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31 10 9 5 04

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/ � LM[?GKU95 @ ��. >C79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;7 BE5 G��\U9>CXIU�>C79X�YC:9S�5(BE> � @ <�� >C79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;79B Gadd

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I �|X�L Q ��HMFE5 Gcmp

I �|HM79S Q L��;5?Gmov

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� 5�FEX�5�73GIH�8;5�L�[|GELMGIHMYcS 2 7�H Q >CX(>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7 X�L;:973G + ��U95�BE5�YR5�X GK5�S=>C79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;79B\H�X�X�LM:973Gi[ LMFH�BE>R8;79>R�9X/HM73G�� 5�FEX�5�73GIH�8;5�L�[|GELMGIHMYcS 2 7�H Q >CX(>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7 X�L;:973G +

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0opcode01 1 1 1 Rd Rds Rm len

31 30 29 28 27 26 24 23 22 19 18 14 10 9 5 0

Rms

13 4

xy7�GKU95�� � ��� ������������ ��G V I�LM[ GEU95�H 1 L��;5 @ <6� >C79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;79B!� GKU�5�X�L;FDFE5�B � LM79S9>C7�8�>C7��BDGEFE:9X GK>RL;79B U�H9�;5$G��6L 1 >RG�BE5�X GK>RL;7 L,� 5�FKHM79S�B + ��U95�FD5�[ L;FD5 L;7�5pL,� 5�FKHM79S HMX GKB 1 L�GKU HMB�HBELM:9FEX�5iL,� 5�FKHM79S+HM79S�H(S95�BDGK>R7�H�GE>CL;7�L*� 5�FEHM79S + ��U�5���HMFD>}HM73GEB LM[

cmpHM7�S

mov>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>CLM79B

HMFD5�BDYC>R8;U3GKY 2 S9>�� 5�FD5�73G�HMB\GKU95 2 FE5�� :9>RFE5�L;79Y 2 G��aL�L*� 5�FEHM79S9B!� :�79YC>35M5(GKU95 @ <���>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�B�\U9>RXIU=FD5�� :9>CFD5(GKU9FD5�5wL*� 5�FKH�79S9B + V�L;F

cmpGKU95(G��aL 1 >RG\BE5�X�GE>CL;7�L*� 5�FKH�79S9BiHMFD5 1 LMGEU�BDL;:9FDX�5

L*� 5�FEHM79S9B6HM79S�[ L;Fmov

L;7�5eL*� 5�FEHM79S�>RBaGEU95eBDL;:9FEX�5�HM7�S�GKU95�LMGEU95�Fa>CB GKU95�S95�B�GK>C79H�GK>RL;7 + & 5

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31 30 29 28 27 26 24 23 22 19 18 14 10 9 5 0

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13 4

1

15

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G H I @ <���xy79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;79B

opcode01 1 1 1 Rm len

31 30 29 28 27 26 24 23 22 14 10 9 5 0

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13 4

1

15

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H�79Smov

xy7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�B

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cmpHM79S

mov>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>RL;79B�HMFE5�HM83HM>R7=BDYC>R8;U3GKY 2 S9>�� 5�FD5�73G�H�BiGEU95 2 795�5�S�L;79Y 2 G��aL�L*� 5�FEHM79S9B + 4a>RG (2/

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opcode01 1 1 1 Rd Rm len

31 30 29 28 27 26 24 23 22 19 18 14 10 9 5 0

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13 4

1

15

0XX X S

16

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L*� 5�FEHM79S9B�HM79S L;795 1 >RG�BE5�X�GE>CL;7 S95�BDX�FE>3��GKLMF��\U9>RXIU�FD5)�9FD5�BE5�73GKB"GEU95+BD5�X�L;79S�L*� 5�FEHM79S + ��U95Y}HJGEGK5�F 1 >RGaBE5�X�GK>RL;7�H�YCBEL�BE5�F �M5�B\HMB GKU95�S95�B�GK>R7�H�GK>RL;7�L*� 5�FKHM7�S + � L B � 5�X�>R[ 2 GKU�>CB �MH�FE>}HJGK>CLM70� 1 >RG

� � Q :9BDG 1 5 ( HM79S 1 >ZG ( � Q :9BDG 1 5 ( + ��U95(>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>CLM7+[ L;F Q H�G6HM79S�5�79X�LPS9>R798 >RB6BEU�L2�\7 >R7V�>R8;:9FE5 � + / +

��� ����� � � ��� �� � ��� ��% � ��� ��� ��� � � � ��gVWLMF�5�HMXIU�LM[gGEU95�H 1 L��M5">C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�BiGEU9FE5�5 ��HMFE>CH�GK>RL;79BHMFD5�H���HM>RY}H 1 YC5��\U95�7pFE5�8;>CB�GK5�F 1 >RG�BE5�X GK>RL;7$L*� 5�FKHM7�S9BwHMFE5":9BE5�S + ��U95�BE5 ��HMFE>CH�GK>RL;79BeS�>�� 5�F�>R7GKU�5(7�: Q 1 5�F�LM[ 1 >RG6BE5�X GK>RL;7 L*� 5�FKHM7�S9B + @ 7�LMGKU95�F�:979S95 ��795�S�>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7 B ��HMX�5%�\>RGKU �9FD5�� �

( ( (:( ( ( ( ( >RB :9BE5�S�GKL�5�79X�LPS�5iGEU95�BD5e>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�Bk>R73GKL��;5�FEBE>RL;7 / � LM[ GKU95 @ ��. >R79BDGEFE:9X GK>CLM7

BE5 G + ��U95�5�79X�LPS�>C798�LM[ GKU95w>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>CLM79B�>CB�BDU9L��\7�>C7�V�>R8;:9FD5 � + � +

���� ���� E ��� 4�N *xy79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;7 �\>RGEU=�\5�8M>CBDGE5�F\4�N A31 04

XX RmS

7811 31215161719

opcode

18

Rb1 1 1 1 1 1

24 23 22 21

Rnnum Rd1 1

G H I @ <���xy79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;79B31 04

XX RmS

7811 31215161719

opcode

18

Rb1 1 1 1 1 1

24 23 22 21

num Rd1 1 X X XX

G 1 Icmp

H�79Smov

xy7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�B31 0121718

1 1 1 1 1

24 23

0 0

25 6 511

lenRmsRnsX X

22

Rd

G X IiN�5�GK:7��4�N A xy79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;7045

