taken over by the U. S. Navy
Louis A. HAZELTINE
during World War I. He also developed, dur-ing the same period, a combined wavemeterand measurer of damping which gave a quickand correct indication of the latter by a sim-
Dr. Lee de Forest and the Scroll of Honor awardedhim on de Forest Day at the New York World'sFair, as a combined tribute from Yale, his AlmaMater, and the leading engineering and radio
associations.
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ple movement. This instrument, called theKolster Decremeter, was of great value dur-ing the latter days of the spark era.
HAROLD DEFOREST ARNoLD-Noting the gascontent of the first audions obtained fromdeForest by the American Telegraph andTelephone Co. and the consequent limitationof operation thus engendered, he set aboutremedying this fault by producing gas -freetubes. Thus the three -element vacuum tubebecame a reliable device for amplificationand other uses.
LOUIS ALAN HAZELTINE-NO sooner had re-generation been developed than Hazeltine setout to neutralize, or at least, to control it,using therein his famous neutrodyne circuit.A teacher by heart, a physicist to whommathematics was amusement, he lifted thevacuum tube amplifier out of the sphere ofchance and made it a calculable device. Ithas been said that he took the squeaks andhowls out of radio by means of calculus, butthis he denies, stating that physical meanswere at the back of it all. Successful as aninventor, he never lost his major desire, toteach others, and today he pursues this aimwith undiminished vigor.
ALFRED NORTON GOLDSMITH-Versatile asno other major tenant in the house of radio,Dr. Goldsmith is equally at home in the fieldsof radio, motion pictures, and instruction.He is radio's outstanding "practical vision-ary", and in addition to being passionatelyaddicted to his work, he is paid for it, aswell. He is a brilliant author, who nevergoes over the heads of his readers, but in-stead enters their minds with a simple ex-planation of difficult subjects so that theyunderstand what he is talking about. Heclasped the infant Institute of Radio Engi-neers to his breast at its birth, and by untir-ing efforts and pecuniary assistance per-suaded it to live and become the sturdyorganization that it is today. For many yearshe was I. R. E.'s Secretary, and Editor ofits Proceedings. His influence on the growthof the Institute has been greater than thatof any other member, and yet has been donewith so little ostentatiousness that onlythose of the inner circle truly appreciate thegreatness of his gifts.
JOHN HAYS HAMMOND, JR.-His youthfulenthusiasm for telautomatics led him to a
44
lifetime of experiment biographed by in-numerable patents. The musical whispers ofthose early days increased to an organ roar.Housed in a mediaeval castle, his thoughtsare ever in the far future.
WILLIAM DUBILIER-The major bugaboo ofthe spark transmitter, first worker of wire-less stations, was the condenser. At first ofglass, it either punctured easily, or, if de-signed against this, took up inordinate space.Later designers sought to substitute mica,which had to be used in sectional form.There trouble centered. Impregnation, sec-tional distribution, and other factors weresources of breakdown even though necessary.Spurred on by the insistance of the Govern-ment, as were other manufacturers, WilliamDubilier was the first to evolve a mica unitwhich conquered all these defects and with-stood all the strenuous demands of Govern-ment specifications.
RAYMOND A. HEISING - Designer of thefamous Western Electric radiotelephone setsused in sub -chasers during World War I, andof some of the earlier airplane sets of thepioneer period, Heising took part later in thedevelopment of ship -to -shore and transatlan-tic commercial radiotelephony. He servedespecially in devising multi -channel systems.Constant current modulation, used univer-sally in the earlier high -power broadcastingstations, sprang from his facile hand.
RICHARD HOWLAND RANGER- Owen D.Young was the father, and Dick Ranger (inan engineering sense) the mother, of RCA'sfirst radiophoto system. The former gave alecture to the engineers one day in the early1920's, stating that he wanted to see a pageof the London Times radioed to New Yorkwith a "single zip -p -p." Ranger started outto do it. By painstaking attention to syn-chronization of transmitter with over -oceanreceiver ; with an ingenious means of insur-ing that each element of a scanned pictureimprinted an element of like strength on thereceiver paper, Ranger produced model aftermodel, each bettering its predecessor. Fi-nally, on November 30, 1924, recognizablefacsimiles crossed to New York from Lon-don. Other successes followed. Before long,facsimile service by radio became standardcommercial procedure. Checks were cashed
by its ether -wave signature; criminals werecaught by its identification.
VLADIMIR KOSMA ZWORYKIN-The man whochanged the face of television, by providingan electromagnetic, weightless finger forscanning instead of the existing mechanical,unworkable methods, is the father of twochildren well known to the radio art and to alesser extent to Citizen Radio-the Icono-scope and the Kinescope. The former scansthe scene to be televised and turns it, elementby element, into radio -wave impulses, which,impressed upon the receiver, are turned backinto interlocked elements which form a mov-ing picture before the eye of the viewer.Another of his accomplishments is the elec-tron microscope which enables man to peerdeeply into the sub -microscopic world. Inspite of having opened to man a new world,Zworykin is modest, possesses a great senseof humor, and is as approachable as his officeboy.
JOHN VINCENT LAWLESS HOGAN - Whende Forest made his first grid audion, JackHogan made the first curve showing the vari-ation of the plate current with grid voltage.That shows how far back he goes, althoughhis appearance belies it. Working for Fes-senden thereafter, he devised, with J. W.Lee, the form of heterodyne in use today,and, in 1912, superintended from Arlington,NAA, the official test of the same on thecruiser Salem, where his co -inventor directedthe installation. He was an early inventor ofsingle -dial control. Being faithful by heart,ear, and engineering training, he founded thefirst high-fidelity station, W2XR, which laterbecame WQXR. Bach, Brahms, Beethovenand Hogan have given pleasure to the criticalmusical ear of many New Yorkers.
EDWIN HOWARD ARMSTRONG-Radio historydoes not contain another instance of an ama-teur who succeeded to the same degree bysheer ability as well as forcefulness, in reach-ing the top round of the ladder of success.His story is a wonderful blend of personalability, assisted and guided by others farabove him, and final recognition by his fellowengineers.
