r > r > u phytoremediation appendix

Attachment to the diploma project “reclamation > remediation > urbanization” by Emil Nyutstumo Horn, AHO, spring 2015

PHYTOREMEDIATIONa toolbox for phytoremediation design in the

Oslo climate, hardiness zone 6

Introduction

In my diploma project “reclamation > remediation > urbanization”, an important element in designing a green infrastructure for future urbanization in Alna, Oslo, has been dealing with site pollution. Considering the timeframe of a future 2050 situation, using phytoremediation as a way of removing the pollution is a good choice. This list has been compiled to provide a library of plants that can be utilized in the diploma project, not only as a method of remediation, but also as a design element in the landscape.

Scientific nameCommon name

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

sun

Pollutant

Tolerance to special conditions

quantity Accumulation type

Spatial characterdiagram

Photo

Thriving light conditions

Method

This list is a compilation of plants found in a broad search in material from different sources, and compiled together. It only contains plant species able to grow in a the plant hardiness zone 6, which is the zone that Oslo is in. The species have been cross-checked in the last edition of the Norwegian black list for foreign species (Fremmede arter i Norge, med norsk svarteliste, 2012) to exlude any known invasive species. However, invasiveness cannot be excluded completely as the list also contains several species not normally found in Norway. Therefore, it is important that these species are monitored in the norwegian ecology if tested.

The plants are listed alphabetically by their scientific names. They will each be shown with a photo, what pollutant they are able to reduce and how they can reduce it (if the source can state the method of remediation, which the studies often does not). The species growing conditions is listed, and a diagram showing their spacial characted and scale in a fully grown state. This has been included as a tool for designing with the vegetation within each contaminated site.

How does phytoremediation work?

“Phytoremediation (from the Greek ‘phyton’, meaning plant) describes all forms of remediation employing plants as the means to reduce or remove contamination from anenvironment.” [Hill, 2010, p. 19]. Even though all phytoremediation plants are in some way absorbing pollutants, there are several processes allowing this to happen, and they are quite different. The expression phytoremediatin does not only include reducing a pollutant, but also detection and control of pollution.

It is important to note that phytoremediation not necessarily is “better” than other types of remediation. There is still much to learn about this science, and we can only hope to gain as much knowledge as possible about it. This may eventually allow us to adapt, and eventually strategically utilize different remediation methods in different situations.

Broadly categorized, there are a few different processes of phytoremediating:

Phytostabilization

This process is not actually reducing the pollution, but sequestering it in the soil in its root system. This prevents both availability and spreading of the pollutant.

Phytoextraction

This is the process where some species naturally accumulate dramatically higher amounts of certain pollutants than other species. The pollutant is then stored somewhere in the plant tissue, of which the location is varying from species to species. This is not unproblematic, as the pollutant will continue to exist within the biomass, and disposal of the contaminated plant material will still be a challenge.

Rhizofiltration

Rhizofiltration is basically the same as phytoextraction, but will occur in aquatic species. The species will filter the water, and take up a certain amount of pollutants which is normally lower than the phytoextracting species.

Phytodegredation and phytovolatilization

These processes are actually reducing the level of pollution within a system as the plant will break down the contaminant through metabolic processes. These pollutants however, largely is organic compounds. The risk is that the breakdown products themselves may not be less toxic than the original pollutant, allthough it often is.

Plant index

Acer rubrum

Acer saccharinum

Achillea millefolium

Acorus calamus

Agrostis capillaris L.

Alyssum wulfenianum

Amaranthus retroflexus

Amorpha fruticosa

Andropogon gerardii

Artemisia frigida

Athyrium yokoscense

Atriplex hortensis

Avena sativa

Beta vulgaris

Betula nigra

Betula pendula

Bouteloua curtipendula

Bouteloua dactyloides

Brassica oleracea var. capitata.