1 imm5

045

R0 0

3

045

0 1 X

3

X XX

G S!IiN�5�GK:7��N�� 5�X�>R��5�F

46>RGEB (�* GKL �9( X�L;73GIH�>C7�GEU95�L*� X�L�S95��\U�>CYC5 1 >RGEB ( J HM79S (�) BDGIH�79S�[ L;FaGEU95�7 : Q 1 5�F6LM[ 1 >RGBE5�X�GE>CL;7 L*� 5�FEHM79S9B\>C7 GEU95(>C79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;7 + ��U�5�FE5 [ L;FE5 �8( � ( � ��H�79S ( ( X�L;FDFE5�B � LM79S�GEL �9FE5�BE5�7�X�5LM[ ( � � �MHM79S � 1 >RG BE5�X�GE>CL;7 L,� 5�FKHM79S�B + ��U�5

S1 >ZG|B � 5�X�>Z��5�B �\U�5�GKU�5�F�GEU95 1 >ZG BE5�X GK>RL;7 X�LM7 GKHM>C7�B

:979BD>C8;7�5�S$L;FeBD>C8;7�5�S�>C73GE5�8;5�F + ��U95 [ L;F Q H�G�HM79S�5�79X�L�S9>C7�8 LM[ GKU95 >R79BDGEFE:9X GK>RL;79B�>RBe8;>;�;5�7$>R7

Page 40: r6f|bgupta/Thesis/benguli.pdfx5f gk>z[2 gku hjgx u h 9 ;5 fe5hmspgeu9>cb(s >cbebd5f gih ge>cl;7: 9fd5) hmfd5s:979s95 f q2 s9>cfd5x gk>clm7 h 79s fe5 xl q q 579s gku9h gi>rg 1 5hmxx

� �

V�>R8;:9FE5 � + � G H I + xy79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;79Bcmp

HM79Smov

HMFE5"H+YR>RGEGEYC5 1 >ZGeS�>�� 5�FE5�73G9� GEU95 2 X�HM7�U�H9�;5 H�GQ L;BDGwG��aL 1 >ZGwBE5�X GK>RL;7 L,� 5�FKHM79S�B + ��U95�FE5 [ L;FE5 1 >RGEB ( J H�79S ( ) X�HM7 LM79Y 2�1 5 �8( L;F ( � H�79S1 >ZGKB ) GKL ( ( HMFD5�79LMGw:9BD5�S + ��U�5+5�79X�L�S9>C7�8 >CB(8;>;�;5�7$>R7$V�>C8;:�FE5 � + � G 1 I + ��U95 1 >RG�BE5�X GK>RL;7S95�BEX�FD> ��GEL;Fk>C7�>ZGKBD5�YR[cX�L;73GKHM>C79BkBE5 �;5�FKHMY 1 >RGkBE5�X�GE>CL;79B + ��U95�FD5�[ L;FD5eBD5�GK:7� X�L;B�GKB6L�[?H 1 >RGaBE5�X GK>RL;7S95�BEX�FD> ��GEL;F6>R7�H"FD5�8;>RBDGE5�FkX/HM7 1 5eU9>R8;U + ��U95�FD5�[ L;FD5(H"795 � >R79BDGEFE:9X GK>RL;7 �\>ZGKU�L,� X�LPS95

setup>CBa>C73GKFDLPS�:9X�5�S�GKL�BE5 G�:4��GEU95 1 >RG6BE5�X�GK>RL;7 S95�BEX�FD> ��GEL;FEB65!#�X�>R5�73GKY 2*+ ��U9>RB~>C79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�X�HM7 BE5 GQ :9YZGK>3�9YC5 ��HMYC:95�B >C7 1 >RG�BD5�X GK>CLM7TS95�BDX�FE>3��GKLMF�BE> Q :9YRGKHM795�LM:9BEY 2*+ ��U95�[ L;F Q HJG�HM79ST5�79X�L�S9>R798LM[ GKU�>CB�>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>CLM7�>CB�8;>;�;5�7p>R7$V�>C8M:9FE5�B � + � G X�I�H�79S<G S�I + ��U95�>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>CLM7

setup Rd,

Rns, Rms, lenX/HM7_BD5�G�:4�TGKU�5 �MH�YC:95�L�[

Rns�Rms

H�79Slen

��5�YRS9B�>C7 1 >RG�BD5�X�GE>CL;7

S95�BEX�FD> ��GEL;F(U95�YCS�>C7Rd

BE> Q :9YRGKHM795�LM:9BEY 2*+ @ � � 1 >RGeBE5�GE:4�$B � 5�X�>R��5�F�S�5�BEX�FE> 1 5�B(U9L�� H���5�YCS�>RBBE5 G�:4� + xy7�5�HMXIU�BD5�GK:7��B � 5�X�>R��5�F)�c>Z[ 1 >ZG / >CB ( �WGKU95�7 1 >RGEB � GKL � FE5!�9FE5�BE5�73GwH�7�> Q�Q 5�S9>}HJGK5��HMYC:�5 + ��U95���5�YRS�>CB�BE5�GE:4� 132 X�L*� 2 >R798�GKU�>CBe> Q+Q 5�S�>}H�GE5%�MH�YC:95 + x [ 1 >RG / >CB � � H�79S 1 >RG � >RB

� ��GKU�5�7 1 >RGEB � GEL � HMFD5�:9BE5�S GKL�B � 5�X�>R[ 2 H FD5�8;>RBDGK5�F + ��U95���5�YRS$>CB(BE5 GK:4� 132 X�L*� 2 >C798 GKU�5Y}H�BDG��4�M5�S9>R8;>RGEB�>C7 GKU�5�FD5�8;>RBDGK5�F + V�L;F\�\79B�B � 5�X�>Z��5�F!� >Z[ 1 >RG / >CB � HM79S 1 >RG � >CB ( �9GEU95�7��i7�B>CB�79LMG H ��HMYC>RS 1 >ZG"BD5�X GK>CLM7TB � 5�X�>Z��5�F HM79S Q :�BDG 1 5�>R8;79L;FD5�S + xy7T8;5�7�5�FKH�Y ��BD>C79X�5 HMYRY GEU9FE5�5��HMYC:�5�B G

