r u le b o o k - gmt games · 2.2.5 cards with the event title underlined are lasting events that...

1989 — Rules of Play

© 2011 GMT Games, LLC

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R U L E B O O K1.0 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 GameSetUp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.0 GameSequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.0 CardPlay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.0 Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77.0 Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

TABLE OF CONTENTS

8.0 PowerStruggles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.0 CountryScoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210.0 VictoryConditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1311.0 CardClarifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312.0 U.S.S.R.StabilityTrack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13CardNotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14ExampleofPlay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24



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1.0 INTRODUCTIONAstheyear1989begins,theColdWarbetweentheUnitedStatesand theSovietUnion isdrawing toaclose.For fortyyears thecontinentofEuropehasbeendividedbyanironcurtainseparat-ingEastandWest.NowthenewSovietleaderMikhailGorbachevhas launchedaprogramofreforms-glasnost(“openness”)andperestroika(“restructuring”)-inanattempttorevitalizesocialism.HehasalsoannouncedunilateralarmsreductionsthatarewildlypopularintheWest.Thelongtwilightstrugglebetweenthetwosuperpowersisfinallycomingtoanend.

Thesechangesarenotpopularwitheveryone,however.FortheCommunistsofEasternEurope,theforceofSovietarmshasalwaysprotectedthemfromtherebellionsoftheirownpeople.NowtheEasternEuropeanCommunistsareontheirown.

Atthestartof1989,thepoliticalsituationinEasternEuropeap-pearsnormal.Astheyhavefordecades,asmallpowerelite(actingthroughamassivebureaucracy)retainsunquestionedpowerineachcountry.However,beneaththesurface,therearesignsofdecay.Theinefficienciesofthecommandeconomy,theendofSovietsubsidies,andthedebtaccruedthroughheavyborrowingfromWesternbankshavebroughttheeconomiesofEasternEuropetovariousstagesofcrisis.Inaclassicpre-revolutionarysituation,theCommunistshavebeguntodoubttheirownlegitimacytorule.

In1989: Dawn of Freedom,theplayerswillrecreatethemomentousrevolutionsof1989.OneplayeristheCommunist.Hewillneedtouseawisecombinationofcrackdowns,concessionsandreformstotrytoholdontopower.TheotherplayeristheDemocrat.Hewill try to use the leadership of the intellectuals and the streetprotestsofthestudentstogenerateacriticalmassofoppositiontotheregimesinordertolauncharevolution.Bothplayerswilltrytoswingtheworkerstotheirside.Atthestartofthegame,theCom-munistholdspowerineachcountry.TheDemocratwillattempttotoppletheCommunistfrompowerthroughresolutionofscoringcards.ThelongertheCommunistretainspowerinacountry,themorepointshescores.Theplayermostsuccessfulinadvancinghiscausewinsthegame.

2.0 COMPONENTS1989containsthefollowing:• Onecountersheet• Thisrulesbooklet• 22”x34”map• 2playeraidcards• 110strategycards• 52PowerStrugglecards• 2six-sideddice

2.1 THE GAME MAP2.1.1Themapisdividedintosixcountriesthatareinplay:EastGermany,Poland,Czechoslovakia,Hungary,RomaniaandBul-garia.BorderingcountriessuchasYugoslaviaareshownbutarenot inplay.Thespaces thatbelongtoacountryshare thesamebackgroundcolor.

2.1.2 Eastern Europe and the Balkans:EastGermany,Poland,Czechoslovakia,andHungaryareconsideredtobeinEasternEu-rope.RomaniaandBulgariaareconsideredtobeintheBalkans.CertainEventcardsaffectoneregionortheother.

2.1.3 Socio-Economic Icons:Spacesinacountryrepresentgeo-graphiclocations,buttheyalsoabstractlyrepresentvarioussocio-economicsegmentsofsociety.Theiconintheupperrightcornerofeachspaceletsplayersknowwhattypeofspaceitis:• Elitespace (limousine) -At the topofCommunist

societyareapowerelite.TheseareCentralCommit-teepartymembers,ministers in thegovernmentand regionalpartybosses.Theseindividualsenjoyspecialprivilegesundercommunism.

• Bureaucrat space (star) - Beneath the power elite arelargenumbersofbureaucratswhoareinchargeoftheday-to-dayoperationsofthesocialiststate.Theelitesrelyonthebureaucratstomaintaincontroloverthecountry.

• Farmer space (sickle) -These spaces represent ruralareas.

• Worker space (hammer) -These spaces represent thelargestportionofthepopulation.TheyaremostoftheBattlegroundspaces.AcrosstheregiontheWorkersareinclinedtowardsocialisminprinciple.Still,theyarefedupwiththefailuresoftheCommunistparties.BeneaththesurfacetherearesignsthatthesocialcontractbetweentheworkersandthePartyisweakening.

• Intellectualspace(typewriter)-Theserepresentdissi-dentswhoareattemptingtocreateacivilsocietyoutsidethereachoftheCommunistsystem.Theycanprovideleadershipandavoicetothedemocraticmovements.



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• Student space (Victory sign) -The students are thevanguardofprotestagainsttheregimes.TheyareeasytoactivatebytheDemocrat,buttheyfaceharshsuppressionbytheCommunist.

• Churchspace(church)-Thesespacesrepresentreligiousinsti-tutions.TheCatholicChurchinPolandandEvangelicalLutheranChurchinEastGermanyarethemostimportantinstitutionsintheircountriesoutsidethecontroloftheCommunistParty. Incontrast, theOrthodoxChurcheshavemadeaccommodationswiththeregimes.

• Minorityspace(MuslimCrescentandtheSzékelySunandMoon)-Thesespacesrepresentimportantminoritygroups, suchasTurks inBulgariaandHungariansinRomania.InEasternEu-rope,andespeciallyintheSovietUnion,theCommunistsfacea“nationalitiesproblem”ofpeoplesaspiringtoautonomyorevenindependence.

2.1.4 Stability number:Each spacehas aStabilityNumber initsupper righthandcorner.ThisnumberdetermineshowmuchSupportisnecessarytocontrolthespace,andalsorepresentsthespace’sresistancetoSupportChecks.

2.1.5 Battleground Spaces: Battle-ground spaces have a multi-coloredbackground.Allotherspacesarenormalspaces.Battlegroundspacesarethesameasnormalspaces,buttheyhavespecialrulesforcountryScoring(see9.0).

2.1.6 Lines: Spacesareconnectedtooneanothervialinesonthemap.Aspaceisconsideredadjacenttoallotherspacestowhichitisconnected.

2.1.7 Controlling Spaces:Eachspaceonthemapiseitherconsid-eredtobecontrolledbyoneoftheplayers,oritisuncontrolled.Aspaceisconsideredcontrolledbyaplayeriftheplayer’sSupportPointsinthespaceexceedshisopponent’sSupportPointsinthatspacebyatleastthespace’sStabilityNumber.

EXAMPLE: Dresden has a Stability Number of 4. If the Democrat doesn’t have any SPs in Dresden, the Communist needs at least 4 SPs there to control the space. If the Communist has 2 SPs there, the Democrat needs at least 6 SPs there to have control.

2.1.8Somespacescontainsmallnumberswithblueorredback-groundsinthelowerleftorlower-rightportionsofthespace.ThesenumbersindicateSPsplacedinthatspaceatsetup.

2.1.9 Scoring Boxes:EachcountryhasaScoringBoxonthemap.TheScoringBoxshowstheVPsplayersscoreforPresence,Domi-nation,andControlduringscoring.ItalsoshowswhohasPowerinthecountryandhowmanytimestheCommunisthasscoredforPowersofarinthegame(see8.4.4–8.4.6).

2.1.10 Victory Point Track: TheVictory PointTrack shows arangeofscoringpossibilitiesfromCommunist–20(Communistautomaticvictory)toDemocrat+20(Democratautomaticvictory).Atthestartofthegame,placetheVPinthecenterofthechart,intheboxmarked“0.”Wheneveraplayergainsorlosesvictorypoints,theVPmarkerismovedtotrackthesechanges.

EXAMPLE: The VP marker is on the +10 space (Democrat winning) and the Communist gains 2 VP. The VP marker is moved 2 boxes in favor of the Communist to the +8 space on the VP track.

Back

Front Back

PlacementBoxformarker

CountryName

CountryScoringValues

Space

ThetwoopenspotsineachspaceareforplacingSupportPointmarkers

ConnectingLine

StabilityNumber

Socio-EconomicIcon

AtStartSetupInformation

Support Point Markers

The Front or darker side is used if the player controls the

space (2.1.4).

FrontCommunist

Democrat



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2.2 THE STRATEGY DECK2.2.1Thereare110Strategycardsusedinthegame.ExceptforScoring cards, all strategy cards contain an Operations Point(“Ops”)value,anEvent titleandanEventdescription.Scoringcards are labeled “COUNTRY NAME—Scoring” and must beplayedsometimeduringtheturntheyaredrawn.

2.2.2Eachnon-ScoringcardhasasymboltoindicatewhichsideisassociatedwithitsEvent,asfollows:• CardswithaRedstarareassociatedwiththeCommunist.• CardswithaBluestarareassociatedwiththeDemocrat.• CardswithaSilverstarareassociatedwithbothsides.

2.2.3Non-ScoringCardsmaybeplayedinoneoftwoways,asEventsorforOperations.ScoringcardsarealwaysplayedasEvents.

2.2.4CardswithanasteriskintheEventtitlethatareplayedfortheEventareremovedfromthegame.Cardsthatarenotpermanentlyremovedfromthegameareplacedinafaceuppileadjacenttothedrawdeck.This iscalled thediscardpile.Theplayersmayexaminethediscardpile.

2.2.5CardswiththeEventtitleunderlinedareLastingEventsthathavepersistenteffectswhentheyareplayedasEvents(see7.2).

2.2.6CardswiththeEventtitleinredindicateacardthatisapre-requisiteforanotherevent.Exception:Helsinki Final Actisred,butnotaprerequisiteforanotherEvent(see11.3).

2.2 THE POWER STRUGGLE DECK2.2.1Thereare52PowerStrugglecardsusedinthegame.TheyareusedwhenaPowerStruggle(8.0)istriggeredbytheplayingofaScoringcard.

2.2.2TherearethreetypesofPowerStrugglecards:• Suited:ThemaincardsusedinthePowerStruggle.Theyare

grouped into the following suits:Rally in theSquare,Strike,March,andPetition.

• Leaders:Allleaderscorrespondtocertaintypeofspace(e.g.

Elite,Worker,orStudent).Leaderscanbeusedasasuitedcardinanysuittheplayerwishes,butonlyiftheplayercontrolsaspaceofthecorrespondingtypeinthecountrywherethePowerStruggleistakingplace.Iftheplayerdoesnotcontrolsuchaspace,thecardisworthlessandcanonlybediscarded.

EXAMPLE: The Communist controls Bydgoszcz (Polish Elite space) and Lodz (one of many Polish worker spaces). He can use an Elite Leader card or a Worker Leader card. He cannot use a Church Leader card because he does not control the Polish Church space.

• Wild Cards:Specialcardsthathavespecificgameeffectsde-scribedonthem.

2.2.3 SuitedandLeadercardshavearankprintedonthem.Thisval-ueaffectsthedeterminationofinitiativeinthePowerStruggles.

2.3 MARKERS2.3.1 Support Markers:ThestruggleforpoweracrosstheboardistrackedbySupportmarkers.ThenumberonaSupportmarkerdenotesthenumberofSupportPoints(SPs)itrepresents.• Supportmarkersaretreatedlikecash,inthesensethatplayers

may‘break’alargedenominationintosmallerdenominationsat any time.Additionally, the number of Support markers inthegameisnotanabsolutelimit.Smallpokerchips,coins,orwoodenblockscanbeutilized to substitute in theeventof amarkershortage.

• Ifaplayercontrolsaspace,hisSupportMarkersshouldbeplaceddarkersidefaceuptodenotethis.Ifnot,placethelightersidefaceup.

• Ifaplayerhastwoormoremarkersinaspace,placethelargerdenominationontop.Influencemarkersareopentoinspectionatalltimes.

2.3.2Thegameincludesvariousothermarkerstoassistplay:• TheActionRoundMarkerisusedtotrackhowmany

actionseachplayerhastakeninthecurrentturn.• TheTurnMarkerisusedtotrackthecurrentturn.

CardNumber

Early/Middle/Latedeckindicator

OpsValue(ColorofstarindicatesCommunist(Red)orDemocrat(Blue)event.

DescriptiveText

EventTitle

EventText

CardNumber

Rank(8.3.2)

Suit



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• TheVPMarkerisusedtotrackthecurrentVPtotal.• TheTiananmenSquareMarkersareused to track

eachplayer’sprogressontheTiananmenSquareTrack.

