ra, the king and his ka
TRANSCRIPT
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Ra, the king and his ka
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OLD KINGDOMDynasty 3
Djoser, step pyramid, funerary enclosure complex
Dynasty 4Giza pyramid complexes, pre-planned
mastaba fields
Dynasty 5 & 6
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Pyramid of Userkaf at Saqqara
(1st king, Dyn. 5)
Original height est. 161 ft. Original height est.
203 ft.
Khufu 481 ft.Khafra 448 ft.
Menkaura 215 ft.
Sneferu (red) 341 ft.Sneferu (bent) 332 ft.
Sneferu (step) 307 ft.
DYN. 6 = 100cubits or
172 ft.
Djoser (Dyn. 3)
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?
KHUFU
Ankhaf (vizier under Khafra, buried
at Giza)
Hetepheres I
HUNI
SNEFERU
Nefermaat (vizier under Sneferu,
buried at Meidum)
Rahotep (buried at Meidum)
Hetepheres A
Hemiunu (vizier under Khufu,
buried at Giza) KHAFRA
(buried at Giza)
DJEDEFRA(RADJEDEF)
Meritites
Hetepheres II
MENAUKRA
SHEPSESKAF ?
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Dynasty 4
SneferuKhufu
Radjedef (or Djedefra) Khafra
MenkauraShepsekaf
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Radjedef/Djedefra’s pyramid was not next to his
father Khufu’s Great Pyramid at Giza, but
slightly north at Abu RoashAbu Roash
Abu Ghurab
Saqqara
Abusir
Dashur
Heliopolis sun temple
“Iunu”
Giza
ME
MPH
IS
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Radjedef/Djedefra’s pyramid was not next to his father Khufu’s Great
Pyramid at Giza, but slightly north at Abu
Roash
Abu Roash
Giza
Zawiyet el-Aryan
Abu GhurabA
Saqqara
Abusir
Dashur
Heliopolis sun temple
“Iunu”
Giza
MEMPHIS
RA DJED EF
RA
KHA
EF
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Mastaba tomb of king Shepseskaf, end Dyn. 4, at Saqqara
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Aerial view of Djoser pyramid complex, Saqqara
Pyramid of Userkaf, 1st king Dyn. 5
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SneferuKhufu
Radjedef (Djedefra)Khafra
MenkauraShepseskaf
UserkafSahura
NeferirkaraShepseskara
RaneferefNyuserra
MenkauhorDjedkara IzezyUnas (Wenis)
Teti Userkara
Pepy IMerenra Pepy II
Queen Nitiqret
Dynasty 6
Dynasty 5
Dynasty 4
MEIDUM/DASHURGIZA
ABU ROASHGIZAGIZA
SAQQARA (mastaba)SAQQARA
ABUSIR
SAQQARA
}}
ALL BUILT SUN TEMPLES
pyramid located at:
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Sun temple of Nyussera (Dyn. 5) at Abu Ghurab
Example of a ben-ben stone
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Dynasty 5 pyramids at Abusir
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Pyramid and temple of king Sahura at Abusir (early Dyn. 5)
Valley temple
Temple:Pyramid size ratio increasing
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Pyramid and temple, king Menkaura, Dyn. 4
215 ft. high
150-175 ft. high
Sneferu, early Dyn. 4 (317 ft. high)
Pyramid and temple, king Sahura, early
Dyn. 5
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Pyramid and temple of king Sahura early
Dyn. 5
100 cubits (172 ft.)
150 cubits (258 ft.)
250 cubits (430.5 ft.)
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Pyramid of king Unas (last king Dyn. 5)
burial chamber with earliest known Pyramid
Texts
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Pyramid Texts (late Dyn. 5- Dyn. 6)Hail, King X! Take heed of the lake!
The messengers of your ka have come for you, the messengers of your father have come for you,
the messengers of Ra have come for you.Follow behind your sun, that you may purify yourself.
Your bones are the divine falcons and the uraeus serpents which are in the sky.
You will abide at the side of the god, you will entrust your house to your son whom you have begotten. As for
anyone who speaks evil against the name of King X when you go out, Geb [god of the earth] will degrade him to
the lowest place in his city. He will retreat and be weary, but you will purify yourself in the celestial waters.
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Pyramid Texts (late Dyn. 5- Dyn. 6)The ferries of heaven have been launched by the day-barque for Ra…so that
King X may go forth on them to Horakhty on the horizon. King X will go forth on the east side of heaven where the gods are born, and King X will be born as
Horus…The mother of King X has become pregnant with him who is in the lower heaven. This King X has been begotten by his father Atum [king of the gods]…This King X has escaped his day of submission to death…King X is a star which knows not destruction…And this King X shall live even as he who
sets in the west [the sun-god Ra] lives when he rises in the east of the sky.
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Pyramid Texts (late Dyn. 5- Dyn. 6)All mankind shall acclaim you, for the stars which know not destruction have exalted you. Get yourself up to the place where your father abides, to the place where Geb abides and he will give you the uraeus which is on the brown of Horus. Through it you will become an akh,
through it you will become mighty, through it you will be preeminent among the Westerners…This King X has come as an akh who knows not destruction… O Ra-
Atum, your son has come to you. Cause him to ascend to you…for he is your son, the son of your body unto
eternity…Hail Osiris King X! Stand up now! Horus has come to install you among the gods. O flesh of King X,
do not rot, do not putrefy, do not small foul.
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The king and his ka embrace Osiris
The ka: life force or personality of living person that leaves the body upon death;
requires offerings at the tomb
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The ba: the “soul” bridges the 2 worlds, travelling between the tomb/body and the afterlife; for it to exist, the body must be
preserved.
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The akh: effectiveness in life and transfiguration in the afterlife, requires spells
to be rendered effective; “spirit”; the transformation to a glorified being in the
afterlife
The reunion of the ba with the ka is effected by the
burial ritual, creating the final transformation of the
deceased as an akh.