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R e p o r t s

Winter 2014 No. 411

INSIDE

Continued on back page

Three Hundred Acres of Terrestrial Insect BiodiversityThe Forest Preserve Districts of Cook, DuPage, and Will coun-ties manage over 100,000 acres, and largely in their natural state. Some sites are afforded further protection with status as Nature Preserves. The 315-acre Braid-wood Dunes and Savannah Forest Preserve (Braidwood), a little south of Joliet in Will County, is one such nature preserve. Unlike most of Illinois, Braidwood’s soil is dominated by sands deposited after Glacial Lake Wauponsee gave way some 14,000 years ago, resulting in the Kankakee Torrent.

One of the consequences of the sand deposits is that the soil in the area is less fertile than in much of our state; thus, early farming efforts were less intensive here and more natural areas remain for our appreciation and study.

The Forest Preserve District of Will County (FPDWC) helps ensure the long-term viability of the ecosystems, maintaining diversity as well as opportunities for public use of natural areas. However, effective manage-ment is best built upon a strong foundation of knowledge, so the FPDWC has sought out scientific experts to help them inventory and understand the natural re-sources at Braidwood.

Unlike plants, vertebrates, and mussels, the insects of Illinois — and Braidwood in particular — are relatively poorly known. Aided by geospatial data

from FP-DWC, we identified sampling sites in sand prairie, sand savannah, marsh, swamp, and some dis-turbed habi-tats. We established 30 sampling sites across the habi-tat types, characterized habitat structure (canopy cover, soil moisture, ground cover, etc.), and used taxon-focused sampling methods including pitfall trappings, litter and soil sampling, lights and light traps, sweep samples, audio recordings, rearing from host plants, and general hand collec-tions, to survey the insect fauna of Braidwood.

The major groups studied included ground beetles (Cole-optera: Carabidae), butterflies, moths and skippers (Lepidoptera), springtails (Collembola) grass-hoppers, crickets, and katy-dids (Orthoptera), leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), and true bugs (Heteroptera). Of these, the Lepidoptera (more than 340 species) and ground beetles (more than 150 species) were most intensively studied, with the ground beetle study resulting in a Master’s thesis for University

of Illinois entomology graduate student Alan Yanahan.

We recorded some 15,000 specimens, representing at least 785 insect species. For the Lepidoptera and Carabidae, we have assembled one of the most complete site-level lists in Illi-nois. Remarkably, this represents only a small fraction of the insect diversity at Braidwood. Major groups such as flies (Diptera) and bees, wasps, and ants (Hyme-noptera), as well as the majority of the beetles (Coleoptera) were not studied, nor were most of the “minor” insect groups. The species recorded include several new state records. Some of the species found seem rare only because they are poortly stud-ied, but others are actually rare. The springtails include a new species and two others not seen

Lepidopterist James Wiker with UV light trap. Photo by Steven

J. Taylor, INHS

A ground beetle, Carabus serra-tus, at Braidwood Dunes. Photo

by Sam W. Heads, INHS. ID by Alan

D. Yanahan

Update on Honey Bee Health

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Translocation and Refuge Populations as a Means of Conser-vation for Imperiled

Redspotted Sunfish in Illinois

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Suspected Bt Resistance in Illinois Rotation-

resistant Western Corn Rootworm Beetles

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New Publications 5

Species Spotlight: Gartersnakes

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The Naturalist's Apprentice:

Be a Herpetologist 7

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only by N. apis. Approximately seven years ago, N. ceranae, originally isolated from the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana, was isolated from A. mel-lifera, the European honey bee. Subsequently, it was found to be the dominant species causing nosemosis, possibly having “jumped” from the Asian host to A. mellifera. N. ceranae was reported to be more virulent than N. apis and it has been associated with colony decline. Our research has focused on un-derstanding the development of this pathogen in honey bees, the resulting impacts of infection, and the effects of traditional treatment of the disease. N. ceranae, like other microsporidia, infects the host when infective spores are eaten. The spores germinate in a unique way in the alimentary tract — a filament is unfurled from within the spore and injects the contents of the spore into a host cell. The resulting immature stage reproduces, filling the host cell with the pathogen stages that then mature to form infective spores. Typically, only adult bees become infected, resulting in a shorter lifespan and energy stress, and this may intensify the adverse effects of other pathogens and pesticides. We determined that N. ceranae, like N. apis, only infects the midgut tissues of the honey bee, but the pathogen fills the cells and when they rupture, infective spores are released into the environment in the feces. The pathogen is thus passed from the infected

bee to other bees as the work-ers clean the hive or feed each other. Recent reports of high num-bers of N. ceranae-infected bees in apiaries suggest that fumagillin, a drug used for 50+ years to suppress N. apis, may not be as effective against N. ceranae. Fumagillin degrades in hives over the spring and summer months, and in labora-tory studies we found that that