Rns�Rms

� HM79Slen

I(X�HM7 1 5�>C7pFE5�8;>CB�GK5�FDB)� >RG�795�5�S9B�GKL�FE5/H�S GKU�5�BE5�FE5�8;>CB�GK5�FEBwGKL> Q �9YR5 Q 5�73G�GEU95 >R79BDGEFE:9X GK>CLM7�>C7=L;795 X 2 X�YC5 + �iL��65 �;5�F!��>C7 ��FKHMX GK>CX�5 BE>ZGK:�HJGK>CLM79B �\U�5�FE5 GEU95�FD5�6HMBeH�795�5�S GKL�FE5�HMS GKU9FD5�5�FE5�8M>CBDGE5�FDB�H�FE5(795 �;5�Fi5�7�X�L;:973GE5�FE5�S +

E � � � � � �� ��� ������� � � ��� �����

� L�> Q ��YC5 Q 5�73G�GKU95�4�N >C79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;79BeG��aL=H,�4�9FDL3HMXIU95�B�H�FE5 � L;BEBD> 1 YR5 + �(7�5�H,�4�9FDL3HMXIU$>C7���;LMY3�;5�B�FE5�S95�BD>C8;7�L�[�GKU95�FD5�8;>RBDGE5�F"��YR5 + ��U95 1 >RG�BE5�X�GE>CL;7TX�HM7 1 5+S9>CFD5�X GKY 2 BD:4�4�9YR>C5�S GKL�GKU�5FE5�8;>CB�GK5�F\�9YC5wS9:9FD>C798�H�FE5/H�S=L;F��\FD>RGK5wL*� 5�FEH�GK>RL;7 HM79S�YCLM8;>CX(>R79BE>RS95�GKU95wFD5�8;>RBDGK5�F���YC5w5�7�BE:9FD5�BGKU9H�G\L;79Y 2 GKU�5�H��4�9FEL,�9FE>CH�GK5 1 >ZGKB�LM[�H�FE5�8M>CBDGE5�F\HMFD5wFE5/H�S�LMF��\FD>RGDGK5�7 +

@ 7pHMYZGK5�FD7�H�GE>3�;5"H,�4�9FDL3HMXIU �\U9>RXIU$S9LP5�B�79LMG�FE5�� :9>RFE5�HM7 2�Q L�S9>R�9X/H�GE>CL;7 GKL�GEU95 FE5�8;>CB�GK5�F��YR5"FE5�HMS9B�L;F��\FD>RGK5�B�HM7�5�73GK>RFE5 FD5�8;>RBDGK5�F + A :9FE>R798�H+FE5/H�S0� GEU95"5�7 GE>CFD5"FE5�8;>CB�GK5�Fe>CB�FE5�HMS0� H�79SGKU�5�7 YCL;8M>CXe>RB �9FDL2��>RS95�S BEL�GEU�H�G~GEU95(FE5�YC5!��HM73G 1 >ZG�BE5�X�GE>CL;7 X/H�7 1 5(BD5�YC5�X�GE5�S GKL�8;5�795�FEH�GK5(GKU�5

Page 41: r6f|bgupta/Thesis/benguli.pdfx5f gk>z[2 gku hjgx u h 9 ;5 fe5hmspgeu9>cb(s >cbebd5f gih ge>cl;7: 9fd5) hmfd5s:979s95 f q2 s9>cfd5x gk>clm7 h 79s fe5 xl q q 579s gku9h gi>rg 1 5hmxx

� (

1 >ZG~BE5�X�GE>CL;7 L*� 5�FEHM79S�[ L;F�H�7 >C79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;7 + N�> Q >CY}H�FEY 2 S9:9FD>C798�H �\FD>RGK5���:4� S�H�GE5(L;79Y 2 BDL Q 5�LM[GKU�5 1 >RGEB�>R7�HeFE5�8;>CB�GK5�F + xy7 GEU956X 2 X�YC5�> Q+Q 5�S�>}H�GE5�Y 2e1 5 [ L;FE5kGKU95 �\FE>RGE5 1 H�X 5"L*� 5�FEH�GK>RL;7"L�X�X�:9FEB!�GKU�5�X�LM7 GE5�73GKB"LM[6GEU95�FD5�8;>RBDGK5�F�GEL 1 5 �9HMFDGE>}HMYRY 2 L2�M5�F��\FE>RGDGK5�7_HMFE5�FE5�HMS + ��U95 �MH�YC:95�FE5�HMS�>RBQ HMS95�H9�MH�>CY}H 1 YC5�GEL�GEU95">R79BDGEFE:9X GK>CLM7=S9:�FE>C7�8�GEU95��\FD>RGE5 1 H�X 5 BDGIH�8;5 �\U95�FE5�GKU95�FE5�YC5!��HM73G 1 >RGBE5�X�GE>CL;7 >RB+��FDBDG :7� S�HJGK5�S H�79S GKU95�7��\FE>ZGEGK5�7{GKL GKU95�FD5�8;>RBDGE5�F+�9YC5 + @ 7 5��PGEFKH�S95�S9>CX�H�GK5�SFE5�HMS � L;F�G�BDU9L;:9YRS 1 5 �9FEL���>CS95�S GEL"� 5�FD[ LMF Q GEU95+5���GKFKH�FE5�HMS�HMBDBEL�X�>CH�GK5�S �\>ZGKU�5�HMXIU �\FD>RGE5L*� 5�FEH�GK>RL;7 +��U95�HMS��MH�7 GKHM8;5kLM[9GEU95a��FDBDG�H,�4�9FDL3HMXIU >RB GEU�H�G|>RG|>CB Q L;FE5k5�795�FE8 2 5 #+X�>C5�7 G + � �;5�7 GKU9L;:�8;U

>RG|FE5�� :9>CFD5�B�GEU95~FE5�S95�BD>C8;7"LM[�GKU95aFE5�8;>CB�GK5�F ��YC5��M>ZGg>CB|HMYRBELe� :9>ZGK5~BD> Q �9YC5 + ��U95~BE5�X�L;7�S+H��4�9FEL;HMXIU>CB 7�LMGkHMB 5�795�FE8 2 5!#�X�>R5�73G9��>RG FD5�� :9>RFE5�B 8;FD5/H�GE5�F 7 : Q 1 5�F LM[ FE5�8;>CB�GK5�FkFD5/HMS�B)��HM79S�>CB H�YCBEL Q L;FE5X�L Q �9YR5 ��GKL�> Q �9YC5 Q 5�73G +