• TheWall Marker is placed near BerlinasareminderwhiletheWallEventisineffect.

• TheSolidarnoscMarkerisplacednearGdanskasareminderthattheSolidarityLegalizedEventisineffect.

• TheSystematizationMarker(Bulldozer)isplacedinaspaceinRomaniatoremindtheplayersthatthespacehasbeendestroyedbytheCommunist.

• The USSR Stability Marker (torn CCCP Flag) isplacedontheUSSRStabilityTracktokeeptrackoftheprogressofBalticIndependencemovements.

• TheTyrant isGoneMarker (helicopter) isplacedon the space chosen by the Democrat where theCeausescusfleeduringtheRomanianRevolution.

2.3.3 Optional Reminder Markers:Also includedare14otherremindermarkers—playersmayusetheseattheiroption

3.0 GAME SET UP3.1ShuffletheEarlyYearcardsanddealeachplayer8cards.TheplayersareallowedtoexaminetheircardspriortodeployingtheirinitialSupportPoints.

3.2 TheCommunistplacesSupportPointsinthefollowingloca-tions:1inBydgoszcz,1inWarszawa,1inLublin,2inDresden,2inBerlin,2inPlzen,2inPraha,1inBrno,1inSzombathely,2inCluj-Napoca,2inBucuresti,2inSofiaand1inStaraZagora.

3.3 TheDemocratplacesSupportPointsinthefollowinglocations:5inPolishCatholicChurch,1inGdansk,1inKrakow,1inEastGermanLutheranChurch,2inCzechWriters,1inCzechCatholicChurch,1inBudapest,1inSzeged,1inHungarianCatholicChurchand1inSzekesfehervar.

3.4Theneachplayerplacesanadditional7SupportPointsinthefollowingorder:1.Communistplaces22.Democratplaces33.Communistplaces34.Democratplaces45.Communistplaces2NOTE:TheseSupportPointsmaybeplacedinanyspaceorspacesthatdonothaveopponent’sSPsatthetimeofplacement.

3.5PlacetheDemocratandCommunistTiananmenSquaremarkerstotheleftoftheTiananmenSquaretrack.PlacetheTurnMarkeronthefirstspaceoftheTurnRecordTrack.PlacetheActionRoundmarkeronthefirstspaceoftheActionRoundtrack,Communistsidefaceup.Finally,placetheVPmarkerontheVictoryPointsTrackonthezerospace.

4.0 GAME SEQUENCE4.1 General Rule1989hastenturns.Eachturnrepresentsanindeterminatelengthoftime,fromtwomonthsintheEarlyYearto2-3weeksintheLateYear.EachplayertakessevenActionRoundsperturn,excepttheCommunistmaytakeeightActionRoundswhentheHoneckerEventisineffect.AtthestartofeachTurn,theplayersaredealtsufficientcardsfromthedrawdecktoincreasetheirhandsizetoeightcards.Atthebeginningofturn4,theMiddleYeardeckisshuffledintothedrawdeck.Atthebeginningofturn8,theLateYeardeckisshuffledintothedrawdeck.

4.2 The Phasing PlayerThePhasingPlayeristheplayerwhoseActionRoundiscurrentlybeingplayed.

4.3 ReshuffleWhentherearenocardsremainingin theStrategydeck’sdrawdeck,reshufflealldiscards toformanewdrawdeck.Note thatcardsplayedasEventswithanasterisk(*)areremovedfromthegamewhentheyareplayedasanEvent,andtheyarenotshuffledintothenewdrawdeck.

4.4 Adding Middle and Late Year CardsWhenmovingfromtheEarlyYeardeck to theMiddleYear,orfromMiddleYeartoLateYear,donotaddinthediscardstothedeck—insteadaddtheMiddleYearorLateYearcards(asappropri-ate)totheexistingdeckandreshuffle.Theignoreddiscardsremaininthediscardpilefornow,buttheywillbereshuffledintothedeckwhenthedrawdeckbecomesempty.

4.5 The Turn SequenceAturnin1989hasthefollowingsequence:1.DealStrategyCards2.PlayActionRounds3.MakeExtraSupportCheck(ifapplicable)4.VerifyHeldCards5.CelebrateNewYear’sEveParty(ifapplicable)6.AdvanceTurnMarker7.CalculateFinalScoring(afterturn10)

4.5.1 Deal Strategy Cards:TheplayersreceiveenoughStrategycardstobringtheirtotalhandsizetoeight.ThefirstcardisdealttotheCommunist,andthenthedealshouldalternatebackandforthbetweentheplayersuntiltheyhavereceivedtheirfullhandsize.If,duetoprogressontheTiananmenSquaretrack,oneoftheplay-ersisentitledtodiscardanddrawonecard(6.3.5),hemaydosoafterallcardsaredealt.

4.5.2 Action Rounds:This is themainphaseof the turn.Eachplayer receives sevenAction Rounds. Players alternateActionRounds,playingoneStrategycardperRound.TheCommunistalwaystakeshisActionRoundfirst,followedbytheDemocrat.



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AllactionsrequiredbyeachcardmustberesolvedbeforethenextplayerstartshisActionRoundbyplayingacard.TheplayertakinghisActionRoundiscalledthe“PhasingPlayer.”• Ordinarilyaplayerwillhaveacardleftoverafterthecompletion

ofallActionRounds.Thiscardisconsidered“held,”andmaybeplayedinsubsequentrounds.Scoringcardsmayneverbeheld.

• IfforanyreasonaplayerhasnocardsinhishandtoplayatthestartofanActionRound,hemustforfeitthatActionRoundandtakenoaction.

4.5.3 Extra Support Check:If,duetoprogressontheTiananmenSquaretrack,oneoftheplayersisentitledtotakeafreeSupportCheckat theendofa turn(6.3.5), theplayermaydosoat thistime.Note:EventsineffectforthatTurn(Sinatra Doctrine, FRG Embassies, Perestroika,etc.)remainineffectforpurposesoftheTiananmenSquarefreesupportcheck.

4.5.4 Verify Held Cards:Scoringcardsmayneverbeheldfromoneturntothenext.Ifaplayerisholdingascoringcardatthisstageintheturn,thatplayerlosesthegame.Scoringcardsaremarkedonthelowerleftwitharedboxsothattheycanbeidentifiedbyonlyrevealingthecard'slowerleftedge.4.5.5 New Year’s Eve Party: IftheNewYear’sEvePartyEventisineffect,thegameisoverandawinnerisdetermined.See10.3.

4.5.6 Advance Turn Marker:MovetheTurnMarkertothenextturn.Ifitistheendofturn3,shuffletheMiddleYearcardsintothedrawdeck.IfitistheendofTurn7,shuffletheLateYearcardsintothedrawdeck.

4.5.7 Final Scoring:IfitistheendofTurn10,andthegame’swinner has not yet been determined, perform Final Scoring asdescribedintheScoringrules(10.4).

5.0 CARD PLAYNote: This section covers the play of non-Scoring cards. The play of Scoring cards is covered in Section 8.0

5.1 Events or OperationsCardsmaybeplayedinoneoftwoways:asEventsorforOpera-tionspoints(“Ops”).Ordinarily,playerswillholdonecardintheirhandattheendoftheturn.AllothercardswillbeusedforEventsorOperations.Playersmaynotforgotheirturnbydecliningtoplayacardorbydiscardingacardfromtheirhand.

5.2 Events Associated With Your OpponentIf aplayerplaysacard forOperations, and thecard’sEvent isassociatedonlywithhisopponent,theEventstilloccurs(andthecard,ifithasanasteriskaftertheEventtitle,isremoved).Note:WhenplayingacardforOperationsthattriggersanoppo-nent’sEvent,theopponentimplementstheEventtextasifhehadplayedthecardhimself.• ThephasingplayeralwaysdecideswhethertheEventistotake

placebeforeoraftertheOperationsareconducted.• Ifacardplaytriggersanopponent’sEvent,butthatEventcan-

notoccurbecauseaprerequisite cardhasnotbeenplayedoraconditionintheEventhasnotbeenmet,theEventdoesnotoccur.Inthisinstance,cardswithanasterisk(Eventmarked*)arereturnedtothediscardpile,notremovedfromthegame.

• Ifacardplaytriggersanopponent’sEvent,buttheEventresultsinnoeffect,theEventisstillconsideredplayed,andisstillberemovedifithasanasterisk.

EXAMPLE 1: (Normal event) The Communist plays ‘Jan Palach Week’ for one Operations. He decides to let the Democrat use the Event first. The Democrat places 6 SPs in the Charles University space, and then the Communist conducts his Operations using the Ops value of the card.

EXAMPLE 2: (Prerequisite event not in effect) The Communist plays the ‘Walesa’ card before the ‘Solidarity Legalized’ Event has taken place. The Communist would get the benefit of the 3 Opera-tions points, but the Democrat would not get to use the ‘Walesa’ Event. However, despite having an asterisk, the ‘Walesa’ card would not be removed from play. It would be placed in the discard pile to be reshuffled and possibly played later.

EXAMPLE 3: (Card no longer playable for the event) The Democrat plays ‘Honecker’ for 3 Operations. However during a previous Ac-tion Round the Communist played ‘Modrow,’ which prohibits play of ‘Honecker’ as an Event. The Democrat still conducts 3 Operations, but the Communist would not get the benefit of the Event, and the card would be placed in the discard pile.

EXAMPLE 4: (Event has no benefit) The Democrat plays ‘Nor-malization;’ however, the Democrat does not have any influence in either of the spaces affected. Nevertheless, the Event is considered played, and the card would be removed from the game after the Democrat’s Action Round.

EXAMPLE 5: (Event has no effect) The Democrat plays ‘Elena’ for 1 Operations; however, during a previous Action Round the ‘The Tyrant is Gone’ Event took effect which makes the Elena event have no effect. Still the event is considered played, and the card would be removed from the game after the Democrat’s Action Round. (See 7.6 for further explanation of ‘The Tyrant is Gone’ event)

5.3 Discarded CardsWhenanEventforcesaplayertodiscardacard,theEventonthediscardedcardisnotimplemented,unlesstheEventspecificallystatesotherwise.ThisrulealsoappliestoScoringcards.

EXAMPLE 1: The Democrat holds ‘Brought in for Questioning’ and the ‘Poland Scoring’ card. The Democrat plays ‘Brought in for Questioning’ for 3 Ops, then allows the Communist Event to take place. The Scoring card is discarded, and because it is not a Communist Event, per the terms of the ‘Brought in for Questioning’ Event card, the Power Struggle does not take place.

EXAMPLE 2: The Communist holds ‘Kiss of Death’ and the ‘Poland Scoring’ card. The Communist plays ‘Kiss of Death’ for 3 Ops, then allows the Democrat Event to take place. The Scoring card is discarded and because the Scoring card is a neutral Event (silver starred Event), per the terms of the ‘Kiss of Death’ Event card, the Power Struggle does take place.



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5.4 ContradictionsCardtextthatcontradictsthewrittenrulessupersedesthewrittenrules.

6.0 OPERATIONSWhen a non-Scoring card is played as an Operations card, theplayermustchoosetousealloftheOperationspointsononeofthefollowingOptions:SupportPointPlacement,SupportChecks,oraTiananmenSquareAttempt.

6.1 SUPPORT POINT PLACEMENT6.1.1TherulesinthissectiononlyapplytoSupportPoints(SPs)thatareplacedwithOperationspoints.

6.1.2SPsareplacedoneatatime.However,allSPmarkersmustbeplacedwith,oradjacentto,friendlySPmarkersthatwereinplacebeforethefirstSPwasplaced.

6.1.3ItcostsoneOperationspointtoplaceanSPinaspacethatisfriendly-controlledoruncontrolled.ItcoststwoOperationspointstoplaceanSPinanopponent-controlledspace.Ifaspace’scontrolstatuschangeswhileplacingSPs,additionalpointsplacedduringthatActionRoundareplacedatthelowercost.

EXAMPLE: The Democrat has 3 SPs in Budapest, and the Com-munist has none. Therefore, the Democrat controls Budapest. The Communist uses a 4 Ops card to place Support Points. When placing markers in Budapest, the first marker costs 2 Ops. How-ever, after placement of the first Communist Support marker, the Democrat no longer exceeds Communist influence in Budapest by the Stability number of 3; thus, a second or third Communist SP would only cost 1 Ops point per SP.

EXAMPLE: The Democrat controls Budapest and Eotvos Lorand U. The Communist controls Miskolc. Neither player controls Ta-tabanya or Szeged.

