;qxiq#k czãyhu egur fnfxot;ukfk le`fr o;k[;kuekyk&7 foe'kz ... · 19 vxlr 2013 lkekftd...

| 1

foe'kZ&2013

egkjk.kk izrki LUkkrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;taxy /wlM+] xksj[kiqj& 273014

;qxiq#"k czãyhu egUr fnfXot;ukFk Le`frO;k[;kuekyk&7

lEikndiznhi dqekj jko

| 2

foe'kZ&2013;qxiq#"k czãyhu egUr fnfXot;ukFk Le`fr O;k[;kuekyk&717 ls 23 vxLr] 2013o"kZ&7] vad&7ISSN : 0976-0849

ijke'kZ e.My %izks- ;w-ih- flag] iwoZ dqyifr] ohj cgknqj flag iwokZapy fo-fo-tkSuiqjizks- izrki flag] iwoZ vè;{k] mPPkrj f'k{kk lsok vk;ksx] m-iz-izks- jkevpy flag] iwoZ dqyifr] jk-e-yks-vo/ fo'ofo|ky;] iQStkcknizks- f'kokth flag] iwoZ vè;{k] izkphu bfrgkl foHkkx] nhun;ky mikè;k; xks-fo-fo-xksj[kiqjizks- lnkuUnçlkn xqIr] vkpk;Z (v- ç-) fgUnh foHkkx] nhun;ky mikè;k; xks-fo-fo-xksj[kiqj

lEiknd %iznhi dqekj jko

lg&lEiknd %egs'k ukjk;.k f=kxq.kk;rMkW- vfouk'k çrki flaglqcks/ dqekj feJçdk'k fç;n'khZ

ewY; % 150 #i;s© lEikndk/hu

dEiksftax ,.M xzkfiQd %lat; dqekj 'kekZ

izdk'kd %egkjk.kk izrki LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;taxy /wlM+] xksj[kiqj

eqæd %dey vkWiQlsV fç.VlZnqxkZckM+h] xksj[kiqj&273001

| 3

iq.;&Le`fr

xksj{kihB }kjk lapkfyregkjk.kk çrki f'k{kk ifj"kn~

f'k{kk {ks=k dh ,d vxz.kh laLFkk gSAiwohZ mÙkj çns'k esa xksj[kiqj dks dsUæ cukdjçkFkfed ls mPp f'k{kk rd yxHkx rhu ntZu

f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dk lapkyu djus okysegkjk.kk çrki f'k{kk ifj"kn~dh LFkkiuk 1932 bZ- esa

xksj{kihBk/h'ojegUr fnfXot;ukFk th egkjkt us dh FkhAegkjk.kk çrki LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;

blh egkjk.kk çrki f'k{kk ifj"kn~tSls oVo`{k dh ,d 'kk[kk gSA

;qxiq#"k czãyhu egUr fnfXot;ukFk th egkjktdh

iq.;Le`fr esalknj lefiZr gSfoe'kZ 2013

| 4

egUr fnfXot;ukFk th egkjkt

ehy ds iRFkj %1- tUe oS'kk[kh iwf.kZek] 1894 bZ-2- xksj[kiqj vkxeu 1899 bZ-3- egkRek xk¡/h dk xksj[kiqj esa Lokxr ,oa vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa

Hkkx ysus ds fy, vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ,oa fo|ky; dk ifjR;kx 1920 bZ-4- pkSjhpkSjk dk.M esa lg;ksx] f'kuk[r ds vHkko esa cjh 1922 bZ-5- egkjk.kk çrki f'k{kk ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk 1932 bZ-6- ;ksx nh{kk 15 vxLr 1933 bZ-7- xksj[kukFk efUnj esa egUr in ij vfHk"ksd Jko.k iwf.kZek] 15 vxLr 1935 bZ-8- fgUnw egklHkk dh lnL;rk 1939 bZ-9- vf[ky Hkkjro"khZ; vo/wr Hks"k ckjgiUFk ;ksxh egklHkk dh LFkkiuk 1939 bZ-10- MkW- ';kek çlkn eq[kthZ dh vè;{krk esa çkUrh; fgUnw egklHkk

vf/os'ku dk xksj[kiqj esa ,sfrgkfld vk;kstu 1944 bZ-11- xk¡/h gR;kdk.M esa feF;k vkjksi esa cUnh 1948 bZ-12- nl eghus ckn vkjksi ls llEeku cjh 1949 bZ-13- JhjketUeHkwfe eqfDr vkUnksyu dk usr`Ro 1949 bZ-14- i`Fkd iatkch lwcs ds fy, ekLVj rkjk flag ds vkej.k vu'ku dk

lw>cw> ls lekiu djkuk 1956 bZ-15- xksj[kiqj fo'ofo|ky; xksj[kiqj dh LFkkiuk 1958 bZ-16- vf[ky Hkkjrh; "kM~n'kZu lHkk lEesyu gfj}kj dh vè;{krk 1960 bZ-17- vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnw lEesyu dk fnYyh esa vk;kstu 1961 bZ-18- vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnw egklHkk ds jk"Vªh; vè;{k (fgUnw jk"Vªifr)

ds :i esa fuokZpu 1961 bZ-19- egUr th }kjk fnYyh esa vf[ky fo'o fgUnw lEesyu dk vk;kstu 1965 bZ-20- xksj[kiqj ds lkaln fuokZfpr 1967 bZ-21- fpj lekf/ 1969 bZ-

| 5

pjSosfr! pjSosfr!oSfnd xzUFk ,srjs; czkã.k* ds pjSosfr! pjSosfr!* 'kh"kZd ea=k ;qxiq#"k egUr fnfXot;ukFk

th egkjkt ds thou esa lk{kkr~ fn[krk gSA bu ea=kksa dk ewy Lo:i vkSj lgt&ljy Hkkokuqokn;gk¡ çLrqr gS&

ukukJkUrk; JhjfLr bfr jksfgr 'kqJqeAikiks u"k}jks tu bUæ bPpjr% l[kkAA pjSosfr! pjSosfr!

HkkokFkZ % (gfj'pUæ ds iq=k jksfgr dks mins'k djrs gq, bUæ dgrs gSa) gs jksfgr! ge,slk lqurs gSa fd Je djus ls tks ugha Fkdk gS] ,sls euq"; dks Jh dh vFkok ,s'o;Z vkSj oSHkodh çkfIr gksrh gSA cSBs gq, vkylh vkneh dks iki /j nckrk gSA bUæ mldk gh fe=k gS] tkscjkcj pyrk jgrk gSA blfy, pyrs jgks! pyrs jgks!

iqf"i.;kS pjrks ta?ks Hkw".kqjkRek iQy xzfg%A'ksjs¿L; losZ ikIeku% Jes.k çiFks grk%AA pjSosfr! pjSosfr!

HkkokFkZ % tks euq"; pyrk jgrk gS] mldh tka?kksa esa iQwy iQwyrs gSaA mldh vkRek Hkwf"krvkSj 'kksfHkr gksdj iQy çkIr djrh gSA ,sls pyus okys ifjJeh O;fDr ds lkjs iki Fkddj lks;sjgrs gSaA blfy, pyrs jgks! pyrs jgks!

vkLrs Hkx vklhuL; ÅèoZfLr"Bfr fr"Br%A'ksrs fui|ekuL; pjkfr pjrks Hkx%AA pjSosfr! pjSosfr!

HkkokFkZ % cSBs gq, dk lkSHkkX; cSBk jgrk gS vkSj [kM+s gksus okys dk lkSHkkX; mBdj [kM+kgks tkrk gSA iM+s jgus okys dk lkSHkkX; lksrk jgrk gS vkSj mBdj pyus okys dk lkSHkkX; pyiM+rk gSA blfy, pyrs jgks! pyrs jgks!

dfy% 'k;kuks Hkofr laftgkuLrq% }kij%AmfÙk"BL=ksrk Hkofr dra lEi|rs pju~AA pjSosfr! pjSosfr!

HkkokFkZ % lksus okys dk uke dfy;qx gS] vaxM+kbZ ysus okyk }kij gS] mBdj [kM+k gksusokyk =ksrk gS vkSj pyus okyk lr;qxh gksrk gSA blfy, pyrs jgks! pyrs jgks!

pjUoS e/q foUnfr pjULoknqeqnEcje~Alw;ZL; i'; Jsek.ka ;ks u rUæ;rs pju~AA pjSosfr! pjSosfr!

HkkokFkZ % pyrk gqvk euq"; gh e/q (ve`r) çkIr djrk gSA pyrk gqvk euq"; ghLokfn"V iQyksa dks p[krk gSA lw;Z ds ifjJe dks ns[kks] tks fuR; pyrk gqvk dHkh vkyL; ughadjrkA blfy, pyrs jgks! pyrs jgks!

| 6;qxiq#"k czãyhu egUr fnfXot;ukFk Le`fr O;k[;kuekyk&717&23 vxLr] 2013

mn~?kkVu & 17 vxLr] 2013vè;{k % iwT; ;ksxh vkfnR;ukFk th egkjkt

mÙkjkf/dkjh xksj{kihB] lnj lkaln] xksj[kiqj

eq[; vfrfFk % MkW- dUgS;k flagiwoZ vè;{k] mÙkj çns'k Hkk"kk laLFkku] y[kuÅ

eq[; oDrk % izks- ;w- ih- flagiwoZ dqyifr] ohj cgknqj flag iwokZapy fo'ofo|ky;] tkSuiqj

O;k[;ku

18 vxLr 2013 nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k vkSj Hkkjr------------ MkW- lUrks"k 'kqDy,lksfl,V çksiQslj]tokgj yky usg: fo'ofo|ky;]u;h fnYyh

19 vxLr 2013 lkekftd iqutkZxj.k esa ukFkiUFk dh Hkwfedk MkW- dUgS;k flagiwoZ vè;{k] mÙkj çns'k Hkk"kk laLFkkuy[kuÅ

20 vxLr 2013 Lokeh foosdkuUn ,oa Hkkjrh; ;qok izks- ,l-lh- cksliwoZ vè;{k] vaxzsth foHkkxnh-n-m-xksj[kiqj fo'ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj

22 vxLr 2013 Hkkjr&usiky lEcU/ % orZeku ifjçs{; esa Jh vthr dqekjlkekftd dk;ZdrkZ] u;h fnYyh

lekjksi & 23 vxLr] 2013vè;{k % izks- jke vpy flag]

iwoZ dqyifr] jke euksgj yksfg;k vo/ fo'ofo|ky;] iQStkckniwoZ v/;{k] mPprj f'k{kk lsok vk;ksx] mÙkj çns'k

eq[; vfrfFk % Jh fo'o eksgu frokjhiwoZ ,;j okbl ek'kZyO;k[;ku fo"k;& ^iq"id foeku ls ekbØksykbV rd*

| 7

lEikndh;^Kku* vkSj ^foosd* ds dkj.k gh euq"; vU; izkf.k;ksa ls vyx jpuk&lalkj dk Lokeh

gSA ^bZ'oj* dh l`f"V esa euq"; uss fotsrk Hkko ls ,d rjiQ viuh nqfu;k clk;h] vius xk¡ovkSj uxj clk;s] ykSfdd lq[kksa dk lalkj cuk;k rks nwljh rjiQ nqfu;k ds foèoal dklktks&lkeku Hkh rS;kj fd;kA Å¡ph vV~Vkfydk,¡] LoIun'khZ LoxZyksd tSls mls ltkus&lok¡jus dslkeku] pdkpkSa/ djus okys fo|qr ÅtkZ dh [kkst] vk.kfod {kerk dk fodkl vkSj fiQjvUrfj{k dh lSj djus okys ekuojfgr foeku dk fuekZ.k] ;g lc dqN ekuo dh izd`fr ijfot; dh fn'kk esa c<+rs dneksa dh vkgV gh rks gSA nwljs yksd dh [kkst dh xqRFkh lqy>kus]xkWM ikfVZdy [kkst ysus] pUæek&eaxy ij ekuo cfLr;k¡ clkus esa cqf¼ vkSj dkS'ky dks [kiknsus okys rFkk ekuo Dyksu rS;kj dj ysus okys euq"; dh rkdr dks vkt dkSu udkj ldrkgSA bDdhloha lnh ds fo'o Hkj esa izd`fr ij fot; ik tkus ds nEHk esa pwj ekuo dks bleqdke rd igq¡pkus dk Js; vk/qfud Kku&foKku ds f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks gh rks gSA ,sls esa ;fnvkt dh ^f'k{kk iz.kkyh* ij ekuo brjk;s rks vk'p;Z dSlk\ Hkkjr Hkh nqfu;k ds eap ij viuhmifLFkfr nenkjh ls ntZ djk jgk gSA Hkkjr ds mPp rduhdh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ls fudyus okyhizfrHkkvksa dk yksgk nqfu;k eku jgh gSA dEI;wVj lkWÝVos;j ds {ks=k esa] vk.kfod ÅtkZ ds {ks=kesa] vUrfj{k ds {ks=k esa Hkkjrh; es/k vxys ekspsZ ij MVh gSA