� ��� � � �� �������� � ��� � � � � � �

��U95=H,�4�9FDL3HMXIUOGKL$8;5�7�5�FKHJGK>C7�8 X�LPS95 �\>ZGKU_GKU95�4�N >C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�B�>CB�GKLpFE5!�9Y}HMX�5�HpBD5�G�LM[@ ��. >C79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;7�BE5�� :95�79X�5 ��H�GDGK5�FE79B��\>RGEUp4�N >C79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;79B(>R7pH X�L Q �9>CYR5�F�� L;B�G �9HMBEB +��U95�L*��GK> Q > �/H�GE>CL;7 >RBeH�> Q 5�S=H�G��9HMX 5 >C798�HM79S�:977��HMX 5 >C798�L*� 5�FKH�GE>CL;7�BiL�[ 1 >RGiBD5�X�GE>CL;7�B��\>RGEU

� �� ��� � � ����� � � � ���wHM79S�� � ������� � � � ��� ���� � ������� L;BE>ZGK>CLM79B +

E � & � � ��� � ��� ��� � ��� �� �

@ 7 :977��HMX 5 >C798�L*� 5�FEH�GK>RL;7 >C7 �;LMY3�;5�B Q 5�FE5�Y 2 5���GKFKH�X�GK>R798�H 1 >RG�BD5�X GK>CLM7�[ FDL Q H�FD5�8;>RBDGK5�F~GKU�HJG

X�LM7 GKHM>C7�B ��HMX 5�5�S S�H�GKH�HM79S �9YCHMX�>R798 GEU95 1 >RG�BD5�X GK>CLM7 1 2 >RGEBE5�YR[(>R7{GKU95�YCL��65�F�L;FDS95�F 1 >RGEBLM[6HM79LMGEU95�F�FE5�8;>CB�GK5�F + ��U95�[ L;YCYRL2�\>R798�5��9H Q �9YR5�>CYRYC:9B�GKFKHJGK5�B(:�74��HMX 5 >C7�8 �\U9>RXIU�5��PGEFKHMX GKB 1 >RGBE5�X�GE>CL;7 � +3+ J [ FEL Q

inputbufferHM7�S �9Y}HMX�5�B+>RG+>C7 YRL2�a5�F+L;FES�5�F 1 >ZGKB+LM[

deltaG GEU95

U9>R8;U95�F L;FDS95�F 1 >ZGKB LM[delta

HMFD5 � I + ��U�5 @ ��. X�L�S95 FD5�� :9>RFE5�B�G��6L >C79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;79B!�(H

shiftH�79S_HM7

and>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>RL;7 + �iL��65 �;5�F!�6H=BE>C7�8;YC5+4�N �>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>RL;7�>RB"BE:�#+X�>C5�7 G"GKL

� 5�FD[ LMF Q :977��HMX 5 >C798 + ��U95mov

>C79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;7�GIH,5�5�B 1 >RGEB � GEL J � ��5�FDL��y5��PGE5�7�S9B�GEU95 Q � HM79S�9YCHMX�5�B\GEU95 Q >C7�H�FE5�8M>CBDGE5�F +

Page 42: r6f|bgupta/Thesis/benguli.pdfx5f gk>z[2 gku hjgx u h 9 ;5 fe5hmspgeu9>cb(s >cbebd5f gih ge>cl;7: 9fd5) hmfd5s:979s95 f q2 s9>cfd5x gk>clm7 h 79s fe5 xl q q 579s gku9h gi>rg 1 5hmxx

� �

� X�L�S95

delta = (inputbuffer>>4)&0xf;@ ��. X�L�S95

mov r3, r8, asr #4and r12, r3, #15 ; 0xf4~N @ ��. X�LPS95

mov r12, r8[#4,#4]

��U95(8;5�795�FEHMY GEFKHM79B�[ L;F Q H�GE>CL;7�GKU�H�G6L*��GE> Q >���5�BkGEU95�:977��HMX 5 >C798�L,� 5�FKH�GE>CL;7�GKH,5M5�B~GKU95�[ L;Y;�YCL��\>R798�[ LMF Q + xy7+GEU95 @ ��..X�L�S95�H�7

and>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>RL;7+5���GKFKH�X�GKB 1 >RGEB [ FDL Q FD5�8;>RBDGK5�F

riHM79S

�9YCHMX�5�BiGEU95 Q >R7�FD5�8;>RBDGE5�Frj+ ��U95�7=GEU95�5���GKFKH�X�GK5�S 1 >ZG�BD5�X GK>CLM7 �9YCHMX�5�S=>R7

rj>CB\:9BD5�S � L;B��

BE> 1 Y 2+Q :9YZGK>3�9YC5iGK> Q 5�B + xy7 GKU95(GKFEHM79B�[ L;F Q 5�S X�L�S95���GKU95and

>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7 >RB~5�YR> Q >C7�HJGK5�S�HM79S

5/H�XIUp:�BE5 LM[rj

>RBeFE5!�9Y}H�X�5�S 132 H�S9>CFD5�X G(:9BE5�L�[ 1 >RGeBE5�X GK>RL;7�>C7ri+ ��U9>CB�GKFKH�79BD[ L;F Q HJGK>CLM7

HMYRBEL�5�YC> Q >C79H�GK5�B\GEU95"GE5 Q � L;FEHMF 2 :9BD5�LM[ FE5�8;>CB�GK5�Frj+ ��U95�FE5�[ LMFE5,� [ LMF�GKU�>CB�GEFKHM7�BD[ L;F Q H�GE>CL;7

GKL 1 5 YC5�83HMY ��GKU95�X�L Q �9>CYR5�F Q :9BDG�5�79BE:�FE5�GKU9H�G�FE5�8;>CB�GK5�Frj

>RB >C7�S95�5�S_GE5 Q � LMFKHMFD>CY 2 :�BE5�S �GKU9H�G\>CB!�9GKU95���HMYC:�5(>C7 FE5�8;>CB�GK5�F

rj>CB�7�LMG\FE5 [ 5�FE5�79X�5�S�[ L;YRYCL��\>C798�GKU95wX�L�S95�[ FEHM8 Q 5�73G +

465 [ L;FE5�� FKHM7�BD[ L;F Q H�GE>CL;7

and rj, ri, #mask(#s,#l)inst1 use rj...instn use rjz FE5�X�L;79S�>RGK>RL;7GKU�5 1 >RG�BD5�X�GE>CL;7�>C7

riFE5 Q HM>R79B�:979XIU9HM798;5�S

:973GK>RYinstn

HM79Srj

>CB�S95�HMS�HJ[ GK5�Finstn

+@ [ GE5�F�� FKHM7�BD[ L;F Q H�GE>CL;7

inst1 use ri[#s,#l]+;+3+

instn use ri[#s,#l]

