radiation
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FYI: RADIATIONKristine Marie Romallosa
Radiation Protection Services
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
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Things to know about radiation..
• Ionizing radiation
• Types of ionizing radiation
• Sources of ionizing radiation
• Radioactive materials
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What is Radiation?
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What is Radiation?
Radiation is the process of
emitting energy through a
medium or space in the form
of waves or particles
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What is Radiation?
WAVES PARTICLES
Radiation is the process of emitting energy through a medium or space in the form
of waves or particles
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WAVES PARTICLES
NON-IONISING IONISING
What is Radiation?Radiation is the process of emitting energy through a medium or space in the form
of waves or particles
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What is Ionizing Radiation?
Type of radiation that has sufficient energy to knock-out
electrons in atoms and molecules
Ionizing radiation
electron
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Types of Ionizing Radiation
� Alpha particles
� Beta particles
� Gamma rays
� X-rays
� Neutrons
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Types of Ionizing Radiation
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
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Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Types of Ionizing Radiation
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Radiation Hazards
....alpha & beta emitters are more
hazardous When they are
ingested or inhaled..
....neutrons, x-rays & gamma rays
are more hazardous for the
entire body..
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Sources of Ionising Radiation
• Radioactive materials – Radioactive materials continuously emit
radiation
– Cannot be turned OFF
• Radiation emitting devices or
equipment (e.g. X-ray machines)– Machines can be turned ON and OFF
– When turned OFF, no radiation is
emitted
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Sources of Ionising Radiation
• Radioactive materials – Radioactive materials continuously emit
radiation
– Cannot be turned OFF
• Radiation emitting devices or
equipment (e.g. X-ray machines)– Machines can be turned ON and OFF
– When turned OFF, no radiation is
emitted
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Radioactive Materials
• unstable atoms that DECAY by emitting particles and/or electromagnetic radiation
• Release of ENERGY
• decays to form a more stable nuclide
• Results in the formation of new elements
• There are about more than 2,000 unstable or radioactive nuclides
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Radioactive Materials
• The rate at which the is radiation emitted is called the activity
• Becquerel (Bq) OR Curie (Ci)
• Half-life • The TIME taken for one half
the nuclei in the sample to decay
1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second (dps)
1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
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Radioactive Materials
• The rate at which the is radiation emitted is called the activity
• Becquerel (Bq) OR Curie (Ci)
• Half-life • The TIME taken for one half
the nuclei in the sample to decay
1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second (dps)
1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
Cs-137 ~ 30 yearsI-131 ~ 8 daysSr-90 ~ 28 yrs
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Sources of Ionising Radiation
• Natural Sources
• Man-made Sources
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www.ocrwm.doe.gov/.../radiation-pathways.jpg
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Natural Source: Common Building Materials
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Natural Sources: Food, Water, Air
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Natural Sources: Your body
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Man-made sources
• Nuclear reactors
• Medicine
• Food & agriculture
• Industry
• Household uses
• Nuclear weapons
• Archaeology & Geology
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Man-Made Sources : Modern Health Care
Conventional
Diagnostic
X-rays
Nuclear medicine
for therapy
& diagnosis
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Man-Made Sources : Modern Health Care
Fluoroscopic imaging of
body systems
Radiation therapy for
cancer treatment
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Man-Made Sources: Industry
Gauges for levels in cans
& contents of bottles
Food irradiation
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Man-Made Sources: Industry
Soil density &
Moisture content
analysis of roadsIndustrial radiography for
Thickness of steel &
Integrity of welds
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Households & buildings
Smoke detectors
Static eliminators
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Global radiation dose
natural radon
38%
natural cosmic
12%
natural external
16%
natural internal
10%
medical
12%
nuclear
12%
Global Radiation Dose
(UNSCEAR 2000)
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What could happen to the body when
exposed to radiation?
What could happen to the body when
exposed to radiation?
