radio navigation aids presentation 1 communication

Civil Aviation Training InstituteCivil Aviation Training InstituteCivil Aviation Training InstituteHyderabadHyderabad--PakistanPakistan

Civil Aviation Training Institute, Hyderabad-Pakistan

Radio Navigational AidsRadio Navigational AidsRadio Navigational Aids

ByBy ZulfiqarZulfiqar MiraniMiraniSenior Electronics EngineerSenior Electronics Engineer

School of Electronics EngineeringSchool of Electronics Engineering


CommunicationCommunicationCommunication

The communication element in Air Traffic Management Services provides for the exchange of aeronautical data and messages between aeronautical users and/or automated systems.

Communication systems are used in support of navigation and surveillance functions.


CommunicationCommunicationCommunication

Type of InformationType of Information

Voice (Analog)Data (Digital)

Type of TransmissionType of Transmission

RadioGround or Cable Network


Data CommunicationData CommunicationData Communication

Data CommunicationData Communication is a generic term for a communications technique, which enables the exchange of digitized information between end-users (sources and/or consumers of information).

Data linkData link has many different forms ( for example; Air-Ground, Air-Air, Ground-Ground ), protocols, applications ( addressable, broadcast ), and utilizes a number of communications media ( such as VHF, HF, Satellite, Mode S ).

Communication TechniquesCommunication Techniques


Communication systemCommunication systemCommunication system

Source ( of information )Transmission MediumDestination

Source Source converts human intelligence into electrical signals; Transmission Transmission mediummedium is responsible to carry this information to destinationdestination where it is reproduced into its original form. The information may be voice or data, transmission media may be a single channel or network or multiple networks.

The source, therefore, comprises the informationinformation origination and transmittertransmitter sections and the destination includes receiverreceiver and reproducerreproducer sections. The transmission medium in many applications is called as channelchannel. The five sections together form the general model of a communication system.


Transmission MediaTransmission MediaTransmission Media

Guided or Conducted Transmission MediaUn-guided or Radiated Transmission Media


Guided media transmission Guided media transmission Guided media transmission

In guided media signal is guided or directed through a conductor. In other words it is the medium that conducts, or carries on, the signal to the destination. Some examples of guided media are:

Twisted PairTwisted PairCoaxial cableCoaxial cableFiber OpticsFiber OpticsWaveguideWaveguide


Twisted PairTwisted PairTwisted Pair

Unshielded Twisted PairUnshielded Twisted Pair

Shielded Twisted PairShielded Twisted Pair


Coaxial cableCoaxial cableCoaxial cable


Fiber OpticsFiber OpticsFiber Optics


Un-guided or Radiated media UnUn--guided or Radiated media guided or Radiated media

Such mediums do not make use of conductors; rather, the signal simply radiates through space between transmitter and receiver. Some of the examples of radiated media are:

HF, VHF and UHF CommunicationHF, VHF and UHF CommunicationMicrowaves CommunicationMicrowaves CommunicationSatellite Satellite InfraredInfraredRadar Radar


The need for modulationThe need for modulationThe need for modulation

Sound waves (or low frequency intelligence) can not provide efficient communication for long distance for various reasons, such as:

Tx/Rx system requires a huge antenna in length.There will be Jumbling of signals transmitted in a close range.Multiple channels can not be accommodated for Frequency Band limitation.Chances of addition of Noise (or radio interference) are highest since there may be lot of sources, of low frequency generation, found in surrounding.


Modulation Modulation Modulation

The higher frequenciesThe higher frequencies provide efficient communication over lower frequencies in radio transmission. They need smaller antennas and accommodate more channels.

Since sound wavesSince sound waves (or low frequency intelligence) can not travel for long distance, they require a high frequency ‘carriercarrier’ for transportation.

The process of impressing a lowThe process of impressing a low--frequency intelligence (or frequency intelligence (or information) onto a high frequency information) onto a high frequency ‘‘carriercarrier’’ is called is called ‘‘modulationmodulation’’..


Essential Elements of Radio Transmitter Essential Elements of Radio Transmitter Essential Elements of Radio Transmitter

MicrophoneMicrophoneAudio AmplifierAudio AmplifierOscillatorOscillatorModulatorModulatorAntennaAntenna


Essential Elements of Radio ReceiverEssential Elements of Radio ReceiverEssential Elements of Radio Receiver

AntennaAntennaSelector and RF AmplifierSelector and RF AmplifierDetectorDetectorAudio AmplifierAudio AmplifierLoud SpeakerLoud Speaker


Division of Radio Frequency spectrumDivision of Radio Frequency spectrumDivision of Radio Frequency spectrum

0.01 – 0.00130 – 300 GHzEHFExtremely High Frequency

0.1 – 0.013 – 30 GHzSHFSuper High Frequency

1 - 0.1300 – 3,000 MHzUHFUltra High Frequency

10 – 130 – 300 MHzVHFVery High Frequency

100 – 103,000 – 30,000 KHzHFHigh Frequency

1000 – 100300 – 3,000 KHzMFMedium Frequency

10,000 – 1,00030 – 300 KHzLFLow Frequency

30,000 – 10,000Below 30 KHzVLFVery Low Frequency

Wavelength (meters)Frequency RangeFreq.