Page 43: r6f|bgupta/Thesis/benguli.pdfx5f gk>z[2 gku hjgx u h 9 ;5 fe5hmspgeu9>cb(s >cbebd5f gih ge>cl;7: 9fd5) hmfd5s:979s95 f q2 s9>cfd5x gk>clm7 h 79s fe5 xl q q 579s gku9h gi>rg 1 5hmxx

� �

E � & � & ��� � ��� � � � ����

� X�LPS�5

*c++ = ((LARc[2]&0x1F)<<3)|((LARc[3]>>2)&0x7);@ ��. X�L�S95

; r0 � LARc[3];G������ � � ��� � � I�� ��� J

mov r0, r0, lsr #2and r0, r0, #7; r1 � LARc[2]; (LARc[2] & 0x1F) << 3and r2, r1, #31orr r0, r0, r2, asl #34�N @ ��. X�L�S95

; r0 � LARc[3]; r1 � LARc[2]mov r0, r0[#2,#3]mov r0[#3,#5], r1[#0,#5]

& U95�7 H 1 >ZG�BE5�X GK>RL;7 >RB�5 ��GKFEHMX�GE5�S{[ FDL Q H$S�H�GIH:�6LMFES{>R7 @ ��. X�L�S95��shift

�aHM79S

andL*� 5�FKH�GE>CL;7�B Q :9B�G 1 5 � 5�FD[ L;F Q 5�S + NP:�XIU{L*� 5�FEH�GK>RL;79B�X/H�7 1 5 5�YR> Q >C7�HJGK5�S�HMB�H 4~N

>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�X�HM7 1 5�:9BD5�S$GKL S9>CFD5�X GKY 2 FE5 [ 5�FE5�79X�5�GKU�5 1 >RGwBD5�X�GE>CL;7 + ��U9>CB(BD>RGK:9H�GK>RL;7�>CB(>RYCYC:�B��GKFEH�GK5�S 132 GKU95�5 ��H Q �9YR5�8M>3�;5�7 H 1 L��;5 + ��U�5�� X�LPS95 GIH�5M5�B 1 >RGEB � +3+ � L�[

LARc[2]HM79S

X�LM79X/H�GE5�7�HJGK5�BkGKU95 Q �\>RGEU 1 >ZGKB � +;+ � LM[LARc[3]

+ ��U�5i��FDBDGkG��6L�>C79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;79B LM[ GKU95 @ ��.X�L�S95(5��PGEFKHMX G\GKU95(FD5�YC5 ��HM73G 1 >RGEB~[ FEL Q

LARc[3]��GEU95�GKU�>CFES >R79BDGEFE:9X GK>CLM7 5 ��GKFEHMX�GEBiFD5�YR5!��HM73G

1 >ZGKBe[ FDL QLARc[2]

�cHM79S�GEU95�Y}HMB�G(>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�B�X�L;7�X/H�GE5�7�H�GE5�B(GKU�5 1 >RGEBe[ FEL QLARc[2]

HM79SLARc[3]

+ ��U95�4�N @ ��. X�L�S95(L;79Y 2 U�HMB~G��aL�>C79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;79B + ��U95(��FEB�G�>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>RL;75 ��GEFKHMX GKB 1 >RGEB6[ FEL Q

LARc[3]� ��5�FEL�� 5 ��GK5�79S9B�GKU95 Q �9HM79S BDGEL;FE5�B�GKU95 Q >C7 FD5�8;>RBDGE5�F~F � + ��U95

BE5�X�L;7�S�>C79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;7 Q L2�M5�B�GKU95�FE5�YC5 �MH�7 G 1 >ZGKBwLM[LARc[2]

[ FDL Q FE5�8;>CB�GK5�F�F ( H�79S �9YCHMX�5�BGKU�5 Q >R7 ��FEL*� 5�F�� L;BE>ZGK>CLM7�>C7 FE5�8;>CB�GK5�FiF � +

xy7�8;5�795�FEHMYgGKU�5�GEFKHM79B�[ L;F Q H�GE>CL;7�[ L;F(5�YC> Q >R7�H�GK>R798 �9HMX 5 >C798�L*� 5�FKHJGK>CLM79B(X/HM7 1 5�XIU�H�FKHMX �GK5�FE> ��5�S H�Ba[ L;YRYCL��\B + @ 7�>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�S95���7�5�B\H 1 >ZG~BD5�X�GE>CL;7�HM79S �9YCHMX�5�B6>RG6>C73GKL"H"GK5 Q � L;FKH�F 2

FE5�8;>CB�GK5�Fri+ ��U95=7�5�5�S GKL ��Y}HMX�5 GEU95 1 >RG�BE5�X�GE>CL;7 1 2 >ZGKBD5�YR[e>C73GKL H�GK5 Q � L;FKHMF 2 FE5�8;>CB�GK5�F

riHMFD>CBD5�B 1 5�X/HM:9BD5�GEU95 1 >ZGiBE5�X GK>RL;7�>RB � L;BDBE> 1 Y 2 :9BD5�S Q :�YRGK>3�9YC5�GE> Q 5�B + � �;5�73GE:�HMYCY 2 GKU95 1 >RG

Page 44: r6f|bgupta/Thesis/benguli.pdfx5f gk>z[2 gku hjgx u h 9 ;5 fe5hmspgeu9>cb(s >cbebd5f gih ge>cl;7: 9fd5) hmfd5s:979s95 f q2 s9>cfd5x gk>clm7 h 79s fe5 xl q q 579s gku9h gi>rg 1 5hmxx

