r. bernal - participation of sde in the governance of the mts published dec 2009

8/9/2019 R. Bernal - Participation of SDE in the Governance of the MTS Published Dec 2009

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WORKinG PaPERDeveloping Economies

Te cetre for itertol Govere iovto

RichaRD L. BERnaL

Working Paper No. 44December 2009

An electronic version of this paper is available for download at:www.cigionline.org

Addressing International Developing Economies Governance Challenges

Prtpto of Smll DevelopgEoomes te Govere of te

Mltlterl Trdg System


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TO SEnD cOMMEnTS TO ThE auThOR, PLEaSE cOnTacT:

Rrd L. Berlaltertve Exetve Dretor, iter-amer Developmet Bk

[email protected] d [email protected]

if yo wold lke to be dded to or mlg lst or ve qestos bot

or Workg Pper Seres plese ott: [email protected]

Te ciGi Workg Pper seres pbltos re vlble for dowlod

o or webste t: www.cigionline.org/publications/workingpapers

ciGi Pbltos Tem:

Seor Dretor of commtos: Max Brem

Pbltos coordtor: Jessica Hanson

iSSn 1917-0238 (Prt)

iSSn 1917-0246 (Ole)

Te opos expressed ts pper re tose of te tor d do ot ees-

srly reflet te vews of Te cetre for itertol Govere iovto

or ts Bord of Dretors d/or Bord of Goverors.

copyrgt 2009 Rrd L. Berl. Ts work ws rred ot wt te spport of Te

cetre for itertol Govere iovto (ciGi), Wterloo, Otro, cd

(www.gole.org). Ts work s lesed der cretve commos attrbto no-

ommerl no Dervtves Lese. To vew ts lese, vst www.retveommos.org/

leses/by--d/2.5/. For re-se or dstrbto, plese lde ts opyrgt ote.


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Participation of Small Developing

Economies in the Governance of the

Multilateral Trading System

Rrd L. Berl

Workg Pper no. 44

Deember 2009

ciGi WORKinG PaPER

Developg Eoomes


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About the Author

ambssdor Rrd L. Berl s te ltertve exetve

dretor for te crbbe te iter-amer Developmet

Bk. he ws led trde egottor o belf of caRicOM

d caRiFORuM otres te FTaa, Eu-caRiFORuM

Eoom Prtersp agreemet d te WTO. Betwee 2001

d 2008, e ws Dretor Geerl of te crbbe Regol

negottg Mery. he ws Jm's ambssdor to te uS

d Permet Represettve to te Orgzto of amer

Sttes (OaS) drg 1991-2001. Erler s reer, amb. Berl

ws cEO of ommerl bk d prevosly worked

Jm's etrl bk d Mstry of Fe. he tgt

tertol eoom d developmet eooms t te

uversty of te West ides. he olds BS eooms

from te uversty of te West des, Ma d PD

eooms from te new Sool for Sol Reser, d

MiPP (tertol pbl poly) from te Sool for adved

d itertol Stdes, Jos hopks uversty.


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Abstract

Gve ter vlerblty to exterl eoom evets, smll

developg otres (SDEs) re prtlrly ogzt of ter

ple te world eoomy. Moreover, gve ter rele o

tertol trde for prosperty, SDEs re lso oered

bot te rles d stttos goverg te mltlterl trd-

g system. i ts pper, te tor revews d evltes te

prtpto of SDEs te govere of te mltlterl

trdg system, wt prtlr fos o te WTO. he sg-

gests ow SDEs mprove te effy of ter prtpto

te WTOs deso-mkg proess, d proposes wys

w te WTO old be dpted to better tegrte SDEs

ts govere.


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1. Introduction

Gve te overrdg mporte of tertol trde to te

govere d performe of smll developg eoomes

(SDEs) d ter te vlerblty to exterl eoom evets,

tese otres re vtlly oered wt bot te rter

d te testy of ter ple te world eoomy d te

tre of te rles d stttos goverg te mltlterl

trdg system.* if SDEs re to eve sstble eoom

developmet, tey wll ve to ttempt to reposto temselves

strteg globl sese, w wll volve bot ges

ter terl developmet poly d te exerto of s m

flee s possble to spe te mltlterl trdg system

(see Berl, 1996: 2000) prtlr, s represeted by te

World Trde Orgzto (WTO). Se te WTO s te st-

tto resposble for te reto d revso of te rles tt

gover te mltlterl trdg system d for te djdto of

dsptes rsg from dfferees terpretto or pplto

of tose rles, SDEs sold seek effetve prtpto te

govere of te WTO order to flee ts delbertos. it

s trog ges te deso-mkg proess d opertos

of te WTO tt te mltlterl trdg system wll respod

more effetvely to te terests, oers d objetves of

te SDEs.

Ts pper s severl objetves. Te frst s to revew d

evlte te prtpto of SDEs te govere of te

mltlterl trdg system, wt prtlr fos o te

WTO. Te seod objetve s to sggest wys to mprove te

effy of te prtpto of SDEs te WTOs deso-

mkg proess. Te trd objetve of te pper s to propose

1 | Richard L. Bernal

________________________________

* Te vews ts pper re tose of te tor d ot eessrly tose of

te crbbe Regol negottg Mery or tose of ts Member Sttes.


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wys w te WTO old be dpted to fltte

mproved prtpto by SDEs ts govere. Tese

objetves ssme, of orse, te eed for SDEs to prtpte

te mltlterl trdg system d, ee, te WTO

te frst ste, despte te mte sre of world trde for

w tey ot. ideed, tere re persos, bot te pbl

d prvte setors SDEs, wo do ot derstd te releve

of prtptg te mltlterl trdg system or wo rge

tt prtpto mgt eve be ml to te terests of

SDEs. aordgly, te dssso s preeded by explto

of wy SDEs mst prtpte d wy ter volvemet s,

tr, mportt to te mltlterl trdg system.

Te sse of te effetve prtpto of SDEs globl

govere mtters goes beyod te mbt of te WTOs oper-

to to eompss govere oter mltlterl stttos,

ldg te uted ntos (un), te itertol Moetry

Fd (iMF) d te World Bk. Te un Serty col, for

exmple, reflets te ostellto of Gret Powers tt exsted

t te ed of World Wr ii, d ltog smll sttes s s

Jm ve bee eleted to te col for sort perods of

tme, oe old rge tt ts dome by permet members

tt wrded temselves veto power s, by y rter, bot

fr d represettve of te broder un membersps,

te mjorty of w ossts of smll sttes, ldg my

SDEs. Smlrly, te exetve bords of te iMF d te World

Bk re rost expressos of te former egemo

role of te uted Sttes d ts lles te tertol eo-

om system. Te oveto wereby te uted Sttes pks

te ed of te World Bk d Erope powers selet te

mgg dretor of te iMF mkes t lkely tt yoe

from smll otry, regrdless of blty, experee d

sklls, wold be ose eve f te mjorty of te membersp

spported s ddte.