fdUrq Kku&foKku ds {ks=k esa mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh miyfC/;ksa dk ;g ,d igyw gSAizd`fr ij fot; ikus vkSj miyfC/;ksa dh vlhfer bPNkvksa dks izksRlkfgr djus dh fn'kk esalfØ; f'k{k.k laLFkk,¡ ekuo dks ^euq";* cukus ds vius ewy drZO; ls P;qr gks x;haA ge D;kgSa\ D;ksa tUes\ e`R;q ds ckn D;k gksxk\ tUe&iqutZUe dk lp D;k gS\ O;fDr] ifjokj] lekt]jk"Vª] fo'o ds izfr ,d lw=krk D;k gS] fj'rs D;k gSa\ lsok] ijksidkj] ijfgr] lR;] vifjxzg]vLrs; vkfn Hkkjrh; thou ewY; vkèkqfud f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds fy, vkt fujk cdokl gSAHkkjrh; thou ds ewy mn~ns'; iq#"kkFkZ prq"V; (/eZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k) dh ckr djuk vktlkEiznkf;drk dk i;kZ; gks x;k gSA laLd`fr vkSj laLdkj tSls fo"k; vk/qfud f'k{kk ds fy,chrs ;qx dh ckr gSa] mudh izxfr'khy Hkk"kk esa iqjkruiUFkh fopkj/kjk dk fgLlk gSA ^/eZ* vkSj^lnkpkj* dh ckr ^lsdqyjokn* ds f[kykiQ gS] vr% xSj laoS/kfud gSA ifj.kker% ijEijkxrmPp f'k{k.k laLFkku jktdh; mis{kk ds f'kdkj cus gSa rFkk lkekftd&ekufodh fo"k;ksa dsvè;;u dks ^vuqRiknd* ?kksf"kr dj mUgsa lekIr djus ij ^ljdkj* vkeknk fn[k jgh gSA

mi;qZDr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa egkjk.kk izrki f'k{kk ifj"kn~ }kjk fgUnqRo vFkkZr~ Hkkjrh; laLd`frdks dsUæ esa j[kdj f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dk lapkyu] vius bu f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds ekè;e ls Hkkjr

| 8

dh ;qok ih<+h esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds izfr xkSjocks/ iSnk djuk] /eZ dh Hkkjrh; vo/kj.kk lsmUgsa ifjfpr djkuk] lkaLd`frd jk"Vªokn dk cks/ iSnk djuk vkfn jk"Vªh; ,drk&v[k.Mrk dsizfr ladfYir Hkkoh ih<+h rS;kj djus dh fn'kk esa vFkd iz;kl dk lk{kh gSA egkjk.kk izrkif'k{kk ifj"kn~ }kjk lapkfyr f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks ;g fn'kk egkjk.kk izrki f'k{kk ifj"kn~ dslaLFkkid ,oa lapkyd euhf"k;ksa dh lksp rFkk n`f"V ls gh izkIr gqbZ vFkok izkIr gks jgh gSAmYys[kuh; gS fd egkjk.kk izrki f'k{kk ifj"kn~ xksj[kiqj ds laLFkkid xksj{kihBk/h'oj egUrfnfXot;ukFk th egkjkt ;qxiq#"k Fks_ D;ksafd mUgsa dky vkSj nwjh ck¡/ ugha ldhA os deZ;ksxhFks D;ksafd t;&ijkt; dh oxSj fpUrk fd;s mUgksaus lEiw.kZ thou lekt vkSj jk"Vª ds fgr esavfiZr dj fn;kA os deZ&laU;klh Fks D;ksafd tks dqN Hkh viuh riL;k vFkok deZ ls vftZrfd;k mls jk"Vª ,oa lekt dks vfiZr dj fn;kA f'k{kk] jktuhfr] /eZ ,oa laLd`fr lfgrlkekftd ifjorZu dh ØkfUr ds os vxz.kh /eZusrk cusA muds }kjk O;oLFkk&ifjorZu dh fujUrjtyus okyh tks ykS izTTofyr dh x;h og vkt Hkh xksj{kihB ds muds ;'kLoh mÙkjkfèkdkfj;ksads ekè;e ls lekt dk ekxZ iz'kLr dj jgh gSA

egkjk.kk izrki LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] taxy /wlM+ dh LFkkiuk xksj{kihB ds 'kSf{kdØkfUr dh fn'kk esa vuojr pyus okys vfHk;ku dh gh ,d dM+h gSA oLrqr% egkuxj ls lVsfdUrq egkuxjh; dksykgy ls nwj taxy /wlM+ esa fLFkr egkjk.kk izrki f'k{kk ifj"kn~ }kjklapkfyr ;g egkfo|ky; bl {ks=k ds mPPk f'k{kk ikus okys Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ds fy, ojnku fl¼gks jgk gSA ,sls esa egkjk.kk izrki f'k{kk ifj"kn~ ds laLFkkid ;qxiq#"k egUr fnfXot;ukFk thegkjkt ds izfr jk"Vª&lekt ds lkFk&lkFk bl egkfo|ky; ifjokj ds ge lHkh lnL; vR;Ur½.kh ,oa d`rK gSaA viuh d`rKrk dks HkkokfHkO;fDr nsus ,oa czãyhu egkjkt th dh bPNkvksads vuq:i Hkkoh ih<+h dks Hkkjr&dsfUær v|ru Kku&foKku ls ifjfpr djkus gsrq l=k2007&08 ls çfr o"kZ l=kkjEHk (vxLr ekg) esa gh lIr fnolh; ^;qxiq#"k czãyhu egUrfnfXot;ukFk Le`fr O;k[;ku&ekyk* dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA l=k 2013&2014 esa 17 ls23 vxLr rd ;qxiq#"k czãyhu egUr fnfXot;ukFk Le`fr O;k[;ku&ekyk vk;ksftr dh x;hAO;k[;ku&ekyk ds vfr egÙoiw.kZ O;k[;ku ,oa dqN egÙoiw.kZ vkys[k] 'kks/ i=k vkfn dks izfro"kZ egkfo|ky; ^foe'kZ* uked if=kdk eas izdkf'kr djrk gSA ^foe'kZ&2007* dh Üka[kyk esa^foe'kZ&2013* vkids gkFk esa gSA gesa fo'okl gS fd ;g if=kdk lkaLd`frd jk"Vªokn dsoSpkfjd vfHk;ku esa rks lgk;d fl¼ gh gksxh] rFkkfi uohu 'kksèkksa dks izksRlkfgr djus] u;s 'kksèkksals ikBdksa dks ifjfpr djkus rFkk egkfo|ky; ds f'k{kdksa&fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fur&uwru 'kks/ ds izfrvfHk#fp iSnk djus ds fy, izsj.kknk;h fl¼ gksxhA

| 9

;qxiq#"k czãyhu egUr fnfXot;ukFk Le`fr O;k[;kuekyk esa vius 'kks/iw.kZ O;k[;ku nsusokys fo}r~tuksa ;Fkk& xksj{kihB ds mÙkjkf/dkjh] egkfo|ky; ds çcU/d ,oa lkaln iwT; ;ksxhvkfnR;ukFk th egkjkt] ohj cgknqj flag iwokZapy fo'ofo|ky; tkSuiqj ds iwoZ dqyifr çks- ;w-ih- flag] mPprj f'k{kk lsok vk;ksx mÙkj çns'k ds iwoZ vè;{k ,oa jkeeuksgj yksfg;k vo/fo'ofo|ky; ds iwoZ dqyifr çks- jke vpy flag] mÙkj çns'k Hkk"kk laLFkku ds iwoZ vè;{k MkW-dUgS;k flag] iwoZ ,;j okbl ek'kZy Jh fo'o eksgu frokjh] tokgj yky usg: fo'ofo|ky;]u;h fnYyh ds ,lksfl,V izksiQslj MkW-lUrks"k 'kqDyk] nh-n-m- xksj[kiqj fo'ofo|ky; esa vaxzsthfoHkkx ds iwoZ vè;{k çks- ,l-lh- cksl] u;h fnYyh ds lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ Jh vthr dqekjds çfr egkfo|ky; ifjokj d`rK gS] ftuds 'kks/iw.kZ O;k[;kuksa ls egkfo|ky; ds çkè;kid]Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa ds çKk&lEiUu gksus esa xfr çnku gqbZ gSA ^foe'kZ 2013* ds çdk'ku esa lHkh çdkjds lg;ksx djus okys ,oa lHkh 'kqHkfpUrdksa ds çfr Hkh ge gkfnZd vkHkkjh gSaA gesa fo'oklgS fd ^foe'kZ* dks çfro"kZ çdkf'kr djus esa gesa ,sls gh lHkh dk lg;ksx çkIr gksrk jgsxkA

Hkkæin] 'kqDy }kn'kh (iznhi dqekj jko) foØe lEor~&2070 (16 flrEcj] 2013)

foe'kZ&2013

| 10

vuqØe

1- ;qxiq#"k egUr fnfXot;ukFk ;ksxh vkfnR;ukFk 112- fogaxe ;k=kk % iq"id foeku ls ekbØksykbV rd fo'oeksgu frokjh 163- Hkkjr esa iqjk.k vkSj bfrgkl 'k=kq?u çlkn 334- iwohZ mÙkj çns'k ls çkIr xqIr;qxhu çfrek,¡ vk'kqrks"k dqekj xqIrk 405- Hkkjr&phu ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLd`frd lEcU/ egsUæ çrki prqosZnh 466- vk/qfud laLd`r&lkfgR; esa ;qxcks/ MkW- Lostk f=kikBh 527- uotkxj.k dk fookn ok;k bfrgkl dh 'ko------ vk'kqrks"k dqekj feJ 598- mÙkj&oSfnd lkfgR; esa f'kYi ,oa f'kYi&'kkL=k---- jke'kj.k ;q;qRlq 669- 'kks/ dk;Z % vo/kj.kk ,oa lek/ku MkW-vt; dqekj feJ 7910- o.kZ&O;oLFkk dk vkfFkZd vk/kj yksds'k dqekj çtkifr 8711- LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh orZeku fLFkfr--- lqHkk"k dqekj xqIrk 9812- mÙkj Hkkjr esa çeq[k rqdZ vkØe.kdkjh vkSj ----- MkW- lat; dqekj flag 10213- ^fo|k* ,oa mlds lEçnku dh oSfnd çfØ;k MkW- nqxsZ'k ik.Ms; 10914- Life and Teaching of Swami Vivekananda Dr. Y. P. Kohli 11615- Lubrication of Human Joints Shrikant Mani Tripathi 11916- The Growth of Ancient Indian Corporate ......... Babita Kumari 12617- Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd laLdfr ,oa xBcU/u dh jktuhfr MkW- ;'kiky flag 153

iquikZB18- viuk vè;;u Hkh fons'kh fuxkg ls /eZiky 16119- tkfrokn % feFkd vkSj ;FkkFkZ 'kadj 'kj.k 16720- fgUnqRo lkojdj 178

jk"Vªh; vfHkys[k21- National Policy on Education Mahant Digvijainath 185

| 11

·;qxiq#"k czãyhu egUr fnfXot;ukFk Le`fr O;k[;kuekyk dk mn~?kkVu O;k[;ku

;qxiq#"k egUr fnfXot;ukFk

;ksxh vkfnR;ukFk·

thou dks lR; ,oa lnkpkj ls lqlaLd`r dj Js; ds ojs.; iFk ij vxzlj djkus okysrFkk euq"; dks mUufr ds pje fcUnq ij igq¡pk dj nsoRo vkSj fu%Js;l miyC/ djkus okysçKkiq#"kksa] euhf"k;ksa] ½f"k;ksa] eqfu;ksa] ;ksfx;ksa] lUr&egkRekvksa vkSj gqrkRekvksa dh ;g iqjkru]fuR;&uohu lukru iq.;Hkwfe] deZHkwfe vkSj /eZHkwfe (Hkkjr) ;qx&;qxkUrj ls muds egku~ pfj=k,oa fpUru ls le¼ vkSj xkSjokfUor jgh gSA bu egkiq#"kksa ds çfr lefiZr vkLFkk] J¼k ,oalEeku cqf¼ gesa ln~xq.kksa dks xzg.k djus rFkk lnkpkj dks vaxhdkj dj ekuo&tUe vkSj thoudks liQy cukus dh çcy çsj.kk nsrh gSA ;|fi lEiw.kZ fo'o esa le;≤ ij ,sls vusdyksd&laxzgh ekxZn'kZd vkSj çsj.kknk;h egkekuo gq, gSa] ftUgksaus vius pfj=k ,oa fpUru ls viusns'k&dky rFkk lekt dh uSfrd] /kfeZd] lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd lHkh ifjfLFkfr;ksa rFkkço`fÙk;ksa dks çHkkfor vkSj ifjofrZr fd;k gS] rFkkfi gekjs ns'k Hkkjro"kZ dks çd`fr vkSj ijekReknksuksa us bl nf"V ls fu%lUnsg dqN fo'ks"k :i ls mid`r ,oa xfjek&efgek ls ef.Mr fd;k gSAvkn'kZ ;ksxiq#"k esjs nknk xq# czãyhu xksj{kihBk/h'oj egUr fnfXot;ukFk th egkjkt Hkhegkekuo leqæ Hkkjro"kZ dh blh mTToy ijEijk ds HkkLoj jRu Fks] ftudk vius uke dsvuq:i fnfXot;h O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo Lo.kkZ{kjksa esa vafdr rFkk vuqdj.kh; gksdj vkt Hkhgekjs fy, çsj.kk dk v{k; lzksr gSA