BandDescription


Categories of Aeronautical CommunicationsCategories of Aeronautical CommunicationsCategories of Aeronautical Communications

SafetySafety--related communicationsrelated communications, requiring high integrity and rapid response such as

– Communications carried out among ATS units, between ATS and an aircraft for ATC, flight information and alerting

– Aeronautical Operational Control (AOC) communication carried out by aircraft operators for matters related to safety, regularity and efficiency of flights.

NonNon--safety related communicationssafety related communications such as

– Aeronautical administrative communications carried out by aeronautical personnel and/or organizations on administrative and private matters

– Aeronautical passenger communications.


AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICESAERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICESAERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES

Aeronautical Fixed ServiceAeronautical Fixed ServiceAeronautical Mobile ServiceAeronautical Mobile ServiceAeronautical Radio Navigation ServiceAeronautical Radio Navigation ServiceAeronautical Broadcasting ServiceAeronautical Broadcasting Service


AERONAUTICAL FIXED SERVICE (AFS)AERONAUTICAL FIXED SERVICE (AFS)AERONAUTICAL FIXED SERVICE (AFS)

The aeronautical fixed service comprises all types and systems of point-to-point communications in the international aeronautical telecommunication service.

It includes voicevoice and datadata links.

A voice linkvoice link could be an hotline (for communication between two ATS units) or intercom (for communication between various sectors within an ATS unit).

Data linkData link is to provide communication link for exchange of aeronautical messages in the form of data.


Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication NetworkAeronautical Fixed Telecommunication NetworkAeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network

AFTN is a global data communication network used to exchange data between various segments of air traffic services. Standard telecommunication links and protocols are used between two end users by mutual agreement. Type and priority of messages to be exchanged are, however, standardized by ICAO.


Categories of messages handled by AFTNCategories of messages handled by AFTNCategories of messages handled by AFTN

distress messages;urgency messages;flight safety messages;meteorological messages;flight regularity messages;aeronautical information services (AIS) messages;aeronautical administrative messages; andservice messages.


AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SERVICEAERONAUTICAL MOBILE SERVICEAERONAUTICAL MOBILE SERVICE

AMS is a telecommunication service where one or both end users are mobile stations. Radio link is used for carrying information (voice) between the two end users. Standard for Data communication has also been approved by ICAO recently for CNS/ATM program which is in process of implementation.

HF, VHF and UHF radio communicationHF, VHF and UHF radio communication is found most suitable for voice communication between such stations.


Categories of AFS messagesCategories of AFS messagesCategories of AFS messages

Distress calls, distress messages and distress traffic Urgency messages, including messages preceded by the medical transports signal Communications relating to direction finding Flight safety messages Meteorological messages Flight regularity messages


AERONAUTICAL RADIO NAVIGATION SERVICEAERONAUTICAL RADIO NAVIGATION SERVICEAERONAUTICAL RADIO NAVIGATION SERVICE

The aeronautical radio navigation service comprises all types and systems of radio navigation aids in the international aeronautical service.

Some of which are:

NDBNDBVORVORDMEDMEILSILS


AERONAUTICAL BROADCASTING SERVICEAERONAUTICAL BROADCASTING SERVICEAERONAUTICAL BROADCASTING SERVICE

Aeronautical broadcasts are made on specified frequencies and at specified times. Schedules and frequencies of all broadcasts are to be publicized in appropriate documents.

ICAO requires publicizing of any change in frequencies or times of broadcasts at least two weeks in advance of the change.


Frequency allocationFrequency allocationFrequency allocation

Frequency allocation of radio spectrum to all users are made by the International Telecommunication UnionInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is a specialized agency of United Nations.

ITU’sITU’s prime objectiveprime objective is to standardize techniques and operations in telecommunications to achieve end-to-end compatibility of international telecommunication connections.

International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative CommitteeInternational Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee(CCITT) is replaced by ITU-T sector which had essentially the same objectives and charter.


Frequency allocations for communicationFrequency allocations for communicationFrequency allocations for communication

DescriptionDescription FrequencyFrequency

Radio (Public) Bands 125 – 525 KHzTrans-ocianic communication 20 – 550 KHzMedium Frequency BroadcastingMedium Frequency Broadcasting 535 – 105 KHzCommercial Broadcasting 550 – 1600 KHzInternational Broadcasting 5.95 – 29.1 MHzLand Mobile 25.01 – 49.60 MHzTelevisionTelevision (Low Band: Ch 2 - 6) 54 – 88 MHzF M BroadcastingF M Broadcasting 88 – 108 MHzLand Mobile 151.49 – 173.40 MHz Television Television (High Band: Ch 7 - 13 ) 174 – 216 MHzTelevision (UHF Band: Ch 14 - 83) 470 – 890 MHz


Frequency allocations for Air Navigation and Aviation CommunicationFrequency allocations for Air Navigation and Aviation Frequency allocations for Air Navigation and Aviation CommunicationCommunication

NavAidsNavAids::

ILS Localizer 108 – 112 MHzVOR 112 – 118 MHzILS Glide Slope 328 – 332 MHzNDB 200 – 1750 KHz

Communication:Communication:

VHF (Low Band) 118 - 132 MHzVHF (High Band) 132 – 152 MHz

Questions ?Questions ?Questions ?

Thank YouThank YouThank You

radio navigation aids presentation 1 communication

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