N. apis continued to be suppressed by the drug at concentrations that no longer sup-pressed N. ceranae. At the very low con-centration of 1/1000, the standard applied rate, N. ceranae not only produced more spores than N. apis, but produced twice as many spores in fumagillin-treated bees than in untreated bees. We questioned why N. ceranae spore production was higher in bees treated with low fumagillin concentrations than in bees that had not been treated at all. When proteins in the tissues of treated vs. untreated bees were evaluated, significant alterations were found in the treated bees. Fumagillin, due to its known activity against an important metabolic and struc-tural enzyme, MetAP2, which is found in all animals, evidently disturbs the physi-ology of the honey bee at low concentra-tions more than it does the pathogen, and allows the pathogen to over-produce in the compromised tissues. We continue to investigate the effects of this commonly used drug to better inform beekeepers on management efforts. Leellen Solter and Wei-Fone Huang, INHS; Peter Yao and Brian Imai, University of Illinois; Roy J. Carver, Biotechnology Center

Honey bees are charismatic insects with a true social structure and fascinating behaviors such as feeding their young and “waggle dancing” to indicate to their sister workers where flower resources can be found. They are also critically important pollinators of food plants and the only commercially viable source of honey and beeswax. Recent reports of the collapse of honey bee colonies in the U.S. and Europe have galvanized apiculturists and scientists to determine the reasons for the decline in colony health so that the problems can be addressed and management changes made to avoid the high annual losses. Most researchers agree that the honey bee decline is not the result of one specific factor but is most likely a combination of stress factors in their environment. Potential factors include habitat changes and climatic issues, agricultural pesticides that contami-nate flower pollen, transport of bees to pol-linate crops, and pathogens and parasites. The Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) Insect Pathology Lab and University of Illinois Protein Sciences Center, along with scientists from Michigan State Univer-sity and the USDA Agricultural Research Service, have been working to understand the role of several pathogens that infect honey bees and are known to have adverse impacts on their overall health. The INHS/University of Illinois team has concen-trated their its efforts on two pathogens, the fungus-related microsporidia Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, both of which cause the disease known as “nosemosis.” Nosemosis is a chronic disease of the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, and, until recently, was thought to be caused

Update on Honey Bee Health

European honey bee, Apis mellifera. Photo by L. Solter,

INHS

The honey bee pathogen Nosema ceranae escapes control by the antibiotic fumagillin. Illus. by K. Helms

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Because of low abundance and restricted distribution, the redspotted sunfish was listed as “Threatened” under the Illinois’ Endangered Species Act in 1989 and sub-sequently downgraded to “Endangered” in 2009. Redspotted sunfish have since been identified as a Species in Greatest Need of Conservation under the Illinois Wildlife Action Plan. In response, biologists with the Illinois Department of Natural Re-sources (IDNR) and the IllinoisNatural History Survey (INHS) initiated a conservation effort in 2005 to secure this species’ presence and viability within the state. This effort has three main compo-nents within the state: survey the species’ status (locations and relative abundances); examine the structure of genetic diversity for existing populations within Illinois and relative to other populations in neighbor-ing states; and establish a network of viable populations across the species’ native range. Supported by a State Wildlife Grant and permitted through the Illinois Endan-gered Species Protection Board, we first conducted a status assessment for popula-

tions in previously identified locations throughout the state. We also explored several additional locations where anec-dotal evidence indicated the presence of potential populations. From these data, only habitats in two locations appeared to support the species—one location in the Sangamon River basin in central Illinois and one in the Saline River basin in south-ern Illinois. In 2007, a new promising and previously undocumented location was