� �

BE5�X�GE>CL;7+>CB ��HMX 5M5�S >C73GKL�HM79L�GKU95�FaFD5�8;>RBDGK5�Frj

:9BE>R798 HM7orr

>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>RL;7 + xy7�GKU95�L*��GK> Q > ��5�SX�L�S95����\U�5�7$GKU95 1 >ZG(BE5�X�GK>RL;7p>CB�S95 ��795�S0�|>ZGwX/HM7 1 5�S9>CFD5�X GKY 2 X�L Q �9:�GE5�Sp>C73GKL�GEU95 � LMBE>RGE>CL;7>RG6>CB ��Y}HMX�5�S 132 GKU�5���HMX 5 >C798�L*� 5�FEH�GK>RL;70� GKU�HJG�>CB!�9>C73GKL

rj+ @ YCY :9BE5�B\LM[?GKU95 1 >RG�BD5�X�GE>CL;7 X�HM7

S9>RFE5�X GKY 2 FD5�[ 5�FD5�79X�5�GEU95 1 >ZG�BE5�X�GK>RL;7 [ FEL Qrj+ ��U95�FE5�[ LMFE5(GKU95w795�5�S [ L;F6GE5 Q � L;FEHMF 2 FE5�8;>CB�GK5�F

ri>CBa5�YR> Q >C7�H�GE5�S+HM79S�GEU95%��HMX 5 >R798

orr>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>CLM7�>CBa5�YC> Q >R7�H�GE5�S + VWLMFkGEU9>CB6GEFKHM7�BD[ L;F Q H �

GK>RL;7 GKL 1 5�YC5�83HMY �JGEU95�X�L Q �9>RYC5�F Q :9B�G 5�79BD:9FE5�GKU9H�G FE5�8;>CB�GK5�Fri

>RBg>C7�S95�5�S�GE5 Q � LMFKHMFD>CY 2 :�BE5�S �GKU9H�Gk>CB)�;GEU95���HMYC:95�>R7

ri>CB 7�LMGkFE5�[ 5�FE5�79X�5�S�H�[ GE5�F GKU95\X�LPS95�[ FEHM8 Q 5�73G + ��U95iGEFKHM7�BD[ L;F Q H�GE>CL;7

>CB�BDU9L��\7 1 5�YRL2� +

465�[ LMFE5 �|FEHM79B�[ L;F Q H�GK>RL;7

inst0 def ri ;bit section definition in a whole register...inst1 use ri ;use register...instn use ri ;use register...orr rj, rj, ri ;pack bit sectionz FE5�X�L;79S9>ZGK>RL;7GKU95 1 >ZG\BE5�X�GK>RL;79B\>C7

riHM79S

rjFE5 Q HM>R7 :979XIU�HM7�8;5�S

:973GK>RYorr

H�79Sri

>RB�S95/HMS=H�[ GE5�Forr

+@ [ GE5�F��|FEHM79B�[ L;F Q H�GK>RL;7

inst0 def rj ;define and pack...inst1 use rj ;use bit section...instn use rj ; use bit section

E � & � E ��� � � � � � ��� � ��� ���

��U95�FE5 HMFD5�BD>RGK:9H�GK>RL;79Bw>C7 �\U9>CXIU0� �\U9>CYR5+5��PGEFKHMX GK>RL;7�LM[ 1 >RG�BE5�X GK>RL;79B">RB�GEL 1 5�X/H�FEFE>R5�S L;:�G9�GKU�5 � L;BE>ZGK>RL;7$LM[~GKU�5 1 >ZG�BE5�X GK>RL;7�>RB�S95 GK5�F Q >C795�S�H�G�FE:�7 GE> Q 5 + xy7pGKU95�[ L;YRYCL��\>C798 5���H Q ��YC5,�H 7 : Q 1 5�F(LM[kYCL��a5�FwL;FDS95�F 1 >ZGKB!� �\U95�FD5�GEU95�7 : Q 1 5�F(5���:9HMYCB�GEU95 �MH�YC:95 L�[ ��HMFD>}H 1 YR5

size�

HMFD5e5 ��GEFKHMX GK5�S�[ FDL Qput buffer

� ��5�FEL�� 5 ��GK5�79S95�S0�WHM79S ��Y}HMX�5�S 1 HMX 5+>R73GKLput buffer

+NP>R79X�5\GKU95 ��HMYC:95iLM[

size>CBk79LMG 5 79L��\7 H�GaX�L Q �9>CYR5~GK> Q 5��PH�7�> Q�Q 5�S9>CH�GK5 ��HMYR:95\X/HM797�LMG 1 5

:9BD5�S$GKL B � 5�X�>R[ 2 GEU95 1 >RG(BD5�X GK>CLM7 S95�BEX�FE> �PGKL;F + xy79BDGE5/HMS$GKU95���FDBDGwGKU�FE5�5 @ ��. >C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�B

Page 45: r6f|bgupta/Thesis/benguli.pdfx5f gk>z[2 gku hjgx u h 9 ;5 fe5hmspgeu9>cb(s >cbebd5f gih ge>cl;7: 9fd5) hmfd5s:979s95 f q2 s9>cfd5x gk>clm7 h 79s fe5 xl q q 579s gku9h gi>rg 1 5hmxx

� /

BEU�L2�\7 1 5�YCL���HMFD5�:�BE5�S=GKL�S 2 7�H Q >CX/H�YCY 2 X�LM79BDGEFE:9X GeGKU�5mask

�\U9>CXIU=>CB�GKU�5�7�:�BE5�S 1 2 GEU95

and>C79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�GEL�5���GKFKH�X�GwGKU95�FD5�� :9>RFE5�S:��HMYC:�5"[ FEL Q

put buffer+ xy7$GEU95�L*��GE> Q >���5�S

X�L�S95�GKU95 1 >RG�BE5�X GK>RL;7 S95�BEX�FD> ��GEL;F�>RB+BD5�GE:4� >C7 FE5�8M>CBDGE5�Fr3

HM79S{GEU95�7 :�BE5�S 132 GKU�5mov

>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7 GEL�5���GKFKH�X�G\GKU95wFD5�� :9>CFD5 1 >RGEB\HM79S �9Y}HMX�5�GKU95 Q�132 GKU95 Q BD5�Y;�;5�Bi>C7r7+

� X�L�S95

mask = (1<<size)-1;put buffer = put buffer&mask;@ ��. X�LPS95

; r5 � size; r7 � put buffermov r3, #1mov r3, r3, lsl r5sub r3, r3, #1and r7, r7, r34�N @ ��. X�LPS�5

; start = 0; len = r5setup r3, , #0, r5mov r7, r7[r3]

��U95�8;5�795�FEHMY�[ L;F Q LM[ GEU9>CB�GKFKH�79BD[ L;F Q HJGK>CLM7�>CBeBEU9L��\7 1 5�YCL�� + ��U95 @ ��. >C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�B