As a lad in short pants, Edwin devised astrange arrangement of interacting coilswhich gave, with a little device in a blackbox, much louder signals than any other
45
known at the time. The secret in the box wasthe audion; the circuit formed by the coilswas the famed feedback circuit. That subse-quent court decisions took away his legalpriority does not detract from the very ablework done by this mere lad, no more than itdoes from the equally able work done by hisopponent in this legal battle, Dr. de Forestand his assistants.
Professor Pupin took young Armstrongunder his protective wing, and it was histutelage that to some major degree gave Ed-win the initial impetus toward his presenthigh position. That the lad received this aidgratefully and always acknowledged it is abeautiful sequel, for so many rise to fame bythe aid of others, and forget their earlierassistance.
HAROLD H. BEVERAGE
Perhaps Armstrong's greatest contributionto fame was the superheterodyne receiver,which became immensely popular during theearly craze of the American public, andwhich is used today to a very great extent.The super -regenerative receiver was anothersimilar devisement.
Still another of his radio magic series isFrequency Modulation, which, as usual, isnot free from litigation's eagle eye, butwhich again he did, as a matter of actualoperation, at a very early date. This system,FM, defies the lightning and its infant static,and is rapidly being taken into the radio artas a standard.
Both in World War I and II E. H. Arm-strong rendered signal service to the U. S.Signal Corps, and has received certificates ofappreciation therefor which would makeanyone but Howard Armstrong, the mostmodest inventor in the history of the radioart, unbearable to live with.
HAROLD HENRY BEVERAGE-Harold Bever-age was once known as "the man with thelong wire." Having worked on static reduc-tion at Otter Cliffs and elsewhere duringWorld War I, he proceeded at its close to laya wire nine miles long on Long Island, choos-ing the site because of its name. As thelength increased, the directivity became morepronounced, and after other devices wereadded, the "wave antenna" became the stand-ard method of reception for long-distance,long -wave signals.
Later, while he and his assistant werecomparing signals over a line connectingboth of their homes, where each had a re-ceiving station, they found that never didsignals fade out at the same time on eachreceiver. From this the diversity recep-tion system was formed, where three re-ceiving antennas, far apart, work on a com-mon detector. Thus there is always oneantenna providing good reception.
RRLi,r77.14
CW936 radiotelephone transmitter installed ex-tensively in subchasers in World War I by U. S.
Navy.
46
STUART BALLANTINE--Briiiiailt to the ex-treme, erratic to the extent that he neveraccepted the usual explanation, Stuart Bal-lantine led a most active radio existence dur-ing his too -brief life. A mathematician ofrare ability, a physicist, a radio engineer ofboth practice and theory, he was able to startfrom that advanced point and go on into theunknown. His first work in wireless was inthe field of direction finders, while servingthe United States Government as radio ex-pert. His analyses of coil antennas, by math-ematics, greatly improved the design ofthese necessary factors. He devised a "corn-pensator" to remove the "antenna effect"from the compass loop, thus sharpening ob-servations. In collaboration with H. A. Snow,he devised the "variable MU" principle forvacuum tubes, giving the grid a variablepitch.
ALLEN BALCOM DUMONT - Specialist inradio and X-ray tubes and oscilloscopes,Dumont soon found his way into television,his present chief interest. He was an em-ployee of de Forest for some years, as chiefengineer, with special reference to vacuumtubes. He was the deviser of the "magiceye", or visual tuning -indicator.
PHILO TAYLOR FARNSWORTH - Disdainingearlier art, Philo Farnsworth started a smalllaboratory in 1926, in California, where hedevised a dissector tube and a multipactortube, the latter an amplifier for the former.
(With credit to Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., whoin writing "100 Radio Men of Science", didit first and at greater length.)
-Contributed by George H. Clark.
OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPH L1. S. ARMY AIR CORPS
Loll to right: Lioui Fothii 8.PodILy. 013,.rrel and Radkei Oporator and Lrnut. Henry H. ArnoIda. Piloi: In world's knoauccomito.1 rodeo to.ground loal at Fi. litkr. Ramos-Novernbct 2_ 1912_ rig_ 1.
First radio sets used in an airplane by U. S.Army before World War I.
Marconi station at Boulogne, 1901, from which signals were exchangedacross the English Channel in August, 1899.
A YEAR -BY -YEAR BOOK OF WIRELESS1872
Mahlon Loomis, a Washington, D. C., den-tist, is granted a United States patent (No.129971) for an improvement in telegraphy-the system proposed is for use withoutconducting wires, but requires a conductinglayer of air above the earth.
1879Hughes discovers the phenomena on which
depend the action of the coherer used laterin systems of radio telegraphy.
1883
Fitzgerald suggests a method of producingelectromagnetic waves in space by the dis-charge from a conducting wire.
From Maxwell's equations, Poynting con-cludes that in all cases where energy is trans-ferred in an electric system it, flows parallelto the surfaces of both electric and magneticequipotentials.
Thomas A. Edison discovered the "EdisonEffect" and made the first real electron tube.
1884The American Institute of Electrical En-
gineers organized, May 13, by a number ofprominent telegraph officials and engineers.Norvin Green elected president.
S. .1. M. Baer presents a paper before the
47
American Institute of Electrical Engineers,New York, on the subject "TelegraphingWithout Wires."
Diagram of Mahlon Loomis experiment in whichthe "grounding" of one section of an electrifiedcloud caused changes in a galvanometer inserted
in a distant wire.
1885Edison, assisted by Gilliland, Phelps and
Smith develops a system of telegraphing byinduction between moving trains and sta-tionary offices.
Richards, of the Bell Telephone Company,Boston, introduces the headband telephonereceiver.
1886M. Mercadier, in France, invents a sys-
tem of wire signaling which he calls aRADIOPHONE. It is a tone system of tele-graph signals transmitted through a tele-phone transmitter and received in a tele-phone receiver.
1887Hertz, in Germany, shows that electro-
magnetic waves are practically identical withwaves of light and heat.
1888
A. E. Kennelly, senior electrician of theship's staff, Eastern Telegraph Company,England, comes to America and is appointedelectrician in the Edison laboratories atOrange, N. J.
