radiation curing of composites for vehicle component and ......xray cured carbon fiber composites...

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1 © 2006 Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and Vehicle Manufacture Marshall R. Cleland a , Richard A. Galloway a , Daniel Montoney b , Dan Dispenza c , Anthony J. Berejka d a IBA Industrial, Inc., Edgewood, NY b Strathmore Products, Syracuse, NY c Nordan Composite Technologies, Patchogue, NY d Ionicorp + , Huntington, NY IAEA/ANS AccApp ’09 Vienna, Austria 48 May 2009

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Page 1: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

1 © 2006 

Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and Vehicle Manufacture 

Marshall R. Cleland a , Richard A. Galloway a , Daniel Montoney b , 

Dan Dispenza c , Anthony J. Berejka d 

a IBA Industrial, Inc., Edgewood, NY b Strathmore Products, Syracuse, NY 

c Nordan Composite Technologies, Patchogue, NY d Ionicorp + , Huntington, NY 

IAEA/ANS AccApp ’09 Vienna, Austria 4­8 May 2009

Page 2: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

2 © 2006 

Presentation Outline 

Advantages of Composites in Vehicles 

Radiation Processing in Automobiles 

Use of Composite Materials in Automobiles 

Advantages of X­ray Curing Versus Thermal Curing for Composites

Page 3: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

3 © 2006 

Advantages of Composites in Vehicles 

Reduced Vehicle Weight 

Increased Fuel Efficiency 

Reduced Use of Fossil Fuels 

Reduced Environmental Pollution 

Reduced Corrosion of Body Parts

Page 4: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

4 © 2006 

Radiation Processing in Automobiles 

Weight reduction: 

In tire manufacture In use of closed cell foams 

Safety benefit: 

Crosslinked under­hood wiring

Page 5: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

5 © 2006 

EB Processing in Tire Manufacture 

Controlled Partial Cure to Improve Quality

Page 6: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

6 © 2006 

EB Processing in Tire Manufacture 

Benefits of Radiation Processing: 

Stabilize tire cords during molding 

Reduce weight of innerliners and other tire components 

Cost­effective processing

Page 7: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

7 © 2006 

EB Processing in Foam Manufacture 

Interior side panels and header

Page 8: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

8 © 2006 

EB Processing in Foam Manufacture 

Benefits of Radiation Processing: 

Crosslinking of the polymer is separate from the foam blowing process 

Controlled size of closed cells 

Controlled stiffness and cushioning

Page 9: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

9 © 2006 

EB Crosslinking of Electrical Wire 

Flame retardant under­hood wiring

Page 10: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

10 © 2006 

EB Crosslinking of Electrical Wire 

Benefits of EB Crosslinking: 

Prevents insulation melting and dripping 

Tolerates high temperature environment 

Flame retardancy inhibits under­hood fires

Page 11: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

11 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

GM Corvette: 1953 – outer body 1984 – leaf springs 

Automotive Composites Consortium (ACC): 1996 – crash test of front end section 

Light weight components used in high­performance autos

Page 12: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

12 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

Weight reduction: 

GM Corvette 

Current high performance autos 

Safety benefit: 

Crash testing by ACC 

High speed racing cars

Page 13: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

13 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

1953 Corvette

Page 14: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

14 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

Porsche Carrera GT subframe

Page 15: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

15 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

Tesla Motors electric car body

Page 16: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

16 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

1996 Ford composite crash testing

Page 17: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

17 © 2006 

Composite Materials in Automobiles 

Race car safety

Page 18: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

18 © 2006 

X­ray Curing versus Thermal Curing 

Advantages of X­ray vs Thermal Curing: 

Greater penetration 

Complex product shapes 

Shelf­stable materials 

Shorter cure cycles

Page 19: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

19 © 2006 

X­ray Sources and Properties 

Sources: High­energy, high­current industrial electron beam (EB) accelerators. 

X­rays are generated by electrons hitting water­cooled tantalum targets. 