Cercis canadensis

Chrysanthemum x morifolium

Claytonia perfoliata

Cucurbita pepo

Cynodon dactylon

Deschampsia caespitosa

Distichlis spicata

Dryopteris erythrosora

Elaeagnus angustifolia

Elymus canadensis

Euonymus fortunei ‘coloratus’

Festuca arundinacea

Fraxinus

Gleditsia triacanthos

Guercus gambelii

Hedera helix

Helianthus annuus

Hemerocallis hybrid

Iris germanica

Iris pseudacorus

Juncus effuses

Juniperus procumbens

Lemna minor

Liquidambar styraciflua

Liriodendron tulipifera

Littorella uniflora

Lolium perenne

Lupinus albus

Maclura pomifera

Medicago sativa

Morus alba ‘Platanifolia’

Morus rubra

Nymphaea odorata

Panicum virgatum

Pascopyrum smithii

Phalaris arundinacea

Phragmites australis

Picea mariana

Picea pungens

Pinus nigra

Pinus ponderosa

Pinus taeda

Polygonum lapathifolium

Populus deltoides

Populus maximowiczii

Populus tremuloides

Potamogeton crispus

Pyrus calleryana

Quercus palustris

Raphanus sativus

Rhus typhina

Salix alba

Salix alba ‘Tristis’

Salix exigua

Salix nigra

Salix pentandra

Scirpus acutus

Silene vulgaris

Spartina pectinata

Spirodela polyrhiza

Stellaria media

Thlaspi caerulescens

Tradescantia bracteata

Trifolium repens

Triticum aestivum

Typha latifolia

Urtica procera

Vicia Americana

Vicia faba

Vicia grandiflora

Viola spp.

Zostera marina

Acer rubrum

Acer

rubr

um

Red Maple

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land

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

sun

Plutonium

Cesium

Tolerant to wet conditions

quantityAccumulator

Acer saccharinum

Acer

sacc

harin

um

Silver Maple

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

Vinyl Chloride

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

sun / semi-shade

Tolerant to wet conditionsSalt tolerant

Achillea millefolium

Achi

llea

mille

foliu

m

Yarrow

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

sun

Draught tolerant

Cadmium

quantityAccumulator

Acorus calamus

Acor

us ca

lam

us

Sweet Flag

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.gar

dens

andp

lant

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es/p

lant

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orus

%20c

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iega

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

sun / semi-shade / shade

method


Rhizofiltration Accumulator

Iron

Manganese

quantity

Agrostis capillaris L.

Agro

stis

capi

llaris

L.

Bentgrass

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ages

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Normal

Lead

Arsenic

Manganese

Zinc

Aluminum

quantityHyperaccumulator

Alyssum wulfenianum

Alys

sum

wul

feni

anum

Alpine Alyssum

[htt

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.gar

dens

andp

lant

s.com

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es/p

lant

s/Ac

orus

%20c

alam

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iega

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

sun

Draught tolerant

Nickel

quantityAccumulator

Amaranthus retroflexus

Amar

anth

us re

trofle

xus

Redroot Amaranth

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aran

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

sun

Normal

Cadmium

Cesium

Nickel

Zinc

Amorpha fruticosa

Amor

pha

frutic

osa

Indigo Bush

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onaw

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on-im

-ag

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1000

/Fab

acea

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

sun

Draught tolerant

Salt tolerant

Lead

quantityAccumulator

Andropogon gerardii

Andr

opog

on g

erar

dii

Big Bluestem

[htt

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/wiki

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m-

mon

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jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

sun

Normal

Anthracene

Arsenic

Atrazine

Copper


method Rhizofiltration

Phytodegradation

Hyperaccumulatorquantity

Artemisia frigida

Arte

misi

a fri

gida

Frindged Sage

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.wat

erw

isepl

ants

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ages

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rubs

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

sun

Draught tolerant

High hp tolerant

Copper

Hydrocarbons


Athyrium yokoscense

Athy

rium

yoko

scen

se

Fern

[htt

p://w

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.asia

nflo

ra.co

m/P

tery

doph

ytes

/Ath

yri-

um-y

okos

cens

e.jp

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Low hp tolerant

Cadmium

Copper

Lead

shade


Atriplex hortensis

Atrip

lex h

orte

nsis

Garden Orach

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.calh

orts

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eed-

exch

ange

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2002

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal



Avena sativa

Aven

a sa

tiva

Oat

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edia

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/Ave

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Low hp tolerant

Arsenic

Cadmium

Cobalt

Copper

Lead

Nickel

Zinc

method Phytostabilization

sun

Beta vulgaris

Beta

vul

garis

Beet

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edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