6.1.4 SPsmaybeplacedinmultiplecountriesandmultiplespacesuptothenumberofOperationsPointsonthecardplayed.

EXAMPLE: The Democrat has existing markers in the Czech Catholic Church space and in Gdansk. The Democrat uses a 4 Ops card to place more Support. The Democrat may place SPs in any or all of Bratislava, Ostrava, and Presov. However, he cannot place SPs in Kosice after placing in Presov, because there were no Democratic SPs in Presov when he began placing influence. Because Gdansk already had SPs present, the Democrat could use any remaining Operation points to strengthen Gdansk or its adjacent spaces.

6.2 SUPPORT CHECKS6.2.1SupportChecksareusedtoreduceopponentSupport inacountry,andpossiblytoaddfriendlysupportiftheSupportCheckissuccessfulenough.

6.2.2EachStrategyCardplayed forSupportChecksgives twoSupport Checks to the Phasing Player, regardless of the card’sOperationsvalue.

6.2.3ToattemptaSupportCheckinaspace,thespacemusthaveopponentSPs.Theplayermust resolve thefirstSupportCheckbeforedeclaringthenexttarget.SpacesmaybetargetedforSup-portChecksmorethanonceperActionRound,buttheymusthaveopponentSPsinthematthestartofeachattempt.

6.2.4ToresolveaSupportCheck,multiplytheStabilityNumberofthetargetspacebytwo(x2).Thenrolladie,andaddtheOpsvalueofthecardplayedtothedieroll.Furthermodifythedieroll:• +1foreachadjacentfriendlycontrolledspace• –1foreachadjacentopponentcontrolledspace• SPsinthetargetspaceitselfdonotmodifythedierollinany

way.



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6.2.5IfthemodifieddierollisgreaterthanthedoubledStabilityNumber,theSupportChecksucceeds,andthephasingplayerre-movesopposingSPsequaltothedifferencefromthetargetspace.IfthereareinsufficientopposingSPstoremove,headdsfriendlySPstomakeupthedifference.

6.2.6IfthemodifieddierollislessthanorequaltothedoubledStabilityNumber,thereisnoeffect.

EXAMPLE: The Communist plays a 3 Ops card for Support Checks. In southern Poland, the Polish Catholic Church (5 SPs), Krakow (3 SPs), Jagiellonian University (1 SP), and Polish Writers (2 SPs) are all controlled by the Democrat. Lodz (3 SPs) is controlled by the Communist. The Communists get two Support Checks:

1. The Communist chooses Jagiellonian University as the target of its first support check. The space’s low Stability Number makes it an inviting target, despite the surrounding Democratic spaces. The Communist rolls a 5, and adds the Operations value of 3 (totaling 8). He then subtracts two (–2) from this total, due to the two adjacent Democrat-Controlled spaces (Krakow and Polish Writers), giving a final modified die roll of 6. This result is greater than Jagiellonian University’s doubled Stability Number (1x2 = 2) by a total of 4. This is the number of SPs that will be removed from/added to Ja-giellonian University. First, the Communist removes the Democrat SP, then he places 3 Communist SPs.

2. With Jagiellonian University under Communist control, the Com-munist now targets Krakow. Krakow has a higher Stability Number, but the Communist hopes that the adjacent modifiers provided by Lodz and the newly captured Student space will be enough to make a dent. Against this, the Polish Catholic Church still provides support to Krakow. Unfortunately for the Communist, he rolls a 1. Once again he adds the Operations value of 3, and this time the result is 4. He then adds 2 (Lodz, Jagiellonian University) and subtracts 1 (Polish Catholic Church), for adjacency modifiers, giving a final modified die roll of 5. This result is less than the doubled stability of Krakow (3x2 = 6), so there is no effect.

6.3 Tiananmen Square Attempt6.3.1TheTiananmenSquaretrackcontainsamarkerforeachplayer.Operationspointsmaybespenttoat-tempttoadvanceaplayer'smarkertothenextboxonthetrack.Todoso,rolladieandaddtheOperationsvalueofthecardtothetotal.Modifythistotal:• +1ifthecardplayedistheplayer’sownEvent.• +1ifthisisthesecondorsubsequentattempttoadvancetothe

box.• +1ifthe‘Li Peng’Eventisinplayandtheattemptingplayeris

theCommunist.

6.3.2Ifthetotalmatchesorexceedsthenumberrequiredtoadvancetonextbox(printedintheboxinthecoloroftheappropriateplayer),theplayermoveshismarkerforwardtothenewbox.

DESIGN NOTE: The required total is different for each side. It is easier for the Democrat to advance at the beginning of the track and easier for the Communist later on the track.

6.3.3A player may only make oneTiananmen SquareAttemptperturn.

6.3.4OneEvent(‘Tank Column/Tank Man*’)allowsaplayertoadvancehismarkerforwardontheTiananmenSquaretrack.ThiscardmaybeplayedfortheEventinadditiontoanyTiananmenSquareAttemptonagiventurn.

6.3.5AdvancingalongtheTiananmenSquareTrackandreachingaboxbeforetheopposingplayerresultsineitheranimmediateawardoralastingaward.Lastingawardsareineffectuntiltheopposingplayerreachesthebox,atwhichpointtheynolongerapply.Theboxesandtheireffectsfollow:• Reformer Memorialized/Reformer Discredited:thefirstplayer

toreachthisboxgetsa+1tohisTiananmenSquaretrackrollsuntiltheopponentreachesthisbox.

• Students Rally/Students Dispersed:thefirstplayertoreachthisboxgetstoplay1-Opscardsasiftheywere2-Opscardsuntilhisopponentreachesthisbox.ThisbonusappliesonlytocardswithanactualprintedOperationsvalueof1.

• Foreign News/People’s Daily:thefirstplayertoreachthisboximmediatelydraws3cards.Heplaces1oftheminhishandandplacestheother2inthediscardpile.HemayplaceScoringcardsinthediscardpile.

• Hunger Strike/Students Arrested:thefirstplayertoreachthisboximmediatelyremoves2opponentSPsfromanywhereonthemap.

• Goddess of Democracy/Structure Removed:thefirstplayerto reach thisboxcandiscardanon-Scoringcardanddrawareplacementatthestartofeveryturnuntilhisopponentreachesthisbox.

• Local PLA support/Rural Divisions Summoned: the firstplayertoreachthisboxgetsafree2-OpsSupportCheckattheendoftheturnuntilhisopponentreachesthisbox.

• Square Barricaded/Protestors Massacred:thefirstplayertoreachthisboxcanplayacardforOperationswithouttriggering



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theopponent’sEventonceperturn.ThisisinadditiontoanyTiananmenSquaretrackattemptoruseofthe‘Common Euro-pean Home’Event.Thisabilitycanbeusedonceperturnuntiltheplayer’sopponentreachesthisbox.

• Political Pluralism/Most Favored Nation trade status award-ed: thefirstplayertoreachthisboxcanplayacardforbothitsOperationsvalueandEventonceper turnuntil theopponentreachesthisbox.Theplayercanchoosetheorderinwhichtousethecard,OperationsfirstorEventfirst.

6.3.6Regardlessofthetextonthecard,theEventofacardplayedasaTiananmenSquareAttemptisnotimplemented.Thecardisplacedinthediscardpile.

DESIGN NOTE: The Tiananmen Square track is a player’s ‘safety valve.’ If a player holds a card whose Event is a good one for his opponent, and he doesn’t want the Event to occur, he can use it for a Tiananmen Square Attempt.

6.3.7 IfaplayerreachesthefinalboxoftheTiananmenSquareTrack,hemaynolongermakeTiananmenSquareAttempts.

“The Wall will be standing in 50 and even in 100 years, if the reasons for it are not removed.” —East German leader Erich Honecker January 19, 1989

7.0 EVENTS7.1 General RuleIfacardhasaplayableEventassociatedwitheitherthePhasingPlayerorbothplayers, itmaybeplayedasanEvent insteadofOperations.Ifso,thecard’sEventtakeseffectasdirectedbythecard’stext.

7.2 Lasting EventsSomeEventcardsremainineffectuntilcanceledbyalaterEvent.SomeEventslastforthedurationofthegame.WhensuchcardsareplayedasEvents,placethemtothesideofthemap,orplacetheirmarkersontheMap,asareminderoftheirongoingeffects.LastingeventshavetheirEventtitleunderlined.

7.3 Events that Modify OPs Values7.3.1 SomeEventcardsmodifytheOperationsvalueofcardsthatfollow.Thesemodifiersshouldbeappliedinaggregate.

EXAMPLE: The Communist player begins a turn by playing ‘Pru-dence’ as an Event. Ordinarily, all Democrat cards would subtract one from their Operations value, to a minimum of one. However, the Democrat follows by playing ‘Austria-Hungary Border Re-opened,’ which gives the Democrat a bonus of one if all Operations points are spent in East Germany in a given Action Round. In addition, the Democrat has reached the second space of the Tiananmen Square track. This enables him to play 1-Ops cards as if they were 2-Ops cards (6.3.5):

1. On his next Action Round, the Democrat plays ‘Michnik’ (Op-erations value 1) for Operations to place Support Markers. If the Democrat only places Support in Germany, the adjusted Operations

value of the card is 1 (card’s printed value) +1 (Tiananmen Square) +1 (AH Border Re-opened) –1 (Prudence) = 2 Operations points. The Democrat places 2 SPs in Leipzig and his turn ends.

2. On a later turn that Action Round, the Democrat plays ‘Round-table Talks’ (3 Ops) for Operations to make Support Checks outside of Germany. In this case, the only modifier in effect is Prudence, which subtracts 1 from the card’s Operations value to give a final total of 2. The Democrat makes two Support Checks, each with a modifier from the Operations value of the ‘Roundtable Talks’ card of just +2.

7.3.2Regardlessofmodifiers,anon-ScoringcardalwayshasaminimumOperationsValueof1.

7.3.3EventsmodifyingtheOperationsvalueofacardonlyapplytooneplayer,anddosoforallpurposes.

EXAMPLE: The Communist player has played ‘Perestroika’ as an Event, and therefore receives a +1 Operations value modifier for all his cards. The Communist has also played ‘Prudence,’ so the Democrat has a –1 modifier for his cards. The Communist plays the Democrat Event ‘Consumerism’ (3 Ops) and elects to take his turn before the Democrat Event triggers. With the Perestroika bonus, the Communist is able to place four Operations Points worth of SPs. Now the ‘Consumerism’ Event takes place. The Democrat gets to remove a Communist SP and then take a Support Check using the Ops value of the Consumerism card. Because of the Prudence Event, 1 is subtracted from the card’s printed Ops value and the Support Check only gets a bonus of 2 from the Consumerism card.

7.4 Events That Play Like OPs CardsIfanEventspecifiesthataplayermayconductOperations,placeSupport,ormakeSupportChecksasifheplayedacardofacer-tainoperationsvalue,thoseadditionalOperationsaretreatedasifacardhadbeenplayedforitsOperationsPointValue.Therefore,thoseOperationsaresubjecttoalloftherestrictionsofRule6.1andotherEventslimitingtheirvalueoruse.

7.5 Unplayable EventsIfanEventbecomesunplayableduetoitscancellationorrestric-tionbyanotherEventcard,theunplayableEventcardmaystillbeusedforitsOperationsvalue.

7.6 Special Rules Regarding Romanian Events7.6.1TheDemocrathastwoEventsinRomaniathatrequirespecialexplanation:‘The Crowd Turns Against Ceausescu’ and‘The Tyrant is Gone’.TheseEventsrepresentthestartoftheRomanianRevolu-tionandtheattemptofNicolaeandElenaCeausescutofleefromtheroofoftheCentralCommitteebuildingbyhelicopter.

7.6.2When‘The Crowd Turns Against Ceausescu’isplayedasanEvent,itwillsitinfrontoftheDemocratuntiltheRomaniaScoringcardisplayed.ItwilltakeeffectafterthePowerStrugglecardsaredealtbutbeforethePowerStruggleisresolved.

7.6.3 If‘The Tyrant is Gone’ isplayedasanEventbefore‘The Crowd Turns Against Ceausescu’hastakeneffect,italsositsin



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frontoftheDemocratuntiltheRomaniaScoringcardisplayed.Afterthepowerstruggleisresolved,‘The Tyrant is Gone’takesplaceimmediately,beforethenextActionRound.If‘The Tyrant is Gone’isplayedfortheEventafter‘The Crowd Turns Against Ceausescu’hasalreadyoccurred,i.e.theRomaniaScoringcardhasbeenplayedand‘The Crowd Turns Against Ceausescu’card’seffectsapplied,then‘The Tyrant is Gone’takeseffectimmediately,likeanyotherEvent.