E. H. Lyons, engineer with the Bell Tele-phone Company, develops a telephone am-plifying repeater.
Photoelectric effect is discovered.
1891Eduard Branley, in France, announces the
discovery that the effect of electrical oscilla-tions upon a body of metallic filings is toproduce an increase in the electrical conduc-tivity of the filings.
1892Professor George Forbes, of Edinburgh,
suggests that the Branley filings tube willrespond to the action at a distance of Hertz'waves.
The Society for the Promotion of Engi-neering Education founded.
1894Oliver Lodge, in London, at a lecture ex-
hibits various forms of coherer tubes in op-eration.
Heinrich Hertz dies, (Born in Germany1857) .
1895
Professor Alexander Popoff, St. Peters-burg, Russia, presents a paper (April) be -
48
Replica of first wireless set used by Marconi onhis father's estate in Italy, 1895.
fore the Russian Physical Society, on thesubject "Apparatus for Detecting and Regis-tering Electric Waves."
Guglielmo Marconi, in Italy, experimentswith Hertz' oscillator and Branley's filingstube.
1896The electron is identified and determina-
tions made relative to its physical character-istics.
1897Marconi gives a demonstration of his wire-
less system on Salisbury Plains, near London,(March) and files a complete patent specifi-
cation.Oliver Lodge, in England, on May 10, files
a provisional patent application covering in-ventions in wireless signaling.
In May, trials of Marconi's system aremade over water, between Lavernock andFlatholm, a distance of three miles. On the13th, communication is established betweenLavernock Point and Brean Down, a dis-tance of eight miles, Professor Slahy, aGerman scientist, was present at these dem-onstrations.
Professor Slaby gives a lecture (August27) at Potsdam, before the German Em-peror and Empress, on the subject of wire-less telegraphy.
The first Marconi station is erected at theNeedles, Isle of Wight. A distance of four-teen and one-half miles is bridged by wire-less telegraphy.
In December the Marconi station at theNeedles communicates with a ship eighteenmiles at sea.
1898Simon, in Germany, develops the speaking
arc.A. E. Kennelly is elected president of the
A. I. E. E., continuing in this office through-out the years 1899 and 1900.
Oliver Lodge, in England, files a completespecification covering inventions in wirelesstelegraphy.
Jagadis Chunder Bose, of Calcutta, India,at a British Association meeting at Liver-pool, exhibits and gives an account of "AComplete Apparatus for Studying the Prop-erties of Electric Waves."
The steamer Flying Huntress, equippedwith Marconi apparatus, follows the yachtsat the Kingstown Regatta, Dublin, July 20-22, and reports results of the race.
Wireless telegraph apparatus is installedon the East Goodwin Lightship and at theSouth Foreland Lighthouse, England, De-cember.
1899M. I. Pupin reads an important paper be-
fore the A. I. E. E., New York, March 22,dealing with the mathematical theory ofwave propagation over metallic conductors.
Wireless telegraph communication is es-tablished across the Strait of Dover betweenWimereux, France, and the South ForelandLighthouse, England.
In July, British warships are equippedwith Marconi apparatus. A distance ofeighty-five miles is bridged by wireless.
Electrical Standardization Rules, preparedby an Institute Committee, are adopted bythe A. I. E. E.
Reginald A. Fessenden, of Washington,D. C., develops improvements in methods ofwireless telegraph signaling.
Hayes, in New York, transmits music overa beam of light.
During the International Yacht races be-tween the Columbia and the Shamrock offNew York harbor, September, the NewYork Herald uses Marconi's wireless teleg-raphy to report the progress of the race.
United States war vessels make trials ofMarconi's wireless telegraph system. Thecruiser New York and the battleship Massa-chusetts are equipped with apparatus.
Marconi parabolic antenna used in experiments rorty years ago.
49
The British war office sends six Marconielectricians to South Africa with wirelesstelegraph apparatus for use by the army andnavy in the British -Boer war.
1900Wireless telegraph apparatus is installed
on the German ship Kaiser Wilhelm DerGrosse. (March)
The Marconi International Marine Com-munication Company organized, April 25, inLondon.
Dudell, in England, discovers that a direct -current arc shunted with a condenser inseries with a self-inductance coil will, undercertain conditions, give out a musical note,and transform part of the direct- into alter-nating -current with constant amplitude.
1901Marconi wireless telegraph service is in -
The "famous" Marconi ten -inch spark coil.
augurated between islands of the Hawaiiangroup, March 1.
The Canadian Government orders twoMarconi telegraph sets for use at coast pointsalong the Strait of Belle Isle.
Marconi, at St. Johns, Newfoundland, re-ceives a wireless telegraph signal in the formof repetitions of the letter "s" from the Mar-coni station at PoIdhu, Cornwall, England,December 12.
A generator of 1 kw. capacity, at 10,000cycles, is built in the United States for wire-less signaling purposes.
Marconi invents the magnetic detector, forthe detection of wireless signals.
Lee de Forest, in Chicago, develops a sys-tem of wireless telegraphy.
50
VALDEMAR POOLSENInventor of the Poulsen arc.
The wireless telegraph system invented byM. Rochefort, in France, is given a trial bythe United States navy department.
R. A. Fessenden procures U. S. patent No.706737 for a system of radio signaling em-ploying long waves (low frequency).
Mr. Marconi, in February, on board theS. S. Philadelphia, receives wireless signalsover a distance of 1,551 miles.
Emperor Wilhelm, of Germany, issues anorder giving the Slaby-Arco system of wire-less telegraphy exclusive rights in Germany.
A. E_ Kennelly is appointed professor ofelectrical engineering at Harvard University.
The Pacific Wireless Telegraph Companyestablishes communication between SanPedro, California and Santa Catalina Island.
The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company
First experimental ship radio installation inS., on the S.S. St. Paul, 1899,
builds a high power station at Glace Bay,Nova Scotia.
The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Companyof Canada established a station on CapeBreton for long distance working.
John Stone Stone of Boston, is grantedpatent No. '714831, later adjudged by theU. S. Supreme Court as the basic patent oncoupling.
1903
On March 30, what is said to be the firsttrans -atlantic radio complete message is re-ceived by and printed in the London Times.