GKU9H�G X�L;79BDGEFE:9X G GKU�5 Q H�B 5pHMFE5+FE5!�9Y}HMX�5�S 132 H�BE>R798;YC5setup

>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>RL;7 + ��U�5and

>C7(�BDGEFE:9X GK>RL;7 X/HM7 1 5(FE5!�9Y}HMX�5�S 132 H

movLM[|H 1 >ZG�BE5�X�GK>RL;7 �\U9L;BD5wS95�BDX�FE>3��GKLMF�X/HM7 1 5�[ L;:97�S�>R7

GKU�5�FD5�8;>RBDGE5�F�BE5 Ge:7� 132 GEU95setup

>C79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;7 +

465 [ L;FE5 � FKHM79B�[ L;F Q H�GE>CL;7

mov ri, #1mov ri, ri, lsl rjsub ri, ri, #1and rd, rn, riz FE5�X�L;79S�>RGK>RL;7��HMYC:�5(>C7

riBDU9L;:9YRS 1 5wS95�HMS

H�[ GE5�Fand

>C79B�GKFE:�X�GK>RL;7 +@ [ GE5�F�� FKHM7�BD[ L;F Q H�GE>CL;7

setup ri, rj, rjmov rd, rn[ri]

Page 46: r6f|bgupta/Thesis/benguli.pdfx5f gk>z[2 gku hjgx u h 9 ;5 fe5hmspgeu9>cb(s >cbebd5f gih ge>cl;7: 9fd5) hmfd5s:979s95 f q2 s9>cfd5x gk>clm7 h 79s fe5 xl q q 579s gku9h gi>rg 1 5hmxx

� �

E � & � � ��� � � � � � � ��� �� �

� X�L�S95

o = (m&((1<<p)-1)|(n&(((1<<(16-p))-1)<<p))@ ��. X�L�S95

; r3 � pmov r12, #1rsb r2, r3, #16 ; 16-pmov r2, r12, lsl r2 ; 1<<(16-p)sub r2, r2, #1 ; (1<<(16-p))-1; r1 � nand r1, r1, r2, lsl r3 ; n&((1<<(16-p))-1)mov r12, r12, lsl r3 ; 1<<psub r12, r12, #1 ; (1<<p) - 1; r0 � mand r0, r0, r12 ; m & ((1<<p)-1)orr r0, r0, r1 ; o � r04~N @ ��. X�LPS95

; r3 � psetup r12, , #0, r3 ; descriptor for m’s bit sectionrsb r2, r3, #16setup r2, , r3, r2 ; descriptor for n’s bit section; r0 � mmov r0, r0[r12] ; put m’s relevant bits in r0mov r0, r1[r2] ; put n’s relevant bits in r0

z�HMX 5 >R798+L�[ 1 >ZG�BE5�X�GK>RL;79B�GKLM8;5�GEU95�F!�4�\U9L;BE5�BE> ��5�B�H�FE5w79LMG�5 79L��\7=GE>CYRYcFE:�7 GE> Q 5,�9X�HM7 X�L;B�GBE5 �;5�FKHMY >C79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;79B + ��U95 � X�L�S95�8;>3�M5�7=H 1 L��M5�5��PGEFKHMX GKBiYCL��a5�F\L;FES�5�F

p1 >ZGKB~[ FDL Q

mH�79S

U9>R8;U95�FiL;FDS95�F16-p

1 >ZGKB\[ FEL QnHM7�S ��HMX 5 BeGEU95 Q GKLM8;5�GEU95�F�>C73GKL

o+ ��U95 @ ��. X�L�S95�[ L;F

GKU�>CB\L*� 5�FKHJGK>CLM7�>R7 �;L;Y;�;5�B Q HM7 2 >C79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;79B 1 5�X�HM:9BE5w��FDBDGiGKU95�FE5���:�>CFE5�S Q HMB 5 B�[ L;FmH�79S

nHMFE5�8M5�795�FKH�GE5�S + �i5 ��G GKU�5�FE5�YR5!��HM73G 1 >ZGKB H�FE5�5 ��GEFKHMX GK5�S�:9BD>C798(GEU95 Q HMB 5 B HM79S���79HMYCY 2 GEU95 2

HMFD5��9HMX 5M5�S=GKLM8;5�GEU95�F\:9BD>C798�GKU�5orr

>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7 + xy7=X�L;73GKFKH�BDGiGKU95�4�N @ ��. X�L�S95(:9BD5�B

[ HMFk[ 5!�a5�F�>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�B + NP>R79X�5eGEU95���HMYR:95eLM[p>RB679LMG 5�7�L2�\7�H�G6X�L Q �9>RYC5\GK> Q 5,��FE5�8;>CB�GK5�F 1 >RG

BE5�X�GE>CL;7�S95�BDX�FD> ��GEL;FEB�[ L;FmHM79S

nQ :9BDG 1 5�:�BE5�S +

xy7�8;5�7�5�FKH�Y|GKU�5�GKFEHM79B�[ L;F Q H�GK>RL;7=[ LMF�L*�PGK> Q >���>C798�S 2 7�H Q >CX���HMX 5 >R798 L*� 5�FKHJGK>CLM79B�X�HM7 1 5S95�BEX�FD> 1 5�S HMB [ L;YCYRL��\B + � �aL{LMF Q L;FD5 1 >ZG BE5�X GK>RL;79B)���\U9L;BE5:� L;BE>ZGK>RL;79B HM7�S YR5�798MGEU9B HMFD5:9745 79L��\7OH�G�X�L Q �9>RYC5�GK> Q 5,�|HMFD5�5 ��GEFKHMX GK5�ST[ FDL Q FE5�8;>CB�GK5�FDB �\U95�FE5�GEU95 2 X�:9FDFE5�7 GEY 2 FE5�BE>CS�5

Page 47: r6f|bgupta/Thesis/benguli.pdfx5f gk>z[2 gku hjgx u h 9 ;5 fe5hmspgeu9>cb(s >cbebd5f gih ge>cl;7: 9fd5) hmfd5s:979s95 f q2 s9>cfd5x gk>clm7 h 79s fe5 xl q q 579s gku9h gi>rg 1 5hmxx

��J

HM79S �9:�G�>R7 GEL_BE5)�9HMFKH�GE5 FD5�8;>RBDGE5�FEB FD5�B � 5�X GK>;�;5�Y 2*+ @ Q HMB 5 >CB X�L;79B�GKFE:�X�GK5�S�HM79S HM7and