çkr%Lej.kh; ije iwT; czãyhu egUr th egkjkt ds iwoZ Jhxksj{kukFk&efUnj xksj[kiqjds egUrksa dh yEch ijEijk esa ;|fi vusd egkriLoh fl¼ vkSj ;ksfxjkt gq, gSa] ftudhpeRdkfjd ;ksxflf¼;ksa dh xkFkk vkSj lk/ukRed Å¡pkb;ksa dh dgkuh yksdekul esa lqjf{kr gSrFkkfi lkalkfjd tho vkSj ns'kdky ds çfr çk;% mudh rVLFk vkSj mnklhu fujis{k n`f"V us mUgsavkReyhu vkSj ,dkUr lk/ukfu"B gh cuk;s j[kk FkkA mUgsa ns'k vkSj lekt dh fpUrk rks Fkh rFkkos HkDrksa ds vkxzg ij dHkh&dHkh vgsrqdh d`ik Hkh djrs Fks] fdUrq vkè;kfRed lkèkuk esa osyhu gksus ls viuh o`fÙk;ksa dks cfgeqZ[kh cukus vkSj yksd&lEidZ esa ykus ls cprs FksA blhfy,

| 12

os vius O;fDrxr fdaok lkekftd yksd&thou ds çfr çk;% foeq[k gh jgrs FksA ijUrq Lons'kvkSj Lo/eZ ds fy, vkReksRlxZ djus okys fgUnqvk lw;Z iq.;çrki egkjk.kk çrki ds oa'k esamRiUu egUr fnfXot;ukFk th egkjkt 'kS'ko dky ls gh rRdkyhu fo'ofoJqr lUr ;ksfxjktckck xEHkhjukFk th ds d`ikik=k gksus ds ckotwn xksj[kiqj&efUnj ds egUrksa dh ijEijk esa fu'p;gh ,d viokn Fks] D;ksafd mUgksaus vkReks¼kj ij ns'k] tkfr vkSj lekt ds m¼kj dks ,dkUrlkèkuk ij yksdlk/uk dks ojh;rk nsus dk viwoZ vkSj ;qxkUrjdkjh dk;Z fd;kA fu'p; gh mudk;g dk;Z dHkh leFkZ xq# jkenkl] Lokeh n;kuUn vkSj foosdkuUn çHkfr dh rjg tkx`fr vkSjmn~cks/dkjh ;ks¼k dk gksrk Fkk rks dHkh egkjk.kk çrki] f'kok th] xq#xksfoUn flag vkSjohjlkojdj ds LFkkukiUu ;ks¼k dkA dgus dh vko';drk ugha fd cks¼k vkSj ;ks¼k nksuksa :iksaesa gh çkr%Lej.kh; egUr th dk jk"Vªh;rk ls vksrçksr ç[kj vkSj çnhIr O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRoyksxksa ds fy, vkd"kZ.k] vuqdj.k] vuqlj.k rFkk m¼j.k dk fo"k; jgk gSA

egUr th ohjksa ds rhFkZjkt fpÙkkSM+ (esokM+) ls vYik;q esa gh xksj{kukFk&efUnj ds fy,lefiZr gksdj vk;s Fks vkSj ;gk¡ mUgsa efUnj dk Lo.kZ Hkfo"; ekudj mlh nf"V ls gh lqçfl¼fl¼iq#"k ckck xEHkhjukFk th dh ns[kjs[k esa lqlaLdkfjr fd;k tk jgk FkkA nwljs yksxksa dh fuxkgesa Hkys gh ;g ckr u jgh gks] fdUrq ckck xEHkhjukFk th fu'p; gh lc dqN ;ksx&nf"V ls tkux;s FksA blhfy, os egUr th ds ykyu&ikyu ds ckjs esa loZFkk xEHkhj jg dj Hkh fo'ks"kdik&n`f"V j[krs FksA

egUr th us vius fo|kFkhZ thou esa vaxzstksa ds jkT; esa gh] vaxzst vf/dkfj;ksa ds gksrsgq, Hkh xksj[kukFk&efUnj ds çkax.k esa çpkjjr bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa dks çpkj lkexzh vkSj rEcw&dukrlfgr Hkkx tkus vkSj fiQj dHkh #[k b/j u djus ds fy, foo'k dj fn;kA egUr th dhrstfLork vkSj /eZ;ks¼k&Hkko dks txtkfgj djus okyh vusdkusd ?kVukvksa esa ,d mYys[kuh;?kVuk ;g Hkh gS fd orZeku jktdh; ikyhVsfDud ds ikl cu jgh jsyos dkyksuh esa ,df'ko&efUnj FkkA jsyos foHkkx dks og f'ko&efUnj dkyksuh ds fuekZ.k esa ck/d Fkk blhfy, mlsfxjkus dk foHkkxh; vkns'k gks x;kA bldh lwpuk ikrs gh ckyd jk.kk ukUgw flag us viuh ckujhlsuk ysdj efUnj dks j{kkFkZ ?ksj fy;kA muds çcy fojks/ ds dkj.k vUrr% jsyos foHkkx dksviuk vkns'k okil ysuk iM+kA dsoy Lo/eZ ds fy, gh ugha vfirq Lons'k ds fy, Hkh mudsvUr%dj.k esa vuU; fu"Bk ,oa vxk/ vkLFkk dwV&dwV dj Hkjh FkhA mUgksaus ns'k dh Lora=krkds ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu rFkk dkaxzsl ds usrRo esa py jgs 'kkfUriw.kZ lR;kxzg ds tu&vkUnksyu]nksuksa esa viuh mYys[kuh; lfØ;rk] lgHkkfxrk cuk;s j[khA vr% ,d vksj tgk¡ mUgksaus vusdledkyhu ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks laj{k.k] vL=k&'kL=k ,oa vkfFkZd lgk;rk nh] ogha nwljh vksj xk¡èkh

| 13

th }kjk çofrZr vlg;ksx&vkUnksyu esa lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, dkWyst dh f'k{kk dk ifjR;kxdj fn;kA mUgksaus xk¡/h th ds xksj[kiqj vkxeu ij muds LokxrkFkZ Lo;alsod ny dk xBu djmldk usrRo fd;k vkSj mudh lHkk liQy cuk;hA Lora=krk vkUnksyu ds bfrgkl esa çfl¼pkSjh&pkSjk dk.M ,d ;qxkUrjdkjh vè;k; gSA bl cgqpfpZr vè;k; ds ltZdksa esa ,d vxz.khuke ohj ;qok egUr fnfXot;ukFk th dk Hkh FkkA nSo;ksx ls gh f'kuk[r ds vHkko esa iQk¡lh dsiQUns esa >wydj gqrkRek gksus ls blhfy, cp x;s Fks fd vHkh fo/krk dks muls ns'k] tkfr vkSjlekt ds fy, vusd yksdeaxydkjh ,sfrgkfld dk;Z ysus FksA

czãyhu egUr th us vius f'k{kk&xq# tks fo|ky;h; lsok ls vU;k;iwoZd fudky fn;sx;s Fks] dh vkthfodk rFkk muds LokfHkeku dh j{kk ds fy, Lo;a xqMyd uked fo|ky;[kksydj mUgsa ç/kukpk;Z ds in ij çfrf"Br fd;kA chtHkwr ;gh laLFkk dkykUrj esa iwokZapy dsfy, 'kSf{kd iqutkZxj.k dk dsUæ&fcUnq cudj egkjk.kk çrki f'k{kk ifj"kn~ uked lqfo'kkyoVo`{k cuh tks lEçfr f'k'kq Lrj ls fo'ofo|ky; Lrj rd ntZuksa f'k{kk laLFkkvksa ds ekè;e lsHkkjrh; (fgUnw) laLd`fr rFk vU;kU; fo"k;ksa dh leqfpr f'k{kk çnku djus esa layXu gS vkSjfujUrj çxfr iFk ij vxzlj gSA

blds vfrfjDr ;g rF; Hkh fopkj.kh; gS fd egkjk.kk çrki&tSlh laLFkk dsoyxq#&½.k&ekspu ds fy, ;k ,d NksVh&lh ?kVuk ds dkj.k vfLrRo esa vk;h] ;g dguk Hkhmuds fy, vU;k; gksxkA fu'p; gh egUr th ds eu esa igys ls gh fdlh vkSj jk"Vªh;rk vkSjpkfj=; dh xfjek ls ef.Mr vk/qfud Kku&nku dh f'k{k.k&laLFkk dh lqfuf'pr /kj.kk Fkh] ftlsos ns'k ;k lekt esa lTtu rFkk jk"VªHkDr ukxfjd ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ewrZ :i nsuk pkgrs Fks]rFkkfi bruk rks dgk tk ldrk gS fd ml /kj.kk dks 'kh?kz gh pfjrkFkZ djus ds fy, xq# dsçfr gq, vU;k; dh ?kVuk us mUgsa çsfjr dj fn;kA tks Hkh gks] egkjk.kk çrki f'k{kk ifj"kn~ dhLFkkiuk fu'p; gh xksj[kiqj lfgr lexz iwohZ mÙkj çns'k esa 'kSf{kd iqutkZxj.k dh ,d;qxkUrjdkjh ?kVuk Fkh] ftlds fy, iwT; egUr th drK fpÙk ls lnk Lej.k fd;s tk;saxsA

iwT; egUr czãukFk th ls fof/or ;ksxnh{kk çkIr dj iwT; egUr fnfXot;ukFk th usthoui;ZUr vius fnfXot;h d`frRo ls ins&ins vius uke dh lkFkZdrk çekf.kr dhA ;g la;ksxgh gS fd ;ksx&nh{kk ds rhljs o"kZ esa gh ;ksxh fnfXot;ukFk th vius xq#nso iwT; czãukFk thds czãyhu gks tkus ij Jhxksj[kukFk efUnj] xksj[kiqj ds egUr in ij vfHkf"kDr gq,A ckn dh?kVukvksa us ;g Hkyh&Hkk¡fr fl¼ dj fn;k fd mudk ;g vfHk"ksd oLrqr% ns'k esa fgUnqRofu"Bjk"Vªoknh 'kfDr;ksa dk egkfHk"ksd Fkk] ftldh ml laØe.k dky esa furkUr vko';drk FkhA


| 14

Lora=krk vkUnksyu ds nkSjku mDr pkSjhpkSjk dk.M dh ?kVuk ls fopfyr gksdj egkRekxk¡/h us ftl çdkj lglk vlg;ksx vkUnksyu okil ys fy;k mlls dbZ vU; lEcfU/r usrkvksadh rjg egUr th dks Hkh tcjnLr /Ddk yxkA ckn esa tSls&tSls dkaxzsl esa fgUnw vkSj fgUnqLrkudh dher ij eqfLye rq"Vhdj.k dh jk"Vª?kkrh ço`fÙk c<+rh x;h] dkaxzsl ls egUr th dk eksgHkax gksrk x;kA vUrr% dkaxzsl NksM+dj mUgksaus Lokra=; ohj lkojdj rFkk nsorkLo:i HkkbZijekuUn th ds usr`Ro esa la?kfVr vf[ky Hkkjrh; fgUnw egklHkk dh lnL;rk xzg.k dj yh vkSjfiQj thoui;ZUr blh jktuhfrd eap ls fgUnh] fgUnw rFkk fgUnqLrku ds fgrksa ds fy, bu ijgks jgs prqfnZd çgkj ds fo#¼ nq/"kZ la?k"kZ djrs jgsA mUgksaus efUnj esa py jgh cfy&çFkk dksHkh lekIr djkdj lkfRod ijEijk dh iwtk dk Jhx.ks'k fd;kA la;qDr çkUrh; fgUnw egklHkkds vè;{k ds :i esa mUgksaus MkW- eqats dh vè;{krk esa tgk¡ dfe'ujh Lrj dk fo'kkyfgUnw&lEesyu djk;k] ogha mlh o"kZ Kkr bfrgkl esa igyh ckj vo/wr Hks"k ckjg iUFk ;ksxhegklHkk dk vf[ky Hkkjrh; la?kVu [kM+k fd;k] ftlls fc[kjs gq, yksdfujis{k vkSj ,dkUrlkèkukyhu reke ;ksfx;ksa esa Hkh fpjdky ckn yksd&laxzg] ;qxcks/ vksj lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Rodh u;h psruk dk lapkj gks x;kA lk/q&lUrksa vkSj /ekZpk;ksZa ds chp jk"Vªh;rk dk tSlk O;kidtkxj.k mUgksaus fd;k Fkk] mlls çHkkfor gksdj Lokra=;ohj lkojdj th us dgk Fkk& ^;fn egUrfnfXot;ukFk th dh rjg vU; /ekZpk;Z Hkh ns'k] tkfr o /eZ dh lsok esa yx tk;a rks Hkkjriqu% txn~xq# ds in ij çfrf"Br gks ldrk gSA* ,y- HkksiVdj dh vè;{krk esa egUr th usxksj[kiqj esa fgUnw egklHkk dk 1946 esa tks ,sfrgkfld&jk"Vªh; vf/os'ku djk;k Fkk] ogvfoLej.kh; vkSj vHkwriwoZ FkkA bl lEesyu us egUr th dks tgk¡ ,d vksj jk"Vªh; [;kfr vkSjfof'k"V Lrj dk egkekU; tuuk;d cuk fn;k] ogha nwljh vksj ns'k&foHkktu ds rRdkyhu ladVdks Hkh dqN le; ds fy, nck fn;kA egUr th ds fgUnqRofu"B jk"Vªoknh vkUnksyu ls vaxzsthgqDejkuksa dh dqn`f"V ges'kk muij yxh jgrh FkhA mu ij vkjksi yxk;k x;k fd vaxzsth gqdwerds fo#¼ teZuh vkSj tkiku dks enn nssrs gSaA bu vkjksiksa ds pyrs mudh fxjÝrkjh dk okj.VHkh fudkykA fdUrq rRdkyhu Mh-vkbZ-th- feLVj ;ax vkSj iqfyl v/h{kd feLVj okMsy dsgLr{ksi ls os cp x;sA xk¡/h th dh gR;k gksus ds ckn egUr th ds fgUnqRofu"B mnxz O;fDrRols Hk;Hkhr rRdkyhu dkaxzslh ljdkj us xk¡/h th dh gR;k ds "kM~;a=k esa lfEefyr gksus ds vkjksiesa fxjÝrkj dj mUgsa tsy Hkst fn;k] fdUrq ^lk¡p dks vk¡p dgk¡* dh mfDr pfjrkFkZ gqbZ vkSjegUr th vUrr% U;k;ky; esa funksZ"k fl¼ gksdj eqDr gks x;sA