IAILNTSD am. It. ,
w oz rIni623T.Ptir r11 impiartilo r.agu
1,1-11141:141. 111.01 .P.
DeForest amplifier patent.
Poulsen, of Denmark, obtains (June 19)a United States patent (No. 789449) cover-ing the invention of a hydrogen -arc trans-mitter for radio signaling.
The first international Conference to con-sider questions relating to wireless signalingis held in Berlin, Germany, August 4.
John Stone, of Boston, is granted a num-ber of patents covering improvements inwireless telegraph systems.
51
High -power station of Marconi's Wireless Tele-graph Co., Ltd., at WeIlfleet on Cape Cod. Its
call letters were first "CC" and then "WCC".
Harry Shoemaker, in the United States, isgranted a number of patents covering wire-less telegraph inventions.
Wireless telegraph communication is es-tablished by officers of the United StatesSignal Corps, between Safety Harbor and St.Michaels, Alaska, a distance of 107 miles,November 5.
C. P. Steinmetz made a 10,000 cycle, 1 -kilo-watt alternator for R. A. Fessenden's earlyexperiments.
CSSal in CW1
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1 18ood
Early use (1903) of wireless to carry news byair to an island.
Early receiver equipment of the National Electric Signaling Co. Left: receivingcondenser, variable plus fixed; right: the famous "Fessenden V.I.", or variable
inductance.
1904The Western Union Telegraph Company
announces (March 1) the acceptance of mes-sages for passengers on ships at sea, to betransmitted by wireless telegraphy. Thirty-two Atlantic ships are equipped with wire-less apparatus.
The first wireless telegraph act is passedby the British parliament.
1905Mr. Marconi procures patent No. 14788,
in England, covering the invention of thehorizontal directional antenna.
J. A. Fleming, in England, develops thevalve detector for wireless signaling.
The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Companybegins the construction of a high power sta-tion at Clifden, Ireland (October) .
1906Lee de Forest, in the United States, is
granted a patent (January 18) for a vacuumtube detector for wireless signaling, knownas the Audion.
A second Radiotelegraphic Conference isheld in Berlin, Germany.
For radio purposes R. A. Fessenden, atBrant Rock, Mass., employs a generator ofone-half kw capacity, operating at 75,000cycles.
Fessenden succeeds in telephoning a dis-tance of eleven miles by means of wirelesstelephone apparatus.
52
1907The Society of Wireless Telegraph Engi-
neers organized at Boston, Mass.The Engineering Building, the new na-
tional headquarters of the national engineer-ing societies, 33 West 39th Street, New York,is dedicated April 16.
For radio signaling purposes a 100,000 -cycle electric generator of one k.w. capacityis constructed, in America.
Lee de Forest procures a United Statespatent for an audion amplifier of pulsatingor alternating current.
First Fessenden Barretter or electrolyticdetector, 1905.
1908Marconi stations in Canada and England
are opened for radio telegraph service acrossthe Atlantic.
R. A. Fessenden has constructed a 70,000 -cycle alternator with an output of 2.5 kw.at 225 volts, for radio signaling purposes.Fessenden reports successful radio telephonetests between Brant Rock, Mass., and Wash-ington, D. C., a distance of 600 miles.
1909The S. S. Republic and S. S. Florida col-
lide off the American coast (January 23).The Republic sinks after all of her passen-gers and crew are rescued by other vesselscalled to her assistance by wireless teleg-raphy.
John Stone procures American patentsNos. 908814 and 908815 covering inventionsin wireless telegraphy.
Marconi exhibits, in London, his multipletuner for radio telegraph installations.
The Government, in January, called forbids for the construction of long-distancewireless telegraph stations. The followingcompanies submitted bids: Telefunken Wire-less Telegraph Company, of Philadelphia;National Electric Signaling Company, ofPittsburgh; Marconi Wireless TelegraphCompany; Massie Wireless Telegraph Com-pany, of Providence, R. I.; The Radio Tele-phone Company, of New York, and the StoneTelegraph and Telephone Company, ofBoston.
E. Bellini and A. Tosi, in Italy, describea new system of directive radio signaling.
The Burke Bill for the compulsory use of
Stone Telegraph and Telephone Co. installationat Navy Yard, Portsmouth, N. H., 1906. Loose -
coupler; break key; protective device.
53
41171E11Wigi'LLEta.TELEGRAPI-1 CO.
I, C.MPtlivl E..N TA RY
"Frank" book, issued by the "United" Company.
radio telegraphy on certain classes of vesselsis passed by the House of Representatives.
G. W. Pickard, of Amesbury, Mass., pro-cures U. S. patents numbers 912613 and912726 covering the invention of crystal de-tectors for radio signaling.
The Wireless Association of America isorganized by Hugo Gernsback, New York.(The society merged with a later organiza-tion in the year 1913.)
The Wireless Institute of New York isorganized.
T. Giara, of Boston, Mass., invents a sys-tem of multiplex telegraphy applicable toradio signaling. (U. S. patent No. 914713.)
The United Wireless Telegraph Companyestablishes direct communication betweentheir New York and Chicago offices (May 2).
The United Wireless Telegraph Company,also the Radio Telephone Company of NewYork (de Forest and Stone systems) beginthe erection of a number of radio stations inthe Central and Western states.
The Ohio State University plans a regular
lonotneta..1 wawa. {wanAnaol emanua Cnaana.
.....anewe.. d 11110.1. tntaatat/. Crvatart -4110 }IMMO'
Early model of Marconi magnetic detector.
Left: The first wireless telegraph station in America, at Babylon, L. I. Presentedby Edwin H. Armstrong to RCA and installed at Radio Central.
course of instruction in radio telegraphy andradio telephony.
G. W. Pierce, of Cambridge, Mass., isgranted a patent covering the invention of atuning system for radio signaling.
The Wireless Institute, New York, ap-points a committee to compile radio stand-ardization rules and to frame definitions forradio engineering terms.
C. D. Babcock, of New York, procures anumber of U. S. patents covering inventionsin radio signaling apparatus.
Alfred N. Goldsmith reads an importantpaper before the Wireless Institute, NewYork, November 3, on the subject of Wire-less Telephony.