7.6.4While‘The Tyrant is Gone’issittinginfrontoftheDemocrat,thefiveEventsassociatedwiththeCeausescus(‘Cult of Person-ality,’ ‘Systematization,’ ‘Ceausescu,’ ‘Elena’ and ‘Massacre in Timisoara’)maystilltakeplace.

EXAMPLE: ‘The Crowd Turns Against Ceausescu’ and ‘The Tyrant is Gone’ are in front of the Democrat. The Romania Scoring card has not been played. The Communist plays ‘Systematization’ for the Event and eliminates the Romanian Writers space from the map.

7.6.5WhenThe Tyrant is Goneisresolved,theDemocratchoosesaspaceinRomaniawithoutDemocraticSPstowhichtheCeausescusflee.PlacetheTyrantisGoneMarkeronthespacetheDemocratchooses.IftheDemocratsubsequentlytakescontrolofthespace,theCeausescushavebeencaptured,andtheDemocratremovesthemarkerandscoresanimmediate+2VPs.IfthegamegoestoFinalScoringandtheCeausescushavenotbeencaptured,theCommunistgetsabonusof–2VP.IftherearenospacestowhichtheCeausescusmayflee,theDemocratscores+2VPsimmediately.

“History punishes those who come too late.” —Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to Erich Honecker, Berlin October 7, 1989

8.0 POWER STRUGGLESWheneveracountry’sScoringcardisplayed,aPowerStruggleinthatcountryisimmediatelyconducted.Important:Scoringcardsmustbeplayedontheturninwhichtheyaredealt.IfaplayerisleftwithaScoringcardinhishandattheendofthefinalActionRoundofaturn,helosesthegame.

APowerStruggleisresolvedbyfollowingthissequence:

1. Deal Cards: The players are dealt cards from the PowerStruggledeckbaseduponthenumberofspacestheycontrolinthecountry.

2. Raise the Stakes:Playersmaychoosetoincreasetherewardsand penalties of the Power Struggle by discarding 3 of theirPowerStrugglecards.

3. Play Cards:PlayersplayPowerStrugglecardsoneatatime,untilthewinnerofthePowerStruggleisdetermined.

4. Aftermath:Penaltiesand rewardsbasedon the resultof thePowerStruggleareresolved.

5. Scoring: Finally,thecountryisscoredaccordingtotherulesinsection9.1,withtheVPmarkermovingaccordingly.

Note: all steps of a Power Struggle must be completed beforecheckingtheVPmarkerforauto-victory.

8.1 DEAL CARDS8.1.1ShuffleallofthecardsthePowerStruggledeck.PlayersdrawcardsfromthePowerStruggleDeckbasedonhowmanyspacestheycontrolinthecountry,asfollows:• 6cardsforthefirstspacetheycontrol.• 2cardsforeachadditionalspacetheycontrol.• Ifaplayerdoesnotcontrolanyspacesinthecountry,hedoes

notreceiveanycardsinthisstep.

8.1.2Various Events (e.g. ‘Roundtable Talks,’ ‘Peasant Parties Revolt’and‘National Salvation Front’)affectthenumberofcardsaplayerreceivesinaPowerStruggle.Ifanyofthemapply,adjustthecardsheldbyeachplayeraccordinglyatthistime,beforetheplayershaveexaminedtheircards.

EXAMPLE: The Democrat has played the Poland Scoring card. The Democrat controls the Catholic Church, Polish Writers, Wro-claw and Krakow spaces. The Communist controls Bydgoszcz and Warzsawa. ‘Roundtable Talks’ Event is in front of the Democrat. The Democrat is dealt 12 cards, and the Communist is dealt 8. Then the Democrat takes 2 cards from the Communist before the players see their hands.

8.1.3TherearethreetypesofcardsinthePowerStruggledeck:suitedcards,leadercardsandwildcards.Therearefoursuitsinthedeck:Petition,March,StrikeandRallyintheSquare.Thereareleadercardsthatcorrespondtothevarioustypesofspacesonthemap(elites,intellectuals,workers,etc.).Therearealsowildcardsallowingaplayertodrawadditionalcards,forcetheopponenttodiscardcards,blockasuit frombeingplayedorremoveanop-ponentSPfromthemap.

8.2 RAISE THE STAKES8.2.1Eachplayer,beginningwiththeplayerwhoplayedtheScor-ingcard,decideswhetherhewouldliketoRaisetheStakesinthePowerStruggle.

8.2.2 InordertoRaisetheStakes,aplayermustdiscard3PowerStrugglecardsfromhishand.Ifhedoesso,thereisa+1modifiertotheVictoryPointandSupportLossdierollsforthewinnerofthePowerStruggle,nomatterwhowins.Thismodifieriscumulative;ifbothplayersRaisetheStakes,thedierollsreceivea+2modifier.

EXAMPLE: The Democrat has 14 cards in his hand, and the Com-munist has only 6. The Democrat decides to raise the Stakes and discards 3 Power Struggle cards. The Communist does not raise the stakes.

8.3 PLAY CARDS8.3.1TheplayerwhoplayedtheScoringcardbeginsthePowerStrugglewiththeinitiative.Initiativemaychangebackandforthseveral timesbeforethePowerStruggleisresolved.Theplayerwhocurrentlyhastheinitiativeisconsideredtheattackerandhisopponentisconsideredthedefender.

EXAMPLE: The Democrat has played the Poland Scoring card so the Democrat begins the Power Struggle with the initiative and will choose the first card to play.



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NOTE: If the attacker received no cards because he did not control any spaces, the defender immediately wins the Power Struggle. Proceed to Aftermath of the battle (8.4).

8.3.2 Battle Rounds:ThecardplayphaseofaPowerStruggleis divided intoPowerStruggleRounds.Players conductPowerStruggleRoundsoneatatimeuntilthewinnerofthePowerStruggleisdetermined.IneachRound,followthefollowingprocedure:

STEP 1.TheattackerplaysaPowerStrugglecard:• Anysuitedcard(RallyintheSquare,Strike,March,orPetition)

maybeplayed.• Aleadercardmaybeplayed,butonlyiftheattackercontrolsa

spaceoftheleader’stypeinthecountry.Ifaleadercardisplayed,theattackermustselectasuit.Proceedasifasuitedcardwereplayedinthatselectedsuit.

• Anywildcardcanbeplayed(EXCEPTION:TacticFails).Ifawildcardisplayed,followitsinstructions,skipSteps2and3andbeginanewbattleroundwiththedefenderasthenewattacker.Noresponsecardfromthedefenderisnecessary.

NOTE:Iftheattackerhasnoplayablecards,thePowerStruggleisover,andthedefenderisthewinner.ProceedimmediatelytotheAftermathofthebattle(8.4).EXAMPLE: The Democrat doesn’t have any Wild Cards. His longest suit is March where he has four cards, so he decides to lead a March. He chooses his strongest March card, which is a March-6 .

STEP 2. Thedefendercanmatchtheattacker’scard:• Anycardofthesamesuitastheoneplayedmaybeused.• Aleadercardmaybeusedtomatch,butonlyifthedefender

controlsaspaceoftheleader’stypeinthecountry.• Tactic Failscanbeplayedatthistime.Ifso,neitherplayermay

playacardinthatsuit(ordesignatethatsuitasthesuitplayedwhenusingaleadercard)fortherestofthePowerStruggle.Thedefendermaynotcounterattackintheroundinwhichheplaysthiscard:skipStep3andbeginanewPowerStruggleRoundwiththeattackermaintainingtheinitiative.

NOTE:Ifthedefendercannotorchoosesnottomatchtheattacker’scard,thePowerStruggleisoverandtheattackeristhewinner.TheattackerisconsideredtohavewonthePowerStruggleusingthesuitthatheusedtoattackinStep1.ProceedimmediatelytotheAftermathofthePowerStruggle.(8.4)EXAMPLE: The Communist has a March card and an Elite Leader card that he could play. He could not play his Intellectual Leader card because he does not control the Polish Writers space. He chooses to save the Elite Leader and plays his March card to match the Democrat’s card.

STEP 3. Thedefenderrollsadietogaininitiative:• Togaintheinitiative,thedefendermustrollequaltoorhigher

thantherankofthePowerStrugglecardthattheattackerusedtoattack.

• RallyintheSquarecardsallhavearankof1.Ifacardwiththisvalueisusedtoattack,thecounterattackisautomatic:no

rollisneeded.• Ifthedefendergainstheinitiative,hetakestheroleoftheattacker

inthenextPowerStruggleRound.Ifnot,theattackermaintainsinitiativeandisonceagaintheattacker.

EXAMPLE: The Democrat led with a March 6, so the Communist must roll a 6 to seize the initiative. He rolls a 2 and so the Democrat retains initiative and can lead another card.

8.3.3AplayercannotconcedeaPowerStruggleifhehastheinitia-tive.Ifhehasaplayablecard,hemustplaythatcard.

8.3.4Aplayermustrolltocounterattackifheispermittedtodoso.

EXAMPLE: The Democrat has retained the initiative. He plays another March. As the attacker, he must play a card because he has a playable card in his hand. The Communist elects to concede the Power Struggle. Because he does not have initiative, he is not required to play his Elite Leader card, even though he could play the card to match the Democrat’s March. The Communist has seen the writing on the wall and would rather lose to a March than play his only Leader card and then be vulnerable to a Rally in the Square. The Democrat wins the Power Struggle in Poland!

8.4 AFTERMATH8.4.1AfterthewinnerofthePowerStruggleisdecided,therearetwodierolls.ThefirstdetermineshowmuchSupportthelosermustremovefromthecountry,andtheseconddetermineshowmanyVic-toryPointsthewinnerreceives(and,ifthewinneristheDemocrat,whetherornottheCommunististoppledfrompower).• Thereisa–2modifiertobothrollsifaPetitionwasusedtowin

thePowerStruggle.• Thereisa+2modifiertobothrollsifaRallyintheSquarewas

usedtowinthePowerStruggle.• IfeitherplayerRaised theStakes in thePowerStruggle,adda+1modifiertobothrollsforeachplayerwhodidso.EveniftheplayerwhoRaisedtheStakesloses,the+1modifierstillap-plies.

• Ifthe‘Yakovlev Counsels Gorbachev’EventisineffectandtheDemocratwonthePowerStruggle,hereceivesanadditional+1modifiertobothrolls.

8.4.2 Support Loss Die Roll:Theloserrollsadie,modifiesitusingthemodifiersdescribedabove,andcheckstheSupportLosscolumnonthePowerStruggleResultsTableonthemaptodeterminehowmanySPshemustremovefromthecountryasaresultoflosingthePowerStruggle.TheloserchooseswhichSPstoremove.IftheloserisrequiredtolosemoreSPsthanhehasinthecountry,thesurplusisignored.EXAMPLE: The Communist has lost the Power Struggle. He rolls a die for Support Loss, and the result is 1. Because the Democrat Raised the Stakes, there is a +1 modifier so the modified result is 2. Checking the Power Struggle Results Table, the Communist must remove 1 Support. Because Warszawa is a Battleground space, he removes 1 SP from Bydgoszcz.



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8.4.3 Victory Point Die Roll:Thewinner rolls adie,modifiesit using themodifiers described above, and checks theVictoryPointscolumnonthePowerStruggleResultsTableonthemaptodeterminehowmanyVPshereceivesasanaward.EXAMPLE: The Democrat has won the Power Struggle. He rolls a die for Victory Points, and the result is 3. Because he Raised the Stakes, there is a +1 modifier so the modified result is 4. Checking the Power Struggle Results Table, the Democrat earns 2 VPs.

8.4.4 The Democrat takes Power:IftheDemocratisthewinnerofthePowerStruggleandhismodifiedVictoryPointsDieRollwas4ormore,theCommunistlosesPowerinthecountry.PlaceaDemocratSPMarkernexttotheScoringBoxinthecountryandremovethePowerStrugglecardpermanentlyfromtheStrategydeck.IftheCommunistwinsthePowerStruggle,oriftheDemocratwinsthePowerStrugglebutrollsa3orlessafterallmodifiers,thentheCommunistretainsPower.EXAMPLE: The Democrat’s modified result of 4 means the Com-munist is toppled from Power. Poland has become a democracy! The Democrat raises his glass and says, ”Sto Lat!” and “Na zdrowie!”

8.4.5 Communist voluntarily surrenders Power: IftheCommu-nistisnotremovedfromPower,hemaygiveupPowervoluntarilyatthistime.HedoesnotscoreforPower.PlaceaDemocraticSPMarkernext to theScoringBox in thecountryand remove thePowerStrugglecardpermanentlyfromtheStrategydeck.