Participation of Small Developing Economies in the Governance of the... | 2


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Te developed otres ve eld strgleold o de-

so mkg te iMF d te World Bk o te grods of

ter eoom sze d bese t gves ofdee to redtors

d vestors d ssres tose otres otrbtg te most

resores. at te sme tme, te votg rrgemet ptetly

dsefrses te developg otres tt osttte te

mjorty of te membersp, represet te vst mjorty of te

worlds poplto d re te mjor borrowers from tese

stttos. it s bee rged tt ts obvos mble

te lloto of votes llows te bords of tese stttos to

be mgeble sze odve to effet deso mkg.

however, ts s ot resoble jstfto bese tese

bords do ot ve to be elrged to orret te derreprese-

tto of developg otres. Rter, te bords omposto

d odt sold reflet te teets of demory to w tese

stttos profess to sbsrbe. isted, bord desos re

mde by votes tt re bsed o forml refletg reltve

eoom sze. For exmple, we te otres of te Egls-

spekg crbbe beme members of tese stttos

begg te erly 1960s, tey were ssged to grops

w te otry tlly oldg set o te bord does ot

rotte ts, Jm d cd re te sme grop, bt

te posto of exetve dretor o belf of te grop s

lwys bee te prerogtve of cd. Despte ts dsrmto

bsed o eoom sze, te otres tt re te mjor fl

otrbtors to tese stttos re oved tt t s reso-

ble tt tey sold ve sgft d dsproportote

flee over ter poles.

S system brgs to qesto te trsprey d

legtmy of te desos, poles d opertos of tese

stttos. as Woodwrd (2005: 5) otes, ltog te World

Bk s rged wt ledg to developg otres, oly 9 of

te Bks 24 Exetve Dretors re from otres elgble



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to borrow from te Bk. i te iMF, ordg to oe of ts

exetve dretors,

te G7 exerses gret flee te iMF deso-

mkg proess[d] s beome exessve eve o-

sderg te grops lrge ggregte votg sre. altog

te G7 rem somewt sort of votg mjorty, t s

gly lkely tt y sse eter poly or otry

mtter wold be pproved te iMF f te grop frmly

opposed t. Te G7 ppers some stes to t s

self-ppoted steerg ommttee of te iMF. it drves te

poly ged of te Fd d ofte ts s votg blo.

(Portgl, 2005: 2)

Reform of te govere of te iMF ws greed to aprl

2008 fter protrted d otetos dsssos (see Br,

2003; Woods d Lombrd, 2005; d Trm, 2006).

Goverors from 175 member otres represetg 93 peret

of te totl votg power te Fd voted fvor of ges

to te qot d votg sre strtre. Te relgmet s

teded to reflet te reltve wegt d role of emergg

mrket eoomes te globl eoomy, d represets smll

step towrd redstrbto of votg sres towrd dym

emergg mrket d developg otres. it s, owever, oly

very modest relloto fvor of developg otres

toke rese ter flee. i ft, te ttve wll

volve sft of jst 2.7 peret of votg rgts wy from

developed otres to developg otres. Ts respose to

te logstdg demd by developg otres for more

represettve strtre of votg rgts s ts more form t

sbste, d leves te strtre of power essetlly

ged. Te developed otres wll ote to domte

te iMFs deso-mkg proess.



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2. The Participation of SDEs in the Multilateral

Trading System

Two qestos mst be swered bot te prtpto of

SDEs te mltlterl trdg system tt s to sy, te

WTO. Frst, sold tey prtpte t ll? if te swer s

te ffrmtve, wt re te ompellg rgmets to jstfy

ter prtpto? Seod, gve ter mte sre of world

trde, s te prtpto of SDEs of y mporte to te WTO?

Despte te osts d dffltes volved prtptg

mltlterl trde egottos, tere re fve ompellg resos

smll sttes mst rem egged te WTO d prtpte

s flly s possble rret d ftre trde egottos.

The Importance to SDEs of International Trade

Oe reso s tt te gly ope strtre of SDEs mes

tt, for tem, more t for t lrge d developed

eoomes, tertol trde s lrge relto to domest

prodto, s refleted ter g rto of trde to gross

domest prodt (GDP) my stes, over 100 peret

(commowelt Seretrt/World Bk, 2000: 9). imports re

of rtl mporte prodto d osmpto, bot

qtttvely d qlttvely. Growt s terefore extremely

depedet o mports d, oseqetly, o mport pty,

w, tr, s fto of te qtm of foreg-exge

flows. Tese flows re determed by export ergs d

et ptl flows tt s, foreg vestmet, developmet

ssste, los d remttes. SDEs ve greter eed for

ess to exterl mrkets t do lrge eoomes bese te

smll sze of ter domest mrket d lmted resore bse

ostr opporttes for eoom growt. ufvorble

exterl developmets eter mports or exports, ldg


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ges trde rrgemets, led to ollpse ergs

or srge eoomy-wde pres, prepttg prologed

perods of severe otrto te wder eoomy.

The Vulnerability of SDEs to External Developments

a seod reso SDEs eed to prtpte te WTO s

tt ter exports ted to be oetrted smll mber of

prmry prodts d/or grltrl ommodtes tt re

exported wt mml proessg (see Brgglo, 1999;

Gozles, 2000). Ts vlerblty beomes te we

export oetrto s ompoded by exportg to sgle

overses mrket d, extreme ses, trog oe ompy.

Te drmt exmple s te mploso of te eoomy of

Dom, w depeded solely o exports of bs to te

uted Kgdom trog oe ompy tl te b regme

of te Erope uo ws ged. ideed, te vlerblty

s te strtrl rterst tt dstgses SDEs from

oter types of eoomes: oe report otes tt smll sld

developg sttes re 34 peret more vlerble t oter

developg otres (uncTaD, 2004: 6), wle oter revels

tt 26 of te 28 most vlerble eoomes re smll otres

(commowelt Seretrt/World Bk, 2000: 20).1

Gve te mporte to tem of trde, ter te vlerblty

d te ever-expdg overge of trde greemets, SDEs

eed to prtpte tvely trde egottos order to

spe te rles, te pe of mplemetto d te extet of

djstmet. Te lredy-g exposre of SDEs to exterl

eoom evets wll oly rese s trde lberlzto pro-

eeds d globlzto tesfes te teroetedess of


________________________________

1 Tese fdgs re ofrmed by atks, Mzz d Ester (2001: 63).


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te worlds eoomes. For SDEs, owever, te llege s

to moblze sffet m d fl resores to over

deqtely te pletor of trde egottos tt re odted

blterlly, regolly d mltlterlly.