C. F. Elwell, of San Francisco, returnsfrom Europe where he purchased the Ameri-can rights to the Poulsen system of wirelesstelegraphy.
G. Marconi receives the Nobel prize of$20,000, in recognition of his wireless tele-graph inventions.
Louis Cohen, in a Bureau of Standards
bulletin gives the mathematical theory ofcoupled circuits in which the secondarieshave distributed inductance and capacity.
1910
Major George 0. Squier, of the UnitedStates Army, invents and patents a systemof multiplex telegraphy and telephony, su-perimposing high -frequency signaling cir-cuits upon existing wire lines.
Dr. George Seibt, during the past yearassociated with Dr. Lee de Forest, NewYork, in radio research work, returns toBerlin, Germany.
The Government arranges to transmit byradio from a station at Newport, R. I.,weather reports to ships at sea.
E. Bellini and A. Tosi, of France, aregranted U. S. patent 945440 covering a sys-tem of directed radio signaling.
An elective course is given at Massachu-setts Institute of Technology in wirelesstelegraphy under the direction of Prof. C. R.Cross of the department of physics.
orda.17.17,45
Tape record of reception on shipboard by Marconi from Poldhu station,2099 miles distant, February, 1902.
54
] 1
i*.a a tbeme -R1.1; fr,11:1, 611
z.to7-1,1oErar NI...! 82 .7. t 1:,21
4- JIA 07, /4". c, 4e&,
First message sent and received in the U. S. bywireless, Sept. 29, 1899.
At the General Electric works, Schenec-tady, N. Y., radio signals are received fromJapan.
Air -plane radio experiments are conductedat Fort Sam Houston, Texas, by Lieut. B. D.Foulois, using a Wright plane.
The Glace Bay, Novia Scotia, station ofthe Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company,opened, September. This station works withClifden, Ireland. The trans -Atlantic tariff is17 cents per word.
The Wanamaker Company, New York,establishes private radio stations in NewYork and in Philadelphia for the exchangeof company message traffic.
An Act is approved by the U. S. Govern-ment requiring radio equipment and opera-tors on certain types of passenger -carryingvessels.
F. K. Freeland invents an electric oscilla-tor system ; U. S. patent No. 973826.
55
The cableship Joseph Henry is equippedwith a 2-k.w. radio telegraph installation, inNew York, for use at sea.
Walter Wellman's dirigible balloon "Amer-ica" drifts helplessly over the Atlantic Ocean(October 18). The R.M.S.S. Trent picks upthe radio call for help. Rescue followed.
1911The Lodge-Muirhead patents covering in-
ventions in wireless telegraphy are acquiredby the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Com-pany.
A radio section is organized by the De-partment of Commerce, Washington, D. C.,to enforce the provisions of National radiolegislation.
The United States Signal Corps, in Alaska,operates 2,633 miles of submarine cable, andnine wireless telegraph stations. In thePhilippine Islands the Army operates sevenwireless telegraph stations.
The United Wireless Telegraph Companyreports 500 radio stations equipped and inoperation.
The Eiffel Tower, Paris, France, isequipped for long-distance wireless tele-graph operation.
S. M. Kintner is appointed general man-ager of the National Electric Signaling Com-pany, Pittsburgh, Penna. This companycontrols the Pessenden radio patents.
Radio telegraph signals are transmitteddirectly from San Francisco, California, toHokushu, Japan,
Rotary gap used with Fessenden 100 kw. 500 -cycle spark set at NAA, the Navy's first high -power station, (1912) at Arlington, Virginia.
The United States Signal Corps has inoperation in Alaska nine radio telegraph sta-tions, the Navy, four.
1912The Sayville, Long Island, New York,
radio station of the Telefunken Company, ofGermany, is completed.
The Association of Wireless Telegraphists,London, is formed.
The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Com-pany of America acquires the property ofthe United Wireless Telegraph Company.
The Marconi Company, in England, se-cures the important radio patents of Belliniand Tosi, Italian inventors.
The wreck of the S. S. Titanic, on April15, with a large loss of life, was renderedless dreadful by the saving of many livesthrough radio communication to nearbyships.
An International Radio Telegraph Con-ference is held in London, June 4. Importantregulations governing the handling of radiotraffic are approved.
An Act is approved by the United StatesGovernment, July 23, extending the Act of1910, to cover cargo vessels, and requiringan auxiliary source of power on ships, and
Alexanderson r.f. alternator, as installed at the.RCA station in New Brunswick, November 1919.
two or more skilled operators in charge ofradio apparatus on certain types of passen-ger -carrying vessels. On August 13, an Actis approved providing for the licensing ofradio operators and transmitting stations.
The Government of Canada arranges withthe Marconi Company, September 17, to op-erate existing radio stations at points alongthe Great Lakes until the year 1931, and toerect additional stations.
The Institute of Radio Engineers, NewYork, is organized, May 13, consolidating the
60 kw. Federal arc transmitter, at Tuckerton Station, WGG, in 1915.
56
Wireless Institute of New York, and theSociety of Wireless Telegraph Engineers,Boston, Mass.
The following wireless telegraph com-panies report for the year: Atlantic Com-munication Company; New York; FederalTelegraph Company, San Francisco; Mar-coni Wireless Telegraph Company of Amer-ica, and Tropical Radio Telegraph Company,New Orleans. The number of radiogramshandled totaled 285,091; number of trans-mitting stations operated, 74; total income$669,158, and total expense $664,420.
By the Poulsen wireless system signalsare transmitted and received at Pacific Coaststations at the rate of 140 words per minute.The received signals produced on photo-graphic tape.
Edwin H. Armstrong, New York, experi-ments with audion circuit improvements,which he later patents.
Engineers of the Western Electric Com-pany, New York, begin experiments withde Forest's audion with a view to employingit as a telephone repeater, or as an elementof a repeater system.
It is estimated that this year there areten thousand amateur radio experimentersin the United States.
This year thirteen Bills were introducedin the Congress and Senate, having as their
Stack of 500 receivers, type IP 500, built byWireless Specialty Apparatus Co., Boston, Mass.,
during World War I.