X­rays can provide penetrating, non­thermal energy transfer processes.

Page 20: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

20 © 2006 

Forward Peaked X­ray Penetration

Page 21: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

21 © 2006 

Depth­Dose Distributions – EB and X­ray

Page 22: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

22 © 2006 

X­ray Sources and Properties 

Dynamitron ® 5.0 MeV, 300 kW electron accelerator

Page 23: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

23 © 2006 

X­ray Sources and Properties 

Dynamitron 5.0 MeV, 300 kW electron accelerator

Page 24: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

24 © 2006 

X­ray Sources and Properties 

Rhodotron ® 7.0 MeV, 700 kW electron accelerator

Page 25: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

25 © 2006 

X­ray Sources and Properties 

Rhodotron ® 7.0 MeV, 700 kW electron accelerator

Page 26: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

26 © 2006 

5.0 MeV and 7.0 MeV X­ray targets 

Industrial X­ray Processing Facilities 

2m

Page 27: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

27 © 2006 

Dedicated X­ray Processing Facilities 

X­ray Facility for a 7.0 MeV, 700 kW Rhodotron ®

Page 28: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

28 © 2006 

Dedicated X­ray Processing Facilities 

X­ray Facility for a 7.0 MeV, 700 kW Rhodotron ®

Page 29: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

29 © 2006 

X­ray Cured Fiber Reinforced Composites 

+ Cure within inexpensive, simple molds 

+ Use common shelf­stable materials 

+ Cure faster than thermal processes curing times only 2 to 3 minutes 

+ Encase metallic pieces for fasteners

Page 30: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

30 © 2006 

X­ray Cured Fiber Reinforced Composites 

Carbon fiber cups in a simulated mold

Page 31: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

31 © 2006 

X­ray Cured Fiber Reinforced Composites 

X­ray cured carbon­fiber cup

Page 32: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

32 © 2006 

X­ray Cured Carbon Fiber Motorcycle Fender

Page 33: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

33 © 2006 

X­ray Cured Carbon Fiber Motorcycle Fender

Page 34: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

34 © 2006 

X­ray Cured Carbon Fiber Sports Car Fender 

Class A gloss finish

Page 35: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

35 © 2006 

Comparative Toughness Testing 

Falling tup test apparatus 123 cm

Page 36: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

36 © 2006 

Comparative Toughness Testing Four ply carbon fiber composite and 

aluminum panel  of comparable thickness

Page 37: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

37 © 2006 

Comparative Autobody Weights 

Material  Density  Body weight g/cm 3  kg 

Steel  7.8  ~750 

Aluminum  2.7  ~260 

Carbon fiber  1.6  ~155 composite

Page 38: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

38 © 2006 

Comparative Mechanical Properties 

Material  Young’s modulus GPa 

Steel  ~190­210 

Aluminum  ~70 

Carbon fiber  ~125­150 composite

Page 39: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

39 © 2006 

Advantages of Radiation Curing 

Room temperature curing Makes stress­free joints No thermal distortion 

Saves energy Eliminates need for autoclaves 

Avoids air pollution No volatile organic compounds

Page 40: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

40 © 2006 

Conclusions 

X­rays penetrate through inexpensive molds made of aluminum, plastics or composites. 

Composite parts can be cured with X­rays in a few minutes while still in the mold. 

Common radiation curable materials can be used in formulating matrix systems.

Page 41: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

41 © 2006 

Conclusions 

X­ray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame. 

An 80% weight savings from carbon fiber composites versus steel could lead to more than double the fuel efficiency. 

Composites completely eliminate operations such as coating for corrosion protection.

Page 42: Radiation Curing of Composites for Vehicle Component and ......Xray cured carbon fiber composites can be used for all auto structures, including the vehicle chassis and body frame

42 © 2006 

Conclusions 

Cost analyses should include the added value to the consumer and societal benefits from greater fuel efficiency and less environmental emissions leaving a lower carbon footprint.