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m-

mon

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96/B

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_201

2.jp

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Cesium

Strontium

sun

Accumulatorquantity

Betula nigra

Betu

la n

igra

River Birch

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p://w

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.fuf.n

et/w

p-co

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t/up

load

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.-Bet

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nigr

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evat

ion.

jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Bentazon



Vinyl Chloride

sun / semi-shade

Betula pendula

Betu

la p

endu

la

European White Birch

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d.w

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edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

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m-

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_Sto

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Clay tolerant

Draught-tolerant

Salt tolerant


Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

sun

method Phytoextraction

Bouteloua curtipendula

Bout

eloua

curti

pend

ula

Sideoats Grama

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p://w

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ropa

ndm

ore.

info

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Wee

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Aluminum

Arsenic

Copper

Lead

Manganese

Zinc

sun

Bouteloua dactyloides

Bout

eloua

dac

tylo

ides

Buffalo Grass

[htt

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.ksut

urf.o

rg/O

rnam

enta

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/Im

ages

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9/A-

L/Bu

chlo

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught-tolerant

Carbon Dioxide

Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

sun

method Rhizodegradation Accumulatorquantity

Brassica oleracea var. capitata.

Bras

sica

oler

acea

var. c

apita

ta.

Cabbage

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-733

7_Br

assic

a_ol

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tata

.jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Cesium


Cercis canadensis

Cerc

is ca

nade

nsis

Eastern Red Bud

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

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edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

m-

mon

s/5/

54/C

ercis

_can

aden

sis_r

edbu

d_tre

e_bl

oom

.jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Clay tolerant

Perchloroethylene (PCE)

Petroleum


Vinyl Chloride

sun / semi-shade

Tolerantquantity

Chrysanthemum x morifolium

Chry

sant

hem

um x

mor

ifoliu

m

Chrysanthemum

[hht

tp://u

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edia

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pedi

a/co

mm

ons/

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/Chr

ysan

them

um_m

orifo

lium

_4.JP

G]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Benzene

Carbon Monoxide

Formaldehyde

Toluene


Xylene

sun

method Phytoextraction Accumulatorquantity

Accumulator

Claytonia perfoliata

Clay

toni

a pe

rfolia

ta

Miner’s Lettuce

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g-be

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Clay tolerant

Cadmium

shade

quantity

Cucurbita pepo

Cucu

rbita

pep

o

Zucchini

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.stat

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.net

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Cucu

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_pep

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Arsenic

Cadmium

Lead

Zinc

sun

Cynodon dactylon

Cyno

don

dact

ylon

Bermuda grass

[htt

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edia

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/wiki

pedi

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m-

mon

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Clay tolerant

Aluminum

Arsenic

Cadmium

Copper

Diesel Fuel

Hydrocarbons

Lead

sun

method Rhizofiltrationquantity

Hyperaccumulator

Deschampsia caespitosa

Desc

ham

psia

caes

pito

sa

Tufted Hairgrass

[htt

p://r

edbu

ttec

anyo

n.ne

t/di

vers

ity_i

mag

es/d

_ca

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tosa

.jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Low hp tolerant

Cadmium

Chromium

Copper

Lead

shade

Distichlis spicata

Dist

ichlis

spica

ta

Inland Saltgrass

[htt

p://u

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d.w

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pedi

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m-

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Salt tolerant

Cadmium

Copper

Lead

sun

Accumulatorquantity

Dryopteris erythrosora

Dryo

pter

is er

ythr

osor

a

Autumn Fern

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Copper

Lead

Mercury

Zinc

shade

Elaeagnus angustifolia

Elae

agnu

s ang

ustif

olia

Russian Olive

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lora

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n.ac

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laea

g-nu

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ifolia

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g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Salt tolerant


sun

Elymus canadensis

Elym

us ca

nade

nsis

Canadian Wild Rye

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.grim

msg

arde

ns.co

m/w

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Hydrocarbons


method Rhizodegradation


Accumulatorquantity

Euonymus fortunei ‘coloratus’

Euon

ymus

fortu

nei ‘c

olor

atus

’

Purple Leaf Wintercreeper

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Petroleum

sun / semi-shade

Tolerantquantity

Festuca arundinacea

Fest

uca

arun

dina

cea

Tall Fescue

[htt

p://w

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lib.cz

/IMG/

GAL/

BIG/

1237

85.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Cadmium

Diesel Fuel

Lead, Nitrogen

Phosphorus


Potassium

Zinc


Rhizodegradation

sun

Accumulatorquantity

Fraxinus ssp.