iqjh ds txn~xq# 'kadjkpk;Z dh vè;{krk esa lEiUu vkpk;ZJh ds ijke'kZnkrk ds :i esavf[ky Hkkjrh; lk/q&lEesyu esa] JhjketUeHkwfe esa çdV jkeyyk dh fojkteku çfrek dh j{kk

| 15

ds çlax esa] fnYyh esa lEiUu fo'o fgUnw lEesyu ds lw=k/kj ds :i esa rFkk xksj{kkFkZ fnYyhesa vk;ksftr fojkV çn'kZu esa muds vfHkuUnuh; /eZ;ks¼k :i dk iq.;n'kZu fd;k tk ldrk gSAekLVj rkjkflag us i`Fkd iatkch lwcs dh ek¡x dks ysdj vkej.k vu'ku çkjEHk dj fn;k FkkAikfdLrku ds :i esa Hkkjr ds ,d foHkktu dks >sy pqds egUr th ds fy, ;g ,d vlguh;d"V dk volj FkkA mUgksaus ekLVj rkjkflag ls HksaV dh vkSj mUgsa ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh xEHkhjrk rFkkmlds ifj.kkeksa ls Hkh voxr djk;k] ftlls mUgksaus viuk vu'ku rksM+ fn;k vkSj ns'k dsfo[k.Mu dk [krjk Vy x;kA

egUr th mu lHkh :f<+;ksa ds Hkh fojks/h Fks] tks /eZ ds uke ij lekt dks rksM+us dkdk;Z dj jgh gSaA efUnjksa esa vNwrksa ds ços'k ds vf/dkj dks ysdj egUr th us tcjnLrvkUnksyu fd;k vkSj fxjÝrkj Hkh gq,A fgUnw lekt ls NqvkNwr dk Hkwr Hkxkus ds fy, rks osthoui;ZUr la?k"kZjr jgs vkSj ;fn ;g dgk tk; rks vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxh fd dV~Vj èkekZpk;ksZadks bl vksj ço`Ùk djus okys ogh çFke O;fDr FksA

gekjs eB vkSj efUnj fdl çdkj lkoZtfud vkd"kZ.k] çsj.kk rFkk yksd&dY;k.k ds fy,lefiZr dsUæ gksus pkfg,] bldk ewrZ :i egUr fnfXot;ukFk th }kjk fodflr Jhxksj[kukFk&efUnj]xksj[kiqj gSA bldk LFkkiR;] bldh LoPNrk vkSj bldk /kfeZd] vkè;kfRed okrkoj.k lc dqNegUr th ds vkSnkR;] vkSnk;Z vkSj yksdlaxzgh O;fDrRo dk Lekjd gSA f'k{kk&çlkj ds {ks=kksa esamuds ç;Ruksa dh ijkdk"Bk ds :i esa tgk¡ egkjk.kk çrki f'k{kk ifj"kn~ vkSj xksj[kiqjfo'ofo|ky; muds vfoLej.kh; LFkkoj Lekjd gSa] ogha muds }kjk çsfjr 'krkf/d yksx ns'k]/eZ o lekt lsok ds {ks=k esa muds taxe Lekjd gSaA mUgksaus xksj[kiqj lalnh; {ks=k ls çfrfuf/ds :i esa Hkkjrh; laln esa Hkh ços'k fd;k vkSj Hkkjr dh loksZPp fo/kf;dk laLFkk ds eap lsHkh fgUnw /eZ] tkfr vkSj jk"Vª ds fy, tkx:d çgjh dh Hkk¡fr xtZuk dh] ftldh vuqxw¡t vktHkh laln nh?kkZvksa esa lquh tk ldrh gS] fdUrq jktuhfr esa mudk ços'k {kqæ LokFkZ&lk/u ds fy,ugha FkkA ljdkj esa mPp in vkSj çfr"Bk ikus ds fy, Hkh ugha] çR;qr 'kq¼ fgUnqRofu"B jk"Vªoknhfopkj/kjk ds dkj.k FkkA lÙkkyksyqi] Hkz"V&jktuhfrd [kf.Mr Lora=k Hkkjr esa Hkh vnwjnf'kZrkiw.kZvkpj.k dj fgUnw vkSj fgUnqLrku ds fgrksa ij vkSj dqBkjk?kkr u dj ldsa rFkk Øe'k% jktuhfrdk fgUnwdj.k fd;k tk lds] blds fy, os /eZ] lekt vkSj f'k{kk {ks=k ds lkFk&lkFk jktuhfresa Hkh fujUrj fØ;k'khy jgsA czãyhu gks tkus ds ckotwn os vfoLej.kh; dfrRo ,oa O;fDrRods vtj&vej :i esa gekjs chp ,d çdk'kiqat dh rjg fo|eku gSaA vr% esjs ije iwT; xqq#nsous Bhd gh dgk gS fd lu~ 1921 ls 1969 rd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh dksbZ ,slh egÙoiw.kZ ?kVukugha gS] ftlesa egUr fnfXot;ukFk th us egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk u fuHkk;h gksA


| 16

fe=kksa] esjk lkSHkkX; gS fd vkt ;qxiq#"k czãyhu egUr fnfXot;ukFk th egkjkt tSlsegkekuo dh Lefr esa pyus okys lkIrkfgd O;k[;kuekyk esa ;qokvksa ds chp eq>s Hkh viukfo"k; j[kus dk volj feyk gSA eSa loZçFke ml vius çsj.kklzksr egkekuo ds çfr viuhgkfnZd J¼katfy O;Dr djrk gw¡A vc eSa vius fo"k; ij vkrk gw¡A

eSa fe=kksa ls vDlj iq"id foeku ds fo"k; esa iz'u fd;k djrk gw¡A ;g iz'u lkèkkj.kizrhr gks ldrk gS] fdUrq blds mÙkj O;fDr fo'ks"k ds tfVy O;fDrRo dh FkksM+h&lh igpkunsrs gSa fd mldk Hkkjrh; ikSjkf.kd ;k izkxSfrgkfld tkudkjh ds izfr D;k n`f"Vdks.k gS%vUèkfo'okl] vkLFkk] J¼k] rdZlaxr fo'okl] la'k;kRed] fojks/h bR;kfnA ,slk Hkh ugha gS fdiq"id foeku ds ;kFkkfFkZd vfLrRo esa fo'okl dsoy xSj&vaxzsth ;k xSj&foKku i<+s ;k vi<+yksxksa esa gks vkSj ,slk Hkh ugha gS fd vki fo'okl'khy O;fDr;ksa dh lksp ;k rdZ dks vklkuhls dkV ldsaA ,sls cgqr&ls iqjkru fo'okl gSa ftUgsa vaxzsth i<+s&fy[ks yksxksa us igys nfd;kuwlh;k vU/fo'okl dgdj [kkfjt dj fn, fdUrq ckn esa muds xgjs lR; fl¼ gq,A eq>s es?kky;ds ouksa dh ;kn vkrh gSA [kklh yksx u dsoy o`{kksa dh oju~ ouksa dh iwtk djrs vk, gSaA mudkfo'okl Fkk fd ou&nsork gksrk gS tks ikou ouksa esa o{kksa ds dkVus ij ?kksj n.M nsrk gSA blfy,os ikou ouksa ds fdlh Hkh o{k dks ;k mldh Vguh dks dHkh ugha dkVrs FksA eq>s ,d ckjes?kky; esa ,d ,sls] vHkh rd cp x,] ikou o`{k esa izos'k djus dk lqvolj feykA ogvuqHkwfr vn~Hkqr Fkh & mlesa vphUgk xgjk Hk; Hkh Fkk tks mu vLif'kZr o{kksa] yrkvksa xqYeksa] uhpsVwVh iM+h Vgfu;ksa ftu ij xgjh dkbZ ;k iQiQwan fu}ZU} :i ls p<+h Fkh] mlesa f[kys vn~Hkqrvuks[ks :i&jax okys thoUrh (vkWfdZM) iQwy Hkh tgk¡&rgk¡ f[kys Fks tks tSls cjlksa lstkuk&igpkuk lkSan;ZflDr vkuUn Hkh ns jgs FksA tc ;wjksih; fe'kujh vk, rks mUgsa /eZ ifjorZudjkus esa cgqr dfBukbZ gqbZA os ,d ikou ou esa ?kql x, vkSj o`{kksa dks dkV Mkyk vkSj tc[kkfl;ksa us dgk fd ou&nsork mUgsa n.M nsaxs rc os cksys fd muds Hkxoku~ cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh

fo'oeksgu frokjh] iwoZ ,;j okbl ek'kZy·

fogaxe ;k=kk % iq"id foeku ls ekbØksykbV rd

·;qxiq#"k czãyhu egUr fnfXot;ukFk Le`fr O;k[;kuekyk dk lekjksi O;k[;ku

| 17

gSa] mUgsa dqN ugha gksxk vkSj mUgsa okLro esa dqN ugha gqvkA fe'kufj;ksa dks /hjs&/hjs] blh rjgds fo'oklksa ij vkØe.k djrs gq, liQyrk feyus yxhA fdUrq okLro esa ou&nsork Øksf/r gq,fdUrq cgqr nsj ds ckn vkSj psjkiwath tSls ?ku?kksj o"kkZ okys {ks=k ds pkjksa vksj] flok; o"kkZZ ½rqds ikuh dk vdky iM+rk gS] >juksa rFkk ufn;ksa esa 'ks"k ½rqvksa esa igys ds foijhr] fcYdqyikuh ugha jgrkA vc yksxksa dh le> esa rks vk;k fd ou&nsork n.M ns jgs gSa_ fdUrq ouksa dkliQk;k rks gks pqdk Fkk vkSj ouksa rFkk fo'oklksa ds cuus esa rks lfn;k¡ yx tkrh gSaA lkFk gh bldkfu"d"kZ ;g Hkh ugha gS fd ^fo'oklksa* dh tk¡p&iM+rky Hkh u dh tk,] fdUrq mlesa vuSf'pR;dk ykHk iqjkru fo'okl dks feyuk pkfg, u fd vfo'okfl;ksa dks fo'ks"kdj fd tc ;svfo'oklh ik'pkR; lksp ls izHkkfor gksaA îkou&ou* ljh[kh vusd nq?kZVuk,¡ geus Hkksxh gSaA ;g^vkØe.k* ,d vksj rks gekjh lkaLdfrd&lksp ij dqBkjk?kkr djrs gSa_ vkSj nwljh vksj gekjk'kks"k.k! rc Hkh ge viuh lksp&ijEijk ds vuqlkj tk¡p&iM+rky djsaxsA

;fn foeku dh ppkZ dsoy jkek;.k ;k vU; iqjk.kksa esa gh feyrh rks ge bls mu ½f"k;k dfo;ksa dh dYiuk&'kfDr eku ysrsA foeku dh ppkZ] vUrfj{k ;k=kk dh fo'oluh;&lh ppkZosnksa esa gS vkSj og Hkh iQqVdj ugha_ vkSj ,slh gS fd egf"kZ Hkj}kt us osnksa dk fueZaFku dj ^;a=kloZLo* uked bathfu;jh xzUFk mlesa ls uouhr dh Hkk¡fr fudky Mkyk (oSekfud izdj.ke~ i`-2] ogn~ foeku 'kkL=k)1 (o`-fo-'kk-] nloka 'yksd)A ^;a=k loZLo* xzUFk esaa bathfu;jh vkfn lslEcfU/r pkyhl izdj.k gSaA ^;a=k loZLo* ds bl oSekfud izdj.k ds vfrfjDr foeku 'kkL=kls lEcfU/r vusd xzUFk gSa ftuesa N% ½f"k;ksa ds xzUFk izfl¼ gSa& ukjk;.k dk ^foeku pfUnzdk*]'kkSud dk Ô;kse;ku*] xxZ dk ^;a=kdYi*] okpLifr dk ^;kufoUnq*] pkØk;f.k dk ^[ksV;kuiznhfidk*] rFkk ?kqf.MukFk dk Ô;kse;kukdZ izdk'k*A egf"kZ Hkj}kt us u dsoy osnksa rFkk bu N%xzUFkksa dk eUFku fd;k oju~ vU; vusd ½f"k;ksa }kjk bu fo"k;ksa ij jfpr xzUFkksa dk Hkh eUFkufd;k FkkA blesa vkpk;Z yYy (jgL; ygjh)] fl¼ukFk] fo'odekZ (iq"id foeku dkvkfo"drkZ)] Nk;k iq#"k] euq] e; vkfn ds xzUFkksa dh ppkZ gSA o`gn foeku 'kkL=k esa dqy 97foeku lEc¼ xzUFkksa dk lUnHkZ_ vkSj vusd vU; ls tkudkjh yh x;h gSA egf"kZ Hkj}kt ds ognfoeku 'kkL=k* (o`-fo-'kk-) esa tks o.kZu gS] vpjt gksrk gS fd mlesa foekuksa ds bathfu;jh fuekZ.kdh fof/;ksa dk o.kZu gSA vr,o blds iwoZ fd ge Hkkjr dh izkphu ijEijk esa foekuksa ds vFkokmuds Kku ds vfLrRo ij dksbZ Hkh fu.kZ; ysa mldk vè;;u vko';d gks tkrk gSA

vc ;fn fdlh foeku 'kkL=k dh ckr dj jgs gSa] rc blds igys fd foeku cukus dhdkSu&lh fof/;k¡ of.kZr gSa] ge ;g tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd og ô`gn foeku 'kkL=k* dc fy[kk x;k;k dc jpk x;k FkkA vkSj lcls igyh dfBukbZ gS tks o`gn foeku 'kkL=k ds vè;;u }kjk fu"d"kZ