>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�>CBe:�BE5�S�GEL � 5�FD[ L;F Q GKU95 5���GKFKH�X�GK>RL;7 + V�>R7�HMYRY 2 GEU95 2 HMFE5 ��HMX 5�5�S$GKL;8;5 GKU95�F�>C73GELL;795 FD5�8;>RBDGK5�F�:9BE>R798

orr>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7 + xy7_GKU�5=L*�PGK> Q >���5�STX�LPS95��a[ L;F�5�HMXIU 1 >RG�BD5�X�GE>CL;7 �~H

FE5�8;>CB�GK5�F 1 >RG�BE5�X GK>RL;7�S95�BDX�FD> ��GEL;F(>CB�BE5�G�:4���9FEBDG)�?HM79S�GEU95�7 Q L2�M5 GKU95 1 >RG�BD5�X GK>CLM7p>R73GKL�GKU�5��7�H�Y~FE5�8;>CB�GK5�F �\>RGKUTGEU95 1 >RG BE5�X GK>RL;7_S95�BDX�FE>3��GKLMF�S9>CFD5�X�GEY 2,+ @ B�H$FD5�BD:9YRG)�

orr>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>RL;7

>CB�FE5 Q L��M5�S + 4 2 :�BE>C7�8�GKU95setup

>R79BDGEFE:9X GK>CLM7 GKL=BE> Q :9YRGKHM795�L;:9BEY 2 BE5 GK:4�TBD5!�;5�FKHMYa��5�YRS9B>C7_GKU�5 1 >ZG�BE5�X�GK>RL;7{S�5�BEX�FE>3��GKL;F!�aGEU95=7 : Q"1 5�F+LM[e>C79B�GKFD:9X�GE>CL;79B�>RB�FD5�S9:�X�5�S{>C7OX�L Q ��HMFD>CBELM7GKL�GEU95�>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�BE5�� :95�79X�5�:9BD5�S$GKL X�FD5/H�GE5 GKU95 Q HMB 5�B(>R7�GKU�5�L;FE>R8;>C7�H�Y X�LPS�5 + A >�� 5�FE5�73GG 2 � 5�B�LM[?>C7�BDGKFD:9X�GE>CL;7�BE5�� :95�79X�5�B\X/HM7 1 5�:9BD5�S�GKL�X�FE5�H�GK5(H Q HMB 5�HM79S�GKU :9B�>ZG6>RB679L�G�HMY;�~H 2 B� L;BEBD> 1 YR5�GEL�>CS95�73GK>R[ 2 BD:9XIU BE5�� :95�79X�5�B + ��U�5�X�:9FDFE5�7 G�> Q �9YC5 Q 5�7 GKH�GK>RL;7_X/HM7{L;79Y 2 U9HM79S9YR5BEL Q 5(X�L Q+Q L;79Y 2 5�79X�LM:973GK5�FD5�S�BD5�� :95�79X�5�B + ��U95(GEFKHM79B�[ L;F Q H�GE>CL;7�>RB\BEU9L��\7 1 5�YCL�� +

465�[ LMFE5 �|FEHM79B�[ L;F Q H�GK>RL;7

instruction sequence to create mask1and ra, rb, mask1instruction sequence to create mask2and rc, rd, mask2orr rm, ra, rc@ [ GE5�F��|FEHM79B�[ L;F Q H�GK>RL;7

setup register bit section descriptor 1move bit section 1 to rm using bit section descriptor 1setup register bit section descriptor 2move bit section 2 to rm using bit section descriptor 2

� ��� � � � � � � � � � ��� � ����� � � ���� �

E � E � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� ��

465 [ L;FE5 GKU�5=FD5�BE:�YRGKB�LM[iGKU�5=5��7� 5�FD> Q 5�73GKB�HMFD5 �9FE5�BE5�73GE5�S0�~GEU95 5 ��� 5�FE> Q 5�7 GKHMY�BE5 GK:4� >CB�S95 �BEX�FE> 1 5�S + ��U�5�BD5�GK:7��>C7�X�YC:�S95�BiH�BE> Q :9Y}HJGKL;F6[ LMF @ ��. � HM7=L,��GK> Q > ��>C7�8"X�L Q �9>RYC5�F)��HM7�S�H�BE5 GLM[|FE5�YC5!��HM73G 1 5�79XIU Q HMF 5�B +

� ��� � � � � �� � ��� � � ��� �� $��U95�5 ��� 5�FE> Q 5�73G(BDGKHMFDGEB��\>RGEU$H � L;F�G(LM[ GEU95�X 2 X�YR5 YC5 �;5�YgBE> Q :9Y}HJGKL;FNP> Q �9YR5�BDX/HMYCHMF � ( � � GEL @ ��. H9�MH�>CY}H 1 YC5�[ FEL Q GEU95 ��7�>3�;5�FEBD>RG 2 LM[�.=>CXIU�>C83HM7 + ��U9>CB��;5�FEBE>RL;7

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/* b can always be represented using 16 bits*/ a = b + 1; … c= a – 10;

; b → R1 ; c → R2 add R3, R1, 1 sw R3, addr_a … lw R4, addr_a sub R2, R4, 10

; b → R11..16 ; c → R21..16

; a → R217..32

add R217..32, R11..16, 1 … sub R21..16, R217..32, 10

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/* b can always be represented using 16 bits*/ a = b + 1; … c= a – 10;

; b → R1 ; c → R2 add R3, R1, 1 sw R3, addr_a … lw R4, addr_a sub R2, R4, 10

; b → R11..16 ; c → R21..16

; a → R217..32

add R3, R1, 1 movlh R2, R3 … movhl R4, R2 sub R2, R4, 10

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Local Register Allocation Pass

Global Register Allocation Pass

Reload Pass

Local Register Allocation Pass

Global Register Allocation Pass

Static Register Allocation Pass

Reload Pass

(New)

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(b)

b

c

d

e

f

a

(c)

a f

e

d c

b

2

1

1

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1

1

(e)

2

LDAR AR0, &a ; a LOAD *(AR0) ADAR AR0, 3 ; b ADD *(AR0)- ; c STOR *(AR0)- ; d LOAD *(AR0) SBAR AR0, 3 ; e ADD *(AR0)+ ; f STOR *(AR0)+ ; a LOAD *(AR0)+ ; d ADD *(AR0)- ; a STOR *(AR0)+ ; d LOAD *(AR0)- ; a ADD *(AR0) ADAR AR0, 2 ; c STOR *(AR0)- ; d LOAD *(AR0) SBAR AR0, 2 ; f ADD *(AR0)+ ; a ADD *(AR0) ADAR AR0, 3 ; b STOR *(AR0)

(d)

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(b)

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