The Uniqueness of SDEs Interests

a trd jstfto for te prtpto of SDEs te WTO

s tt, ltog SDEs re prtlr gere of eoomy

sbset of te tegory of developg otres d ltog

te trde terests of SDEs d oter developg otres ve

m ommo, te oers d objetves of te former re

dstt d, some ses, qe. aordgly, ter prt-

pto trde egottos s eessry to esre tt ter pr-

tlr terests d oers re reogzed d orded

pproprte tretmet. as oted bove, te qeess of some

spets of te tertol trde ged of SDEs derves from

ter strtrl d stttol fetres (see lso Berl, 2003).

SDEs re strgglg to ret exstg preferees key

mrkets d to estbls te prple tt smll sze s dd-

tol ostrt o developmet d sold be orded wt s

kow trde reltos s spel d dfferetl tretmet

(see Berl, 2006). Ts llege s llstrted by te stto

ofrotg crbbe commty (caRicOM) otres. Te

caRicOM sttes ejoy preferetl mrket ess for trde

goods wt cd trog caRiBcan, wt te Erope

uo der te cotoo agreemet d wt te uted

Sttes trog te Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Actd

ssoted legslto. all tree trdg prters ve sglled

tt reproty wll be te bss of ftre trde greemets, bt

eve s rrgemets tere s room for spel d dffer-

etl tretmet, d caRicOM otes to rge te se for

s tretmet, ot oly te Free Trde are of te amers

(FTaa) bt lso te wder WTO (see Berl, 1998).



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i te Do Developmet aged d, to some extet, te

otext of te cotoo agreemet betwee te Erope uo

d te afr, crbbe d Pf otres, tere s

resg reogto tt smll sttes, or smller eoomes,

reqre spel dspesto te tertol trde regme.

Te Delrto of te WTO Msterl meetg Do, for

exmple, estblsed work progrm o smll eoomes. as

well, te ow-bdoed FTaa proess, tere ws explt

kowledgemet severl Msterl Delrtos of te

eed to reflet dfferees sze of eoomes d levels of

developmet s bs prple te egottos. Moreover,

artle 35.2 of te cotoo agreemet sttes tt te Eoom

Prtersp agreemets, w reple t, sll tke ot

of dfferet eeds d levels of developmet,esrg spel

d dfferetl tretmetd tkg de ot of te

vlerbltes of smll, ldloked d sld otres

(cotoo agreemet, 2006: 29).

Te growg reogto of te vldty of te sse s

refleto of persstet dvoy d te vlblty of reser

d poly lyss o smll, vlerble eoomes. Te ext

step osoldtg te emprl d lytl fodto

for spel d dfferetl tretmet of SDEs s to demostrte

te dret lk betwee strtrl d stttol rtersts

of ts type of eoomy d te spef mesres of spel

tretmet proposed (see Berl, 2006). Wle SDEs sold

prse ter prtlr terests ll trde egottos, tey

ve to gve spel tteto to delbertos te WTO, s

tese estbls templte tt derps oter trde greemets.

Enhancement of SDEs Negotiating Leverage

a fort reso SDEs eed to prtpte te WTO s tt

rles-bsed regme for te odt of tertol trde d



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te resolto of dsptes rgbly s of more mporte to

smll otres t to lrge oes. Ts s bese t s trog ts

type of rrgemet tt smll sttes rese ter lmted

leverge trog osess deso mkg d te se of

strteg lles. Mltlterl egottos provde oppor-

tty for smll otres to ve mesre of otervlg

power gst te overweeg power of lrge ettes s s

te uted Sttes, te Erope uo, Brzl, id d c.

Lrge otres, prtlrly gly developed oes, weld

er-domt flee de to ter mrket sze, sre of

world trde d poltl power. Te mere tret of trde to

by lrge otry dsrpt globl mrkets, mpede mrket

ess d settle prodto d vestmet. Tey lso

profodly flee te orse of trde egottos. Smll

otres, otrst, ve lmted flee o trde egottos

bese ter smll tol mrkets d sgft sre of

world trde provde lttle or o leverge brgg. Ter

best prospet for fleg trde poly s strog, rles-

bsed mltlterl trdg system. aoter rgmet fvor

of ter prtpto s to esre tt trspret, demort

deso-mkg proess bsed o osess tempers dfferees

tol power d eoom sze.

Otsde of mltlterl frmework, te reslts of trde

egottos betwee otres tt dffer sze, power d

developmet re vrbly symmetrl to te dsdvtge

of te smller, less-developed otry. Messerl desrbed

tese otomes s reverse spel d dfferetl tretmet

(2006: 226).

The Protection of the Rights of SDEs

Flly, SDE prtpto te WTO s mportt bese, by

estblsg ler dsples pplble to ll WTO member



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sttes, mltlterl trde rles prevet, or t lest lmt, rbtrry

bevor by lrge govermets d esre greter predtblty

trde reltos. it lso rtls te bse of power tt

or betwee otres tt re vstly dfferet sze, level

of developmet d power. By ter prtptg mltlterl

stttos s s te WTO, te rgts of smll sttes re more

lkely to be slted, t lest prtlly, from te egemoy d

pressre tt lrger d more powerfl otres exert.

attg rgts mltlterl trde system s oe tg,

bt esrg tt tese rgts re respeted, or t lest ot

dsregrded, s oter rdle ltogeter. Te most proptos

rmstes for smll sttes to protet ter rgts s we tere

s rles-bsed system wt blt- eforemet mesm.

Smll sttes ve reorse to te WTO dspte settlemet

mesm to vdte ter rgts free of te dsprty of power

tt wold operte blterl stto. For exmple, ty

atg d Brbd, wt poplto of oly 90,000 d

eoomy depedet o serves (torsm d fl serves)

for pproxmtely 90 peret of ts GDP d exports, took o

te mgty uted Sttes te WTO dspte over iteret

gmg d wo. Ts rlg demostrted ot oly tt te

smllest of trdg prters ve ter greves djdted

te WTO, bt lso tt tey ve ter rgts d prvleges

efored d tt lrger otres be ompelled to dere

to mltlterl rles.