Translocation and Refuge Populations as a Means of Conservation for Imperiled Redspotted Sunfish in Illinois

communicated by a citizen-scientist —Mr. Uland Thomas at Fish Creek in Mason County. This loca-tion proved serendipi-tous as it supported what appeared to be the most robust (al-beit small) population of redspotted sunfish in the state. Interest-ingly, the Fish Creek habitat was a bit of a surprise in that it was a channelized creek adjacent to agricul-tural fields and had limited submerged aquatic vegetation. Ultimately, as a result of the status assess-ment, managers decided that in order to secure the species, additional populations would be needed to safeguard against any future losses. The most local evolutionary lineage

of redspotted sunfish (i.e., from Fish Creek in Mason County)—rather than more distant out-of-state sources such as southern Missouri or Indiana—was chosen for breed-ing specifically to capitalize on adaptation for local environmental conditions and to avoid any unin-tended mixing of lineages. More-over, wild-caught broods were used to minimize any domestication and founder bottlenecks. To avoid per-manently removing breeders from the natural population (commonly called brood-mining), mature par-ents were used only once over the

three years of breeding and were returned to their collection site after the breeding season. We also monitored the genetic diversity in young produced relative to brood and the wild population to evaluate the effectiveness of the breeding program at capturing genetic diversity within the donor source population. Finally, we continue to monitor the progress and success in each of the refuge populations in terms of numbers collected per unit of

effort (CPUE), size and age structure, and evidence of reproduction.

To date, eight new, off-site refuge populations have been created since 2008 by translocating 10–50 young per acre produced from a captive breeding program. Each of the refuge populations in the established network demonstrates evidence of high survival and reproduc-tion. Unfortunately, the original donor site —Fish Creek—has experienced severe de-watering associated with near-drought conditions during parts of each year 2011–13, and has seen an increase in the CPUE of grass carp. Follow-up monitor-ing has failed to uncover any remnants of the population. Thus, if the population is truly extirpated, the refuge populations will hold the remnant genetic legacy of the central Illinois stock.

The prognosis is cautiously optimistic for redspotted sunfish in Illinois thanks to the conservation actions described here. Biologists from the IDNR and INHS (along with citizen-scientists) will maintain a vigilant watch over the refuge populations to evaluate their viability as a network of self-sustaining populations and continue to look for remnant popula-tions in Fish Creek and other locations in hopes of conserving a colorful member of Illinois’ native fish fauna.

J.S. Tiemann, T.D. Thomas, W.M. Schelsky, and J.M. Epifanio, INHS

The redspotted sunfish, Lepomis miniatus.

Fish Creek in Mason County, site of a robust population of redspotted sunfish.

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The western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, WCR) is the most economically significant insect pest of corn production in the U.S. and can inflict substantial yield loss. The history of WCR management is marked by numerous episodes of pest resistance to insecticides, cultural control, and most recently, to at least one of the toxic Cry proteins (Cry3Bb1) expressed in Bt corn hybrids targeting corn rootworms (CRW).

Confirmation of WCR field resistance to CRW-Bt corn hybrids in Iowa (2011) and Illinois (2012) revealed a troubling threat to the primary tool used to protect U.S. corn from WCR damage. These reports also documented Bt resistance in WCR as a phenomenon associated with the year-after-year cultivation of CRW-Bt corn hybrids (continuous corn) expressing the same Cry toxin, in this case Cry3Bb1. Growers facing a Bt resistance threat had a number of op-tions for managing resistant populations and preserving high yield potentials, including application of a planting-time soil insecticide to Bt seed or planting Bt hybrids expressing different or multiple (‘pyramided’) Bt traits. But perhaps the most effective recommen-dation from both university extension and agricultural biotechnology companies was rotation to a non-host crop (e.g., soybean) to break the continuous corn cycle and act as a

”reset but-ton” for cornfields suspected of harbor-ing Bt-resistant WCR popula-tions. Unfortu-nately, the percep-tion of WCR Bt resistance as an eas-ily man-ageable problem that was associ-ated with

Suspected Bt Resistance in Illinois Rotation-resistant Western Corn Rootworm Beetles

continuous cornfields was challenged by events in Illinois during the late summer of 2013.