Frax

inus

ssp.

Ash

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rodu

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INUS

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]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Varying from species to species


sun / semi-shade


Gleditsia triacanthos

Gled

itsia

tria

cant

hos

Honey Locust

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

High hp tolerant

Salt tolerant

Lead


sun

Guercus gambelii

Guer

cus g

ambe

lii

Gambel Oak

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Chlorinated Solvents

Lead

Palladium

Plutonium

Uranium

sun

Hedera helix

Hede

ra h

elix

English Ivy

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Benzene

Carbon Monoxide

Formaldehyde

Petroleum

Toluene

Xylene




Helianthus annuus

Helia

nthu

s ann

uus

Sunflower

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

mm

ons/

d/d8

/Hel

iant

hus_

annu

us_0

001.

JPG]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Clay tolerant

High hp tolerant

Arsenic

Cadmium

Chromium

Copper

Lead

Manganese

Nickel


Zinc

sun


Rhizofiltrationquantity

Hyperaccumulator

Hemerocallis hybrid

Hem

eroc

allis

hyb

rid

Daylily

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

m-

mon

s/4/

48/H

emer

ocal

lis_H

ybrid

_Fra

nsH

als_

Bot-

Gard

Bln0

7122

011D

.JPG

]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Petroleum


Tolerantquantity

Iris germanica

Iris g

erm

anica

Bearded Iris

[htt

ps://d

avisl

a3.fi

les.w

ordp

ress

.com

/201

3/05

/iri

s-ge

rman

ica.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Salt tolerantDraught tolerantHigh hp tolerant

Aluminum

Arsenic

Cadmium

Copper

Flourine

Manganese

Zinc

sun


Hyperaccumulator

Iris pseudacorus

Iris p

seud

acor

us

Pale Yellow Iris

[htt

p://w

ww

.pla

ntrig

ht.o

rg/s

ites/

defa

ult/

files

/Iris_

pseu

daco

rus-

Flick

rCom

mon

s_Co

anri-

slas

h-Ri

ta.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Aluminum

Arsenic

Atrazine

Beryllium

Cadmium

Copper

Manganese


sun


Juncus effuses

Junc

us e

ffuse

s

Soft Rush

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

mm

ons/

d/d2

/Pitr

us_p

lant

_(Ju

ncus

_effu

sus)

.jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Ammonia

Anthracene

Arsenic

Nitrate

Nitrogen

Phosphate

sun


Juniperus procumbens

Juni

peru

s pro

cum

bens

Juniper

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

mm

ons/

b/bb

/Juni

peru

s_pr

ocum

bens

_nan

a_M

N_2

007.

JPG]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Salt tolerant

Petroleum

sun / semi-shade

Tolerantquantity

Lemna minor

Lem

na m

inor

Lesser Duckweed

[htt

p://w

ww

.pla

nted

evis.

ro/a

sset

s/ga

lerie

/lint

i-ta

-lem

na_m

inor

_14.

JPG]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Aquatic

Cadmium

Chromium

Copper

Lead

Petroleum

sun / semi-shade

Liquidambar styraciflua

Liqui

dam

bar s

tyra

ciflu

a

American Sweet Gum

[htt

p://w

ww

.nat

ural

land

scap

esnu

rser

y.com

/sw

eet-

gum

tree.

jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Cesium

Plutonium

Uranium

Vinyl Chloride

sun / semi-shade

method Phytodegradation

Rhizodegradation


Liriodendron tulipifera

Lirio

dend

ron

tulip

ifera

Tulip Tree

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

m-

mon

s/3/

3a/L

iriod

endr

on_t

ulip

ifera

_-_L

a_H

ulpe

_(1

).JPG

]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Clay tolerant

Low hp tolerant


Cesium

Formaldehyde

Plutonium


Strontium


Vinyl Chloride

Xylene

sun

Accumulatorquantity

Littorella uniflora

Litto

rella

uni

flora

American Shoreweed

[htt

p://w

ww

.web

.foru

mac

varis

t.ro/

wp-

cont

ent/

up-

load

s/20

13/0

7/Li

ttor

ella

-uni

flora

2.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Copper

Lead

sun / semi-shade

Lolium perenne

Loliu

m p

eren

ne

Perennial Ryegrass

[htt

p://o

nlin

e-m

edia

.uni

-mar

burg

.de/

biol

ogie

/nut

zp-

flanz

en/b

ilder

/vb/

loliu

m_p

eren

ne1.

jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Barium

Cadmium

Copper

Lead


sun / semi-shade


Phytostabilization

Lupinus albus

Lupi

nus a

lbus

White Lupin

[htt

p://e

rnes

t.org

free.

com

/pla

ntes

/Pap

iliona

ceae

/Lu

pinu

s%20

albu

s2.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Low hp tolerant

Arsenic

Nitrogen

sun / semi-shade

method Rhizoaccumulation

Maclura pomifera

Mac

lura

pom

ifera

Osage Orange

[htt

p://w

ww

.tree

topi

cs.co

m/m

aclu

ra_p

omife

ra/

osag

e_or

ange

_104

0345

.png

]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Salt tolerant


sun


Medicago sativa

Med

icago

sativ

a

Alfalfa

[htt

p://w

ww

.phy

toim

ages

.siu.

edu/

user

s/pa

ra-

man

1/8_

16_0

9_2/

Uplo

ad16

Aug0

9D/1

16M

edica

-go

Sativ

a.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Barium

Benzene

Bifenthrin

Cesium

Lead


Zinc

sun / semi-shade

method Phytodegradation Accumulatorquantity

Morus alba ‘Platanifolia’

Mor

us a

lba

‘Pla

tani

folia

’

Fruitless Mulberry

[htt

p://w

ww

.verif

lor.c

om/a

sset

s/pr

oduc

ts/

P324

0006

.JPG]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Anthracene

Arsenic

sun

Morus rubra

Mor

us ru

bra

Red Mulberry Tree

[htt

p://w

ww

.leeg

ov.co

m/g

ov/d

ept/

dcd/

EnvS

cienc

es/

Publ

ishin

gIm

ages

/Pro

tect

edTr

ees/

01re

dmul

berry

.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Anthracene

Arsenic



sun / semi-shade

Nymphaea odorata

Nym

phae

a od

orat

a

Water Lily

[htt

ps://d

avisl

a2.fi

les.w

ordp

ress

.com

/201

2/07

/nym

-ph

aea-

odor

ata.

jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Aquatic

Chromium

Copper

Manganese

sun


Accumulator

Panicum virgatum

Pani

cum

virg

atum

Switchgrass

[htt

p://w

ww

.ksut

urf.o

rg/O

rnam

enta

lGra

sses

/Im

ages

/200

8/M

-Z/P

anicu

m_v

irgat

um_’

Dalla

s_Bl

ues’_

2008

_9.JP

G]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Hydrocarbons

Picloram

sun


Pascopyrum smithii

Pasc

opyr

um sm

ithii

Western Wheatgrass

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

m-

mon

s/3/

34/P

asco

pyru

m_s

mith

ii_N

RCS-

4.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Atrazine

Hydrocarbons

Lead


Zinc


sun / semi-shade

Phalaris arundinacea

Phal

aris

arun

dina

cea

Reed Canary Grass

[htt

p://e

rick.d

ronn

et.fr

ee.fr

/bel

les_

fleur

s_de

_fra

nce/

imag

es/p

hala

ris_a

rund

inac

ea1.

jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Cadmium

Cesium

Nickel



sun / semi-shade

Phragmites australis

Phra

gmite

s aus

tralis

Common Reed Grass

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

mm

ons/

f/f0

/Phr

agm

ites_

aust

ralis

-200

9_09

_09_

01.JP

G]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Tolerant to wet condistions