“People, your government has returned to you!” —Czechoslo-vak President Vaclav Havel, January 1, 1990.

8.4.6 Scoring for Power: If theCommunist retainsPower, thePowerStrugglecardremainsinthegameandisplacedinthediscardpile.TheCommunistscoresanumberofVictoryPointsequaltothecountry’sPowerValuemultipliedbythenumberoftimesthePowerStrugglecardhasbeenplayed.• Acountry’sPowerValuecanbefoundonitsscoringboxonthe

map.• ThefirsttimetheCommunistscoresforPowerinacountry,place

aCommunist1valueSPMarkernexttothecountry’sscoringbox.ThenexttimetheScoringCardisplayed,iftheCommunistretainsPoweragain,replacethe1CommunistSPwitha2valueCommunistSP,andsoonuntiltheDemocratgainsPower.ThisisareminderforhowmanybonusVPstheCommunistwillearnforretainingPowerinthenextPowerStruggle.

EXAMPLE: Poland’s Power Value is 3. The first time the Commu-nist scores for Power in Poland he earns –3 VPs, the second time he would earn –6 VPs, and a third time would be worth –9 VPs.

8.4.6 Democrat in Power: TheDemocratneverscoresforPower.IftheDemocrattakesPower,theScoringcardisremovedfromthegame.

8.5 ScoringThefinalactionofeachPowerStruggleistoscoreVPsbasedonhowmuchsupporteachplayerhasinthecountryafterthePowerStruggle.See9.0fordetailsonhowtodothis.

9.0 COUNTRY SCORING9.1 General RuleCountryScoringistheprocessofmeasuringhowwellaplayerisdoinginacountryandawardingvictorypointsaccordingly.CountryScoringtakesplaceinacountryatthefollowingtimes:1.DuringthelaststepofaPowerStruggleinacountry2.DuringFinalScoring(10.4)

9.2 Country Scoring TermsThefollowingtermsareusedduringcountryScoring:Presence: AplayerhasPresenceinacountryifhecontrolsatleastonespaceinthatcountry.Domination:A player achieves Domination of a country if hecontrols more spaces in that country than his opponent and hecontrolsmoreBattlegroundspacesinthatcountrythanhisoppo-nent.Aplayermustcontrolatleastonenon-BattlegroundandoneBattlegroundspaceinacountryinordertoachieveDominationofthatcountry.Control:AplayerhasControlofacountry ifhecontrolsmorespacesinthatcountrythanhisopponentandhecontrolsalloftheBattlegroundspacesinthatcountry.

9.3 Country Scoring Procedure9.3.1IfaplayerhasachievedPresence,Domination,orControl,hescoresVPsequaltothenumbershowninthecountry’sScoringBoxforthehighestofthethreelevelshehasachieved.EXAMPLE: The Communist has Domination in Romania. He receives 4 VPs for Domination. He does not receive an additional 2 VPs for Presence even though he technically has Presence in the country.

9.3.2 Eachplayerscores1additionalVPforeachBattlegroundspacethathecontrolsinthecountry.

9.3.3EachplayertotalsuphisVPs,andthenetdifferencebetweenthetwoscoresismarkedontheVictoryPointTrack.EXAMPLE: The Communist plays the Poland Scoring Card. When it is time to score Poland at the end of the Power Struggle, the Communist controls Warszawa. The Democrat controls the Polish Catholic Church, Polish Writers, Wroclaw and Krakow spaces. Of these spaces, only Warzawa, Wroclaw and Krakow are Battleground spaces. Therefore, the Democratic player would get points for Dominating Poland (6 VPs) + 2 VPs for control of two Battleground spaces (Wroclaw and Krakow). Because the Democrat only has 1 SP in Gdansk, he does not control it. The Communist would receive 3 VPs for Presence in Poland +1 VP for control of a Battleground space (Warszawa). Because the Democrat controls more Battleground spaces, more spaces overall, and controls at least one non-Battleground space, he scores for Domination. Hav-ing calculated relative Victory Points (8 VPs for the Democrat, 4 VPs for the Communist), the difference between the two totals is 4. The VP marker is moved four spaces on the VP point track toward Democratic victory.



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10.0 VICTORY CONDITIONSTherearefourwaysaplayercanwinat1989:

10.1 Automatic Victory: Theinstantoneplayerreachesascoreof20VP,thegameisoverandthatplayeristhewinner.• DonotcheckforautomaticvictoryinaPowerStruggleuntil

theentireprocessiscompleteandallVPadjustmentshavebeenmade(includingcountryScoring).

• AutomaticVictorydoesnotapplyinFinalScoring.

10.2 Illegal Held CardIfaplayerhasaScoringcardinhishandintheVerifyHeldCardstepofaTurn(4.5.4), thatplayer losesandhisopponent isde-claredthewinner.IfbothplayersholdScoringCards,thegameisconsideredadraw.

“I’ve been looking for freedom.” —David Hasselhoff, Berlin, December 31, 1989

10.3 New Year’s Eve PartyIftheNewYear’sEvePartyEventwasplayedduringaturnandtheCommunistchosetoactivatetheEvent,thegameendsattheendofthatturnwithoutgoingtoFinalScoring.• Beforethegameends,theDemocrathastheoptiontoconduct

aPowerStruggleinanyonecountrywheretheCommuniststillholdsPower.Ifhedoesso,aPowerStruggleisresolvedjustasifthecountry’sscoringcardhadbeenplayed,includingcountryScoring.

• TheDemocratbeginsthePowerStrugglewiththeinitiative.

• Note: If theDemocrat choosesRomania for thefinal PowerStruggle,TheCrowdTurnsAgainstCeausescudoestakeplaceifthecardhasbeenplayedfortheEventbuttheeffecthasnotyettakenplace.TheTyrantisGonecannottakeplacebecausethegameendsimmediatelyafterthePowerStruggleisresolved.

• AfterthefinalPowerStruggle(ifany),theplayerintheleadisdeclaredthewinner,asifattheendofFinalScoring(10.4.3).

10.4 Final Scoring10.4.1Ifneithersidehasachievedvictoryofanykindbytheendofturn10,theneverycountryisscoredaccordingtotherulesforcountryScoring(9.0).NoPowerStrugglesareconducted,andtheCommunistdoesnotscoreforPower.However,theCommunistdoesgetaFinalScoringbonusforthenumberofcountrieswhereheretainsPower:

Countries VPBonus 1 –4 2 –8 3 –12 4 –16 5 –20 6 –24

10.4.2Reaching20VPsor–20VPsdoesnotresultinAutomaticVictoryduringFinalScoring.

10.4.3OnceallcountrieshavebeenscoredandtheCommunisthasbeengivenhisbonuspoints,victorygoestotheplayerwhoasaccruedthemostVPs.IftheVPmarkerisonapositivenumber,theDemocratwins;iftheVPmarkerisonanegativenumber,theCommunistwins.IftheVPmarkerisonzero,thegameendsinadraw.

11.0 CARD CLARIFICATIONS11.1 Austria-Hungary Border Reopened: If the Democrat isperformingSupportChecksinEastGermanywhilethiscardisineffect,theOperationsvaluebonuscanonlybeusedifbothsupportcheckstakeplaceinEastGermany.IfthefirstsupportcheckisbeingmadeinEastGermany,theDemocratmuststatewhetherheintendstousethebonus(therebycommittingtothesecondSupportCheckinEastGermany)ornot.IftheDemocratdoesnotexplicitlystateheisusingthebonusbeforerollingthedie,hemaynotuseit.

11.2 General Strike:TheCommunistplayerbeginsdiscardingacardandrollingduringtheActionRoundfollowingtheeventtakingplace.Hediscardsonly1cardperActionRound.Thiseventmaystayineffectformorethan1turn.

11.3 Helsinki Final Act: ThiscardhasanEventtitleinredalthoughitisnotapre-requisiteforanotherDemocraticEvent.TheredtitleallowstheDemocrattotakethecardfromtheCommunistandplayitfortheEventusingtheGoodbyeLenin!Event.

12.0 U.S.S.R. STABILITY TRACK.

“Should Gorbachev be toppled, then our larger vision of democracy in Eastern Europe shall vanish.”—British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to American President George Bush, November 18, 1989.

12.1TheU.S.S.R.isstableatthestartofthegame,butthroughtheplayofEventsthepeoplesoftheBalticRepublics(Lithuania,LatviaandEstonia)willbegintheprocessofdeclaringtheirinde-pendencefromtheU.S.S.R.

12.2WhentheSajudisEventtakesplace,movetheUSSRstabilitymarkertothatspace.

12.3WhenThe Baltic WayEventtakesplace,advancetheUSSRstabilitymarkertothatspace.

12.4When the Breakaway Baltic Republics Event takes place,advance the USSR stability marker to that space. Note: onceBreakawayBalticRepublicshastakenplace,GorbachevCharmstheWestcannolongerbeplayedasanEvent.

12.5WhenKremlin Coup!takesplace,advancetheUSSRstabilitymarkertothatspace.

12.6TheVPsassociatedwiththeseEventsarestatedbesidethespaceontheTrackandonthecards.



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1. LEGACY OF MARTIAL LAW: FortheCommuniststheimposi-tionofmartiallawinPolandinDecember,1981wasagreatsuccess.TheraidsthatroundeduptheleadershipofSolidarityweremeticulous-lyplannedandflawlesslyexecuted.Solidaritywastotallyunpreparedforthemassarrests,andlostalmostallofitsmoneyanditsprintingand broadcast equipment. Nonetheless, martial law represented anunprecedentedhumiliationfortheCommunists.Neverbeforehadthecivilianpartybecomesoweakithadtosurrenderpowertothearmy.

2. SOLIDARITY LEGALIZED: PolishGeneralWojciechJaruzelskiwasthestrongestoftheCommunistleadersinEasternEuropein1989.HewastheonlyleaderwhohadtheconfidenceofMikhailGorbachev,anditwasthispersonalrelationshipwithGorbachevthatpermittedJa-ruzelskitoproceedwithhisexperi-menttolegalizetheSolidaritytradeunion,whichhadbeensuppressedundermartiallaw.InJanuary1989,Jaruzelskiproposedthatthegovern-mententertalkswithSolidaritytosetconditionsunderwhichthemar-tial-law-erabancouldbelifted.ThemajorityofCentralCommitteedelegateswereopposed,butJaruzelskistoodbeforethemeetingandpresentedanultimatum:eitherSolidaritywouldberecognizedorhewouldresign.Facedwithlosingthecoreofitsleadership,thehard-lineCentralCommitteemembersbackeddown.AfewdayslaterSolidarityagreedtoenternegotiationswiththeregime,callingtheinvitationa“basicsteptowardsocialdialogue.”Solidarity’s leadershiphadlittlechoice.Solidarityneededthetalkstosustain theperception that itwas theprincipalopposition to theregime,particularlyafterthestrikesofAprilandAugust1988,whichweredrivenbyyoungerworkerswhodidnotowetheirallegiancetotheoldheroesofthe1980-81movement.ThetalksultimatelyresultedinSolidarityagainbeingrecognizedasanindependenttradeunion,andelectionsthatwouldsweepSolidarityintopower.ForJaruzelski,hisdreamofbecomingthePolishGorbachevwasshattered.Hiswill-ingnesstoriskhispositiontobringthepartytothenegotiatingtablewithSolidaritywouldbequicklyforgotten.InthemindsofthePolishpeoplehewouldforeverremainthefaceofmartiallaw.

3. WALESA:LechWalesawasthemostimportantoppositionleaderof1989.Anelectricianbytrade,heledthe1980strikesattheLeninShipyardinGdanskthatbegantheSolidaritymovement.Walesahadanunabashedpersonality,andthatcompletelackofself-conscious-nessgavehimtheabilitytoconnecttothecrowds.Thoughmeagerlyeducated,hewasanexcellentdebater.AsaworkingmanWalesahadcontemptfortheintellectualclass,buthedidworkwiththem,andthe partnership he was able to forge between the intellectuals andtheworkerswascriticaltoendingcommunisminPoland.After1989WalesabecameoneoftheloudestvoicesinfavoroftoughlustrationlawsandprosecutionsofformerCommunistsforcrimescommittedduringthemartiallawperiod.ThisputWalesaindirectoppositiontohisfriendandchoiceforprimeministerTadeuszMazowiecki,whowanted“athickline”betweenthedemocraticandCommunisteras.WalesadefeatedMazowieckiinthePolishpresidentialelectionof1990.SincethattimeWalesa’sreputationhassuffered,butheremainsoneofthegreatfiguresofthesecondhalfof20thcentury.