Reports of severe WCR injury to the roots of first-year, rotated corn across northeastern and east-central Illinois be-gan to reach INHS and University of Illinois entomologists in late August 2013. Follow-up visits by Joseph Spencer (INHS) and Michael Gray (UIUC Crop Sci-ences) to suspect fields confirmed that feeding by WCR larvae had caused severe injury to fields of rotated Bt corn across several Illinois counties. Strong evidence for Bt resis-tance in WCR from rotated cornfields added new urgency to existing grower concern regarding WCR resistance to Bt corn hybrids. For more than a decade, corn growers have relied on Bt hybrids to manage WCR injury in rotated cornfields where rotation-resistant WCR are active. Given that Illinois was the epicenter of WCR resistance to crop rotation in the 1990s, reports of westerns in rotated corn exposed a threat to the "gold standard" of Bt-resistance management recommenda-tions in an area where Bt corn hybrids are routinely planted in rotated cornfields to counter the persistent threat of WCR rotation-resistance. The presence of suspected Bt resistance amongst rotation-resistant WCR populations links two very significant pest management challenges.

During field visits, multiple popula-tions of WCR adults were collected from cornfields (and adjacent soybean fields) were Bt corn had failed to prevent severe rootworm injury. Eggs from these WCR will be used in single-plant, Bt-resistance bioassays to assess the level of resis-tance in each population. In addition, on-farm research in affected fields from Livingston, Kankakee and Ford counties, presentations to local growers, and con-tinuing collaborations with Bt-technology managers are planned for 2014.

Suspected Bt resistance among rotation-resistant WCR will dramati-cally increase grower use of insecticides in rotated corn. Associated high beetle densities observed in soybean fields may increase grower interest in broader adult suppression programs aimed at stopping WCR egglaying in soybean. Analyses of temporal and spatial abundance patterns of suspected doubly-resistant adults, evaluation of suppression efforts, use of Bt resistance bioassays, and studies of resistant WCR movement and dispersal will provide growers, seed companies, and other researchers with basic and ap-plied information about the latest”twist” on WCR resistance to arise in Illinois.

J.L. Spencer, INHS; M.E. Gray, R.E. Estes, and N.A. Tinsley, UIUC

Joe Spencer displaying severe WCR injury to Kankakee County corn roots confirmed to be expressing the Cry3Bb1 toxin. August 28, 2013. Photo by Michael Gray, UIUC

Severe lodging in a Ford County rotated cornfield where a Cry3Bb1-expressing Bt hybrid failed to prevent extensive root-pruning by WCR larvae. September 16, 2013. Photo by Joseph Spencer, INHS

Close-up examples of Bt corn roots with severe feeding injury caused by WCR larvae with suspected Bt resistance in Livingston County. August 28, 2013. Photo by Michael Gray, UIUC

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PUBLICATIONS NEW

Michael R. JeffordsSusan L. PostJames R. Wiker

Designed by Danielle M. Ruffatto

BUTTERFLIESOF ILLINOIS

FIELD GUIDE TO

Written by Jennifer M. Mui, Michael J. Dreslik, and Christopher A. Phillips

SNAKES & LIZARDS

ILLI

NO

IS R

EPTI

LES

Written by Tara Beveroth

FOREST SPECIES

ILLI

NO

IS B

IRD

S

a selection of the

common, unusual, and rare

insects of illinois

2ND EDITION

Michael R. Jeffords • James G. Sternburg • Susan L. Post

Written by Michael J. Dreslik, Jennifer M. Mui, and Christopher A. Phillips

TURTLES

ILLI

NO

IS R

EPTI

LES

Coming soon in 2014!

IDENTIFICATION | Small frog that is either tan, brown, or gray colored with large toe pads and an X on its back.

HABITAT | Wooded floodplains and uplands (found on shrubs, trees, and plants near pools or water-filled depressions.)

NATURAL HISTORY NOTES | First frogs to call in spring. Mating occurs between February and May. Eggs are attached singly to submerged sticks and plants. Tadpoles transform after two months.

CALL | Repeating clear single peep.

SPRING PEEPERPseudacris crucifer (HYLIDAE)

SVL: 3.5 cm

Available now!Visit https://shop.inrs.illinois.edu/shop-inhs.html to view these and other INHS products.

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Jennifer M. MuiMichael J. Dreslik

Christopher A. Phillips

AMPHIBIANS

OF ILLINOIS

The 2nd edition of A Selection of the Common, Unusual, and Rare Insects of Illinois has been redesigned for a modern look.

