Race Relations Race Relations 1877-1920s1877-1920s

SegregationSegregation

►Progressivism ≠ end of segregationProgressivism ≠ end of segregation► In the SouthIn the South

Whites intimidated African AmericansWhites intimidated African Americans Even killed them (lynching)Even killed them (lynching)

►Blacks could not use public facilitates Blacks could not use public facilitates that Whites could usethat Whites could use Libraries, schools, restaurants, water Libraries, schools, restaurants, water

fountains to name just a FEWfountains to name just a FEW► Jim Crow Era (“separate but equal”)Jim Crow Era (“separate but equal”)

Other DiscriminationOther Discrimination

►Literacy tests for votingLiteracy tests for voting►Poll taxesPoll taxes►Lack of educational opportunitiesLack of educational opportunities

All of this we will cover in-depth during All of this we will cover in-depth during our Civil Rights unit at the end of the our Civil Rights unit at the end of the yearyear

Why was the enrollment of Blacks in schools practically non-existent in 1862?

What is one thing that always remains the same on the graph?

1414thth Amendment and Amendment and Plessy v. Plessy v. FergusonFerguson

►Remember the 14Remember the 14thth amendment? What amendment? What did it say?did it say? Equal protection under the law for U.S. Equal protection under the law for U.S.

citizens (no state can make a law denying citizens (no state can make a law denying equal protection)equal protection)

►Well, then why was it legal to separate Well, then why was it legal to separate blacks?blacks?

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

►Plessy v. Ferguson =Plessy v. Ferguson = Supreme Court said Supreme Court said African Americans were separate but equalAfrican Americans were separate but equal

►18921892 New OrleansNew Orleans Homer Plessy, an African American tried to Homer Plessy, an African American tried to

board a whites-only railroad car and was board a whites-only railroad car and was arrestedarrested

►Plessy challenged his arrest, citing it Plessy challenged his arrest, citing it violated the 14violated the 14thth Amendment Amendment

► It went the whole way to the Supreme CrtIt went the whole way to the Supreme Crt

Plessy Plessy results 1896results 1896

►Supreme Court said African Americans Supreme Court said African Americans were equal under the law per the 14were equal under the law per the 14thth amend. amend.

►ButBut “separate” treatment of them was “separate” treatment of them was constitutional constitutional

►Ushered in start of Jim Crow EraUshered in start of Jim Crow Era►Separate but equal doctrine was not Separate but equal doctrine was not

over-turned until 1950s!!over-turned until 1950s!! Anyone know the famous case that over-Anyone know the famous case that over-

turned it?turned it?

W.E.B. DuBoisW.E.B. DuBois

► Around this time men like DuBois started Around this time men like DuBois started fighting Jim Crow laws and their impact on fighting Jim Crow laws and their impact on African AmericansAfrican Americans

► Founded NAACP (National Assoc. for the Founded NAACP (National Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People)Advancement of Colored People)

► Education was of great importance to him Education was of great importance to him However, believed education was meaningless However, believed education was meaningless

without equality under the lawwithout equality under the law Proponent of a classic liberal arts educations for Proponent of a classic liberal arts educations for

African AmericasAfrican Americas

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

►Unlike DuBois, he believed Unlike DuBois, he believed education played education played thethe largest largest role in African American role in African American successsuccess

►Equality = secondary roleEquality = secondary role►Proponent of vocational educationProponent of vocational education

►He accepted social separation He accepted social separation as long as African Americans as long as African Americans had access to educational had access to educational and vocational opportunitiesand vocational opportunities

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration

►Movement of ~ 6 million African Movement of ~ 6 million African Americans out of SouthAmericans out of South

►Moved to Northeast, West, and Mid-Moved to Northeast, West, and Mid-WestWest

►1910-19301910-1930