4. MICHNIK:The democrats inPoland had a perfect recipe for asocial revolution: broad supportamongtheworkingclassandstrongintellectual leaders, among themJacekKuron,BronislawGeremek,Tadeusz Mazowiecki andAdamMichnik. Michnik was part oftheWorker’s Defense CommitteefoundedaftertheHelsinkiAccordstodefendworkersarrestedduringthe 1976 strikes.As a Solidarityadviser,hewasarrestedinthefirstsweepduringmartiallawandspenttheearly1980sinjail.Asaresultoftheroundtableagreement,Michnikwasabletopublishanelectionnewspaper(“GazetaWyborcza”)whichremains Poland’s second largest circulation newspaper. Michnik’sessay “YourPresident, Our Prime Minister” iswidely credited forestablishingthestructureforacompromisethatallowedSolidaritytoformPoland’sfirstnon-CommunistgovernmentinAugust1989.

5. GENERAL STRIKE:Ofallthemethodsofprotestchosenbytherevolutionariesof1989,thegeneralstrikewasconsideredtheriski-est,bothtotheregimesandtothemovementsthemselves.Astrikewasatest,agaugeofworkersupportfortheaimsofthedemocraticrevolution.Oftentheoppositionleadershipwasleerytocallthem.Apoorshowingofparticipationriskedrevealingthattherevolutionwaslimitedto theintelligentsiaandthestudents- that theworkersstillsupported the regime. For the Communists, already facing econo-miesincrisis,astrikebroadlysupportedforanextendedperiodwasanexistentialthreatandbeliedtheirclaimtobethevanguardoftheworkingclass.

6. BROUGHT IN FOR QUESTIONING: AllthecountriesoftheWarsawPacthadsecurityservicesandallconductedsurveillanceontheirownpeople.Two,theStasiofEastGermanyandtheSecuritateofRomania,wereparticularlycentraltotheeventsof1989andhavetheirowneventcards.Thiseventrepresentsthegeneralharassmentthatdissidentsfacedonadailybasis.

7. STATE RUN MEDIA: Controlofthemediawascriticaltomain-tainingsupportfortheregimes.Thelevelofpropagandavariedwidelywithintheregion,withthePolishpressgenerallyspeakingthemostfreeandtheRomanianbeingnothingmorethanapropagandamachine.StatecontrolofthepresswassostrictinRomaniathateverytype-writerinthecountryhadtoberegisteredandasampleofthetypefacesubmittedtothestate,sothatitcouldbecomparedtoanypetitionorsamizdatcriticaloftheregime.

8. PRUDENCE:GeorgeBushwasfamouslyprudent,andhiscautionservedhimwellin1989.Bushcultivatedpersonalrelationshipswithforeignleaders,jottingpersonalnotesandmakingcalls.HeworkedcloselywithHelmutKohl,especiallyduringthe2-plus-4talksoverGermanreunification.BakerandShevardnadzealsoforgedapersonalbondthathelpedendtheColdWar.Mostofall,Bushallowedeventstounfoldwithoutunduecelebration.HeusedrestrainttotrytoprotectGorbachevfromattackbyKremlinhardliners.Theeffectsofthiseventrepresenteithersidebeingtoocautious.

9. THE WALL:FromthefoundationoftheG.D.R.in1949throughconstructionoftheWallin1961about20%oftheEastGermanpopu-

C A R D N O T E S



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lationleftthecountry,mostofthemthroughWestBerlin.Worseyet,mostoftheescapeeswerestudents,intellectualsandyoungworkers,leavingbehindanagingpopulation.Almostimmediately,peopleat-temptedtoescape-byrunning,climbing,diggingtunnels,andevenbyhomemadeairballoon.Theborderguards,orGreenTroops,had“shoot-to-kill”orders,andanestimated200peoplewerekilledtryingtocrosstotheWest.

10. CULT OF PERSONALITY:TheCeausescupersonalitycultwascarefullymanaged.BusloadsofpeoplewouldbetakentotheairporttogreettheCeausescuswhentheywouldreturnfromforeigntrips.InanynewspaperarticlethatquotedtheCeausescus,otherpeoplecouldnotbenamed.TheyinsistedtheirphotosbeprintedwithredbackgroundtoremindthepeopletheywereleadersoftheRomanianrevolution.WhenthegreatConducatorwouldgiveaspeech,thecrowd’scheeringwouldbeamplifiedbyspeakers.Thecrowdwouldperformchantsofpraisesuchas“Ceausescuandthepeople!”whileholdingtheirbannersaloft,allorchestratedandmonitoredbytheSecuritate.

11. DISSIDENT ARRESTED: TruncheonspoundingonthedoorwasafamiliarsoundforthedissidentsofEasternEuropeundercommu-nism.Manydissidentsspentyearsinprison.InFebruary1989,CzechplaywrightVaclavHavelwasarrestedonchargesofhooliganismforhispartintheJanPalachWeekdemonstrationsandspentamonthinjail.HisfinalarrestwasonOctober27,1989.

12. APPARATCHIKS: Thegame1989 divides the Communist es-tablishmentintotwobroadgroups:the elites who are at the top ofthe power structure and enjoy allthe corresponding privileges ofpower,andthelowertierofpartymemberswhoareinchargeoftheday-to-dayoperationsofthestate.Theselowerlevelbureaucratsare,for the most part, Communists inname only. For them the party isa means of career advancement.By and large the bureaucrats willsurvive the lustrationprocess andhold important positions in post-Communistgovernments.

13. STASI:The Ministry of State Security was a vast network ofthousandsofspiesandhundredsofthousandsofinformants.Itwas,mostofall,theoutwardmanifestationoftheEastGermanCommunists’obsessiveneedforcontrol.TheotherEastEuropeansecurityforcesweremostly instrumentsofphysical suppression.Their toolswerethetruncheon,thewatercannon,andinthecaseoftheSecuritate,thebullet.TheStasiwasmostlyaninstrumentofoppressionofthemind,anditstoolwasinformation.MillionsofpeoplehaddossiersintheStasiheadquarters.Evenchildrenwerewatched.Aremarkcriticaloftheregimecouldfollowanindividualaroundfortherestofhislife,denyinghimajobortheopportunitytotravel.

14. GORBACHEV CHARMS THE WEST:Thiscard representsGorbachevleveraginghisforeignpolicysuccessesintogreaterauthor-ityathome,whichheusedtodemotehardlinersandelevatesupport-ersofhisagenda.ByendingtheColdWar,Gorbachevhopedtoeaseproblemsinhisowneconomyandbuytimetorevitalizesocialism.Thiscardisalsoareferenceto‘HannibalCharmsItaly’,astrategycardfromthegame“Hannibal: Rome versus Carthage”onwhichthe1989PowerStruggledeckisbased.

15. HONECKER:HoneckerwastheprincipalarchitectoftheBerlinWall,builtwhilehewasaprotégéofWalterUlbricht.Honeckerroseunder Ulbricht’s tutelage until1971, when Honecker turned onUlbricht and pushed him aside toseizepower.Outwardlyanascetic,behindthewallsofhiscompoundheledadebauchedlifestyle,feast-ing while normal East Germansworked long hours for little pay.This facadewas reflected inEastGermany itself.Projectingan im-age of success rivaling theWest,theG.D.R.wasinfactaneconomicbasketcase,relyingonever-increasingloansfromWesternbankstostayafloat.

16. NOMENKLATURA: Despite the rhetoric of abolishing classdivisions, theCommunistshad theirownupperclass.Membersofthenomenklaturawenttotheelitepartyschools,haddriversfortheirVolvo limousines and shopped at their own stores that were wellstockedwith fresh fruits and importedwines.The lifeofprivilegewasinstarkcontrasttothedeprivationsofeverydaylifefortherestofthepopulation.

17. ROUNDTABLE TALKS:EventheshapeofthefamousroundtablewasasubjectofnegotiationsbetweenSolidarityandtheregime.IntypicalPolishfashiononenegotiatordeterminedtherecorddistanceforhumanexpectorationwas8meterssoallagreedthetablemustbeatminimum9metersindiameter.HumorandacommonprideofPolish-nessunder-girdedthenegotiations.OvershadowingeverythingwasthepossibilityofSovietintervention.WhenoneSolidarityrepresentativeprivatelyaskedGeneralJaruzelskihowfartheSovietswouldpermitdemocratic reforms toproceed inPoland, Jaruzelski circumspectlyreplied,“Idon’tknow.Letusfindouttogether.”ThenegotiationslastedfromFebruarytoApril1989.SolidaritywasledinthenegotiationsbyWalesaandMichnikaswellasintellectualssuchasBronislawGeremekand(futurePrimeMinister)TadeuszMazowiecki.ThegovernmentwasledbythemuchhatedCzeslawKiszczak,MinisterofInternalAffairsduringthe1981impositionofmartiallaw,butwhowascrucialtotheultimatesuccessoftheroundtable.ThefinalresultswerefreeelectionstoanewbodycalledtheSenate,andpermissionthatSolidaritycouldcontest35%oftheseatsintheSejm.ThepresidentwouldbeselectedbytheSejmsoallexpectedthistoguaranteethatCommunistswouldretainthepresidencyandcontrolofforeignanddefenseministries.Ingametermsthiseventwasdrawnandplayedseveraltimesin1989.ThePolishroundtableprocessaswellastheoutcomewouldserveasamodelforothereastblocstates.Eachwouldholditsownroundtablesessions,thoughwithoutthestrengthofleadershipofSolidarity.

18. POSZGAY DEFENDS THE REVOLUTION: In 1988 theHungarians established a commission to review the events of the1956 revolution.TheSoviets andHungary’s long time ruler JanosKadarhadalwaystermedtheeventsof1956a“counter-revolution.”OneofthemembersofthistruthcommissionwasImrePozsgay.Thehistorical committee’s report was completed on January 27, 1989.Pozsgay,seeinganopportunityforhimself,wentontheradiothenextmorningtoannouncethecommittee’sfindings:thatthe‘56revolu-tionwasapeople’suprising,notacounter-revolution,and that theparticipantswerejustified.ThisnewscreatedasensationthroughoutHungary.Finally,theleadersandparticipantsintherevolutionwould



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berehabilitated.Therewasonlyoneproblem:thereporthadnotyetbeenapprovedforreleasebythegovernment,andthepartyleadershipremaineddeeplydividedovertheeventsof1956.ManyofthemwereKadarloyalists,Groszincluded.TheRussianshadnotbeenconsultedeither, and they had always taken a much harder line against theHungarianrevolutionthanthePragueSpring.PozsgayandtheotherreformerswaitednervouslyforSovietresponse.AfterseveraldaysaSoviet representative informed themthat therewouldbenoSovietresponse.Forthefirstofmanytimesin1989,LeonidBrezhnevwasrollingoverishisgrave.

19. PAPAL VISIT:AvisitfromJohnPaulIIusuallyincludedanopen-airMass,whichcoulddrawhundredsofthousands.Many,lessdevout,wouldattendasasilentprotestagainsttheCommunists.

20. DEUSTCHE MARKS:The Ost Mark was a non-convertiblecurrency,andtheEastGermansneededD-Markstopayinterestontheirhardcurrencydebts.Onewaytheyearnedhardcurrencywasa“catchandrelease”program,inwhichdissidentswouldbearrestedandthenransomedformoneytoWestGermany.

21. COMMON EUROPEAN HOME: ThiswasthecatchphraseofGorbachev’spolicytowardsWesternEurope.ItwaspartofhisoverallpeaceoffensiveandmeantthattheEuropeansshouldde-emphasizetheroleofNATOandtheWarsawPactasrivalalliances.Itwasnotintended tomarginalize theAmericanssomuchas tosuggest rivaleconomicsystemscouldexistsidebysidewithoutthreatofmilitaryconfrontation.ThephrasewasincontrasttotheBushAdministration’spolicyof“aEuropewholeandfree.”

22. Scoring card—POLAND23. Scoring card—HUNGARY

24. ST. NICHOLAS CHURCH:TheGermanrevolutionwaslargelya leaderless revolution. The fo-cal point was instead a place ofworship, St. Nicholas Church inLeipzig.TheLutheranchurchwasthe only East German institutionthathadsomeindependencefromthe state. In the early 1980s theChurch’s political focus was thenucleardisarmamentmovement.InSeptember,1982,thepastorofSt.NicholasChurch,ChristianFuhrer,began leading services on Monday evenings called Peace Prayers.ThesePeacePrayersweresmallgatheringsofthefaithfulprayingforapeacefulendtotheColdWar.Theywouldcontinueweeklyforthefollowing7years.Theninthefallof1989,quitesuddenly,thePeacePrayerswoulderuptintotheMondayDemonstrations.