Despte otble stes of sess, owever, smll otres

geerl ve lmted dmstrtve pty d resores

wt w to se te provsos of te WTOs dspte settlemet

mesms s ofte s tey wold lke. Te ost of prtptg

s proeedgs s g, d SDEs ve lmted pty

eter to tte or to defed ses. crret egottos te

WTO seek to ddress tese stttol sses, d t s mportt



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for smll sttes to prtpte tvely tese dsssos to

esre tt ter terests re refleted d dved y

ges to te rret dspte resolto regme.2

3. The Importance to the Multilateral Trading

System of Participation by SDEs

Wle te volme d vle of te trde of SDEs osttte very

smll sre of totl world trde, tere re some mportt resos

ter prtpto s rtl to te mltlterl trdg system.

The Large Number of SDEs

Oe reso s te seer mber of SDEs. altog tere s o

sgle defto of SDE, se sze s reltve oept,

poplto sze s ofte sggested s rtero. if te fgre of

10 mllo s employed, tere wold be 134 otres, meg

tt te mjorty of sttes te world were smll. if poplto

of fve mllo s sed s te pper lmt, tere wold be 89 smll

otres. aordg to te rtero of 1.5 mllo sed by te

commowelt Seretrt d te World Bk, te tere re

49 s sttes.3 aoter defto, tt of smll vlerble

eoomy te term tt s emerged dsssos te

WTO s eoomy wose sre of world trde s less t

0.05 peret. Ts tresold wold eompss 86 WTO members


________________________________

2 Te WTOs deso-mkg proess, wle fr from perfet, s strk otrst

to oter, less represettve d trspret bodes. Ts s grplly llstrted

by te estblsmet by te Orgsto for Eoom co-operto d

Developmet (OEcD) of te Fl ato Tsk Fore, w reted

mltlterl stdrds d regltos tt were formlted wtot pts from

my SDEs tt old be ffeted by ter pplto.3 For dsssos of vros poplto szes s deftos of SDEs, see

Kzets (1960: 5); Dems (1965: 2); ceery d Syrq (1975); Streete

(1993: 197); commowelt Seretrt (1999: 810); d commowelt

Seretrt d World Bk (2000).


17/48

(see Gryberg d Remy, 2003: 275). Wtever defto s

ose, owever, most WTO members re smll, d of tose,

most re SDEs, my of tem vg ome to exstee se

World Wr Two.

The Need for a Seamless Global Economy

aoter reso te prtpto of SDEs s mportt s tt

te reto d operto of semless globl eoomy s ot

possble less ll sttes, regrdless of sze d level of devel-

opmet, re fll prtpts regmes of mltlterl rles. a

SDE tt llowed tvtes ot permtted der rles-bsed

mltlterl trdg system or wose tol regme dverged

sgftly from tose of most sttes, eve der te tret

of retlto, old dsrpt te ftog of globl mrkets.

For exmple, defet t-moey-lderg regme old

derme te efforts of oter otres to prevet ts llegl

tvty. Smlrly, te bsee of ompreesve telletl

property rgts regme wold deprve retve dstres of er-

gs to w tey re ettled. Te most drmt llstrto

s te exstee of offsore fl etres. Te cym

islds s te best kow of tese, bt severl SDEs re of

growg mporte te rpdly expdg re of ter-

tol fl trstos.

4. How SDEs Can Participate More Effectively

Te prtpto of SDEs WTO deso mkg s ot

bee s effetve s t old be. Ts s dted by te flre

to tt key objetves s s progress o te work progrm

o smll eoomes mdted by te WTO Do Msterl

d te flre to orgze oesve smll eoomy s.

ideed, oe old mke smlr dgoss bot te performe

of most developg otres, w grpple wt my of te

sme problems d ostrts (see Pge, 2003).



18/48

SDEs ofte fd te ost of prtptg te egotto

d djdto of rles te mltlterl trdg system to

be oeros, eve probtve. Te volvemet of mstres of

trde s mpered bot by fsl ostrts d te flre of

bet olleges prtlr, fe msters to pprete

flly te mmedte d log-term reperssos of ges

WTO rles d provsos. uforttely, my ses, smll

otres mst lmt ter prtpto to few msterl-

level meetgs, d eve te, ter prtpto s evly

depedet o fdg from mltlterl fl stttos

d blterl door gees developed otres, wose

terests, rolly, my be dmetrlly opposed.

Tree res w tere s rget eed for mprove-

met order for SDEs to prtpte more effetvely re wt

respet to ter represetto, ter stttol pty to

beome volved d ter eed to ooperte wt e oter to

mprove ter blty to dvote olletvely.

Representation

a mportt lmtto o te effetve prtpto of develop-

g otres s ter lk of represetto te WTO. My,

prtlrly mog SDEs, do ot ve represetto bsed

Geev, d tted oly perodlly by wy of ter dplomt

mssos s tes s Brssels, Prs d Lodo. Ts

problem s llstrted by te 14 otres of caRicOM, oly

tree of w Brbdos, Jm d Trdd d Tobgo

ve WTO represetto t te mbssdorl level; te oters

ve redted ter mbssdors Lodo d Brssels, d

te se of atg d Brbd, ts mbssdor to te uted

ntos new York. Te smllest caRicOM otres,

w form te Orgzto of te Ester crbbe, ve



19/48

ombed to be represeted by tel msso fded by

tertol doors.4

Moreover, eve we SDE s represetto, t typlly

ossts of jst oe or two people, fr too few to over deqtely

te myrd sses tt osttte te sbjet mtter of te WTO

let loe to tted te 1,200 or so meetgs of WTO bodes

tt tke ple every yer (see Mlopolos, 1998; hoekm

d Kostek, 2001). i some weeks, s my s 50 meetgs

re sedled, ot ldg meros forml oslttos.

clerly, oe- or two-perso mssos mke t mprtl for

represettves of SDEs to serve s rs of bodes d om-

mttees of te WTO, w frter dmses ter flee.

Te remedy wold be to moblze d deploy more fl

resores, w wold llow SDEs greter sope to tted

relevt meetgs. Ts wold volve mprovg te der-

stdg of te mporte of trde egottos beyod te

mstres resposble for trde, d sertg trde poly

te mstrem of pbl poly SDEs. addtol fdg

for s prposes mgt be dfflt to obt, owever, gve

ompetg lms o sre resores for more plpble,

mmedte d poltlly sestve demds s s sool,

rods d osptls. Lol resores old be spplemeted by

developmet ssste from blterl door gees, ter-

tol orgztos d mltlterl fl stttos.

however, bot potetl sores ve strog verso to

fdg trvel, preferrg to fe trg, ll-dow expertse

d pty bldg.


