racismo y discriminación: un acercamiento conceptual - irma alicia velásquez nimatuj

7/25/2019 Racismo y discriminación: un acercamiento conceptual - Irma Alicia Velásquez Nimatuj

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Racismo y discriminación:

un acercamiento conceptual

Irma Alicia Velásquez Nimatuj

1. Introducción

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B \Y(/& "+/ ()2<0G+/ /+8)& %&15120(/ %& (26+/ %& &V2"5/031 )(20(" I5& &V0/6&1 &1"( ]&F&1/+)H( %& @5&8"+/ Z1%H:&1(/? %& "( @)+25)(%5)H( %& ]&)&2<+/ ̂ 5'(1+/X&1 "( ]&F&1/+)H( ;(E(X &1 &" ;010/6&)0+ @=8"02+X &1 "( ]&F&1/+)H( %& "( ;5J&)Z1%H:&1( E &1 "+/ ()2<0G+/ & 01F+)'&/ %& "( ;0/031 %& \&)0F02(2031 %& "(/A(20+1&/ _10%(/ &1 45(6&'("( O;ZA_4_PQD



86 IRMA ALICIA VELÁSQUEZ NIMATUJ

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&"&'&16+/ 7)+G&10&16&/ %& "( >&+)H( 9(20(" L)H602( MI5&7)+7+1& &'7"&() &1 "+/ &/65%0+/ E (1T"0/0/ 51 (2&)2('0&16+I5& ():5'&16& E %&'5&/6)& I5& &" )(20/'+ &/ 51+ %& "+/&J&/ F51%('&16("&/ I5& %&"01&( "( F+)'(2031 /+20("M E &1&"&'&16+/ %&" @&1/('0&16+ ;(E( I5& <(1 /5):0%+ &1%0/25/0+1&/? I5& /+8)& &/6+/ 2+12&76+/ <&'+/ 016&16(%+'(16&1&) '5J&)&/ E <+'8)&/ '(E(/D R&:50%('&16&?560"0*(1%+ &J&'7"+/ %& 758"02(20+1&/ 7&)0+%H/602(/'+/6)()Y 23'+ /& 5/(1 ('8+/ 2+12&76+/ &1 &" %0/25)/+2+60%0(1+? 23'+ /& )&7)&/&16( "( +7)&/031 )(20(" E "(/0'7"02(20+1&/ 7+"H602(/ %& Y/6+/ 5/+/D `01("'&16&? 20&))+2+1 51( 8)&G& 2+12"5/031 %+1%&? &16)& +6)+/ 7516+/?

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2. Antecedentes

!1 45(6&'("(? &" 6&'( %& "( +7)&/031 )(20(" )&6+'3 &/7(20+/7=8"02+/ ( 7()60) %& J510+ %&" ,--,? "5&:+ I5& G()0(/ '5J&)&/

'(E(/? %& '(1&)( 01%0G0%5("? 7)&/&16('+/ %&15120(/2+12)&6(/ ( %0F&)&16&/ 01/6(120(/ J5%020("&/? 1(20+1("&/ &016&)1(20+1("&/? 7+) G0+"(20+1&/ 2+'&60%(/ &1 2+16)( %&1+/+6)(/ 7+) &V7)&/() 15&/6)( 0%&160%(% )(20(" ( 6)(GY/ %&%0F&)&16&/ '()2(%+)&/ /+20("&/ I5& &1 45(6&'("( 1+/0%&160F02( 2+'+ 01%H:&1(/ E %& <(2&) 5/+ %& "+/ %&)&2<+/I5& "( L+1/60652031 @+"H602( OBC$.Q 1+/ :()(160*( &1 "+/()6H25"+/ W? .$? aa? [B? [a? BWUX (/H 2+'+ "+/ I5& 1+/ )&2+1+2&&" L+1G&10+ BaC %& "( SZ>? )(60F02(%+ 7+) 45(6&'("( OBCCaQX"( L+1G&12031 2+16)( >+%(/ "( `+)'(/ %& ]0/2)0'01(20319(20(" OBC$,QX "( L+1G&12031 /+8)& "( !"0'01(2031 %& >+%(/"(/ `+)'(/ %& ]0/2)0'01(2031 L+16)( "( ;5J&) OBC$,Q? I5&

(7"02( ( "(/ '5J&)&/ 01%H:&1(/X &" @(26+ Z16&)1(20+1(" %&]&)&2<+/ !2+13'02+/? R+20("&/ E L5"65)("&/ OBC$$QX "(L+1G&12031 /+8)& "+/ ]&)&2<+/ %&" A0b+ OBCC-Q I5& %&%02(()6H25"+/ ( 10b+/ 01%H:&1(/X &" @(26+ Z16&)1(20+1(" %&]&)&2<+/ L0G0"&/ E @+"H602+/ OBCC,QX E &" P25&)%+ /+8)&Z%&160%(% E ]&)&2<+ %& "+/ @5&8"+/ Z1%H:&1(/ OBCC.QD,

!1 "+/ (16&)0+)&/ 01/6)5'&16+/ "&:("&/ /& :()(160*( &"%&)&2<+ 1+ /3"+ ( "(/ '5J&)&/? /01+ 6('80Y1 ( 6+%+/ "+/01%H:&1(/ M5)8(1+/? )5)("&/? 10b+/? (120(1+/? '5J&)&/?