| 18

fudkyus esa vkrh gS og dky x.kuk dh gSA gekjs osnksa dh dky x.kuk Hkh /qa/yds esa gS &mudsfo"k; esa dPpk vuqeku gh yx ldrk gSA nks cM+h ?kVukvksa ds fo"k; esa foKku us frfFk;k¡fuèkkZfjr dh gS& ,d rks flU/q ?kkVh dh lH;rk ftldk dky yxHkx 1900&3250 bZlk iwoZ gS]rFkk nwljk] fo'kky ljLorh unh dk yksi yxHkx 1900 bZlk iwoZ gqvk gSA ,d rhljh cM+h ?kVuktks vc vusd ik'pkR; iqjkrÙo oSKkfud Hkh ekuus yxs gSa og ;g fd ^vk;Z* Hkkjr esa ckgjls ugha vk, Fks] rFkk flU/q ?kkVh lH;rk vk;Z lH;rk dk gh ,d :i gSA osnksa dk jpuk dkybZlk iwoZ yxHkx 4000 ls bZlk iwoZ yxHkx 3100 rd dk gSA osnksa dk O;oLFkkdj.k egf"kZ O;klyxHkx bZlkiwoZ 3100 esa izkjEHk djrs gSaA (oSfnd vk;Zu ,.M n vksfjftUl vkWiQ flfoykbts'ku& jktkjke ,aM ^izQkyh*)A egf"kZ Hkj}kt vius xzUFk esa oSfnd ½f"k;ksa ds vfrfjDr egkHkkjr dkyds O;kl rFkk ikjk'kj] lw=kdky (bZlk iwoZ 500 ls 800 rd) ds vkiLrac rFkk dkR;k;u dksm¼`r djrs gSaA rFkk bZlk iwoZ pkSFkh 'krh esa Hkkjr esa tLrk (ftad) fudkyus dh fof/] rFkkbZlkiwoZ rhljh 'krh esa mRd"V bLikr cukus dh liQy fof/ LFkkfir gks pqdh FkhA pw¡fd izLrqr'kkL=k esa /krq fudkyus dh fofèk rqyukRed :i ls vR;f/d fiNM+h gS vr,o ogn foeku'kkL=k dk jpuk dky bZlk iwoZ 500 ds igys gh rFkk bZ-iw- 800 ds ckn gh gks ldrk gS (bldklgh fu/kZj.k djus dh vko';drk gS)A

foekuksa (osnksa dh Hkk"kk esa bl 'kCn esa vUrfj{k ;ku Hkh lfEefyr gSa) ds fuekZ.k dhizkS|ksfxdh (vkSj lEHkor% ijek.kq ÅtkZ la;a=kksa ds fuekZ.k dh izkS|ksfxdh) vkt ds fodflr fo'odh tfVyre rFkk dfBure izkS|ksfxdh gSA gekjs vuqHko esa] ;g izkS|ksfxdh fdlh Hkh ns'k esam|ksx ds leqnz esa] ,dy }hi ds leku ugha feyrhA blds lkFk ok"i ,aftu] vUrnkZg ,aftu]tSV ,aftu] nzo&pkfydh (gkbMªkWfyDl)] bysDVªkWfudh] nwjlapkj] fo|qr pkfydh cSVjh] /krqdh(eSVsyWthZ)] jcj] cS;fjax] oS|qfrdh] fnd~pkyu] vL=k rFkk vk;q/ dh bathfu;jh] dy iqtksZa dslw{e ifj'kq¼rk ls cgqla[;kRed fuekZ.k dh ;kaf=kdh vkfn&vkfn u dsoy lgxkeh fdUrq vR;Urvko';d gksrh gSA bu bathfu;jh rFkk izkS|ksfxdh Kku ds lkFk] buds ewyk/kj fl¼kUrksa ds Kkudh vko';drk gksrh gS] D;ksafd mPp izkS|ksfxdh gok esa ugha iSnk gksrhA mnkgj.k ds fy,mBku&ikf.kZdk (,jksiQkWby) fdl rjg mBku ;k mRFkku (fyÝV) iSnk djrh gS\ ;k i{kh fdlrjg mM+rs gSa\ mPp rki 'kfDr (dSykWjh&eku) okys bZa/u tSls iSVªksy dh tkudkjh rks ml le;ugha FkhA oSls ;g Hkh vko';d ugha gS ;fn xUus tSlh ouLifr ;k iQyksa ls bZa/u gsrq bFkSukWytSlk e| (vYdksgy) cukus dk Kku gks] D;ksafd bls Hkh ,aftuksa esa baZ/u ds leku tykdj ÅtkZizkIr dj ldrs gSa vFkkZr~ ;g ugha gks ldrk fd iq"id ;k vU; foeku dh bathfu;jh rks gSfdUrq eksVj dkj ugha gS ;k jFkksa ds pDdksa esa cS;fjax ugha gSA vr,o bu egÙoiw.kZ fcUnqvksa dks

| 19

è;ku esa j[kdj gh o`gn foeku 'kkL=k dk foospu gksuk vko';d gS] u fd dsoy mlesa Hkjsbathfu;jh Kku] rduhdh 'kCn vkSj og Hkh ljljh rkSj ij i<+dj] vfLr ;k ukfLr dk fu"d"kZfudkyus dkA

Lo;a o`gn foeku 'kkL=k dh jpuk fufeZfr iz'kaluh; gSA blesa foeku dh ifjHkk"kk ls]foeku ds ,aftu] mi;a=k] midj.k rFkk muds fuekZ.k ds fy, yksgk bR;kfn /krq fuekZ.k djus dhtkudkjh gSA 'k=kqvksa ds foekuksa dh] muds lapkj dh rFkk mudh Hkwfexr rksiksa dh tkudkjh nsusokys foeku&fLFkr ;a=kksa dh rFkk 'k=kq ds foekuksa dks u"V djus ds ;a=kksa dh tkudkjh gSA foekupkyd dks ftu cÙkhl izdkj dh fo'ks"k tkudkfj;k¡ gksuh pkfg, og Hkh gSaA egf"kZ Hkj}kt dsvuqlkj (vè;k; 1] 'yksd 1) i{kh dh Hkk¡fr ,d ns'k ;k }hi ;k yksd ls nwljs ns'k ;k }hi;k yksd rd igq¡pus esa leFkZ ;ku foeku gSA ^f=kiqjk foeku* og ;ku gS tks i`Foh] ty rFkkvkdk'k rhuksa LFkkuksa esa xfr djus okyk gSA bl ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj rIr ok;q xqCckjs Hkh foekuekus tk ldrs gSa] tc fd vkèkqfud ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkj foeku ds ?kuRo dks ok;q ds ?kuRo lsvf/d gksuk vko';d gSA fdUrq tks egÙoiw.kZ nks"k blesa nf"Vxr gksrk gS og ;g fd ,d yksdls nwljs yksd tkus esa tks ok;q dh 'kwU;rk feysxh mlesa i{kh ds leku mM+ku lEHko ugha gSAeSa bl dkj.k bl ifjHkk"kk dh uqDrkphuh ugha djuk pkgrkA eq>s ,slk la'k; gksrk gS fd tSls gekjs½f"k;ksa dks ok;qe.My ds ikj bl ok;q&'kwU;rk dk Kku ugha FkkA [kSj] bl vKku dk Hkh muds^bgykSfdd* foeku fuekZ.k dh dyk ij dksbZ vlj ugha iM+uk pkfg,A

foekuksa ds rhu eq[; izdkj cryk, x, gSa (vè;k; 16] o`gn foeku 'kkL=k)& ekaf=kd]rkaf=kd rFkk ;kaf=kdA ekaf=kd foeku os gSa tks ea=kksa dh 'kfDr }kjk fuekZ.k fd, tkrs gSa rFkk pyk,tkrs gSaA egf"kZ Hkj}kt dk dFku gS fd lr;qx vFkok d`r;qx esa euq";ksa esa bruh vè;kRe 'kfDrgksrh Fkh fd os fcuk fdlh ;ku dh lgk;rk ds Lo;a mM+ ldrs Fks] tSls ukjn eqfuA =ksrk ;qxesa os ea=k&fl¼ dj foeku&fuekZ.k dj muesa mM+ ldrs FksA iq"id foeku ekaf=kd foeku Fkk (vkSj,sls foekuksa ds iPphl izdkj Fks)A vr,o iq"id foeku dh bathfu;jh dh ckr djuk ifjHkk"kkds ckgj dh ckr gS vkSj ;g ea=k&'kfDr ds vfLrRo ij fo'okl djus okyh ckr gks tkrh gSAea=k&'kfDr vius vki esa xgjk fooknkLin fo"k; gSA vr% ekaf=kd foeku ij ;gk¡ ppkZ djukmfpr u gksxkA

vè;k; 16 'yksd 42 vkfn esa rkaf=kd foekuksa dk vR;Ur laf{kIr o.kZu gS% }kij esaeuq";ksa ds ra=k izHkko (oLrq;ksX;&izHkko) dh vf/drk ls lc foeku ra=k izHkko ls lEiUu fd,tkrs FksA }kij ;qx esa 56 izdkj ds rkaf=kd foeku FksA eq>s ,slk le> esa vk;k fd rkaf=kd foekuksadks lEiUu djus esa dqN ea=kksa dk rFkk dqN oLrqvksa dk lfEefyr mi;ksx gksrk gksxkA vè;k; 17]


| 20

'yksd 27 vkfn esa ;kaf=kd (d`rd) foekuksa ds 25 Hksn cryk, gSaA

yksgk rFkk vU; feJ /krqvksa ds fuekZ.k dh vusdkusd fof/;k¡ gSaA mlesa yksgs ;k feJyksgs ds fofHkUu izdkj gSa (v- 1 lw=k 13)A yksgs ds rhu ewy (oa'kt cht) izdkjksa& lkSed]lkSaMkfyd rFkk ekSfRoZd ds fofHkUu lfEeyuksa rFkk fof/;ksa ls 16 izdkj ds yksgs cuk, tkrs gSatks oSekfud yksgs dgykrs gSaA bu yksgksa dk ,d eq[; xq.k mudh Hkkjghurk dgh x;h gSAHkkjghurk ls rkRi;Z muds ?kuRo ds de gksus ls gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh inkFkZ Hkkjghu rksgks ugha ldrkA [kfut yksgs dh HkwxHkZ esa fuf'pr fLFkfr dk o.kZu rduhdh Hkk"kk esa gS ftldkvFkZ le> esa ugha vkrkA [kfut Kku ds fy, vU; xzUFkksa ;Fkk yksgra=ke~] yksg izdj.ke~] yksgloZLe~] yksg jgL;e~] yksg'kkL=ke~ vkfn dh tkudkjh izkIr djus dh vko';drk jgh gksxhA rhuksaizdkj ds cht&yksgs fdu 'kfDr;ksa ds la;ksx ls viuh fof'k"V 'kfDr izkIr djrs gSa bldk o.kZufofp=k jgL;e;h Hkk"kk esa gS (v- 1] 'yksd 99&131)A fiQj bu yksgksa ds 'kqf¼ laLdkj dk o.kZugS (v-1] 'yksd 134&147)A buesa yksgs dks xykdj 'kq¼ djus ds fy, fofp=k oLrqvksa ds lkFkfeykdj fHkUu yksgs dks fHkUu&fHkUu fof/;ksa ls xykus dk o.kZu gS] ;Fkk tEchjks uhcw] yky,j.M] beyh] tkequ] ?kqa?kph] vk¡oyk] ukSlknj] lTth{kkj] ;o{kkj] [kqj{kkj] ghax] iiZVh] lqikjh]tVekalh] fonjhdUn] ik¡p izdkj ds rSy] baxqnh] ethB] dkSM+h] equDdk ls iw.kZ rSy] 'ka[k]fHkykok] dkdksyh] yky dqyFkh rFkk ljlksa] vjgj] xsgw¡ ds d"kk;ksa vkSj dkaft;k¡ vkfn vkfnA

yksgs dks xykus vkfn ds fy, tks ik=k dke esa vkrk gS og ew"kk (^fjVkVZ*\) dgykrkgS] tks fo'ks"k rkilg feV~Vh (fjizQSDVjht) dk cuk;k x;k ik=k gSA v- 2 lw- 3 esa fofHkUu ew"kkvksads fuekZ.k dh fof/;k¡ cryk;h x;h gSaA buds fy, Hkh tks oLrq,¡ pkfg, os fofp=k yxrh gSaAv- 2 lw- 4 esa rjy yksgs dks j[kus ;k ml ij dke djus ds fy, fo'ks"k dq.Mksa (O;klfVdkvksa]?kfj;k] Øqflcy) ds fuekZ.k dk o.kZu gSA v- 2- lw- 5 esa yksgs dh HkV~Vh dks gok nsus ds fy,fofHkUu Hkflzdkvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vko';d lkexzh dk o.kZu gSA bl rjg ykSg /krq fuekZ.kds fy, lHkh midj.kksa rFkk fof/;ksa dk o.kZu nsuk ½f"k;ksa ds O;kogkfjd lksp dh xEHkhjrkfuf'pr :i ls n'kkZrk gSA bl 'kkL=k esa yksgs ds Hkkjghu gksus dk o.kZu rks gS fdUrq tax yxusvkfn dk o.kZu ugha gSA ;g lEHko gS fd os tks yksgk cukuk pkgrs gksa og ,slk gks fd mlesatax u yxsA

