racism and sexism race, ethnicity, gender unit racism definition: a set of beliefs that uses...
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Racism and Racism and SexismSexism
Race, Ethnicity, Gender Race, Ethnicity, Gender UnitUnit
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RacismRacism• Definition: a set of beliefs that uses
biological factors to explain and justify inequalities between racial and ethnic groups
• Those who hold these beliefs do not question these beliefs
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RacismRacism• Structured on 3 ideas
– People can be classified into racial categories according to physical traits such as skin color, hair texture, and eye shape
– A close correspondence exists between physical traits and achievements such as intelligence, income, occupation, and athletic ability
– Physical attributes are deemed so significant that they are used to explain and determine behavior and inequalities. There is no other possible explanation for these inequalities
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Origins of RacismOrigins of Racism• Modern racism comes from European
exploration of Africa, Asia, and the Americas
• Derives from colonialism– European ideals forced upon indigenous
population
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Origins of RacismOrigins of Racism• Colonialism needed a large labor
force– Started with native-born populations– Moved onto indentured workers for Asia
and Africa– Finally used the slave trade (11.7 million
enslaved Africans)
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Origins of RacismOrigins of Racism• “Scientific” Racism: using faulty
science to support systems of racial rankings and theories of social and cultural progress– Placed Whites in most advanced ranks
and stage of human evolution
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Flaws in Racial ArgumentsFlaws in Racial Arguments• “African-Americans are better at
sports”
– What about hockey, gymnastics, swimming, soccer, cycling, sailing, rowing, archery, volleyball, skiing, and other sports that generate less money?
– Sports are seen as a way out environmental situation
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Flaws in Racial ArgumentsFlaws in Racial Arguments• Sociologists look for what channels
people into certain fields
• Which has a higher visibility of a certain group
• What access does the group to the requirements
• Environmental factors
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SexismSexism• Belief that one sex – and by
extension, one gender – is innately superior
• Justifies inequality between the sexes
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SexismSexism• Based on 3 notions:
1. People can be placed into two categories – male and female
2. A close correspondence exists between a person’s sex characteristics and characteristics such as emotional state, body language, personality, intelligence, the expression of sexual desire, and athletic capability
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3. Primary sex characteristics are viewed as so significant that they can explain and determine behavior and the inequalities that exist between the sexes.
-Sexism underlies any differential treatment of, or thinking about, males and females that ignores the individual
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Extreme Hate of SexesExtreme Hate of Sexes• Misogyny: extreme hate for females
• Misandry: extreme hate for males
– Leads to hate of homophobia
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Homophobia and Homophobia and HypermasculinityHypermasculinity
• Homophobia has 2 definitions– Irrational fear held by some
heterosexuals that a same-sex person will make a sexual advance to them
– Fear of being in close contact with someone of the same sex
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HypermasculinityHypermasculinity• Involves exaggerating the traits and
behaviors believed characteristic of males– Excessive emphasis on strength to the
point that a man’s muscles and reproductive organs are presented as impossibly large
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HypermasculinityHypermasculinity• Belief that people who behave in
ways that depart from ideals of masculinity or femininity are considered deviant and in need of fixing– Should be subjected to negative
sanctions
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FeminismFeminism• Perspective that seeks to understand
the position of women in society relative to men and that advocates equal opportunity
– Real question is what is considered equal
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Sociologists view on Sociologists view on feminismfeminism
• All groups advocate common themes
• 7 Themes of feminism1. The right to bodily integrity and
autonomy2. Access to safe contraceptives3. The right to choose the terms of
pregnancy
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ThemesThemes4. Access to quality prenatal care,
protection from violence inside and outside the home, and freedom from sexual harassment
5. Equal pay at work6. Workplace rights to maternity and
other caregiver leaves7. Freedom for both men and women to
make choices in life that defy gender expectations
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PrejudicePrejudice• An unfavorable judgment about a
category of people that is applied to anyone who belongs to that category
– Supported by stereotypes and confirmation bias (selective perception)
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StereotypesStereotypes• Generalizations about people who
belong category that do not change even in the face of contradictory evidence
• Confirmation Bias/Selective perception– Only noticing behaviors that support
your ideas
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StereotypesStereotypes• Any person who does not fall into the
stereotype is seen as the exception to the rule
• Stereotypes vs. personal short comings
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StereotypesStereotypes• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: people start
behaving in ways to confirm a false definition of a situation
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DiscriminationDiscrimination• Intentional or unintentional
• Unequal treatment of racial or ethnic groups without considering merit, ability, or past performance
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DiscriminationDiscrimination• People can be separated into 4
groups
• All-weather liberals• Fair-weather liberals• Timid bigots• Active Bigots
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DiscriminationDiscrimination• All-weather liberals: accepts the creed of
equal opportunity and their conduct conforms to that creed
• Fair-weather liberals: accept the creed of equal opportunity but discriminate because they simply fail to consider discriminatory consequences or because discriminating gives them some advantage
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DiscriminationDiscrimination• Timid Bigots: reject the creed of equal
opportunity but refrain from discrimination, primarily because they fear the possibility of sanctions or being labeled a bigot
• Active Bigots: Reject the notion of equal opportunity and profess a moral right, even a duty, to discriminate.
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Types of discriminationTypes of discrimination• De facto: discrimination that is
practiced but not officially a law
• De jure: discrimination that is inherent in the law
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AssumptionsAssumptions
They are________________, so I figured they would act___________.
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Stereotyping Stereotyping
They are all like that.
“Stereotypes are devices for saving a biased person the trouble of learning.”
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PrejudicePrejudice
Thoughts and Beliefs
I think women/ blacks/ teenagers/ Arabs ...
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DiscriminationDiscrimination
Behaviors and Actions
I will not hire women.
My daughter will not date interracially.
I won’t cheer for Latin ballplayers.
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Racism and HomophobiaRacism and Homophobia
A societal policy
No blacks will be admitted to this school.
All people of Japanese ancestry must be relocated.
Homosexuals may not legally marry.
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ScapegoatingScapegoating
Blaming society’s problems on innocent groups.
The _____________ are ruining this country.
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and finally Genocideand finally Genocide