This card set includes 32 water-resistant cards with color photos, range maps, and concise descriptions of the amphibian species most likely to be encountered in Illinois. This card set is a companion to the Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Illinois.

Like the Amphibians of Illinois card set, these three new card sets will each include 32 water-resistant cards with color photos, range maps, and con-cise descriptions of the reptile and bird species most likely to be encountered in Illinois. The Illinois Reptiles: Snakes and Lizards and the Illinois Reptiles: Turtles card sets are companion pieces to the Field Guide to Am-phibians and Reptiles of Illinois. The Illinois Birds: Forest Species card set will be the first in a series of four bird identification card sets.

This new field guide, written by Michael Jeffords, Susan Post, and James Wiker, will be non-techni-cal, but will include the information you need to properly find and identify any butterfly in Illinois.For the 105 species that occur or once occurred in Illinois, there are updated field and spec-imen photos labelled with key identifica-tion character-istics. A flight line indicates what months in Illinois the adults are ac-tive. Similarbutterflies will have plates with the con-fusing species pictured side by side.

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SpeciesSpotlight

Gartersnakes

Jen Mui

Ask any child what kind of snake they’ve seen and more often than not, the answer will be a “garden” or “gardener” snake. Most likely, they are referring to one of the species of gartersnake. Across North America, there are 16 species of gartersnakes in the genus Thamnophis and four of those are found in Illinois. The Common and Plains Gartersnakes, and the Eastern and Western Rib-bonsnakes, are typically dark with light stripes running the length of their bodies. The Common Gartersnake, Thamnophis sirtalis, is found across much of North America, from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean and from Florida to Southern Alaska — it is absent from the desert southwest. They are fairly cold tolerant and found further north than any other snake in North America. Because of their tolerance for cold tempera-tures, they have a longer active period than other snakes. In Illi-nois, gartersnakes have been seen basking during warm winter days, and are the first snakes to emerge each year and among the last to hibernate in fall. Gartersnakes will often return to the same den year after year, possibly using landmarks or following scent trails. Most gartersnakes overwinter in dens individually or in small groups, but thousands of individuals overwinter in a communal den in Manitoba each year. In Illinois, gartersnakes have been found overwintering in crayfish burrows with other species, including the

endangered Eastern Mas-sasauga Rattlesnake. Soon after emerg-ing from their dens, gartersnakes mate, often forming “mating balls” in which one female is surrounded by multiple males. Gartersnakes do not lay eggs, instead giving birth to up to 40 neonates in summer or early fall. Gravid female gartersnakes will often gather together in

summer just before giving birth.

Parental care ends at birth, with the neo-nates being on their own to find food and shelter before winter. Garter-snake prey include fish, invertebrates, amphibians, and occasion-ally small mammals. Snakes are able to un-hinge their bottom jaws and open wide enough to swallow prey that are larger than their own heads. As a group, gartersnakes are seen as active foragers, moving through their habitat searching for prey. Gartersnakes “taste” the air, rapidly flicking their forked tongues, collect-ing chemicals that are identi-fied in the vomeronasal system in the roof of the mouth. The chemicals help identify potential mates, prey, or predators. Gar-tersnakes also have very good vision, particularly underwater. Gartersnakes are technically venomous, producing a com-pound that breaks down proteins and causes hemorrhaging (exces-sive bleeding) in prey. Garter-snakes do not pose a serious threat to humans because, unlike vipers, gartersnakes do not have long hollow fangs or the ability to store large amounts of venom. Some people who have been bit-ten by gartersnakes have reported itchiness or slight swelling. The Common Gartersnake is found across Illinois in a variety of habitats — forests, edge habi-tats, and urban areas, often near water. The closely related Plains Gartersnake, Thamnophis radix, is found in more open areas — old prairies, pastures, vacant lots, and marshes. Despite their lack of arms and legs, gartersnakes are very mobile, both on land and in water. Their skeletons are made up of hundreds of vertebrae

locked together, each with a pair of ribs that can move forwards, backwards, and up and down, allowing the snake to bend and move with ease. They often make long migrations between their overwintering dens and summer foraging habitats or between foraging habitats. As the habi-tats become more fragmented, snakes must cross more barriers including roads, where they are more vulnerable to predators and vehicles. Predators include hawks, jays, crows, mammals, larger snakes, large frogs, and large fish. When threatened, gartersnakes may flee, strike, or void their cloacal scent glands and defecate. The musk produced repels would-be preda-tors, and is difficult to get rid of if it gets on you. As always, wild animals should be observed and respected, but not handled, for your safety and theirs. Learn more about Illinois habi-tats and species at http://wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/animals-plants/

All photos by Jen Mui, INHS

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The Naturalist'sApprentice

“The Naturalist’s Apprentice” presents educational activities for middle school students. Teachers are invited to photocopy this page for classroom use.