<+'8)&/? (1("F(8&6+/? %0/2(7(206(%+/? &62Y6&)(M (" (22&/+&1 2+1%020+1&/ %& 0:5("%(% ( "+/ )&25)/+/ E ( 51( G0%(%0:1(? I5& 012"5E& &16)& '52<+/ +6)+/ %&)&2<+/c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

%&)&2<+/ &"&'&16("&/ 1+ 75&%&1 /&) &J&)20%+/ 7"&1('&16&7+) "+/ 01%H:&1(/D

@+) "( <0/6+)0( 7()6025"() I5& <(1 &1F)&16(%+ "+/ @5&8"+/Z1%H:&1(/ &1 45(6&'("( "+/ 6&'(/ %&" )(20/'+ E "(%0/2)0'01(2031 1+ /+1 15&G+/ %&16)+ %& &/6+/ 2+"&260G+/D@+) &" 2+16)()0+? "( +7)&/031 )(20(" <( /0%+ <0/63)02('&16&(8+)%(%( E %0/2560%( %& '(1&)( ('7"0( 7+) "+/ 7)+70+/'(E(/ %&16)+ %& /5/ 2+'510%(%&/ E 6('80Y1 &16)&'0&'8)+/ %& %0F&)&16&/ )&:0+1&/ "01:dH/602(/ E :&+:)TF02(/D

@+) &J&'7"+? ( F01("&/ %& "( %Y2(%( %& BC[- 51 :)57+ %&

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, !1 &" ,--U "( @)+25)(%5)H( %& "+/ ]&)&2<+/ ̂ 5'(1+/ O@]^Q )&20803(")&%&%+) %& BUa %&15120(/ 7+) %0/2)0'01(2031 E )(20/'+D N(

'(E+)H( %& %&15120(16&/ F5&)+1 '5J&)&/ %0/2)0'01(%(/ 7+) G&/60)/5 01%5'&16()0( )&:0+1("? 7&)+ 6('80Y1 75&%&1 &12+16)()/&%&15120(/ %& <+'8)&/ E '5J&)&/ I5& &1F)&16()+1 7&)/&252031 7+)7)(2602() /5 )&"0:0+/0%(% &1 ("6()&/ '(E(/ I5& &/6T1 5802(%+/ &1&/7(20+/ 7=8"02+/X &V2"5/031 7+"H602( 7+) 7&)6&1&2&) ( 51( &610( +7+) <(8"() 51 0%0+'( '(E(D \Y(/& &" ()2<0G+ %& &/( 01/60652031 %&&/& (b+D

U @)+'+G0&)+1 "( 2(12&"(2031 %&" &G&16+ &16)& I5010&16(/ 5+2<+20&16(/ 7&)/+1(/ %& 6+%+/ "+/ 75&8"+/ '(E(/? )&510%+/ &1 R(1L)0/638(" >+6+102(7T1 (")&%&%+) %&" &G&16+ %& _'0(" PJ(5 PJ7+7D]&16)+ %& "+/ 7()60207(16&/ 75&%& '&120+1()/& ( "+/ R+/(? ;Y1%&*?\T/I5&*? @+7? @(2(E? 9('+/? 4()2H(? ZV2('7()0J? R(731? f&6? PJV57?R(E? ZV2(I502? >05? >*(I506*("? >5'01? g502<Y? \&165)(? R02T? L+6H?&16)& '52<+/ +6)+/D >('80Y1 (7+E()+1 "( 7)+75&/6( "(/ &/65%0(16&/'(E(/ %&" 2+"&:0+ !" @&)7&65+ R+2+))+ E /5/ 7(%)&/D R01 &'8():+?<58+ '(E(/ I5& 1+ (7+E()+1 "( 7)+75&/6(? /01+ I5& /&0%&160F02()+1 2+1 "( 2+16015(2031 %&" &G&16+D !/6+ %&'5&/6)( I5&1+ <( &V0/60%+ <+'+:&1&0%(% &1 "(/ 7)+75&/6(/ E %&'(1%(/01%H:&1(/D