Ammonia

Atrazine

Benzene

Cadmium

Copper

Lead

Manganese

Nickel

Nitrogen


sun / semi-shade

quantityAccumulator

Picea mariana

Pice

a m

aria

na

Black Spruce

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

m-

mon

s/1/

17/P

icea_

mar

iana

_(Sp

ruce

_bla

ck).jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Low hp tolerant

Uranium

sun

Picea pungens

Pice

a pu

ngen

s

Dwarf Globe Blue Spruce

[htt

p://w

ww

.schu

mac

hers

nurs

ery.c

om/s

ites/

defa

ult/

files

/92_

img0

_col

orad

o-sp

ruce

_0.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Low hp tolerant

Petroleum

sun

Tolerantquantity

Pinus nigra

Pinu

s nigr

a

European Black Pine

[htt

p://s

tatic

.pan

oram

io.co

m/p

hoto

s/la

rge/

9189

2729

.jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

High hp tolerant

Salt tolerant


sun


Pinus ponderosa

Pinu

s pon

dero

sa

Ponderosa Pine

[htt

ps://c

onpm

.file

s.wor

dpre

ss.co

m/2

010/

07/p

i-nu

s-po

nder

osa-

uprig

ht.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Plutonium

Strontium

sun

Accumulatorquantity

Pinus taeda

Pinu

s tae

da

Loblolly Pine

[htt

p://1

.bp.

blog

spot

.com

/-cx

PjZE

r_St

s/Ty

IH-

K8H

1WpI

/AAA

AAAA

ABZ8

/0Tn

NhT

bNw

Co/s

1600

/Pi

nus_

taed

a_2.

JPG]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Arsenic, Chromium

Creosote, Perchloroethylene (PCE)



sun


Rhizodegradation

Polygonum lapathifolium

Polyg

onum

lapa

thifo

lium

Smartweed

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

mm

ons/

f/f1

/Sm

artw

eed,

_Pol

ygon

um_l

apat

hifo

lium

.jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Chromium

Copper

Lead

sun / semi-shade

Populus deltoides

Popu

lus d

eltoi

des

Eastern Cottonwood

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

m-

mon

s/0/

02/P

opul

us_d

elto

ides

_(50

2672

4621

).jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Anthracene, Arsenic

Atrazine


Lead

Mercury


Strontium


Zinc

sun

Accumulatorquantity

Populus maximowiczii

Popu

lus m

axim

owicz

ii

Japanese Poplar

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

m-

mon

s/5/

54/P

opul

us_n

igra

-bek

es.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Benzene

Ethyl


Toluene


Vinyl Chloride

Xylen

sun

Populus tremuloides

Popu

lus t

rem

uloi

des

Quaking Aspen

[htt

p://w

ww

.bom

engi

ds.n

l/usa

octo

ber/p

ics/q

uakin

g_as

pen_

_pop

ulus

_tre

mul

oide

s_br

yce_

torre

y-br

y-ce

2im

g_84

11.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Bifenthrin


Chromium

Ethyl

Lead

Palladium

Plutonium

sun


Rhizodegradation

Phytoextration

Accumulatorquantity

Potamogeton crispus

Pota

mog

eton

crisp

us

Curly pondweed

[htt

p://f

lora

.nhm

-wie

n.ac

.at/

Bild

er-P

-Z/P

otam

oge-

ton-

crisp

us-2

.jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Aquatic

Copper

Lead

sun

Accumulatorquantity

Pyrus calleryana

Pyru

s cal

lerya

na

Bradford Flowering Pear

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

mm

ons/

e/e9

/Pyr

us_c

alle

ryan

a.JP

G]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Clay tolerant

Low hp tolerant

Draught tolerant

Petroleum

sun / semi-shade

Tolerantquantity

Quercus palustris

Quer

cus p

alus

tris

Pin Oak

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

m-

mon

s/9/

93/Q

uerc

us_p

alus

tris_

1_(n

autic

al2k

).jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal



Vinyl Chloride

sun / semi-shade

Raphanus sativus

Raph

anus

sativ

us

Radish

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

m-

mon

s/7/

77/R

adijs

_pla

nten

_(Ra

phan

us_s

ativu

s_su

bsp.

_sat

ivus)

.jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Arsenic

Cobalt

Copper

Nickel

sun / semi-shade


Rhus typhina

Rhus

typh

ina

Staghorn Sumac

[htt

p://w

ww

.jacq

ues-

bria

nt.fr

/med

ias/

RHUS

-TYP

HI-

NA-

DISS

ECTA

-A.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Nickel


sun


Salix alba

Salix

alb

a

White Willow

[htt

p://w

ww

.tree

sand

hedg

ing.

co.u

k/pr

odzo

om-

img7

14.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Salt tolerant

Clay tolerant

Chromium

Mercury


Silver


Vinyl Chloride

sun

Salix alba ‘Tristis’