________________________________

4 Smlrly, te estblsmet of te msso of te Pf isld Form

osstg of Pp new Ge, te Solomo islds, Smo, Vt d

Tog to te WTO Mr 2004 wt fve yers of fdg from te

Erope uo ebled tese otres to prtpte more effetvely trog

sred represetto (Bowm, 2005).


20/48

Institutional Capacity

Te lmted stttol pty of SDEs severely ostrs

ter blty to odt tel work, to formlte egottg

postos tt reflet ter terests d to rese d mt

te pty for trde poly formlto d egottg strte-

ges. i some smll sttes, te mstry resposble for trde or

te deprtmet for tertol trde mstry resposble

for severl sbjets s stff s smll s tree offls. aprt

from deqtely stffed trde mstres, SDEs lso my lk

ompter d ommtos eqpmet, resores to odt

systemt otre to stkeolders, ostred formto-

gterg d dssemto pblty d sffet ess

to trg d reser (see Bgl, 2005: 6569).

Te solto to lmted stttol pty s more ollb-

orto, srg d rtolzto of resore se mog

SDEs. Ts ooperto old tke vrety of forms, ldg

ommo ettes to dertke tel work, formlte sred

postos, oordte egottg strteges d dertke jot

represetto.

collbortve stttos d jot represetto re eser

for otres tt re lose pysl proxmty, s te

se of te caRicOM otres. For exmple, fed wt te

preedeted tsk of smlteos egottos te WTO

d wt te Erope uo, s well s severl blterl

ttves, te caRicOM otres deded to estbls sgle

regol orgzto, te crbbe Regol negottg

Mery (cRnM). Te prpose of te cRnM s to ssst

member sttes mxmzg te beefts of prtpto

globl trde egottos by provdg sod, g-qlty

dve, flttg te geerto of tol postos, oord-

tg te formlto of fed egottg strtegy for te



21/48

rego d dertkg/ledg egottos were pproprte

(cRnM, .d.: 5).

Te cRnM flfls te ftos of tel dve, motor-

g, lyzg, reportg, oordtg ommo postos d

egottg (were pproprte) o belf of member sttes. it

s offes Jm d Brbdos, deploys represettves

Brssels d Geev d provdes tel spport stff to

some member sttes d sbregol orgztos. Te offe

Brssels s gve caRicOM otres mes to terfe

wt Eu offls d egottors d s elped mbssdors

to omplemet ter dplomt efforts wt tose of egottors

te formto of Eoom Prtersp agreemet

betwee te Eu d caRiFORuM (tt s, caRicOM d

te Dom Repbl).

Te cRnMs Geev-bsed tem of two tes provdes

dy-to-dy spport to caRiFORuM mssos, ldg

ttedg meetgs wt te Permet Represettves, d

prepres reports for stff te cRnM offes Jm d

Brbdos. Tese form vlble pts to te ppers d reports

tt gde te formlto of egottg postos te WTO.

Te work of te tes Geev s spplemeted by

tel experts spelzg spef sbjet res s s

serves, grltre d telletl property rgts. Te cRnM

lso provdes offer to ompy msters wo tted

meetgs s wdely dspersed lotos s Settle, Do,

c, hog Kog, new Del, cro, Prs d Geev tself.

Se te ost of te cRnMs tvtes re beyod te

sre fl resores of ts smll member sttes, slgtly

more t lf ts bdget omes from grts from blterl

door developmet ssste gees d mltlterl fl

stttos. addtol fdg s provded by te commowelt



22/48

Seretrt d te crbbe Developmet Bks. Fds elp

to defry expeses s s slres, trvel, ommodto,

stdes d ll-dow expertse. Drg te egottos wt

te Erope uo, resores from vros Erope gees

d stttos were dspesble to meetg te expese of

odtg more t 30 tel workg grops over

tree-yer perod.

Te dvtges to caRicOM of te operto of te cRnM

lde:

poolg lmted m resores to llow e otry to

dertke te eessry tel work;

redg te ost of dertkg exterl trde egottos

by permttg member sttes to sre te ost of te tel

preprtos of egottg postos;

redg te ost of represetto t meetgs;

stregteg te egottg postos of member sttes

by elpg tem to gree o ommo egottg postos

d te rtlto of jot sttemets; d

provdg tel ssste to member sttes trog

tel stdes, oslttos, brefgs d trg

order to fso tol trde poly, se dspte settlemet

mesms, ess door resores d bld d

mprove stttol pty.

Cooperation for Collective Advocacy

Tere s rget eed to rete oesve d effetve

strteg lle mog SDEs te WTO. ideed, s s

old operte ll te tertol forms d stttos

w tese sttes ve vtl terests. i te WTO, tere s

forml grop of poor otres tt regrd temselves s

smll eoomes, bt s of SDEs tt meets o reglr

bss s ot bee orgzed despte te exstee of work



23/48

progrm o smll eoomes.5 Ts s otrst to te ow

lrgely morbd FTaa, wose coslttve Grop o Smller

Eoomes ws tegrl ompoet of te strtre of

egottos (see Berl, 1998). Eve tog tere s ot yet

epted defto of SDEs te WTO, ts sold ot

prevet te emergee of s. ideed, s grop old

permt prtpto by y member stte tt osders tself to

be SDE. So fr, ooperto mog SDEs te WTO s

bee lmted to te mrgs of msterl meetgs. i c, for

exmple, te caRicOM otres drfted d, fter osltto

wt oter terested prtes, meded d te preseted

sttemet o sses relevt to smll eoomes.

i some tertol forms were SDEs ve estblsed

forml ssotos to dvote ter se, tey ve bee

sessfl. For exmple, alle of Smll Developg Sttes

(aOSiS) ws formed november 1990 s egottg body

for te frst meetg of te itergovermetl negottg

commttee for Frmework coveto o clmte cge

Febrry 1991. as dret reslt, lgge o smll sld devel-

opg sttes ws lded te fl text of te uted ntos

Frmework coveto o clmte cge (see ase, V

Lerop d cer, 1999; vo Tgerstrom, 2005). aOSiS ow

s 43 members d observers, 37 of w re members of te

un, otg for 20 peret of te uns totl membersp.

Wle SDEs re ttemptg to ee ter role d flee

WTO govere, ts s prove dfflt d s bted

ter set wreess of temselves s dstt terest

grop. Te proess of formg d opertg s oeret


________________________________

5 For overvew of te erly developmet of sses relted to smll

eoomes te WTO, see Tllo (2001).