Be a Herpetologist

Jen Mui

Herpetologists are scientists who study reptiles and amphibians. To be a herpetologist you first have to learn about the reptiles and amphibians found in your area. If you live in Illinois, you can use this database to find species in your county.

http://wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/collections/herps/data/county/

How many species of reptiles and amphibians live near you?

Choose one species to learn more about

• Name of the species• How do you identify it?• How big does it get?• What kind of habitat does it need?• What does it eat?• What are its predators?• Is there anything you can do to help this species?

Now let’s do an experiment. You will need a friend for this. 1. Cut out the gartersnake below (or use a rubber snake if you have one). 2. Hide the snake in different habitats — some habitats to try: tall grass, short grass, flowerbed, leaves, rocks, sidewalk.3. See how long it takes your friend (the predator) to find the snake in each type of habitat.4. In which habitats was it easiest to find the snake?

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1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois

61820 USA

Illinois Natural His-tory Survey Reports is published semi-annually by the Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820. Headquartered on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Survey is a division of the University of Il-linois Prairie Research Institute.

INHS Reports is edited by Charlie Warwick and printed on recycled and recyclable paper. Design by Otto-Walker Communications.

The University of Illinois will not engage in discrimination or harassment against any person because of race, color, religion, national origin, ancestry, age, marital status, disability, sexual orientation including gender identity, unfavorable discharge from the military or status as a protected veteran and will comply with all federal and state nondiscrimination, equal opportunity and affirmative action laws, orders and regulations. This nondiscrimination policy applies to admissions, employment, access to and treatment in University programs and activities. Univer-sity complaint and grievance procedures provide employees and students with the means for the resolution of complaints that allege a violation of this Statement. Inquiries or complaints may be addressed to the Director and Assistant Chancellor, Office of Equal Opportunity and Access, 601 East John Street, Swanlund Administration Building, (217) 333-0885, fax (217) 244-9136, TTY (217) 244-9850 or the Associate Provost and Director, Academic Human Resources, Henry Administration Building, (217) 333-6747, fax (217) 244-5584. For other University of Illinois information, contact University Directory Assistance at 333-1000.

Terrestrial Insects continued from front page

since their original descriptions in the 1930s.

If we are to con-serve the remain-ing fragments of natural ecosystems, we need to keep in mind that these comprise a complex balance of many organisms. Bloom-ing Lupine and stands of Bracken Fern represent host plants with which the life histories of some insects are in-timately tied. Many arthropods, such as springtails, flight-less species of ground beetles, and all immature insects are unable to fly to escape fire. Thus, adaptive management using fire must be thoughtful and patchy, allowing these often unnoticed insects to re-colonize after burns. We collected a number of invasive species not native to Illinois. We need to bet-ter understand their distributions and the conditions under which they create problems for other

organisms. Among the species we found are some animals that not only seem rare because they are poorly studied, but actually are rare — how do we differen-tiate these two types of rarity? How can we manage for habitat components, structural features, and environmental parameters that support the truly rare species we know so little about?

Prairies, savannahs, and other ecosystems are not just

plant associations overlaid on a template of soils — they also integrate complex interactions among insects, plants, and other organisms that we are only begin-ning to appreciate and understand.

Steven J. Taylor (INHS), Alan D. Yanahan (University of Arizona), Sam W. Heads (INHS), Jim Wiker (INHS af-filiate), Felipe N. Soto-Adames (INHS), Dan R. Swanson (Department of Ento-mology, University of Illinois), Jamie Zahneiser (INHS), and C. Scott Bundy (New Mexico State University).

Osmunda Borer Moth, Papaipema speciosissima. Photo by M. Jared Thomas. ID by J. Wiker