Salix

alb

a ‘Tr

istis’

Golden Weeping Willow

[htt

p://w

ww

.egg

ert-

baum

schu

len.

de/im

ages

/pr

oduc

t_im

ages

/pop

up_i

mag

es/1

079_

1_Sa

lix-a

l-ba

-Tris

tis-T

raue

rwei

de.JP

G]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Clay tolerant

Arsenic

Benzene

Chloroform,

Lead

Mercury

Nickel


Phosphorus

Silver

Toluene


Tritium

Zinc

sun


Phytoextraction

Phytodegradation

Rhizodegradation

Phytovolatilization

Salix exigua

Salix

exig

ua

Narrowleaf Willow

[htt

p://w

ww

.smm

flow

ers.o

rg/b

loom

/pics

/S7

223a

WLR

Db.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Clay tolerant


sun

Salix nigra

Salix

nigr

a

Black Willow

[htt

p://w

ww

.fore

stry

imag

es.o

rg/b

row

se/d

etai

l.cf

m?im

gnum

=546

8258

]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Clay tolerant

Bentazon

Cadmium

Copper

Endosulfan Sulfate

Ethyl,

Nickel


Silver

Styrene


Tritium

Zinc

sun


Rhizodegradation

Phytoextration

quantityAccumulator

Salix pentandra

Salix

pen

tand

ra

Laurel-Leaved Willow

[htt

p://s

earc

h.ea

glel

aken

urse

ries.c

om/C

onte

nt/Im

-ag

es/P

hoto

s/A1

05-1

2.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character


Clay tolerant

Arsenic

Chloroform

Lead



Tritium

Zinc

sun


Phytoextraction

Phytodegradation

Rhizodegradation

Scirpus acutus

Scirp

us a

cutu

s

Hardstem Bulrush

[htt

p://2

.bp.

blog

spot

.com

/-3c

xd06

Mju

z8/T

3K6J

b-GU

_hI/A

AAAA

AAAE

64/C

nCha

01G7

Ms/

s160

0/Sc

irpus

%2Bl

acus

tris.

jpg]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Aquatic

Benzene

sun / semi-shade

Silene vulgaris

Silen

e vu

lgaris

Bladder Campion

[htt

p://w

ww

.xn--

natu

rnah

e-gr

ten-

ritte

r-b5

b.ch

/im-

ages

/Bild

er%2

0Wild

stau

den/

Sile

neVu

lgar

is200

8.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Cadmium

Zinc

sun


Phytoextraction

Spartina pectinata

Spar

tina

pect

inat

a

Prairie Cord Grass

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

m-

mon

s/8/

85/S

part

ina_

pect

inat

a_2.

JPG]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Salt tolerant

Cadmium

Copper

Nitrogen

sun / semi-shade

Spirodela polyrhiza

Spiro

dela

pol

yrhi

za

Giant Duckweed

[htt

p://u

ploa

d.w

ikim

edia

.org

/wiki

pedi

a/co

m-

mon

s/7/

7d/S

tella

riaM

edia

001.

JPG]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Aquatic

Aluminum

Arsenic

Cadmium

Nitrate

sun


Stellaria media

Stell

aria

med

ia

Chickweed

[htt

p://w

ww

.luon

topo

rtti.

com

/suo

mi/i

mag

es/1

0739

.jp

g]

tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Normal

Cesium

sun / semi-shade

Accumulatorquantity

Thlaspi caerulescens

Thla

spi c

aeru

lesce

ns

Alpine Pennycress

[htt

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tole

ranc

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xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Aluminum

Arsenic

Cadmium

Chromium

Cobalt

Copper

Lead

Nickel

Zinc

sun / semi-shade


Phytoextraction


Phytoindicator

Tradescantia bracteata

Trad

esca

ntia

bra

ctea

ta

Longbract Spiderwort

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tole

ranc

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cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Draught tolerant