24/48

grop s bee omplted by ltrl, lgst d eoom

dfferees, w re rterst of y grop of dsprte

otres. Te olesg of soldrty s lso bee serosly

bted by te text o smll eoomes te WTO Msterl

Delrto of Do, prgrp 35 of w sttes:

We gree to work progrmme, der te spes of te

Geerl col, to exme sses reltg to te trde of

smll eoomes. Te objetve of ts work s to frme

resposes to te trde-relted sses detfed for te

fller tegrto of smll, vlerble eoomes to te

mltlterl trdg system, d ot to rete sb-tegory

of WTO Members. (WTO, 2001)

Smlrly, prgrp 41 of te Msterl Delrto of te

hog Kog meetg sttes:

We reffrm or ommtmet to te Work Progrmme o

Smll Eoomes d rge Members to dopt spef

mesres tt wold fltte te fller tegrto of

smll, vlerble eoomes to te mltlterl trdg

system, wtot retg sb-tegory of WTO

Members. (WTO, 2005)

Twety-two otres prtpte reglrly te Smll d

Vlerble Eoomes Work Progrmme of te WTO.6 Yet ter

volvemet te work progrm s t of ft bese of

te obvos otrdto of developg mesres for type of


________________________________

6 Tese re atg d Brbd, Brbdos, Bolv, cb, Dom, te

Dom Repbl, El Slvdor, Fj, Gred, Gteml, hodrs,

Jm, Mrts, Mogol, nrg, Pp new Ge, Prgy, te

Solomo islds, St. Ktts d nevs, St. L, St. Vet d te Gredes

d Trdd d Tobgo.


25/48

eoomy tt te WTO does ot reogze. Moreover, ter

blty to rrve t spef reommedtos s dermed by

te ft tt prtpto te work progrm s ope to ll

member sttes, d lrge developg otres d developed

otres sometmes tted ts meetgs. Te dfferees

perspetve tt re red te delbertos re etted

by te volvemet of Mogol, w s eter developg

or smll.

5. Adapting the WTO to SDEs

Reformg te govere proess of te WTO to mke t more

resposve to SDEs mst be prgmt f t s to ve y

e of sess. Terefore, proposls to effet ge ot be

prt of grd desg, sy, to brg ll te prpl eoom

mltlterl stttos te iMF, te World Bk d te

WTO der te mbrell spervso of te Eoom d

Sol col of te un Geerl assembly, s dvoted, for

exmple, by cvg d Mder (2004: 31415). Te

prospets of ts ppeg re remote, s re eve more fr-

reg semes of etrely ew globl govere strtre

s s globl prlmet (see arbg d held, 1995;

Mobot, 2003). Pye smmrzes reet ttempts to mprove

te WTO proess s plltves d do ot ome lose to

ddressg te ore problem of ow to resore sffetly te

smller, weker, poorer otres so tt tey too work te

WTOs reltvely represettve proedres to ter dvtge

(2005: 119). noeteless, te ges proposed ts pper

re, t most, reformst, bsed o te reogto tt otres

tt exerse domt flee te WTO re lkely to

yeld wllgly to des d tos desged to dms ter

posto. i tt sese, te proposls ere ve more relst

e of sess.



26/48

SDEs eed to redoble ter efforts to prtpte more effe-

tvely te WTO by mprovg ter represetto, eg

ter stttol pty d retg oesve SDE s.

at te sme tme, te WTO tself sold omplemet te

efforts of SDEs by beomg more lsve d spportve,

demortzg deso mkg, djstg te proedres d

sedles of meetgs d expdg te provso of tel

ssste. S dptto of te WTO to SDEs wold elp

mke te sttto more ser fredly to tese member sttes

by redg te ost d dfflty of ter volvemet d

stregteg ter prtpto.

Democratizing Decision Making in the WTO

Te WTOs deso-mkg proess, wle formlly by o-

sess, s relty domted by smll mber of developed

otres d some of te lrger emergg eoomes (see

Jwr d Kw, 2003; Wll d Woodll, 2004).

cosess does ot me mty; rter, t mes tt o

otry preset meetg strogly objets to te proposed

deso d (tt oe or few member sttes ot blok

desos less t ppeed to oe of te mjor trdg

tos (hoekm d Koslek, 1995: 40). i oter words,

te power exerted by te developed otres overwelms te

forml deso-mkg rles. Developg otres tt do ot

qese to te posto of te most powerfl otres re

sbjeted to spel persso or re mrglzed or solted

(Kor, 2003: 533). Te operto of ts power symmetry

mog member sttes s mportt otrbtor to wt s

bee desrbed s te deft of demory d, terefore,

se of te WTOs so-lled legtmy rss (see Esty, 2002).

crtsm of te rret deso-mkg proess s wde-

spred d espelly strdet mog developg otres d



27/48

ogovermetl orgztos (see, for exmple, Trd World

network, 1999). Te growg mporte of otres s s

c, id, d, to lesser extet, Brzl d Sot afr s

lso promptg tem to demd greter voe WTO deso

mkg. Lttle ttempt s bee mde, owever, to reform te

proess. Symptomt of te ert s te flre of report

to te dretor-geerl, The Future of the WTO, to mke y

ostrtve proposl o s reform (WTO, 2004), ltog t

does oede tt osess fvors Members tt fford

to be preset t ll meetgs, se bsee or bsteto

does ot tself defet osess (63).

From te perspetve of SDEs, reform of te WTO deso-

mkg system mst volve greter trsprey d brekg

te egemoy of te developed otres, otbly te uted

Sttes, te Erope uo d Jp. Obvosly, ter trdtol

dome reflets te relty of ter poltl d eoom

power d ommdg sres of world trde. Ter pre-

emee s bee stttolzed, owever, wt s kow

s te Gree Room proess. it s tre tt wt ws exlsvely

lb of r d powerfl otres s bee brodeed

reet yers to lde some key developg otres d oters

represetg vros grops of otres s s te lest

developed oes (see Keoe d nye, 2001). noeteless, te

Gree Room proess s stll pot of oteto for my

members, s t deprves te WTO of te trsprey d,

ltmtely, legtmy tt be estblsed oly by lsve,

demort system.

if te voe of te SDEs s to be erd d ter sses mde

vsble, deso mkg te WTO mst beome meg-

flly trspret, ope, prtptory d demort. Oe wy to

orret defees te deso-mkg proess wold be to

estbls some kd of exetve ommttee of, sy, 25 otres,

osstg of te te wt te lrgest sre of globl trde d



28/48

fftee oters eleted by demort proess (see Sterld,

Sewell d Weer, 2001: 99100), wt ddtes seleted to

esre represetto of ll regos or tegores of eoomes

(see Berl, 1999; Sott d Wtl, 2000). a smlr proposl

lls for 24-member dvsory ol wt permet sets

for mjor trdg otres d te remg sets sred

mog te rest of te membersp by rotto (Blkrst,

2001). Oters ve empszed flexblty, rgg, for exmple,

tt te vrble geometry of trde sses sggests tt te

omposto of te bord for y gve top sold be sse

drve, wt groped sets determed by greed-po proxes

of te vros terests volved d ssged to represettve

otry (Joes, 2004: 16364).