25. PERESTROIKA: Perestroika was the name for Gorbachev’sdomesticreformpolicies.Thegoalwastomakesocialismmoreeffi-cient,thoughthenatureofthosepolicieschangedovertime.Itscentralcomponentsweredecentralization,replacementofcorruptbureaucratsandplantmanagers,andimplementationofverylimitedmarketreformsgraftedontothesocialistsystem.SomeoftheEasternEuropeanCom-munistsgavelipservicetoperestroika.CeausescuandHoneckerwereopenlyhostiletoit.Nonemademeaningfulreforms.

26. HELSINKI FINAL ACT:TheadoptionoftheHelsinkiAccordswasoneofthebiggestachievementsofdetente.Brezhnevviewedtheagreementsasavictorybecauseitrecognizedcurrentbordersandef-

fectivelyputastampofapprovalonSovietseizureoftheBaltics.Hedidn’ttakeseriouslythehumanrightsdeclarations,buttheHelsinkiFinalActbecameatoolfordissidentsacrossEasternEurope.InPolandtheintellectualscreatedtheK.O.R.,theWorkers’DefenseCommittee.InCzechoslovakiaCharter77wasformed,originallytoprotestthebanningoftherockgroupPlasticPeopleoftheUniverse.OutsidetheK.O.R.theseweresmallgroupsofferingtokenopposition,buttheyestablishedtheframeworkwithinwhichthe1989revolutionarieswouldoperate.ExceptforRomania,theCommunistswereconcernedabouttheirinternationalreputation,andtheVPpenaltyforsupportchecksinstudentandintellectualspacesrepresentsthelossofinternationalprestigesufferedwhenviolatingbasicnormsofhumanrights.

27. CONSUMERISM: In the1970s the Communists sought togain legitimacyby improvingliv-ing standards, which had fallennoticeably behind theWest. Em-phasiswasplacedonproductionofconsumer goods like refrigeratorsandwashingmachines.ThisbingewasfinancedbyheavyborrowingfromtheWest,whichsetthestagefor the debt crises of the 1980s.The policy of consumerism didgiveEasternEuropeansatasteforabetterstandardofliving,andthebarestoreshelvesof1989createddiscontentthatturnedmanyagainsttheCommunists.

28. FACTORY PARTY CELLS:TheEasternEuropeaneconomieswerebuiltuponheavyindustry.Somefacilitiesemployedupto25,000people.Ineveryfactorywasthepartycell,alegacyoftheearlydaysoftheRussianRevolution.In1989,partyrepresentativeswererespon-sibleforkeepingupmorale,organizingvoluntaryworkdaysorofficialholidayobservances,andmonitoringworkerloyalties.Thepartycellsalsocouldreportunder-performingmanagersorstolenmaterialstocentralplanners.Mostofall,thepartycellwasaremindertoworkersthatthepartywasapartofeveryaspectofdailylife.

29. JAN PALACH WEEK:JanPalachwasastudentwhocommit-tedsuicidebyself-immolationinWenceslasSquareinJanuary,1969.HewasnotprotestingtheSoviet-ledinvasionofCzechoslovakiasomuchastheacquiescenceoftheCzechoslovakpeopletotheprocessofnormalization.TheCzechsretainedthereputationofbeingtheleastrebelliouspeopleofthenortherntierofCommuniststates,areputationthatwouldchangein1989.Onthe20thanniversaryofJanPalach’sdeath, the human rights group Charter 77 and students in Pragueorganizedmarchesthatwereviolentlysuppressed.JanPalachWeekwouldbeapreviewoftheVelvetRevolution.

30. TEAR GAS:Crowdslargerthanafewdozenusuallyweredealtwithbyspeciallytrainedsecurityforces.Inadditiontoshieldsandnightsticks,theseunitshadspeciallyequippedvehicleswithteargasandwatercannontodispersecrowds.

31. INTELLIGENTSIA:Mostoftheintellectualleadersofthe1989revolutions were themselves former Marxists.The most importantexceptionwasHavel,whowasthegrandsonofawealthyCzechin-dustrialist.TheintellectualsbecamedisillusionedwithMarxismafterthe invasionofCzechoslovakia to crush thePragueSpring reformmovement.The invasion was the turning point for communism inEasternEurope.ItshowedthattheCommunistswouldnotpermitan



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alternativemodelofsocialismwithrightsofdissent.Formostofthe‘70sand‘80stheintellectualsdidnotcallforopendefianceoftheregimes.Insteadtheycalledforcreationofacivilsocietyapartfromthetotalitariansystem-asocialspacewhereindividualscouldinteractoutsidepartycontrol.Kurontalkedabout“anti-politics.”Haveltalkedabout“livingintruth.”Theideawastheregimesweretoopowerfultoconfrontdirectly,butifpeoplecouldconstructanalternativesocialspace,andactasifthestatedidnotcontroltheirprivatelives,thenthetotalitarianfoundationofcommunismwouldcrackandtheedificewouldeventuallybetoppled.

32. PEASANT PARTIES:The“people’sdemocracies”weresupposedtobesocietieswheretheworkersandpeasantswereatthetopofthesocialladder,asopposedtothe“bourgeoisdemocracies”wherethecapitalistswereontop.TheCommunistsabolishedoppositionpartiesbutkeptthepeasantparties,ostensiblytorepresentthepeasantswhiletheCommunistsrepresentedtheworkers.Inreality,legislatureswerelittlemorethanwindowdressing;alldecisionsweremadebythepartyCentralCommittee,or,moreoften,asmallcadreincludingtheCom-munistPartyGeneralSecretaryandhisclosestadvisers.

33. SAJUDIS:ThiscardrepresentsthestartoftheSingingRevolution,theindependencemovementsintheBalticrepublicsoftheUSSR.Thesecards have a dual purpose in thegameastheyalsorepresentethnicminorities in Romania and Bul-garia.Nationalismhasalwaysbeena potent force in Eastern Europe,andtheCommunistswereneversopopularaswhentheyinvokedna-tionalismagainstCommunistsfromotherstates.In1989tensionsrosesohighbetweenHungaryandRo-maniaoverCeausescu’streatmentof the Hungarian ethnic minorityinTransylvaniathattheHungariansredeployedsomeoftheirarmedforcesfromthewesternbordertotheRomanianborder,andCeausescumadethreatsofnuclearattack.

34. FIDESZ: FIDESZ (TheAlliance ofYoungDemocrats)was apoliticalpartyofradicalstudentsbasedinBudapest.Membershadtobeunder30yearsold.OneofitsleaderswasViktorOrban,alawstudentatEotvosLorandUniversity.Orban’sspeechatthereburialofImreNagycriticizingtheregimeforhypocrisyandcallingforSoviettroopstowithdrawfromHungarymadehimanationalfigure.TodayFIDESZis themostpowerfulpoliticalpartyinHungary,sweepingthe2010parliamentaryelectionsandmakingOrbanPrimeMinisterofHungary.

35. HEAL OUR BLEEDING WOUND: ThiscardrepresentsthefinalwithdrawaloftheRedArmyfromAfghanistanonFebruary15,1989.GorbachevhadcalledAfghanWar theSoviets’ “bleedingwound.”Surprisingly,theCommunistgovernmentinAfghanistanheldon,de-featingthemujahedininaseriesofengagementsinthespringof1989.ThisstrengthenedGorbachev’shandwhenherefusedtointervenetosupporttheCommunistsinEasternEurope.

36. DASH FOR THE WEST:ThelastvictimshotwhiletryingtocrossthroughtheBerlinWallwasChrisGueffroyonFebruary6,1989.Hewas21yearsold.HisfriendChristianGaudianwasalsoshotbutsurvived.Hewascapturedandsentencedto3yearsforfirst-degreeillegalbordercrossing.

37. NAGY REBURIED:ImreNagywastheleaderofHungarydur-ingthe1956revolution.HewasacommittedCommunist,buthewasrepulsedbytheexcessesoftheStalinera.AftertheSovietinvasionofHungaryhewasexecutedonordersofKrushchevandreplacedbyJanosKadar,whoremainedinpowerfor30years.Overtheyears,theliesfromtheregimeabouttherevolutionandcircumstancessurround-ingNagy’sdeathhadalienatedthepeoplefromtheparty.ThereformCommunistswantedtoreconcilethepartytothepeoplebyadmittingtheliesofthepast.OnestepwastoreburyNagywithstatehonors.Kadar’ssuccessorKarolyGroszopposedNagy’srehabilitation,andthere-intermentceremonyrepresentedavictoryforthereformwingoftheparty.RemovingtheCommunistSPsintheelitespacerepre-sentsGroszandtherestoftheoldguardoftheKadarregimebeingpushedaside.

38. THE JULY CONCEPT: ThiswasTodorZhivkov’shighsoundingnameforaprogramofreformstotheBulgarianeconomy.Onpaperitwentfartherthanperestroikaintermsofallowingprivatizationofsmallerfirmsandpublic-privatepartnerships.TheJulyConcepthasthedistinctionofbeingtheonlyreformproposalinEasternEuropethatwascriticizedintheofficialSovietpressforgoingtoofar,toofast.Inrealityitneverwentanywhere,butitwasagoodexampleofZhivkovtryingtobewhateverhethoughtwouldcurryfavorwithMoscowatthetime.ShamelesssycophancywashowhehadbeenabletosurviveasrulerofBulgariaformorethan30years.

39. ECO-GLASNOST: Single issue environmental groups playedanimportantroleinthe1989revolutions.Eco-GlasnostwasinitiallyamovementbasedinRuse,Bulgaria,toprotestairpollutionfromaRomanianchemicalplantacrosstheDanubeRiver.Eco-Glasnostlaterbecameavehicleforbroaderanti-Communistprotests,andwasoneofthefoundinggroupsoftheUnionofDemocraticForces.

40. HUNGARIAN DEMOCRAT-IC FORUM:Mostoftheopposi-tion movements in 1989 tried toincorporatesomereferencetounityordialogueintheirname:ThisFo-rum,That Forum, Union of theseorthose,Allianceofsuchandsuch.One reason was that in societieswhere dissent was systematicallysuppressed,merelytheideaofdia-loguewiththeregimewasradical.The second reason was many ofthese umbrella groups containedelementsthatwereadversetooneanother, and united only in theiroppositiontotheCommunists.TheM.D.F.wasthemainoppositionpartyinHungary,anditwasmorenationalisticthanmostoftheotherprominentEasternEuropeanop-positiongroups.ItwasespeciallyconcernedwithtreatmentofHungar-iansinRomaniaandremovalofSovietforcesfromHungariansoil.ThiseventalsorepresentstheCommunistsabandoningtheLeninistprinciple,enshrinedineachcountry'sconstitution,thatthePartymustretaina"leadingrole"insociety.

41. CEAUSESCU: Despiteratherstiffcompetition,NicolaeCeausescumaybejudgedtheworstoftheCommunistleadersin1989.HisearlydefianceoftheSoviets(heopposedthe1968invasionofCzechoslo-vakia)madehimpopularwithWesterngovernments,butby1989hisStalinistbrutalityhadmadehimaninternationalpariah.TherewasvirtuallynoopenoppositiontotheCeausescuregimeinsideRomania



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untilDecember1989.Thepresenceofanycriticismwasattributedtoaconspiracyagainsthim,usuallyimaginedtohaveoriginatedinBu-dapest,Washington,orevenMoscow.Romanianswhoseloyaltywasdoubtedwouldbedenouncedinthepartynewspaper,orplacedunderhousearrest.Sometimestheywouldsimplydisappear.

42. Scoring Card—East Germany

43. Scoring Card—Bulgaria

44. INFLATIONARY CUR-RENCY: The Eastern Europeaneconomies suffered a problem ofmonetary overhang. Goods werepriced according to political con-siderationsrather thansupplyanddemand,withpricesalmostalwayssetbelowthemarketclearingprice.This created chronic shortages ofmost necessities, while consum-ershadcashtheycouldnotspend.Attemptstorationalizethesystemusuallyincludedpartialfreeingofprices,whichtypicallyresultedinstrikesandunrest.Polandhadthemost severe inflation problemsin1989,whereConsumerPriceInflationfor theyearreachedover600%.

45. SOVIET TROOP WITH-DRAWALS:ThepresenceofSo-viet troopswas always a thorn inthesideoftheEasternEuropeans,who viewed them as an occupy-ing force.AspartofGorbachev’sNewThinkinginforeignrelationshe proposed sweeping reductionsin Soviet conventional arms inEurope. These proposals wereannounced at Gorbachev’s UNspeechinDecember1988.Initiallyskeptical of Russian intentions,American President George Bushfoundhimselfplayingcatchupinthecourtofpublicopinion,asthetwosidesenteredabiddingwarofwhowoulddisarmfaster.TheresultwastheTreatyonConventionalArmedForcesinEurope,negotiatedthroughout1989andsignedin1990.