57
Edwin Howard Armstrong, the "super" -amateur.
purposes regulation of radio operation.In April of this year the United States
Government ratified the provisions of theBerlin radio conference of 1906.
1913A Safety -at -Sea Conference is held in
London, at which the utility of radio com-munication is given considerable attention.
The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Com-pany of America begins construction ofhigh -power transmitting stations at Belmar,and New Brunswick, N. J. Through theBritish Marconi Company a twenty-five yearcontract with Norway has been signed forservice between the American stations anda station at Stavenger, Norway.
Dr. Langmuir of the G -E Research Labora-tory developed the high -vacuum, high -voltagetube and did early work on thoriated-filamentcathodes for vacuum tubes.
1914Radio telegraph service is inaugurated,
September 24, between San Francisco, Calif.,and a station near Honolulu, Hawaii.
Edward H. Armstrong, of Columbia Uni-
Hot cathode, low voltage cathode ray oscillographtube, 1922.
versity, New York, patents circuit arrange-ments in connection with three -electrodevacuum tubes which materially improvemethods of radio reception. (U. S. patent1113149, October 6.)
For radiotelephone purposes on the Dela-ware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad,de Forest two-step amplifier radiophoneequipment is installed.
The only direct communication betweenthe United States and Germany is throughthe Sayville, N. Y., radio station, workingwith Nanen, Germany.
E. H. Colpitts, New York, develops avacuum tube modulator system for telephonyand radio telephony.
The super -dreadnaught Moreno is built inthe United States for the Argentine govern-ment, equipped with the most modern elec-tric systems and devices. The radio telegraphequipment is of German design and manu-facture; Telefunken quenched -spark trans -
Mission, and variometer tuned receivers.
1915Saul Dushman, of the General Electric
Company, develops the Kenotron current -rectifier.
De Forest's Ultra-audion three -step (en -g-uide) audio amplifier is announced and in-troduced into practice.
U. S. Patent issued to E. H. Colpitts ofNew York covering the invention of a push-pull microphone arrangement, April 27, No.1,137,384. Applied for in May, 1914. Otherclaims were covered in Patent No. 1,128,292issued February 16, 1915. The claims werefiled in January, 1914.
Leonard F. Fuller reads an importantA.1.E.E. paper, April, dealing with the con-tinuous wave system of radio telegraphy(Poulsen arc system) used between San
58
Francisco and Honolulu by the Federal Tele-graph Company.
A memorial fountain and tablet is dedi-cated in Battery Park, New York, May 12,to the memories of radio telegraphers wholost their lives at sea in the performance ofduty. George Eccles, of Almonte, Ontario,Canada, was the first man so to die; his ship,the Ohio, foundered in Pacific waters in 1909.
Radio telephone transmission in one direc-tion between New York and Honolulu is ac-complished, September 29, by A. T. & T. Co.,with the co-operation of the U. S. Navy.
Speech is successfully transmitted byradio telephone by the telephone companyfrom Arlington, Va., to Paris, France, Octo-ber 21. Western Electric Company improve-ments in radio transmission were employed,particularly the arrangement suggested inU. S. Patent 1,350,752, issued to Van derBijl.
The Radio League of America is organ-ized, with W. H. G. Bullard, Nikola Tesla,R. A. Fessenden and Lee de Forest as hon-orary members. This organization thrivedbut a short time.
The National Amateur Wireless Associa-
First photo -radiogram sent byRCA, using Ranger process, Nov.
28, 1924.
tion organized, October, with G. Marconi aspresident. Having only commercial sponsor-ship, this organization accomplished littleand soon died.
1916The Navy Department contracts with the
Federal Telegraph Company to erect radiostations at San Diego, Calif., and at PearlHarbor, Hawaii, and Cavite, Philippine Is-lands.
Radio telegraph communication is estab-lished between San Francisco and Japan,November 15.
E. L. Chaffee, Somerville, Mass., procuresU. S. patent 1,189,791 covering a form ofspark -gap for radio transmission.
General Electric installed two vacuum tuberadio telephone transmitters, one on the USSWyoming and the other on the USS Virginia.These were used on the southern practicecruise in the Caribbean Sea in the spring of1916.
General Electric produced and publishedpapers on circuits for production of frequen-cies from vacuum tube oscillators up to 15megacycles.
1917The Institute of Radio Engineers estab-
lishes an annual award of a Medal of Honorin recognition of meritorious contribution toradio.
Edwin H. Armstrong, New York, is thefirst recipient of the I.R.E. Medal of Honor,in recognition of his work in inventing re-generative amplification in radio reception.(His claims, together with those of de Forestand Logwood were destined to become mat-ters for a legal contest which continued until1934, the final decision favoring de Forest'sclaim to this invention.)
R. A. Heising is granted U. S. patent1,232,919 for a thermionic volt -meter.
George A. Campbell, of the AmericanTelephone and Telegraph Company, procuresU. S. patents 1,227,113 and 1,227,114 cover-ing the invention of electric "filter" circuitswhich make possible improvement in meth-ods of signaling by means of "carrier" cur-rents on wire lines.
A telephone conversation is held betweennaval officers at Mare Island, California, andthe captain of the battleship New Hampshire,cruising in the Atlantic Ocean. Transmis-sion was over the wire lines of the A. T. & T.Co., from Mare Island to Arlington, Va.;there repeated automatically into the radiosystem. Conversation was in both directions.
Direct radio telegraph communication isestablished between stations at Arlington,Va., and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Sept. 29.
All transmitting radio stations are, forthe period of the war, taken over by the
Telephoning by wireless from land to sea. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Danielstalks to the U.S.S. Hampshire in World War I.
59
Government, either for operation or to bediscontinued.
Prominent companies manufacturing andmarketing radio telegraph equipment are :Cutting and Washington, de Forest RadioTelephone and Telegraph Company, C.Brandes, John Firth, and Marconi WirelessTelegraph Company of America, New York ;Kilbourne and Clarke, Seattle, Wash.; Wire-less Specialty Apparatus Company, Boston ;National Electric Signaling Company, NewYork. The de Forest Company advertisesa single oscillating audion, mounted on apanel, with switch, and resistance unit,priced at sixty dollars.