Cesium

Cobalt

Plutonium

Strontium

Tritium

Uranium

sun

quantity

Trifolium repens

Trifo

lium

repe

ns

White Clover

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tole

ranc

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xins

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Clay tolerant,

High hp tolerant

Diesel Fuel

Hydrocarbons

Lead, Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)


sun


Triticum aestivum

Triti

cum

aes

tivum

Common Wheat

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tole

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xins

spatial character

Normal

Barium

Copper

Lead,


Triazine

Zinc

sun

Typha latifolia

Typh

a la

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Broad-Leaved Cattail

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tole

ranc

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cum

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xins

spatial character

Tolerant of very wet conditions

Ammonia

Benzene

Cadmium

Copper

Lead

Nitrate

Nitrogen

Phosphate


sun


Urtica procera

Urtic

a pr

ocer

a

Tall Nettle

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tole

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spatial character

Normal




sun / semi-shade

Vicia Americana

Vicia

Am

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American Vetch

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tole

ranc

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cum

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xins

spatial character

Normal

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Potassium

sun / semi-shade

Vicia faba

Vicia

faba

Horse Bean

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tole

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cum

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xins

spatial character

Normal

Aluminum

sun / semi-shade

Accumulatorquantity

Vicia grandiflora

Vicia

gra

ndifl

ora

Vetch

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tole

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cum

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xins

spatial character

Normal

Aluminum

sun / semi-shade

Viola spp.

Viol

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Violet

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

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xins

spatial character

Varying between cultivars

Cadmium


sun

quantityHyperaccumulator

Zostera marina

Zost

era

mar

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Eel Grass

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tole

ranc

eac

cum

ulat

ed to

xins

spatial character

Aquatic

Cadmium

sun / semi-shade

Sources

Books

KIRKWOOD, N. (ed.) (2001) Manufactured sites - Re-thinking the Post-Industrial Landscape. London: Taylor & Francis.

SCHUL, J. (2010) Hvilken plante hvor - planteguide for hagen. 2nd ed.Oslo: Cappelen Damm AS

Official documents

NORGE, ARTSDATABANKEN. (2012) Fremmede arter i Norge - med norsk svarteliste. Trondheim: Skipnes Kommunikasjon AS.

USA, THE INTERSTATE TECHNOLOGY & REGULATORY COUNCIL PHYTOTECHNOLOGIES TEAM. (2009) Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance and Decision Trees. . [Online] Available from: http://www.itrcweb.org/GuidanceDocuments/PHYTO-3.pdf. [Accessed: 2nd February 2015].

USA, PUGET SOUND PARTNERSHIP. (2012) Technical Guidance Manual for Puget Sound. [Online] Sampling of Plant Species Studied for Phytoremediation. p.209-214. Available from: http://www.superorg.net/archive/proposal/plant%20species%20phyto.pdf. [Accessed: 20th January 2015].

USA, USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center. (2010) Plant Fact Sheet: black willow. . [Online] Available from: http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_sani.pdf. [Accessed: 27th February 2015].

USA, NASA (1989) Interior Landscape Plants For Indoor Air Pollution Abatement. [Online] Available from: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930073077.pdf .[Accessed: 2oth February 2015].

Thesis

HILL, J.C. (2010) Sustainable Remediation and the Landscape Architect.Birmingham: Birmingham University.

BIZECKI ROBSON, D. (2003) Phytoremediation Of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil Using Plants Adapted To The Western Canadian Climate. A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the Degree ofDoctor of Philosophy in the Department of Soil Science.Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan.

RONNHEDEN, J. & FALK, M. (2010) Succession: Landskapsarkitekten & fytoremedieringenUppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.

Journals

SARMA, H. (2011) Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants: A Review Focusing on Phytoremediation Technology. [Online]Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 4 (2). p.118-138. Available from: http://scialert.net/qredirect.php?doi=jest.2011.118.138&linkid=pdf. [Accessed: 20th January 2015].

Web-pages

FAMULARI, S. (2015) North Dakota State University. [Online]Available from: http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/famulari_research/index.php.[Accessed: 5th January2015].

POTTORFF, L. (2010) Colorado State University. [Online]Available from: http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/CoopExt/4DMG/Plants/clean.htm.[Accessed: 20th February 2015].

UK, ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY (2015) Royal Horticultural Society Plant Finder. [Online]Available from: https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/search-form.[Accessed: 5th January - 20th March 2015].

UK, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE (2015) Plants for a Future Plant Search. [Online]Available from: http://www.pfaf.org/user/Default.aspx.[Accessed: 5th January - 20th March 2015].

Photos

Web-page URL placed adjacent to each plant photo.[All accessed: 3rd - 4th March 2015]