foekuksa dh fuekZ.k&fof/;ksa dk Hkh v- 2 rFkk v- 3 esa dkiQh foLrkj ls o.kZu gSA ,dizdkj ds ;kaf=kd foeku & 'kdqu foeku (bldk vkdkj if{k;ksa tSlk gksrk gS) ds fuekZ.k ds fy,(v- 3] lw- 5 vkSj 'yksd 35 vkfn) ,d NksVk&lk mnkgj.k nsuk pkgrk gw¡A ^^lke] lkS.Mky

| 21

rFkk ekSfRoZd rhuksa yksg tkfr;ksa ds Øe ls rhu] vkB rFkk nks yksg Hkkx ek=kkvksa dks (bl feJèkkrqesa rhuksa yksgksa dk vuqikr gS) Vad.k lqgkxk ds lkFk ew"kk (fjVkVZ) esa j[kdj 272 d{; ntsZ dhÅ".krk ls xykosa] fiQj og jkt yksgk cu tkrk gSA 'kdqu foeku jktyksgs ls gh cukosaA (foekuds) ihB (vk/kj\) dh Å¡pkbZ vLlh ckfy'r] NIiu ckfy'r yEckbZ&pkSM+kbZ] nf{k.k vkSj mÙkjHkkxksa esa Å¡pkbZ lÙkj ckfy'rA ihB ds eè; tks ukyLrEHk yxrk gS mldk ewy fupyk Hkkx 35ckfy'r dgk gS] ?kwe ds lkFk ckgj mBdj xksy gksA ihB ds vUnj xksykbZ esa 33 ckfy'r jgsLrEHk ds chp dk izek.k rks ckgj xksykdkj 25 ckfy'r 'kkL=k esa of.kZr fd;k gS] mlds vUnjoy;kdkj 20 ckfy'r LrEHk dk vUR;fljk gks] ckfgjh vax xksy gksA mlds vUnj 20 ckfy'rfiQj mlds vUnj vU; Hkkx 15 ckfy'r 'kkL=k esa dgk gS] bl izdkj izek.k ls ik¡p Hkkxksa dhÅ¡pkbZ 80 ckfy'r gksuh pkfg,A mlds ewy esa 15 vaxqy LrEHk ds izfr"BkFkZ ?kweus okyh dhyihB esa djs----A LrEHk ds vUnj N% n<+ pØ Øe ls LFkkfir djsaA** ;g m¼j.k eSaus ,d fo'ks"kè;s; ds fy, fn;k gSA blesa lUnsg ugha fd bls le>us ds fy, ml le; miyC/ bl fo"k;ls lEc¼ vU; xzUFkksa ds xgjs Kku dh vis{kk rks fuf'pr jgh gksxhA gks ldrk gS fd ckfy'rrFkk vaxqyksa ds ekud eku Hkh gksa tks O;fDr&fujis{k gksa] vU;Fkk foeku D;k ?kksM+kxkM+h Hkh vPNsls ugha cu ldrhA fdUrq rc Hkh i<+us ij eq>&tSls ,e- VSd (baXyS.M) oSekfud bathfu;j dks;g o.kZu fdlh bathfu;j dk fdlh bathfu;j dks foeku cukus ds fy, fn;k x;k o.kZu furkUrvi;kZIr yxrk gSA ;fn o.kZu vkSj Hkh vf/d gksrk rc Hkh fcuk bathfu;jh&fp=k ds ogvO;kogkfjd gh jgrkA vaxzsth esa vuqokfnr] blh xzUFk esa] dqN fp=k fn, x, gSa] os Hkhbathfu;jh&fp=k ugha dgs tk ldsA eq>s i<+us ij ;g o.kZu fdlh vfHkdYiukdkj (fMtkbuj)dk o.kZu Hkh u yxdj mldh ^lksp* ;k fopkj dk fpV~Bk yxrk gSA fdUrq rc Hkh fu'p; ghml iqjkru dky ds fy, bls cM+h miyfC/ gh ekuh tkuh pkfg,A nwljh ckr] foeku ds vkdkjdh gSA mijksDr foeku dh ihB ;k eè; 'kjhj dk o.kZu Hkh fuekZ.k ds fy, vO;kogkfjd gSAfdUrq ml o.kZu esa vc ia[kksa ds o.kZu dks Hkh tksM+sa (v- 3- 'yksd 103 vkfn)% ^^mldh (ia[kksadh\) Å¡pkbZ yEckbZ 20 ckfy'r] 8 ckfy'r pkSM+kbZ] ia[kksa ds ewy esa Ms<+ ckfy'r eksVk] mudsewy esa dhy n`<+ ;qDr gksaA ia[kksa ds (if'pe) fiNys Hkkx esa tks js[kk dh Hkk¡fr fn[kykbZ iM+rkgS] mlds lkeus ds Hkkx dk foLrkj 10 ckfy'r gks] fiNys Hkkx dk foLrkj&yEckbZ 40 ckfy'r]ia[kksa dk mUufr iFk 60 ckfy'r gksA bl vkdkj ds nks ia[k gksaA blds ckn ,slh gh Hkk"kk esasfoeku dh iw¡N dk o.kZu gSA iw¡N dk tks o.kZu gS og Hkh mijksDr ihB vkfn ds o.kZuksa&tSlk ghgS] fdUrq de ls de og foeku ds fy, iw¡N dh vko';drk dh le> rks n'kkZrk gSA oSekfudhizkS|ksfxdh dh n`f"V ls ml vkfne dky esa foekuksa ds fy;s ia[kksa dh vfHkdYiuk vius vkiesa ,d vn~Hkqr rFkk ekSfyd lksp gSA gok ls ia[ks pyrs gksaxs] blfy;s ;g lkspuk fd ia[ks pykus


| 22

ls gok pysxh Hkh ,d uohu lksp ekuh tk ldrh gSA fdUrq ;g gok foeku dks fdl rjgmM+k,xh & ;g lksp vn~Hkqr vkfo"dkj dh ek¡x djrh gSA

foeku mM+kus ds fy, cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh ,aftuksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] og Hkh rc fdtc foeku dk vkdkj] cgqr lksp fopkjdj ^/kjkokgh* (LVªheykbUM) rFkk ^mBkuokgh*(,;jksiQkby & mBkui.khZ) cuk;k tkrk gS rkfd rhoz mM+rs foeku dks ok;q dk vojks/ U;wureyxs] vU;Fkk foeku] vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh ,aftu ds lkFk Hkh] ;fn mM+ ldk] rc Hkh /hek gh mM+ldsxkA mijksDr of.kZr foeku dk vkdkj u rks /kjkokgh gS vkSj u ok;q&vojks/ dks b"Vre djusokyk gS vkSj u mlesa mBku&i.khZ (mnkgj.k ds fy;s foeku ds nksuksa i{kksa dk tks vxzHkkx dheksVkbZ ls 'kq: gksdj Øe'k% iryk gksrk gqvk tks ^:i* gS og ewyr% mBkui.khZ :i gS) dk iqVgSA ok;q vojks/ dks de djus ds fy, foeku vfHkdYiukdkjksa dk ,d eksVk è;s; gksrk gS fdfoeku&'kjhj ds O;kl dks foeku dh yEckbZ ds vuqikr esa n'keka'k ;k csgrj j[kk tk,A blesarks Å¡pkbZ gh yEckbZ ls vf/d gSA ,d nwljh ;qfDr tks ok;q&vojks/ dks de djus ds fy,yxk;h tkrh gS og gS foeku ds eq[k dks Øe'k% l¡djk djrs gq, yxHkx (ux.;) fcUnq dscjkcj djrs gSaA bl 'kdqu foeku esa lkeus dh Å¡pkbZ eè; Hkkx dh Å¡pkbZ 80 ckfy'r dhrqyuk esa 70 ckfy'r gSA gal rFkk egkgal tSls izoklh i{kh Hkh yEch mM+ku ds le; viuhyEch xnZu rFkk vius iSj [khap dj yEcs j[krs gSa rFkk mudh pksap dk vxzHkkx Hkh yxHkxux.; ekuk tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ ,slk yxrk gS fd ok;q&vojks/ ds fl¼kUrksa ls os ½f"k ifjfprugha Fks vFkok mUgsa bldh fpUrk ugha Fkh D;ksafd os bl vojks/ dks fdlh vU; ;qfDr ls dedj ldrs Fks tSls gesa vKkr gSaA vLrq] ge ;g ekudj rks py gh ldrs gSa fd 'kdqu foekude osx okys foeku gh gksaxsA ½f"k;ksa us foeku dh yksg nhokjsa 3 vaxqy eksVh (yxHkx 5 lseh)crykbZ gS (rkfd foeku gok ds izgkj dks lgu dj ldsa)A bl 'kdqu ;ku esa ^ihB ds ÅijhHkkx ij rhu lqUnj Hkou 14 ckfy'r vkSj 3 vaxqy eki izlkj ls rFkk 10 ckfy'r Å¡pkbZ esavkSj rhu vaxqy eksVkbZ esa cukosaA--- bl ihB ij pkjksa fn'kkvksa esa ml&ml dsUnz ds Åij Øels 10 ckfy'r yEckbZ 8 ckfy'r Å¡pkbZ ij lqn`<+ pkj vkS"e ;a=k (rki ,aftu) gksa] vkS"e ;a=kdk ?ksjk 10 ckfy'r dgk x;k gS vkSj Å¡pkbZ 8 ckfy'r gksA----* yksgs dh ,slh fufeZfr dk otuvusd Vu gksxk vkSj mlds fy, tks bZa/u pkfg, iM+sxk] og mrus de miyC/ LFkku esalEHkor;k u j[kk tk ldsxkA ckr ;g gS fd bZa/u dh Vafd;ksa dk o.kZu gh ugha gSA fiQj ,aftufdl 'kfDr ls pyrs Fks\

bZa/u ds fo"k; esa Li"V o.kZu ugha feyrkA o`gn foeku 'kkL=k ds v- 4 rFkk lwDr 1esa 'kfDr dk o.kZu gSA 'kfDr;ksa dks muds dk;Z ds vuqlkj 7 izdkj dk ekuk gS] ;Fkk Åij tkuk

| 23

^mn~xek* 'kfDr ls] uhps xeu î×tjk* 'kfDr ls gksrk gSA ^?k"kZ.k 'kDR;idf"kZ.kh* ?k"kZ.k dsvojks/ dks de djus okyh 'kfDr gSA lw;Z 'kDR;idf"kZ.kh 'kfDr lw;Z fdj.kksa dh Å".krk dksgVkus okyh 'kfDr gSA blesa ?k"kZ.k 'kfDr dks lw;Z'kfDr ds leku ekuk x;k&lk yxrk gS] lEHkor%blfy, fd ?k"kZ.k 'kfDr Hkh foeku dks xje djrh gS vkSj lw;Z'kfDr HkhA ^fo|qn~&}kn'kdk*foeku ds fofp=k xeuksa ds fy, vko';d 12 fo|qr 'kfDr;k¡ gSA îj'kDR;idf"kZ.kh* lHkh'kfDr;ksa ds dk;ksZa dks jksdus okyh vFkok mudk vojks/ djus okyh 'kfDr gS & (tks fdlh izdkjls foeku dh xfr esa d"kZ.k iSnk djrh gS)A ^d`f.V.kh* 'kfDr ty ls mRiUu 'kfDr gS tks foekudks tykdj HkLe djus okyh ^dqydk* uked 'kfDr dks u"V djrh gSA vFkkZr~ ;g vfXuck.kdks (iz{ksikL=k dks) fujlz djus okyk tyck.k (izfriz{ksikL=k) gSA vkSj lkroha 'kfDr gS ewy'kfDr & êwy'kfDr ls lc 'kfDr;ksa dk nwj gks tkuk vkfn* gksrk gSA

'kfDr;ksa dk oxhZdj.k djuk ,d izdkj dh oSKkfud lksp rks n'kkZrk gS] vr,o ÅViVkaxyxrs gq, Hkh og fopkj.kh; gSA fo|qr dh 12 'kfDr;k¡ foeku dh 12 izdkj dh xfr;ksa ds fy,vko';d ekuh x;h gS& pyuk] d¡iuk] ÅèokZ] v/jk] e.Myk] osfxuh] vuqyksek] fr;Zph]ijkeq[kh] foyksek] LrEHkuk rFkk fp=kkA vkt ds foekuksa esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh xfr ds fy,eq[;r;k ,d gh 'kfDr ^mBku'kfDr* (fyÝV) dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA nwljh eq[;'kfDr ^d"kZ.k*'kfDr gS ftldk mi;ksx foeku dh xfr esa vojks/ iSnk djus ds fy, gksrk gSA mBku 'kfDr(fyÝV) i{kksa ls mRiUu gksrh gS vkSj vU; fu;a=kd & i"B (d.Vªksy ljiQslSt+) (i{k] iw¡N ;Fkk^ÝySi*] ^,fyjku*] ^jMj*] ^,fyosVj* vkfn) ml mBku 'kfDr dk mi;ksx dj foeku dh mM+kudk fu;a=k.k djrs gSaA bu mBku 'kfDr;ksa ls foeku dh lkjh xfr;k¡ iSnk dh tkrh gSa] dsoy ,dviokn ds] dHkh&dHkh mldh xfr dks ,dne de djus ds fy, ^Mkbfoax czsd* (xksrk vojksèk;k jksd) dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS (lkFk gh tehu ij pyrs le; pDdksa esa czsd dk mi;ksxgksrk gS)A eSa ;g Li"V djuk pkgrk gw¡ fd foeku dh 'kfDr ,d gh gS & tks 'kfDr ,aftu ;ktSV nsrk gS ml ,d 'kfDr ls Hkh ^mBku 'kfDr* iSnk dh tkrh gS ftlls foeku vkxs c<+rk gSvkSj ml vkxs c<+us dh xfr dk mi;skx djrs gq, fofHkUu ^mBku&if.kZ;ksa* }kjk lkjh xfr;k¡ nhtk ldrh gSaA izkSisyj (uksnd) Hkh tks ^lh/s* pyus ;k mM+us dh 'kfDr nsrk gS og Hkh i.khZ dh^mBku 'kfDr* dk gh mi;ksx djrk gSA izkSisyj dh (uksnd dh) ;g mBku 'kfDr mldsmBkui.khZ vkd`fr ds ia[kksa ds ?kweus ds dkj.k vkrh gS] ;|fi bl mBku* 'kfDr dh fn'kk foekudh yEc&v{k dh fn'kk esa gksrh gSA blds dkj.k gh vUrr% foeku dh og mBku 'kfDr (fyÝV)vUrr% vUrnkZg ^,aftu* ;k ^tSV* ds ,aftu ls vkrh gSA fofHkUu mBku&if.kZ;k¡ ml 'kfDr dkmi;ksx dj foeku dks fofHkUu izdkj dh lkjh xfr;k¡ nsrh gSaA ;g Hkh dguk pkfg, fd foeku