The Haller Cunningham Electric Com-pany, San Francisco, report completing in-stallations of radio telegraph equipment ofthat company's manufacture at nine landstations and on thirty steamships, rated atfrom one-half to twenty-five k.w.
Two-way radio telegraph transmission be-tween a ground station and an airplane inflight, made by Captain C. C. Culver, at adistance of 119 miles. The transmitter was
Grebe receiver, much used in days immediatelyfollowing World War I.
2spe P-14,tCio
Famed receiver 1-P-76, usually called "I -P" in-stead of "1-P". Designed by G. W. Pickard and
widely used before and during World War I.
60
Bob Marriott, founder of I.R.E., in apparent diredanger from Roy Weagent (right) and an un-identified "bad -boy bandit" on the left. Scene:
Seattle, Washington, 1919.
of 180 watts. Communication was carriedon also between two airplanes in flight.
The Pan American Wireless TelegraphCompany announces plans to inaugurateservice between the United States and Southand Central American stations. The com-pany is affiliated with the Marconi WirelessTelegraph Company of America. Edward J.Nally is president.
German war vessels, named "sea rovers"and otherwise as the MOEWE, the SEE-ADLER and the EMDEN, equipped withradio, appear to be picking up sufficient in-formation as they cruise, to enable them topounce upon and destroy cargo ships belong-ing to the Allies.
A disastrous explosion and fire at Halifax,Nova Scotia, temporarily interrupts wirecommunication. Radio is used to summonaid from other cities.
1918The manufacturing shops of the Marconi
Wireless Telegraph Company, at RosellePark (Aldene), N. J., are working at fullcapacity turning out radio equipment forwar needs.
Lloyd Espenschied, New York, procuresU. S. patent No. 1,256,889 for the inventionof a duplex radio telegraph system.
A photographic tape -recorder system for
Early video apparatus used by C. Francis Jen-kins, television pioneer.
radio telegraph reception is invented byC. A. Hoxie, Schenectady, N. Y., and is usedin certain radio stations.
The House of Representatives, Washing-ton, on July 5, passes a resolution authoriz-ing the president to take over the manage-ment of telegraph and telephone systemsand lines, and of radio stations, due to warconditions.
G. Marconi is awarded the FranklinMedal, of the Franklin Institute, Philadel-phia, in recognition of his work in wirelesstelegraphy.
Thomas R. Taltavall dies. (Born in Eng-land 1853.) He is succeeded as editor of thejournal Telegraph and Telephone Age, NewYork, by Donald McNicol.
Lieut. Col. Morris N. Liebmann, formerlyvice-president of Foote, Pierson & Co., NewYork, is killed in action in France, August 8.His associate, Emil J. Simon, New York, setsup a sum of $10,000, the annual interest ofwhich creates the Liebmann Award of theI.R.E., amounting to $500.
The Pan American Wireless Telegraphand Telephone Company plans erection ofpowerful transmitting stations in variouslocations in South America.
It is reported that the Government haspaid the Poulsen Wireless Telegraph Com-pany $1,750,000 for the company's present"arc" transmitting stations in the UnitedStates, the Philippines, and the SandwichIslands.
Vacuum tube devices, the Dynatron andPliodynatron, are commercially introduced
61
by the General Electric Company, for use inradio signaling and for power conversion re-quirements.
For communication needs in France theU. S. Signal Corps used 1,000,000 cells ofprimary batteries, 285,000 vacuum tubes forradio, 8,000 sets of one type of radio receiver,110,000 telephone sets for field use, and oneorder for insulated wire called for an amountexceeding 350,000 miles in length.
1919On his trip to Paris to participate in the
Peace Conference, President Woodrow Wil-son was in continuous communication withthe United States and Paris. The President,on board the S. S. George Washington, wasconvoyed by the U. S. S. Pennsylvania, thelatter vessel equipped with a 30-k.w. Federal"arc" transmitter, a 10 k.w. Lowenstein"spark" transmitter, a short-range radiotelephone transmitter, and a short-rangevacuum tube transmitter, the latter used forcommunication with the George Washington.
E. F. W. Alexanderson, of the GeneralElectric Company, delivers a technical paperdescribing the invention of his "Barrage"radio receiver, a directional system.
The Independent Wireless Telegraph Com-pany, incorporated under the laws of Dela-ware, establishes general offices in New York.Charles J. Pannill is vice-president and gen-eral manager, and Harry Shoemaker, chiefengineer.
E. F. W. Alexanderson receives the I. R. E.Medal of Award for noteworthy contribu-
DAVID SARNOFF
U. S. Navy transatlantic receiving site at OtterCliffs, Me., in World War I.
tions to radio engineering.The amateur radio journal QST suspended
during the war, is resumed by the AmericanRadio Relay League, which ceased operationson April 1, 1917.
Bills are introduced in Congress havingfor their purpose permanent Governmentcontrol of all radio stations. It appears thatthe widespread resentment of amateurs hadmore to do with defeat of these bills thanhad objections of commercial companies.
The audions operating at 221/2 volts on theplate, in use prior to the war, are now largelyreplaced by improved tubes known as the VTtype.
There are now available radio transmit-ting tubes having outputs of one-fourth k.w.The VT -2 employs a plate potential of 300volts.
Poulsen arc radio transmitters have been
developed and are in service rated at 1,000k.w., with a 25 per cent 2 -hour overloadcapacity. Five years ago converters of 30k.w. normal full load were the largest in use.
For experimental and public use radiotube VT is marketed by the Marconi Wire-less Telegraph Company of America, the saleprice being $7.00, the socket $1.50 additional.Plate potential as detector is 20 to 60 volts;as amplifier, 60 to 110 volts.
Roy A. Weagant, New York, reports hav-ing developed means of reducing disturb-ances to radio reception caused by atmo-spherics, or "static."
The American Engineering Standards As-sociation organized, May.
Most radio receivers, commercial and ama-teur, are still equipped with crystal detec-tors, but vacuum tubes are rapidly cominginto practical use.
Major -General George 0. Squier, ChiefSignal Officer, U. S. Army, receives theFranklin Medal, from the Franklin Institute,in recognition of meritorious work in im-proving electric communication.