46. GOODBYE LENIN!:ThisisareferencetothepopularOstalgiefilmaboutanEastGermanCommunistwomanwhofallsintoacomabeforetheopeningoftheBerlinWall.WhensherecoversthedoctorstellhersonthathemustpreventherfromdiscoveringtheG.D.R.nolongerexistsortheshockmightkillher.Sohersongoesaboutrec-reatinglifeinEastGermanyintheirapartment,includingshoppingforherfavoriteSpreewaldpickles.It’salsoareferencetotheroleofpopcultureintherevolutionsof1989andtheroleofColdWarfilms(Dr.StrangeloveandWarGames)inthegameTwilightStruggle,onwhich1989isbased.

47. BULGARIAN TURKS EXPELLED:ZhivkovstartedaBulgar-izationcampaignagainsttheTurksintheearly80s,requiringethnicTurkstoadoptBulgariansoundingnamesanddefacinggravestoneswithTurkishnames.LookingforascapegoatforBulgaria’seconomic

problems,theCommunistsorderedtheTurkstoleaveBulgaria.Duringthesummerof1989,hundredsofthousandsofethnicTurksweredrivenfromBulgaria.Themovewaswidelycondemnedintheinternationalcommunityasahumanrightsabuse.Ironically,theexpulsionoftheTurksmadeBulgaria’seconomiccrisisevenworse,ascityresidentswereforcedtogointothefieldstoharvestcrops.

48. “WE ARE THE PEOPLE!”:This was the most famous chantof the marchers in the MondayDemonstrations.Theyweretellingthe“people’sdemocracies”thatthepeople were against them. In thegame 1989 it also represents thecrowdsgrowing so large, and theregimegrowingsoweak, that thesecurityforcescouldnottousevio-lencetostopthedemonstrations.

49. FOREIGN CURRENCY DEBT BURDEN: AlltheEastBloccountries except Romania owedlargesumstowesterngovernmentsandbanks.Theseloanswereinhardcurrencysotheyhadtoberepaidusingincomegeneratedfromexports.Thedebtsgrewsolargethattheycouldonlybeservicedbyborrowingevergreatersums,creatingadebtspiral.

50. THE SINATRA DOCTRINE:ThisphrasewascoinedbySovietpress spokesman Gennadi Gerasimov to describe the new SovietpolicytowardEasternEuropethatreplacedtheBrezhnevDoctrine.Eachsocialiststatewouldbepermittedtopursueitsownpath,asintheFrankSinatrasong“IDidItMyWay.”

51. 40th ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION:OnOctober7theEastGermans threw a party for the fortieth anniversary of the creationof theG.D.R. ItwasasurrealeventwithHonecker toasting to theachievementsofreal,existingsocialismwhileattendeescouldhearthecrowdsshoutinganddemonstratinginthestreetsoutside.Duringtheparade,beforethereviewingstandofCommunistdignitaries,therepresentativesof theFreeGermanYouth started chanting“Gorbyhelp us!” “Gorby help us!” Honecker pretended not to hear them.PolishGeneralSecretaryMieczyslawRakowskiaskedGorbachevifheunderstoodthechant.Gorbachevsaidyes.Rakowskireplied,“It’sover.”Honeckerwasousted11dayslater.

52. NORMALIZATION:ThiswastheprocessofremovingtensofthousandsofPragueSpringsupportersfromthegovernmentandtheCzechoslovakCommunistparty.ItwasimplementedbyMilosJakes,wholaterrosetoreplaceGustavHusakasleaderofCzechoslovakia.InhisrisetopowerJakesspokethewordsofareformer,praisingper-estroika,butinrealityactedasahardliner.HerefusedtorehabilitateDubcekortheotherleadersofthePragueSpring.JakeswaswidelymockedbytheCzechpeopleasacolorlessincompetent.

53. LI PENG: LiwastheleaderofthehardlinersthatwantedaviolentcrackdownonthestudentsinTiananmenSquare.OpposinghimwasCommunistPartyGeneralSecretaryZhaoZiyang,aliberalwhohadbeen instrumental inChina’smove towardanexport-basedmarketsystem.ZhaowasalsoaclosefriendofHuYaobang,whosedeathhadoriginallypromptedtheprotests(theReformerMemorialized/ReformerDiscreditedspaceontheTiananmenSquaretrack).InthemiddlewasChineseleaderDengXiaoping.DengsidedwithLi,andmartiallawwasdeclared.ZhaowasremovedasCCPGeneralSecretaryshortly



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aftertheTiananmenSquaremassacreandspenttheremaining15yearsofhislifeunderhousearrest.

54. THE CROWD TURNS AGAINST CEAUSESCU:Inexplica-bly,aftertheuprisinginTimisoarastarted,CeausescuwenttoTehrantonegotiateanarmsdealwiththeIranians.Hereturnedonthe21standgavealengthyharanguetothepartyCongress,thenwentoutonthebalconyoftheCentralCommitteebuildingtoaddressthecrowd.Thisspeechwasbroadcastonlivetelevision.Afterafewmoments,amurmurwentthroughthecrowd.Thenthescriptedchantsstopped,andpeoplebegan to scream,booandhiss.Others startedchanting“Timisoara!Timisoara!”and“DeathtotheDictator!”Elenashouted,“Offerthemsomething.”butNicolaewastoostunnedtosayanythingexcept“Hello!Hello!”Bodyguardsrushedhimfromthebalcony,andthebroadcastfeedwascutoff.ButitwastoolatefortheCeausescus-allRomaniahadseenthestartoftherevolution.

55. Scoring Card—Czechoslovakia

56. FOREIGN TELEVISION:ThoughtravelwasrestrictedacrosstheEasternBloc,thepeoplecouldemigrate every night by watch-ing T.V. The most popular adulteducationcourse inRomaniawasthe Russian language, so the Ro-manianscouldunderstandRussianT.V. shows. Bulgarians watchedYugoslavian T.V. East Germanskept up with the world throughWestGermannewsandprogramslike “Lindenstrasse”, except forthe area around Dresden (dubbed“TheValleyoftheClueless”)wheregeographyblockedthesignal.

57. CENTRAL COMMITTEE RESHUFFLE:Thiscardrepresentsthecommonpracticeofshovingasideanagingleadertogivethepartya fresh face without changing any policy (Grosz replacing Kadar,JakesreplacingHusak,andEgonKrenzreplacingErichHonecker).Thiswasusuallytheequivalentoftheorgangrinderbeingreplacedwiththemonkey.

58. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY BORDER RE-OPENED:As part oftheirreformagendatheHungarianCommuniststookdownthebarbedwirefencethatseparatedHungaryfromAustria.TheEastGermans,whofrequentlytooksummerholidaysinHungary,startedcrossingtheopenborderandemigratingthroughAustriatoWestGermany,wheretheyweregrantedimmediatecitizenship.TheEastGermanleadershipwasoutragedthattheHungarianswereviolatingatreatybyallowingG.D.R.citizens toemigrate.The tricklebecameafloodbefore theG.D.R.beganrefusingpermissiontotraveltoHungary.

59. GRENZTRUPPEN:“GreenTroops”wasthenicknameforborderguardsthatpatrolledtheborderwithWestGermanyandtheWall.

60. TOXIC WASTE:CommunismwasanenvironmentalcatastropheforEasternEurope.Mining,heavymanufacturingandchemicalplantswerethebasisoftheeconomy.Therewaslittleenvironmentalregula-tion,andwhatregulationstherewereoftenwereignored.Peopleinaffectedareassufferedgreaterriskofrespiratoryandotherhealthprob-lemsincludingbirthdefects,aswellasshortenedlifeexpectancy.

61. THE MONDAY DEMONSTRATIONS:AfterasummerbreakthePeacePrayersresumedatSt.Nicholas.InSeptemberthecrowds

grewfromafewhundredtoseveralthousand.TheconfrontationwiththeregimefinallyreachedaclimaxonOctober9th.ThelocalStasichiefmadeominouswarningsaboutissuingdoubleallotmentsofam-munitionandbodybagsto“defendtheachievementsofsocialism.”Agroupofcivicleaders,includingconductorKurtMazur,broadcastapetitionacrossthecitycallingfornon-violenceonallsides.At6p.m.therewere70,000LeipzigersmarchingaroundtheRingstrasse.Thecrowdsoverwhelmed theStasi, andwithout clearorders fromBerlinthelocalofficialsbackeddown.Fromthatpoint,theregimelostitsnerveandrapidlycollapsed.ThedemonstrationsspreadfirsttoDresden,thentoBerlin,whereonNovember4th500,000ralliedagainsttheS.E.D.TheWallwasopened5dayslater.

62. YAKOVLEV COUNSELS GORBACHEV:Alexander Ya-kovlev and Eduard Shevardnadzewere the most important adviserstoMikhailGorbachevin1989.In1983,whileGorbachevwasMin-isterofAgriculture,YakovlevandGorbachev had a chance meetingin Canada that would change thecourse of the ColdWar.The twodid not know each other well, sothey began speaking as if on sortofareformCommunistblinddate.Each knew that a single hereticalstatement could be discovered bythe KGB and used by politicalenemiestoremovethemfromtheirpositionsintheeliteoftheparty.ThenYakovlev,perhapssensingGorbachev’swillingnesstobroachthesubject,begantobarehisfeelings.Helaterrememberedthecon-versation,“bothofussuddenlywerejustkindoffloodedandletgo.Isomehow,forsomereason,threwcautiontothewindandstartedtellinghimaboutwhatIconsideredtobeutterstupiditiesintheareaof foreign affairs, especially about those SS-20 missiles that werebeingstationedinEuropeandalotofotherthings.Andhedidthesamething.Wewerecompletelyfrank.HefranklytalkedabouttheproblemsintheinternalsituationinRussia.Hewassayingthatundertheseconditions,theconditionsofdictatorshipandabsenceoffreedom,thecountrywouldsimplyperish.Soitwasatthattime,duringourthree-hourconversation,almostasifourheadswereknockedtogether,thatwepoureditalloutandduringthatthree-hourconversationweactuallycametoagreementonallourmainpoints.”AndsoitwasthatthepoliciesoftheGorbacheveraandtheendoftheColdWarwerehatchedduringanagriculturalfactfindingvisittoCanada.Yakovlev’spolicywouldlaterbetermed“initiativism”.ThetheorywasthattheSovietsystemwasdoomed,butifthepartyreformedquicklyenoughthenthepeoplewouldacceptthereformedpartyandallowittoremaininpowerbydemocraticmeans.

63. GENSCHER: Hans-Dietrich Genscher was Foreign MinisterofWestGermanyfrom1974to1992.InSeptember1989GenscherbrokeredadealwithHoneckertoallowsafepassageforEastGermanrefugeeswhohadspentweekscampedoutintheWestGermanembassyinPrague.HeplayedacriticalroleinrelationsbetweenEastandWestGermany,aswellasthedevelopmentoftheEuropeanUnionandtheunificationofGermany.

64. LEGACY OF 1968:Theeraofreformcommunism(roughly1964to1968)reacheditspeakwiththePragueSpring,anexperimentof“socialismwithahumanface.”ItwasledbySlovakAlexanderDubcek.InAugust1968SovietleaderLeonidBrezhnevlaunchedaninvasion



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ofCzechoslovakiabytheWarsawPact(exceptRomania)tooverthrowDubcekandthereformCommunists.Brezhnevwasconvincedarivalmodelofcommunismwasathreattocommunismeverywhere.Thelegacyof1968wasarecognitionamongintellectualsandCommunistsympathizersintheWestthatthesystemwasmorallybankrupt.Afterthehorrorsoftheimpositionofcommunismacrosstheregioninthelate1940sandearly1950s,manywerewillingtogivecommunismasecondchance.TheythoughtonlyamonsterlikeStalin,notthesystemitself,couldberesponsibleforsucharbitrarybrutality.However,theBrezhnevdoctrinestrippedawayanyremainingclaimtolegitimacythesystemhad.

65. PRESIDENTIAL VISIT:BushtraveledtoWarsawandBudapestinJuly1989.HemetprivatelywithWalesaandtheHungarianopposi-tionleadership.WalesahadhopedforanEasternEuropeanMarshallPlan.Hewouldbedisappointed.Bush’smessage to theHungariandissidentswastobeprudent,slowdownandnottorocktheboat.Hedidn’t feel theywerereadyto takepower.Thevisitamounted toaphotoopportunityforBushandlittlemore.

66. NEW FORUM:NewForumwasoneofmanysuchorganization

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