| 24

dh mM+ku esa (;k xfr esa) ,d 'kfDr vkSj dke djrh gS ftls ^d"kZ.k* 'kfDr dgrs gSaA mM+kuds le; ok;q foeku dh xfr dk tks izfrjks/ djrh gS mls oSekfud&d"kZ.k 'kfDr dgrs gSaA ;g'kfDr Hkh foeku dh xfr ds dkj.k gh iSnk gksrh gSA

eSa ;gk¡ ;g Li"V djuk pkgrk gw¡ fd foeku dh fofHkUu xfr;ksa ds fy, fofHkUu 'kfDr;ksadh vko';drk ugha gksrh] tSlk fd o`gn foeku 'kkL=k esa of.kZr gSA rc ml o.kZu dk D;k vFkZgqvk\ ;g rks Li"V gS fd ml le; ½f"k;ksa dks (ok;q&xfrdh ds fl¼kUr dh rks ckr ugha djukpkfg,) mBku&i.khZ ds fl¼kUr dk Kku ugha FkkA lEHkor;k] mUgksaus ^:De foeku* ds fuekZ.kesa tSV (iz/kj) ,aftuksa dk] ;k muds fofHkUu la;kstuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k gksA ;g lkjh ckrsa ognfoeku 'kkL=k esa Li"V ugha gSA tc 7 izdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa dh ckr djrs gSa rc Åij tkus ds fy,izFke izdkj ds ^mn~xek* dk o.kZu djrs gSa_ vkSj ^fo|n~}kn'kk* 'kfDr ds o.kZu esa tc ik¡pohaizdkj esa iqu% ,d izdkj dh fo|qr 'kfDr ^ÅèokZ* vFkkZr~ Åij ys tkus okyh 'kfDr dk o.kZudjrs gSaA mn~xek Hkh ;gh dk;Z djrh gS vFkkZr~ ,d gh izdkj dh 'kfDr dk nks fHkUu izdkjksa esaoxhZdj.k fd;k x;kA ;gh rdZ] 'kfDr ds nwljs izdkj& iatjk&'kfDr ds fo"k; esa yxrk gSA ^iatjk'kfDr* v/ksxeu xfr dk dk;Z djrh gS vkSj ogh dk;Z ^v/jk* fo|qr 'kfDr djrh gSA fo|qrdh ;g 12 'kfDr;k¡ fdl rjg ls foeku dks fofHkUu xfr;k¡ nsrh gSa] bldk Hkh Li"V o.kZu ughagSA ;g vlEHko ugha fd fo|qr dh ;g 12 'kfDr;k¡ okLro esa fo|qr pkfyr fu;a=kd fLopgksa tks fofHkUu ,aftuksa ;k iz/kjksa dk fu;a=k.k djrs gksaA

;g Hkh fopkj.kh; cu tkrk gS fd mu ½f"k;ksa us 'kfDr;ksa dks fdl vk/kj ij 7 izdkjksaesa ck¡VkA bl vk/kj ij ,d lw=k feyrk gSA os bu 7 'kfDr;ksa ds fuEu 7 lzksr ekurs gSa% vfnfr(vfXu)] {kek (iFoh)] ok;q] lw;Z] pUnzek] ve`r (ty) rFkk vkdk'k_ vkSj ;g Hkh n`"VO; gSfd vkdk'k }kjk iznÙk 'kfDr dks os ewy 'kfDr ekurs gSaA blls ,slk yxrk gS fd os ik¡p rÙoksa;Fkk& vkdk'k] ok;q] vfXu] ty rFkk iFoh dks vkSj lw;Z rFkk pUnzek dks 7 'kfDr;ksa dk lzksrekurs gSaA lw;Z ^fo|qr 'kfDr;ksa* ds rFkk pUæ ^ij'kDR;idf"kZ.kh* ds (irk ugha fdl vk/kj ij)lzksr gSaA ,slk yxrk gS fd ;s vè;kRe 'kkL=kksa esa of.kZr ik¡p rÙoksa ;k 'kfDr;ksa dks ekurs gSaA fdUrqmM~M;u ds fy;s os mUgsa i;kZIr ugha yxrs blfy, muesa lw;Z rFkk pUæ dks tksM+ fn;k gSA ognfoeku 'kkL=k esa bl ij Hkh cgl gS fd D;k 12 xfr;ksa ds fy, 12 fo|qr 'kfDr;ksa dhvko';drk gS\ Lo;a egf"kZ Hkj}kt 5 izdkj dh 'kfDr;k¡ ekurs gSa vkSj muesa Hkh iatjk 'kfDr(vèkksxeu) iz/ku gS vkSj vU; 4 'kfDr;ksa dh Hkh blh iatjk ls mRifÙk ekurs gSa] ,slk yxrkgS fd os xq#Rokd"kZ.k 'kfDr dks iz/ku ekurs gSaA n`"VO; gS fd mM+ku ds fy;s xq#Rokd"kZ.k 'kfDrij gh rks fot; djuk gSA

| 25

foeku esa 32 mi;a=k yxkus dh vko';drk cryk;h gSA os mi;a=k foekuksa ds fy, cgqrmi;ksxh gSa vkSj Li"V gS fd ½f"k;ksa dh vn~Hkqr lw>cw> n'kkZrs gSaA fdUrq mudh bathfu;jh mruhgh detksj gSA dqN mi;a=kksa dh gh ppkZ ;Fks"V gksxhA fo'ofØ;kn'kZ ;a=k mM+ jgs foeku dksfoeku ds ckgj dh os vko';d tkudkfj;k¡ nsrk gS ftuls mls [krjk gks ldrk gSA fiQj mu[krjksa dk uk'k djus okys ;a=k Hkh gSaA ^/weizlkj.k* ;a=k ls Hkkjh ek=kk esa /qvk¡ curk gS tks fudyusij foeku dks (vkxs) /dsyrk gSA ;gk¡ ij ç/kj (tSV) foeku dk fl¼kUr yxk;k&lk yxrkgS tks vko';drk iM+us ij vk/qfud ^vkWÝVj cuZj* (vfrfjDr izToyu) ds leku dk;Z djrk&lk fn[krk gSA fn'kk izn'kZd ;a=k] dkyekid ;a=kksa ds yxkus dk fo/ku gSA Å".krk ekid ;a=kls ,d rks rkieku irk pyrk gh gS fdUrq bldk mn~ns'; vkx yxus ds [krjs ls psrkouh nsusdk Hkh gS rFkk nhikilagkj ;a=k Hkh gksrs gSa] tks 'k=kq ds foekuksa dks fo"kSys /q,¡ ls <drs gSaA ,diq"i.kh;a=k gksrk gS tks ,d ,;j dwyj* dh rjg dk;Z dj xehZ esa foeku dks clar ½rq ds lekuB.Mk j[krk gSA foeku esa ,d ikd pwYgk Hkh gksrk gS ftldk /qvk¡ ckgj fudkyus ds fy,îapoky* (5 eksVs uy) yxk, tkrs gSaA ,d xqgkxHkZn'ka ;a=k Hkh gksrk gS ftlls i`Foh dh xqgkvksaesa fNih rksiksa (egkxksy vfXuxHkZ) dk fp=k pkyd ds lkeus vk tkrk gSA vk/qfud vojDrfdj.k dSejk dqN lhek rd ;g dk;Z djrk gSA fdUrq o`gn foeku 'kkL=k esa bl ;a=k dk tks o.kZugS og ,d lfØ; jsMkj ljh[kk ;a=k gS tks fof'k"V fdj.ksa izlkfjr dj fiQj mUgsa lqxzg.k djrkgS&,slk lrg&Hksnh jsMkj vHkh rd dh oSKkfud&bathfu;jh Kku ds vk/kj ij ugha gks ldrkAblds fuekZ.k dh fof/ Hkh cgqr tfVy rFkk vO;kogkfjd gSA ,d vkSj ;a=k] reks;a=k yxkus lstc 'k=kq dk foeku fo"kSyk /qvk¡ NksM+dj gesa ekjuk pkgs rc ml reks;a=k ls vius foeku dksfNik ysuk pkfg,A ;|fi o`gn foeku 'kkL=k esa (i`- 154) fy[kk gS fd reks;a=k vU/dkj gS]mldk O;kogkfjd rkRi;Z gksxk fd vius foeku dks dkys /q,¡ ls <ddj fNik fn;k tk,A

vkdk'k esa es?kksa ls mRiUu fctyh ls cpus ds fy, ^fo|qn~niZ.k ;a=k* rFkk ^f'kj%dhyd;a=k* dk fo/ku gSA /wedsrqvksa rFkk mYdkvksa ds la?kkr ls cpus ds fy, ^fo|qn~}k'kd ;a=k* dhvko';drk cryk;h gSA Å¡pkbZ esa mM+rs le; foeku ij ciQZ te ldrh gS] mlds fuokj.kkFkZ^'kDR;qn~xe ;a=k* miyC/ gS vkSj Hkh vpjt fd 'k=kq }kjk iz{ksfir iz{ksikL=k ls cpus ds fy,rksij{kd&doj ds vfrfjDr ôØizlkj.k ;a=k* dk o.kZu gSA ;g ,d izdkj dk îzfrdkj*(bysDVªkWfud gks vFkok ugha) rks gSA bl 'kkL=k esa pqEcd ef.k dk o.kZu rks gS fdUrq mldkfn'kklwpd ;a=k ds :i esa mi;ksx ugha gSA fo|qUeq[k ef.k] Mk;uSeks rks ugha] fdUrq tks fdlh izdkjdh& LFkSfrd&fo|qr dh cSVjh gks ldrh gS mldk rFkk fo|qr&?k"kZd ef.k dk Hkh o.kZu gSA rSyds mi;ksx dk Hkh o.kZu gS fdUrq bZa/u ds :i esa ughaA f=kiqj foeku vFkkZr~ ty] Fky] ok;q rhuksa


| 26

ekè;eksa esa py ldus okys foeku dk o.kZu gS tks furkUr vO;kogkfjd gSA

ge ns[krs gSa fd ogn foeku 'kkL=k esa mM~M;u lEcU/h fo"k;ksa dh mi;qZDr O;kidrkrks gS gh] lkFk gh ekuks tSo&;q¼ (cSDVhfj;kykWftdy okjiQsvj) (i`- 65)] jlk;u ;q¼ (i`-66)] ,d izdkj dh bySDVªkWfudh & tSlh ;q¼dyk rFkk iz{ksikL=k ;q¼dyk dk Hkh o.kZu gSAfdUrq] vf/dka'k o.kZu ds vk/kj ij dksbZ Hkh ;a=k cuk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;fn ^dqN* cu tk,rks og mísf'kr dk;Z Hkh ugha dj ik,xkA oSKkfud fl¼kUrksa dk O;kogkfjd :i gh bathfu;jhgksrk gSA bl 'kkL=k esa fn, o.kZu ls ,slk yxrk gS fd oSKkfud fl¼kUrksa ds fo"k; esa os HkzfergSa] dqN mnkgj.k rks vko';d gksaxsA

foekuksa esa fo|qr 'kfDr ds vusd mi;ksx cryk, x, gSa] fdUrq ^fpUrk&lwfpdk* (okfuaZxcsy) ds fy, jLlh ls c¡/k ,d dkals dk ?kaVk gh gS tks ml jLlh ds [khapus ls ctrk gSA vU;;a=kksa ds lkFk Hkk"k.k dks ^[khapus okyk* ;a=k gS vkSj Hkkoksa dks [khapus okyk ;a=k HkhA ;fn ^Hkk"k.k*ls vFkZ gekjh lkekU; ckrphr okyk Hkk"k.k gS rks mls fjdkMZ djus okyk ;a=k (Vsi fjdkMZj&leku)ekuk tk ldrk gS] fdUrq ;g Hkh rc gh lEHko gS tc foeku fcYdqy jo ;k 'kksj u djs&,slsfoeku rks vkt rd ugha cus gSa vkSj fiQj Hkkoksa dks [khapuk&;g Hkh vc rd vlEHko gS vkSjoSls Hkh bl ;a=k ds cukus dk ;k yxkus dk fooj.k bl 'kkL=k esa ugha gSA f=kiqjk foeku dk foLrro.kZu gS fdUrq rduhdh 'kCnkoyh dk rFkk 'kSyh dh HkwyHkqyS;k&lk yxrk gS& ^,sls foeku dhjpuk 'kq¼ vHkzd ls gh djuh pkfg,* (i`- 308)A f=kiqj foeku lw;Z fdj.kksa ls izdV gqbZ 'kfDrls izsfjr gksrk pyrk gS----- ^f=k.ks=k yksgs ls ;Fks"V ihB cukosa&100 ckfy'r (yxHkx 25 ehVj)yEck] 3 ckfy'r (75 lseh) eksVkbZ esa ----- cukosaA* brus Hkkjh&Hkjde foeku dk fdlh Hkh ÅtkZls mM+uk vlEHko gS] fiQj lkSj ÅtkZ ls rks vdYiuh; le>uk pkfg,A izfr oxZ ehVj esa ftruhlkSj 'kfDr gksrh gS] mldk foeku ds {ks=kiQy ls xq.kkdj&mlls izkIr 'kfDr vkt vklkuh ls tkuhtk ldrh gS vkSj og ,sls foeku ds fy, furkUr vi;kZIr gSA ;g Bhd gS fd NksVh&lhgYdh&iqQYdh dkjsa vc lkSj&ÅtkZ ls pyus yxh gSa vkSj dkj rFkk foeku esa tehu&vkleku dkvUrj rks gS ghA lEHkor% ekbØksykbV tSls foeku Hkh Hkfo"; esa lkSj ÅtkZ ls pysa fdUrq mldsigys lkSj cSVfj;ksa ds vkSj fodkl dh vko';drk gksxhA