The Kilbourne and Clark ManufacturingCo., builders of radio equipment, erect a newand larger factory, at Seattle, Wash.
The General Electric Company purchasesthe holdings of the British Marconi Com-pany in the Marconi Wireless TelegraphCompany of America, the name of the lattercompany being changed to Radio Corporation
Demonstration apparatus used by Marconi at a lecture before the A. 1. E. E. -I. R. E., in June 11, 1922, to demonstrate ultra -short waves.
62
of America (October). Edward J. Nally iselected President of the new company.
1920E. F. W. Alexanderson is appointed Chief
Engineer of the Radio Corporation of Amer-ica, January 1st.
The Radio Corporation of America beginsthe installation of 200-k.w. Alexanderson al-ternators at Bolinas, Calif., and Marion.Mass.
Radio telegraph stations and propertiestaken over by the Government under wartime powers are returned to their owners atmidnight, February 29th.
Following out the provisions of H.B. 9822,passed in Washington, December 8, 1919, thePresident appoints as delegates to an Inter-national Communications Conference, A. S.Burleson, W. S. Benson and Walter S.Rogers.
The Government calls for bids for the saleof large quantities of surplus radio andtelegraph and telephone apparatus purchasedfor war needs and not used.
Alfred N. Goldsmith and Edward Blakeny,New York, develop a satisfactory siphon re -
J. ANDREW WHITEFirst broadcast announcer of RCA.
63
These two 1000 -kilowatt Federal Poulsen arcsmade the U. S. Navy Lafayette station, nearBordeaux, France, the most powerful ever built.A workman is said to have departed in hastebecause his trowel persisted in "walking" towardthe arc magnet every time he put it down to fit a
tile in place.
corder receiving system for radio telegraphy.The system is installed by RCA.
G. Marconi receives the I. R. E. Medal ofAward, for meritorious contributions to radiotelegraphy.
The Tropical Radio Telegraph Company,a subsidiary of the United Fruit Company,New York, operates ten long-distance radiostations at points in Central America, and inSouth America.
The Radio Corporation of America pur-chases a 6,000 acre tract at Rocky Point, L.I., N. Y., on which is begun the erection of aRadio Central station, comprising a numberof operating units for communication withEuropean stations and stations in SouthAmerica.
Emil J. Simon, of the Radio Communica-tion Company, New York, inaugurates inter-city radio telegraph service between NewYork, Chicago, and Detroit.
The Radio Corporation of America, May15th, inaugurates radio telegraph servicesbetween stations at Chatham and Marion,Mass., and stations at Stavanger and Nae-robe, Norway.
Telegraph, telephone and radio engineerslocated in Chicago and vicinity organize(May) a section of the Western Society ofEngineers. Frank F. Fowle is chairman, andStanley R. Edwards, Vice-chairman of thesection.
Roy A. Weagant, New York, is awardedthe Liebmann Memorial Prize of $500, bythe Institute of.Radio Engineers.
The Westinghouse Company's radio sta-tion KDKA, at Pittsburgh, Penn., broadcastsreturns of the national elections, November2nd.
Paul Godley, of New York, goes to Scot-land where (December) he sets up a radioreceiver with the object of attempting to in-tercept radio transmissions from Americanamateur stations. He succeeds. His receivercomprised a regenerative tube rectifier, aseparate oscillator, four stages of resistance -coupled, intermediate frequency amplifica-tion, a second rectifier and two stages ofaudio amplification. This was an adaptationof the Superheterodyne radio receiver devel-oped during war activities in France.
Development, design and manufacture byGeneral Electric of the early receiving andtransmitting tubes made available to the pub-lic by R CA (UV -200, 201, 202) .
General Electric built a 100 -watt and a500 -watt design of commercial marine CWtube transmitters. These were the first twosuch items built for this application.
1921
July 2, Dempsey-Carpentier fight at Jer-sey City, N. J., broadcast by radio by RCA.
Vacuum tubes UV -200 and UV -201 forstorage battery operation, and WD -11 fordry -cell operation developed by RCA.
RCA station at Rocky Point, L. I., opened,Nov. 5.
RCA broadcast station at Roselle Park,N. J. (WDY) opened Dec. 15. Continued un-til Feb. 15, 1922, when its operation wastransferred to WJZ, Newark, previouslyopened by Westinghouse.
RCA installs 200 -kw alternator at Tucker -ton, N. J.
Chatham, Mass., coastal station opened byRCA employing tube transmitters.
1922
Oct. 15. First use by RCA of tube trans-mitters for service from the U. S. to Englandand Germany.
64
RCA begins substitution of tube trans-mitters on ships to replace spark sets.
RCA begins replacement of crystal receiv-ers by tube receivers on ships.
UV -199 and UV 201-A receiving tubes,developed by G. E., introduced by RCA;thoriated tungsten filaments employed.
Two-way radiophone conversation carriedon between S.S. America at sea and subscrib-er telephones over wire lines.
WEAF broadcasts first advertisement -sponsored program (a real-estate company)Sept. 7.
1923
May 15. Broadcast stations WJZ and WJYopened by RCA in New York. WRC openedin Washington August 1st.
Hazeltine's neutrodyne introduced. March.G -E development of water-cooled transmit-
ting tubes and their use in 20 -kilowatt CWtelegraph transmitters.
1924
Armstrong demonstrates the Superhetro-dyne receiver. March 6.
November. RCA experiments with radiophotographs across the Atlantic.
RCA introduces for marine use C.W.transmitters using master oscillator poweramplifier circuits.
Shortwave, low power transmission devel-oped for long distance transmission.
RCA markets the Superhetrodyne receiv-ers for broadcast reception.
Broadcasting used in political campaigns.RCA circuit to Argentina opened Jan. 24.
1925
WJZ transmitter constructed at BoundBrook, N. J.
A. C. radio receivers introduced.Dynamic loudspeakers introduced.Magnetic pick-up phonograph recording
and reproduction developed.RCA opens radio circuit to Dutch East
Indies, July 16.Direction -finders introduced on ships.
- Compiled by Donald H. McNicol.