SDEs re lso oered bot te odt of msterl

meetgs, w, reet tmes, ve wtessed te oppl-

to of Rles of Proedre of te Msterl coferee, te

expded role of te r of te msterl meetg d te

prolferto of overt, forml meetgs. crs of msterl

meetgs re spported by oters wo oversee mportt om-

mttees. Te metod of ter seleto s mystery, sggestg

tere re o objetve rter for te deso. From persol

observto, owever, t s lkely tt te seleto emerges

from dsssos betwee te rg mster d te dretor

geerl, wt te tt pprovl of te uted Sttes d te

Erope uo. Geerlly, msters of te mjor otres opt

ot to r, levg temselves free of log, tedos d ofte

megless meetgs to egge were te rel to s, w

tkes ple mog temselves d te Gree Room proess.

Increasing Technical Work on SDE Issues

WTO stff, prtlrly seor offls, re stods of te

prples d rles of te WTO. Tey flee te tel



29/48

work tt forms optos dsssed by member sttes d,

we te membersp s dvded over sse, tey re lled

po to devse soltos d proposls for ompromse.

Tel stff lso drft te posto ppers derpg

r reports tt re rlted s te bss of egotto.

Tey re prtlrly fletl bese tey re spelsts,

ofte wt my yers of experee dvsg mbssdors

d offls wo re temporrly servg t WTO mssos d

wo lk omprble tel kowledge d experee.

Despte te WTOs lrge mber of SDEs, tey re der-

represeted te WTO Seretrt, espelly t te seor

tel d mgerl levels. Te oseqee of ter lk

of presee mog WTO stff s te reltve eglet of sses

of mporte to tem d of te perspetve tey brg to

ber o te resolto of s sses. aordgly, te estb-

lsmet of t dedted to SDEs s, my vew wrrted

eve f t reqres ddtol stff d fl resores. i

ts regrd, George Soros s orret we e pots ot tt

der-resorg of te WTO prevets t from protetg te

lest developed otres (2002: 5354).

Financial Support for Representation

aoter wy w te WTO old elp SDEs prtpte

more effetvely s to provde fl d oter forms of

ssste to offset or sbsttlly rede te ost of m-

tg deqte stff mssos Geev. Fl ssste

old be drw from te WTO bdget or from spelly

rrged fd otrbted to by te OEcD otres d

mltlterl fl stttos s s te World Bk.7


________________________________

7 Blkrst (1997) mkes smlr proposl, bt does ot ofe t to SDEs.


30/48

i-kd spport old lso be provded te form of ret-

free offe spe8 d fdg for seor offls to trvel to

key meetgs.

a exmple of spport s te estblsmet d operto of

jot tel spport msso Geev for sx SDEs from

te Egls-spekg crbbe. Tese otres rretly ve

oresdet mbssdors bsed Brssels, Lodo d new

York, d St. Georges, Gred. Gve tt tese otres

re te proess of tegrtg ter eoomes, t wold be

prdet for tem to ve sgle resdet mbssdor o belf

of ll sx otres. Te Erope uo lso provdes fdg

to grops of SDEs te crbbe d Pf to fltte te

estblsmet d operto of represettve offes Geev;

t lso provdes expert tel dve to te mssos. Te

pysl presee of offls Geev llows tese otres

to prtpte more WTO meetgs, eblg tem to mprove

te extet d qlty of ter reportg to offls bk ome.

Ter more tve volvemet s lso stregteed ter

flee d bolstered spport for work o sses of oer

to tem.

Te prtpto of tese smll sttes s oter beefl

spllover effets. it s rsed te wreess of te mporte

of te WTO bot tese otres d mog otres tt

ve ot prevosly bee ble to otemplte te ost of WTO

membersp. Te experee of workg te WTO mle

s lso bee sperb trg for tes d egottors,

tereby dretly mprovg ter stttol pty o ter-

tol trde sses d te formlto of trde poly. as


________________________________

8 codor (1999: 3) sggests te estblsmet of tertol ose

Geev for otres wt frgle eoomes d fl ostrts.


31/48

ter tel pblty s mproved, tese otres re

better posto to detfy d rtlte sses pelr to ter

rmstes. it s lso llowed SDEs to llote sre

resores more effetvely vros WTO forms d to g

ess to tel ssste from Geev-bsed stttos

order to elp tem mplemet ter WTO ommtmets.

Expanding Technical Assistance

amog SDEs, te otg eed for tel ssste to

mprove ter stttol pty for trde poly lyss

d to prtpte egottos s te (see Slrp d

Vergr, 2000). Yet te WTO llotes less t 1 peret of ts

bdget to tel ooperto, relyg o trst fds provded

by two or tree blterl doors (Stgltz d crlto, 2005:

170). Te WTOs dspte settlemet mesm, for exmple,

s so ostly terms of tme, moey d tel expertse tt

most SDEs re ble to mke effet d otos se of

t or to prse ses effetvely. Sometmes, SDEs ve bee

ble to prtpte te proess oly f prvte setor terests,

ldg foreg frms, ve provded fl resores for

legl serves, trvel, ommodto d pbl reltos.

S spport, owever, s ot eessrly desrble f tere

s pressre to dve postos tt reflet te terests of

prtlr frm or dstry rter t tose of te SDE.

Te WTO s estblsed advsory cetre o WTO lw to

provde legl dve to developg otres dspte settle-

met proeedgs, bt ts spport s deqte. Wt s eeded

s osortm of tertol developmet stttos d

blterl developmet gees speflly to provde tel

ssste to SDEs, weter or ot tey re members of te

WTO. Tere s lso some movemet towrd greter ooperto



32/48

to spport trde-relted tel ssste, bt m more

eeds to be doe. Te itegrted Frmework for Trde-Relted

Tel assste, oopertve vetre of te WTO, iMF,

World Bk, uncTaD, te uted ntos Developmet

Progrmme d te itertol Trde cetre, ws slow to

beome opertol d rgetly eeds to be expded. it s

bee rtzed for flg to exete te mportt mdtes of

sertg trde poly to tol developmet strteges d

lkg trde poly to poverty-redto strteges (see unDP,

2003: 33839).