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Biological effects
• Biological effects on living cells
1. Cells experience DNA damage that are detected & repaired
2. DNA damage not repaired and causes cell death
3. Cell experiences DNA mutation and may induce cancer
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Radiation Effects
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Radiation Dose
� Absorbed radiation dose (energy/mass) received by the body taking into account the radiation sensitivity of specific tissues and body organs
�measure of the biological effect of a particular type of radiation on organs or tissues
� Sieverts ( Sv )
�milliSv (mSv) = 1/1000 Sv�microSv (µSv) = 1/1,000,000 Sv�nanoSn (nSv) = 1/1,000,000,000 Sv
� Absorbed radiation dose (energy/mass) received by the body taking into account the radiation sensitivity of specific tissues and body organs
�measure of the biological effect of a particular type of radiation on organs or tissues
� Sieverts ( Sv )
�milliSv (mSv) = 1/1000 Sv�microSv (µSv) = 1/1,000,000 Sv�nanoSn (nSv) = 1/1,000,000,000 Sv
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Exposure Limits
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Occupational
exposure to
radiation
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Radiation Doses Received (mSv)
0.4 - 1.5 one chest X-ray
0.1 Background (per hr), Red Forest Chernobyl Exclusion zone
1-3 Mammogram
3 US average annual natural background
10 natural background Kerala coast, India
50 Cranial CT scan
100 small increase in cancer risk
250 - 1000 Temporary nausea, blood cell changes, sterility in males;
1000 - 3000Nausea, fatigue, vomiting, blood cell changes, loss of appetite,
sterility in males, death possible
3000 - 6000early death in 50% of those exposed, sterility and cataracts in
survivors
dose limit for workers
dose limit for Fukushima NPP workers
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Radiation Doses Received (mSv)
0.4 - 1.5 one chest X-ray
0.1 Background (per hr), Red Forest Chernobyl Exclusion zone
1-3 Mammogram
3 US average annual natural background
10 natural background Kerala coast, India
50 Cranial CT scan
100 small increase in cancer risk
250 - 1000 Temporary nausea, blood cell changes, sterility in males;
1000 - 3000Nausea, fatigue, vomiting, blood cell changes, loss of appetite,
sterility in males, death possible
3000 - 6000early death in 50% of those exposed, sterility and cataracts in
survivors
dose limit for workers
dose limit for Fukushima NPP workers
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Summary of Radiation Effects
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Relative Risks: Loss of Life Expectancy
Cohen,B.L. Catalog of risks extended and updated, Health Physics 61/3:317-333 (1991)
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Cohen,B.L. Catalog of risks extended and updated, Health Physics 61/3:317-333 (1991)
Relative Risks: Loss of Life Expectancy
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www.ocrwm.doe.gov/.../radiation-pathways.jpg
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Radiation exposure
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HOW CAN YOU
CONTROL
RADIATION
EXPOSURE?
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How to Control Exposure?
DISTANCEDISTANCE
SHIELDINGSHIELDING
TIMETIME
Time distance shielding
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Minimize TIME
The less time that people are exposed to a radiation source, the lesser the absorbed dose.
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Maximize DISTANCE
• the greater the distance from a
source of penetrating radiation,
the less the overall exposure
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Incorporate shielding
Barriers of lead, concrete or water can stop radiation or reduce radiation intensity.
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Radiation Controls
• Evacuation (maximizing distance)
• Sheltering (shielding, minimizing
inhalation)
• Restriction of food products in
affected areas (minimizing ingestion)
• Restriction in water intake in
affected areas (minimizing intake)
• Medical intervention (taking of pills)
• Radiation monitoring
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Radiation Controls
• Evacuation (maximizing distance)
• Sheltering (shielding, minimizing
inhalation)
• Restriction of food products in
affected areas (minimizing ingestion)
• Restriction in water intake in
affected areas (minimizing intake)
• Medical intervention (taking of pills)
• Radiation monitoring
NOT YET NECESSARY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
AFFECTED AREAS IN JAPAN
ARE LOCALIZED
RADIATION MONITORING
IS ONGOING
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Regular Bulletins at
PNRI website
www.pnri.dost.gov.ph
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Questions?
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That’s all..
Thank you!!!!