87R ACISMO Y DISCRIMINACIÓN: UN ACERCAMIENTO CONCEPTUAL

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N+/ %0/25)/+/ %& "(/ 2(1%0%(6(/ ( 9&01( Z1%H:&1( %&g5&6*("6&1(1:+? &G&16+ I5& /& 010203 &1 BCUW <(/6( BC[[?6('80Y1 F5&)+1 &/7(20+/ 560"0*(%+/ 7+) %0F&)&16&/ /&26+)&/%& hi02<&&i/ 5)8(1+/? I5& "(/ (7+E(8(1? 7()( %&15120()&/(/ G0+"(20+1&/D P%&'T/? &1 "( %Y2(%( %& BC[-? &" "01:d0/6(P%)0T1 Z1Y/ L<TG&* OBC-WMBC$[Q? J516+ ( +6)+/ 01%H:&1(/F51%3 "( P2(%&'0( ;(E(Mg502<YD. !1 &""( (8+)%()+1? 1+/3"+ "( 1&2&/0%(% %& 7)+'+G&) "( &%52(2031 80"01:d&? /01+&" %&)&2<+ %& "+/ '(E(/ ( &V7)&/() /5 0%&160%(% /01 /&)7+) &/6+ %0/2)0'01(%+/ E '():01(%+/ 7+) &" !/6(%+? "(/Y"06&/ E "+/ /&26+)&/ "(%01+/ E '&/60*+/D S6)( F5&16& &1%+1%& 75&%& (1("0*()/& &/6( %0/25/031 /+1 "+/ 1='&)+/

%&" 7&)03%02+ !"#$ ? )&%(26(%+ 2(/0 &1 /5 6+6("0%(% 7+)01%H:&1(/ E I5& 20)25"3 &1 &" 7(H/ %& F01("&/ %& "( %Y2(%(%& BC[- ( 7)012070+/ %& "+/ (b+/ %& BC$-D !1 !"#$ "(%0/2)0'01(2031 E &" )(20/'+ F5&)+1 (8+)%(%+/ %&/%&%0F&)&16&/ 7&)/7&260G(/ E ( 6)(GY/ %& %0F&)&16&/(2+16&20'0&16+/ 1(20+1("&/D P%&'T/? 51( %0/25/031 /+8)&"(/ "0'06(20+1&/ E +720+1&/ 7+"H602(/ I5& 7)+G+2( &" )(20/'+&1 51 2+"&260G+ &/7&2HF02+ 75&%& (1("0*()/& &1 "(/%&'(1%(/ I5& %0&)+1 G0%( (" L+'06Y LHG02+ f&"MK= &1 BC[,?&1 "( 205%(% %& g5&6*("6&1(1:+? ( 6)(GY/ %&" 25(" "+/hi02<&&i/ <(1 "52<(%+ /0'5"6T1&('&16& 7+) "( 0:5("%(%)(20(" E "( 0:5("%(% 7+"H602(D N+/ &J&'7"+/ (I5H

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3.Racismo y discriminación

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Unas 30 denuncias sobre discriminación por el uso del

traje indígena en establecimientos educativos son

reportadas por el Ministerio de Educación cada año.

La última fue presentada el miércoles 15 en la referida

cartera por María Yax de León, quien señaló que su

inscripción en la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias

Comerciales, zona 7, fue condicionada a que se quitara

su vestimenta tradicional. Demetrio Cojtí, viceministro

técnico de Educación, indicó: ‘Existe una resolución

ministerial desde marzo, que prohíbe a las autoridades

educativas condicionar el uniforme occidental o

europeo a las mujeres indígenas, quienes tienen

derecho a vestir su traje, si así lo desean’. Con el fin deevitar estas arbitrariedades, el ministerio se comunica

por escrito y telefónicamente con la dirección del

establecimiento que incumple la resolución emitida al

respecto. ‘Siempre ha sido suficiente este mecanismo

interno, porque queremos creer que estos hechos

obedecen a desinformación y no a racismo’, expresó

Cojtí.6

La disposición mencionada se tomó con base en los

artículos 66 y 71 de la Constitución, que establecen:

‘El Estado reconoce y respeta el uso del traje indígena

en hombres y mujeres. Además, es obligación delEstado proporcionar y facilitar educación a sus

habitantes, sin discriminación alguna’.

Cojtí agregó que la medida también se hace extensiva

a los colegios o institutos que utilicen uniforme. ‘Si por

razones de seguridad es necesario vestir ropa que

identifique al colegio o escuela pública, bastará con el

suéter del establecimiento educativo. Las señoritas

podrán usar corte y güipil’, puntualizó.

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R) WPPX SYZ*C*- (1'G*[+ 1- 9(1$#5 \*'#5)*- %1

8#01(*0/(*]

Yo he dicho que me parece que el gesto de Ak’abal es

digno de respeto. Yo lo habría entendido mejor si el

rechazo hubiera sido atribuido al hecho de que el

Estado guatemalteco (quien otorga el premio) practica

de hecho el racismo. O sea, todos nosotros tendemos

a ser racistas -y me atrevo a decir que esto no excluye

a los miembros del Estado de ninguna etnia, ni a mí

mismo, ni al señor Ak’abal. Para combatir el racismo lo

primero es reconocer que todos somos culpables depracticarlo.

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5. Epílogo

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racismo y discriminación: un acercamiento conceptual - irma alicia velásquez nimatuj

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