Countervailing Measures

Te WTO old beome fr more meble to te terests d

ptes of SDEs f mesres were troded to otervl

te effets of dsprtes sze d developmet. For exmple,

te opertos of te dspte settlemet mesm sold esre

tt spel d dfferetl tretmet s ppled dsptes

betwee developed otres d SDEs (see Ewrt, 2007).

also, my stes, t s ot fesble for SDE to pply

effetve stos o lrger, more developed otres to fore

ter omple wt dspte settlemet rlgs. i s ses,

te jred prty sold be ble to pply to rbtrto pel

der, sy, te Geerl agreemet o Trde Serves

(GaTS) for te mposto of otervlg mesre. i te

se of atgs dspte wt te uted Sttes over iteret

gmblg, te pel grted atg te rgt to ssped

oblgtos der te agreemet o Trde-relted aspets of

itelletl Property Rgts p to te level of te dmges

wrded. Te pel jstfed ts dspesto o te bss tt

te extremely bled tre of te trdg reltos

betwee te prtes mkes tdfflt for atg to fd

wy of esrg te effetveess or oter oblgtos gst te



33/48

uted Stes der te GaTS.9 Flly, order to eorge

omple wt rlg fvor of SDE, WTO members

sold be torzed to ssped oessos d oblgtos to

te oomplt member (see Sroos, 2003).

6. Conclusion

To brek or dlte te strgleold of te developed otres

d lrge emergg eoomes o WTO govere, te vros

strems of dsetmet wll ve to olese to sffet

rtl poltl mss to press for ge. S olto

wold osst predomtly of developg otres tt sre

my of te dsbltes of SDEs. Te oesveess of s

lle wold be dfflt to mt, owever, espelly f

few lrge developg otres re dmtted to te lb. alredy,

te protrted egottos of te Do Developmet aged

d te resg ssertveess of developg otres

WTO msterl meetgs ve led to ew power ofgrto,

wt Brzl d id ow ostttg power qrtet wt te

uted Sttes d te Erope uo. Te ew promee of

s otres s dtve of ter wegt world trde, te

etrlty of grltrl sses d te ssmpto tt tey re

te logl d epted spokespersos of te developg o-

tres. Bt reform of te govere system of te WTO s ot

bee prorty for tese ewly rrved lb members, d t

wold be fortte f ter reetly eved stts s mde

govere reform less rget d relevt to te ttmet of

ter terests. Te elevto of s developg otres to

ledersp postos sold ot be mstke for ge te

govere proess, d s o sbsttte for oerted d


________________________________

9 WTO to determe wort of gmblg oesso, BRIDGES, Febrry

2008. Pp. 12.


34/48

persstetly proseted mpg by SDEs to reform govere

wy tt llows for ter deqte prtpto. i ter

qest for ges med speflly t ter prtlr eeds,

te SDEs ot tke for grted te spport of oter developg

otres (see Gryberg d Remy, 2003).

Gve te mporte of tertol trde to SDEs, t s

mpertve for ter ftre growt d developmet tt tey

ve more flee te formto, pplto d eforemet

of te rles of te WTO. For SDEs, rles-bsed mltlterl

trdg system offers te best possblty to protet ter terests

d rgts. More flee, owever, wll reqre ter more

effetve prtpto, strtg wt osstet ttede t WTO

meetgs d stregteed stttol pty to prtpte.

Se s mesres ofte re beyod te resores of dvdl

SDEs, poltl ooperto d tel ollborto wll be

eessry for effos olletve dvoy. Te efforts of SDEs

to prtpte effetvely te WTO sold be omplemeted,

owever, by reform of te WTO to mke t more ser fredly.

Ts old be omplsed by demortzg te proess of

WTO deso mkg d by provdg fl spport to

ssst SDEs to meet te ost of represetto d prtpto.



35/48

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ciGi Workg Pper Seres

(for fll lstg plese vst: www.gole.org)

43 Rm Jbegloo, Te Obm admstrto d

ir: Towrds costrtve Dloge. Je 2009.

42 Joelye Borgo, Reform d Moderzto of te

OEcD. My 2009.

41 M Gog d Wep L, cs Role s TrdeBrdge for Expdg Regol d World Trde.

Otober 2008.

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asedy for afr. Otober 2008.

39 Mmo agrwl, Te BRicSaM cotres d

cgg World Eoom Power: Seros to 2050.

Otober 2008.

38 hy Besd d nky Moyo, Zmbbwe crss:

Mgbes Poles d Flres. Otober 2008.

37 Peter K. Y, Bldg itelletl Property coltos

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36 Grpreet Mj, hger Edto Reservtosd ids Eoom Growt: a Exmto.

September 2008.

35 hed ullr, Globl helt Govere d

Mlt-Level Poly coeree: c te G8 Provde

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Otober 2007.

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Geopoltl Stblty trog iterregol Trde:

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afr. agst 2007.

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My 2007.

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Moetry arrgemets aSEa+3 s isre

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upgrdg d c's growt Strtegy to 2020.

Mr 2007.

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of Reform ittves. Mr 2007.

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Te Broder istttol arrgemets Globl

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About The Centre for International Governance Innovation

Te cetre for itertol Govere iovto s

depedet, oprts tk tk tt ddresses tertol

govere lleges. Led by grop of expereed prt-toers d dstgsed dems, ciGi spports reser,

forms etworks, dves poly debte, blds pty, d

geertes des for mltlterl govere mprovemets.

codtg tve ged of reser, evets, d pbltos,

ciGis terdsplry work ldes ollborto wt poly,

bsess d dem ommtes rod te world.

ciGis work s orgzed to sx brod sse res: sftg

globl order; evromet d resores; elt d sol gov-

ere; tertol eoom govere; tertol lw,

stttos d dplomy; d globl d m serty.

Reser s spereded by ciGis dstgsed fellows wo

omprse ledg eoomsts d poltl setsts wt r

tertol experee d poly expertse.

ciGi ws foded 2002 by Jm Blslle, o-cEO of

RiM (Reser i Moto), d ollbortes wt d grteflly

kowledges spport from mber of strteg prters,

prtlr te Govermet of cd d te Govermet of

Otro. ciGi grteflly kowledges te otrbto of te

Govermet of cd to ts edowmet fd.


46/48

Addressing International Governance Challenges

Le ciGi t fod e 2002 pr Jm Blslle, o-ef de l

dreto de RiM (Reser i Moto). il ollbore ve de

ombrex prteres strtgqes et exprme s reosse

d sote re de ex-, otmmet de lpp re d

goveremet d cd et de el d goveremet de

lOtro. Le ciGi exprme s reosse evers le

govermet d cd por s otrbto so Fods

de dotto.

To ler more bot ciGi plese vst:

www.cigionline.org


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r. bernal - participation of sde in the governance of the mts published dec 2009

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