radiation hazards to esa's space programme
DESCRIPTION
Space Radiation Superconductive Shield (SR2S) is an EU funded FP7 project which is researching new technology to protect astronauts in space from radiation. On 9th April 2014 in Torino, Italy, SR2S held their first conference to give an update on the project so far. For more information visit: www.sr2s.eu Twitter - @SR2SMarsTRANSCRIPT
Radiation Hazards to ESA’s Space Programmes and
Mitigation Approaches
Eamonn Daly, Alessandra Menicucci, Giovanni Santin, Petteri Nieminen
European Space AgencySpace Environments and Effects SectionESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
[email protected]@esa.int
www.space-env.esa.int
Content
• Context
• Radiation hazards
• What ESA is doing
ESA Programmes
Launchers
Earth Observation Telecommunications
Navigation
Science and Robotic Exploration
Human Spaceflight
Electra
All space systems have radiation issues;
radiation hardness assurance, including environment and
shielding analyses is mandatory
MPCV
Overview of Space Environments
Elements of the environment
Low altitude protonsHigh (MEO, GEO) altitude electrons
SPEsJupiter electrons
Cosmic rays
• EO missions / ISS• Galileo, Telecoms, Meteo• Generally not an difficult issue• Serious concern for JUICE• A general problem (SEE/humans)
• A well developed process agreed between agencies and industry
• Results in reliable space systems
• Quantitative evaluation of risks; designs to worst case; margin policies
Radiation hardness assurance
Largest efforts presently are related to JUICE, Galileo and (commercial) Telecom sats– Electron-rich environments (>20MeV @ Jupiter)– Mitigation by high-Z materials– JUICE: highly coordinated analyses (industry, ESA,
instrument teams (11))– Shielding tool developments
• G4 based (incl. “adjoint”); • framework for
collaborative analyses, • data exchange, • industry usability, etc…
– Experimental validation
Radiation shielding effortsin ESA
Shielding studies for human spaceflight
ErsmarkChavy-Macdonald
Human spaceflight shielding
• Emphasis is currently on passive shielding– The issue is ions– Low-Z materials– R&D on shielding materials…
(GSI, Brookhaven)– R&D “road-mapping”:
shielding; warning; countermeasures;etc.
– Some studies about active shielding…
Accelerator Studies- activities with GSI
Activities to exploit the very high energies available at GSI for investigating key problems in space radiation effects
•IBER
•Investigations and analysis of very high energy accelerators for radiation simulation (by Fraunhofer Inst. (prime), GSI, MapRAD (I) and SpaceIT (CH)
•Radiation Shielding by ISRU and Innovative Materials for EVA, Vehicle and Habitat (“ROSSINI”; recently completed)
•Study of radiation energy effects on electronic components with high energy heavy ion beams (planned)
•“ROSSINI-2” (planned)
Electronic Components Experiments
• Medical facility• In air• GSI provides:
• Video systems with remote control
• Laser and optical alignment systems (3-D)
• Linear tables remote controlled (belt conveyor)
• Robotic arm• Devices studied:
– DDR2 – SDRAM, – Power MOSFETs, – SEU monitor
Source: GSI
Cosmic Ray Shielding:Fragmentation cross-section experiments
Partial Fragments Total Cross Section (elemental targets)
Results• Successful acquisition of high quality validation data
ROSSINI: Radiation Shielding by ISRU* &Innovative Materials for EVA, Vehicles and Habitats
• 2-year ESA technology projectstarted in 2012:• Thales Alenia Space Italia
(prime contractor)• GSI (test and data analysis)
SpaceIT (simulations)
High-level objectives:•Select innovative shielding materials & systems;•Test with 1 GeV/n Iron beam or equivalent the proposed targets to prove shielding behaviour;•Give recommendation & guidelines for design & use of surface & transfer habitat implementing the ALARA principle
* in-situ resource utilisation
ROSSINI Campaign @ NSRL
Lunar Regolith
Lunar Concrete
Mars Regolith
• Rossini continuation (2014+)– Further characterization of standard and innovative
materials for passive radiation shielding for human spaceflight
• Investigation of application of FAIR facility– 100(200) T.m synchrotron (c.f. 18 for GSI)– GSI ~2 GeV/u; FAIR >30 GeV/u
• Interplanetary & Planetary Radiation Modelfor Human Spaceflight (IPRAM)– Also studies mission scenarios– Part of follow-on to CDF NEMS system study
• SSA Space Weather System {< can we warn of SPEs?}
• IBER follow-on research {< what is really the risk?}
• Ariadne call for ideas
Other complementary actions
• General points– We must address the real problem (GCRs, not SEPs)– Active systems are complex; we will need to
trade benefit vs. complexity (= risk, reliability, safety, cost),alongside alternatives (e.g. CDFs)
• Magnetic– Recent high quality ESA-sponsored study (4200023087)– Battiston et al. arXiv:1209.1907: Superconductive
Magnet for Radiation Shielding of Human Spacecraft– High mass, ~50 Tons (SLS can get 28 Tons to “escape”)
• Plasma shielding: – (e.g.) Bamford et al., but yet to demonstrate
deflection of high energy particles
• Electrostatic: – extreme high voltages– problems of bremsstrahlung and plasma interactions– Metzger (2004) proposes multipole solutions
Active shielding
48 roadmaps covering 9 Technology Areas
• Space weather systems (monitoring, warning)
• Shielding & design investigations (nominal; shelters)
• Pharmacology
• Active shielding is currently not considered
• Roadmapping is iterative
“Technology for exploration”2012 roadmaps
• ESA has many activities related to radiation shielding
• Emphasis is passive shielding• Much work on unmanned systems• We can expect growth in human spaceflight
issues through association in the near term in the NASA-ESA MPCV (lunar?)
• Expected re-visiting of the roadmaps depending on HSF direction decisions
Conclusions
Thank you
Back-ups
20202014
Radbelt e
Radbelt p
SPE peak