rachel peterson calcium. osteoporosis, the deficiency disease of calcium, has been discovered in...
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Rachel PetersonCALCIUM
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Osteoporosis, the deficiency disease of calcium, has been discovered in 4000 year old Egyptian mummies
Determined by presence of dowager’s hump or curved spine
Used to create plaster of Paris 1000 years ago to set broken bones
HISTORY
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Leafy greens: collards, kale, broccoli, turnip greens
Fortified foods: breakfast cereals and fruit juices
Dairy Products: milk, yogurt, cheeseCrackers, white bread, rollsSalmon and sardines
CALCIUM IN FOODS
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RDA for Adults 19-50 years1000 mg/day
RDA after women are 50 and men are 701200 mg/day
Adolescents 1300 mg/day
Daily Value1000 mg/day
CALCIUM NEEDS
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Occurs along length of intestinal tract
Absorbed most effi ciently in upper region of small intestine
Absorption decreases at end of small intestine and colon
Some is absorbed via passive diffusion
ABSORPTION
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Our bodies are able to absorb greater amounts of calcium during periods of growth Infancy Pregnancy
Vitamin D promotes calcium absorptionAdults absorb 25-30% Reduced absorption
Secretion of stomach acid Chronic diarrhea Intake of phytic acid, oxalic acid, phosphorus,
polyphenols
ABSORPTION
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Calcium is transported in two formsFree ionized formProtein-bound form
99% of calcium is stored in bones and teeth
Calcium is excreted via urine and sweat
TRANSPORT AND STORAGE
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Low calcium levels: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) released PTH works with vitamin D to increase kidney’s reabsorption
of calcium Kidneys inhibit calcium from being excreted in urine PTH promotes synthesis of vitamin D and helps calcium be
released from bonesHigh calcium levels:
Less PTH is released Urinary calcium excretion increases Vitamin D synthesis decreases Calcitonin is released to block calcium loss from bones
CALCIUM IN THE BLOODSTREAM
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Bone development and maintenanceBlood clottingTransmission of nerve impulsesMuscle contractionCell metabolismControlling blood pressure
FUNCTIONS
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UL: 2500 mg/day for adults aging 19-50UL: 2000 mg/day for adults 50+Typically caused by supplementationHypercalcemia
High concentration of calcium in bloodKidney stone developmentKidney failureIrritability and headacheDecreased absorption of other minerals
UPPER LEVEL OF CALCIUM
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OsteopeniaOsteoporosis
Affects 8 million women and 2 million men in US
More prevalent in Caucasian/whites and postmenopausal women
KyphosisPrevention: early intake of calcium and vitamin D, intake of other minerals, exercise/weight training
CALCIUM DEFICIENCY
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OSTEOPOROSIS
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45% of adults report usingContain salts like calcium carbonate or calcium
citrateMay contain vitamin D to increase absorptionShould be used with caution
Hypercalcemia Calcium deposits Interactions with other minerals Lead contamination
SUPPLEMENTATION
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Relationship between calcium supplementation and cardiovascular events
Found that supplementation had varied effects on cardiovascular events, stroke, and myocardial infarction
Concluded that the benefits of a calcium supplement outweigh the risk of cardiovascular events
CURRENT RESEARCH
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Relationship between protein intake, calcium balance, and the health consequences
Researchers hypothesized that a high protein intake would exert a hypercalciuric eff ect and a low urinary pH Effects together promote skeletal demineralization
Found that high protein diets do induce an increase in urinary calcium excretion, but are not linked to an impaired calcium balance or decrease in bone density
CURRENT RESEARCH
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Unable to access the Evidence Analysis Library
EAL
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What are sources of calcium?What is the RDA for calcium?What two hormones are used in maintaining
blood calcium levels?What is the deficiency disease associated
with calcium?
QUESTIONS
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Byrd-Bredbenner, G. Moe, D. Beshgetoor , & J . Bern ing, Ward law's Perspect ives in Nutr i t ion-Ninth Ed i t ion (pp. 512-523) . New York , NY: The McGraw-Hi l l Companies . (2013)
Calvez, J . , Poupin , N . , Chesneau, C . , Lassa le , C . , & Tome, D. (2012) . Prote in Intake, Ca lc ium Ba lance, and Hea l th Consequences . European Journa l o f C l in ica l Nutr i t ion , 281-295.
Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet : Ca lc ium. (2013, March) . Ret r ieved October 27, 2013, f rom Offi ce o f D ietary Supplements : Nat iona l Inst i tutes o f Hea l th : ht tp : / /ods .od.n ih .gov/ factsheets /Ca lc ium-Heal thProfess iona l /#h10
Downing, L . , & Is lam, M. A. (2013) . Infl uence o f Ca lc ium Supplements on the Occurance o f Card iovascu lar Events . Amer ican Journa l o f Hea l th -System Pharmacy, 1132-1139.
Hacker , A. N . , Fung, E . B . , & K ing, J . C . (2012) . Ro le o f Ca lc ium dur ing Pregnancy: Materna l and Feta l Needs. Nutr i t ion Rev iews, 397-409.
Peters , B . , Ver ly J r. , E . , March ion i , D . , Fi sberg , M. , & Mart in i , L . (2011) . The Infl uence o f Breakfast and Da i ry Products on Dietary ca lc ium and Vi tamin D Intake in Postpuberta l Ado lescents and Young Adul ts . Journa l o f Human Nutr i t ion and D ietet ics , 69-74.
Sizer , & Whi tney, Nutr i t ion: Concepts & Controvers ies (pp. 288-290) . Be lmont , CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learn ing. (2011)
Spangler , M. , Bry les -Ph i l l ips , B . , Ross , M. B . , & Moores , K . G. (2011) . Ca lc ium Supplementat ion in Postmenopausa l Women to Reduce R isk o f Osteoporot ic Fractures . Amer ican Journa l o f Heal th -System Pharmacy, 309-318.
BIBLIOGRAPHY