ogn foeku 'kkL=k ds ,d vè;k; (i- 253&290) esa ^lqUnj foeku* dk o.kZu gSA blfoeku dh ihB ^pkSdksj ;k xksy 100 ckfy'r----* jktyksgs ls vkB ckfy'r eksVh ihB cukdj---- vFkkZr~ foeku cM+k gh gSA fdUrq yksgs dh ihB dh eksVkbZ 2 ehVj! mM+ku rks vlEHko! fdUrqmldk osx cryk;k gS yxHkx 700&800 fdeh izfr?kaVk!! ,slk yxrk gS fd ;g foeku /q,¡ ls

| 27

(vFkkZr~ iz/kj (tSV) fl¼kUr ls) pyrk gS D;ksafd èkweksn~xe;a=k dk o.kZu Hkh gS tks dbZ izdkjds rSyksa ds feJ.k ls pyrk gSA ,d rSy ik=k ek=k 4 ckfy'r cM+k (1 ehVj) cryk;k x;k gSAfdUrq ;g ^osx ls Åij eq[k dh vksj /we dks Åij iQsadrk gS---* ;fn ;g fn'kk fuf'pr gS rcrks Åij tkrk /qvk¡ mls ges'kk uhps dh vksj /dsysxk& vFkkZr~ og mM+ ugha ldrk&uhps dh vksjxksrk yxk ldrk gS! ;|fi vkpk;Z yYy d`r (i- 250) tks o.kZu gS og de vO;kogkfjdyxrk gS& ^rSy ds /we lEidZ ls ty ds vkS"ed;ksx ls foeku dks [khapus dks 'kq.Mky (ueuh;uky&^ÝySfXt+fcy gkst+*) cukosaA---- tSls 'kq.Mky dk ladsr gksrk gS oSls foeku;ku izxfr djrkgS (i`- 261)*A ;gk¡ ,slk yxrk gS fd iz/kj (tSV) fl¼kUr dk mi;ksx gks jgk gSA ^xzgksa dslapj.k ekxksZa esa xzgksa ds ijLij (izHkko esa) ,d js[kk izos'k ls xzglfU/ gksrh gSA vr% ogk¡Tokykeq[k uked dksbZ 'kfDr ------ izdV gks tkrh gS] mlls ;ku ij lokj gq, lc fu%la'k; ejtk,¡xsA* mlds fuokj.k ds fy, ^ifV~VdkHkzd ;a=k* dk o.kZu gSA ,slk Hk; vusd LFkkuksa ij of.kZrgS rFkk mlds fuokj.k gsrq fofHkUu ;a=k cryk, x, gSaA ;g lc T;ksfr"k 'kkL=k ij vk/kfjr yxrkgS] oSKkfud le> ij ughaA

bl 'kkL=k esa of.kZr /krq&bathfu;jh (/krq dh) esa fofHkUu feJ /krqvksa ds fuekZ.k dhvusd fof/;ksa dk o.kZu gSA ;g rks iz'kaluh; gS fd fHkUu mi;ksxksa ds fy, fHkUu èkkrq dk mi;ksxgksuk pkfg,A fdUrq muds fuekZ.k dh fof/ esa fofp=k oLrqvksa dk mi;ksx gS& fo'ks"kdj tks demiyC/ gSa] tSls ikjk] ef.k;k¡] flUnwj] fofHkUu xksansa] vHkzd] lk¡i dh dSapqyh] liZfo"k] x/zkfLFk]ghjk] LiQfVd ef.k] fofHkUu peZ] dkdM+flaxh ds ewy dk {kkj] dsadM+s dh Vkaxksa dk {kkj] gfj.kdk lhax] LFkkojfo"k (otz)] xa/d] /rwjs ds cht] gkFkh nk¡r dk pw.kZ] HkSal dk [kqj] [kjxks'k lsysdj xSaMk rd dh fo"Bk vkfn vkfnA ;g lwph ,d feJ/krq dh <ykbZ ds fy, ugha] oju~lHkh <ykb;ksa dh gSa ;gk¡ rd fd pqEcdef.k (pqEcd dks 'kks/dj cukbZ x;h) ds fy, Hkhizkdfrd pqEcd dks vU; jlk;uksa ds lkFk feykdj] xyk;k tkrk gS vkSj fiQj <kyk tkrk gSApqEcd dk pqEcdRo xje djus ls lekIr gks tkrk gSA vr,o ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd crk;hx;ha fofèk;k¡ dsoy ^lksp* gaS vfHkdYiuk gSa_ fy[kus ds le; rd O;ogkj ;k iz;ksx esa ughayk;h x;haA mlds ckn vo'; <ykbZ ds dqN iz;ksx gq, gksaxs ftuls ;fn /krq dk ugha rks mudhlksp dk vo'; 'kks/u gqvk gksxkA

bl rjg lekykspukRed nf"V ls ns[kus ij ;g rks fuf'pr yxrk gS fd crk;h x;hfof/;k¡ vO;kogkfjd gSa] oSKkfud fl¼kUrksa ds Kku ds vHkko esa fy[kh x;h gSaA de ls debl ogn foeku 'kkL=k esa (tks fd ml le; rd miyC/ lHkh oSekfud lEcUèkh 'kkL=kksa dsvkèkkj ij fy[kk vkSj fodflr fd;k x;k Fkk) of.kZr izfØ;kvksa vkfn dh lgk;rk ls dksbZ Hkh


| 28

foeku ugha cu ldrkA fdUrq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fudyrk fd og lc ik[k.M Fkk] O;FkZ FkkAek=k mu ½f"k;ksa dk cqf¼&foykl Fkk! vkSj Hkh vf/d fofp=k ckr ;g gS fd fdUgha&fdUgha½f"k;ksa dh lksp ;k vUrKkZu vius le; ls bruk vkxs Fkk fd ml ij fo'okl ugha gksrk] ,slknf"Vxr ugha gksrkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ^½Xosn* ds n'ke e.My ds 136 lwDr dk nwljk ea=k ysaA blesa½f"k ok;q dh jLlh dks idM+dj ok;q dh xfr ds vuqlkj pyus okys eqfu;ksa dh ckr dj jgsgSa% equ;ks okr jk'kuk% fi'kaxk olrs eykA okrL;kuq /zkfta ;kfU=k vfo{krA (10-136-2)bldk vuqokn izfl¼ vkpk;Z osadV ek/o us bl rjg fd;k gS ^tgk¡ lw;Z pUnzkfn fnO; inkFkZizos'k ik, gq, gSa] tgk¡ lw;Z jf'e;ka izos'k djrh gSa] ,sls vUrfj{k esa pedjfgr xs#, oL=k /kj.kdj eqfu yksx ok;q dh jLlh ds }kjk ok;q dh xfr ds vuqlkj xeu djrs gSaA* bl vFkZ esa,slk yxrk rks gS fd vkdk'k esa ok;q&'kfDr ds }kjk xeu gks jgk gS fdUrq iwjk vFkZ ugha fudyrk]tks esjs vuqlkj vuqizdkj gS% ^tgk¡ lw;Z pUnzkfn fi.M fo|eku gS (vFkkZr~ og vUrfj{k gS)] tgk¡lw;Z jf'e;ksa dk {k; ugha gksrk (vFkkZr~ ogk¡ okrkoj.k ugha gS D;ksafd okrkoj.k esa lw;Z jf'e;ksadk {k; gksrk gS)] ,sls vUrfj{k esa pedjfgr fof'k"V xs#, oL=k /kj.kdj (pedjfgr vFkkZr~os oL=k tks mu ij fxjus okyh lw;Z fdj.kksa dks lks[k ysrs gSa vr,o pedjfgr gSaA D;ksa lks[krsgSa & ;k rks xehZ ds fy,] ;k lkSj cSVfj;ksa }kjk Lisl lwV* (fof'k"V oL=k) esa fLFkr ;a=kksa dks pykusds fy, fo|qr mRiUu djus ds fy, gh lks[krs gSa] vU;Fkk dksbZ dkj.k le> esa ugha vkrk] oSlsrks vUrfj{k ;k=kh nwj ls gh fn[k tk,¡ blfy, muds oL=kksa esa rks ped gksuk pkfg,) eqfu yksxok;q dh jLlh (jkWdsV ls fudyrh fuxZr xSlksa dks jLlh dk :id fn;k x;k gS] D;ksafd og xSlksadk ek=k fu"dkl ugha gS oju~ jLlh ds leku mlesa cy izs"k.k dh {kerk gS] ml fu"dkl dsizfrfØ;k ds cy) }kjk iznÙk xfr ds vuqlkj xeu djrs gSaA ge bl mPp izkS|ksfxd vFkZ dkspfdr gksdj NksM+saA

ogn foeku 'kkL=k esa of.kZr Kku] vkt ds ^czsu LVkWfeZax lS'ku* lk yxrk gS] ftl cSBdesa lHkh fo}kuksa dks vius fopkj rFkk ladYiuk,¡ izLrqr djus dk vf/dkj gksrk gS] rFkk mlfopkj dk vO;kogkfjd fudyuk dksbZ nks"k ugha ekuk tkrkA bu izfØ;kvksa ds fy, muds iklvius ^rdZ* FksA mUgsa {kkj] vEy] ued] fo"kSyh xSlksa dk] /krqvksa ds fi?kyus vkfn dk Kku Fkkml vYi Kku ds cy ij mudh dYiukvksa us mM+kus yha vkSj vkxs c<+us dh fn'kk,a nhaA gesabl Kku dh rqyuk vkt ds foKku ls ugha] oju~ ml le; 'ks"k fo'o esa miyCèk rfRo"k;lEcU/h Kku ls djuh pkfg,A mUgksaus nsorkvksa ds mM~M;u ;k ea=k 'kfDr ls mM~M;u ;k ra=k'kfDr ls ;k equ"; ds ekse ls ia[k tksM+dj mM+us (;wukuh&fMMkyl) dh vfHkdYiuk ds cgqrvkxs tkdj ^gok ls vf/d ?kuRo okys* ;a=k ds mM~M;u dh dYiuk dh] xgu euu fd;k vkSj

| 29

(viuh le> esa) ,slh izfØ;k,¡ nha tks ea=k rFkk ra=k dk R;kx dj ^vkYdSeh* ls Hkh vkxs c<+hFkhaA mudh lksp ml dksfV dh ugha Fkh ftls lekt'kkL=kh ^tknw* dgrs gSa&fd ^o"kkZ ugha gks jghrks esa<d dks ekjks*A ;g tknw vkSj ea=k&ra=k dk R;kx vius vki esa foKku dh fn'kk esa ,d cM+kdne FkkA blesa lansg ugha gksuk pkfg, fd o`gn foeku 'kkL=k rFkk ^;a=k loZLo* tSls xzUFkksa esanh x;h lksp ds dkj.k Hkkjro"kZ esa ^/krqdh* (eSVsythZ) bruh leqUur gqbZ fd Hkkjr us fo'oesa vusd ^izFke* miyC/ fd,A lkFk gh] ;g xzUFk gekjs vè;kRe Kku ij yxk, x, vkjksiksa dksHkh fujk/kj fl¼ djrs gSa tks dgrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; vè;kRe us Hkkjrh; foKku dks vkxs ugha c<+usfn;kA gekjs ½f"k;ksa dh& okYehfd] ofl"B] vxLR;] vf=k] xkSre] Hkj}kt] tSfeuh] O;kl] ijk'kjls ysdj NBoha 'krh bZlk iwoZ ds vkiLrEc rFkk ckS/k;u vkfn yEch ijEijk jgh gS ftUgksausvè;kRe rFkk foKku ;k muds 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks ijkfo|k rFkk vijkfo|k nksuksa dks lEeku fn;kA;g Bhd gS fd fdlh dky esa ijkfo|k ij rks fdlh dky esa vijkfo|k ij vf/d tksj fn;kx;kA

ml le; ds Kku ds vk/kj ij tks lksp dh x;h mls vkt oSKkfud yxus okyh lkspdh dlkSVh ij rkSyuk dgk¡ rd lVhd gS \ n`"VO; gS fd eSa ml Kku dks foKku ugha dg jgkgw¡] oju~ ml lksp dh izfØ;k dks oSKkfudrk dh vksj mUeq[k dg jgk gw¡A ;g ns[kuk pkfg, fdmudh lksp ds ewy esa ;fn oSKkfudrk ugha gksrh] rks os vius mlh Kku@vKku ij vM+s jgrsAle; us mudh ml iz;ksxkRed lksp dks xyr fl¼ fd;k] mUgksaus xyrh ekuh vkSj os vkxs c<+sAmudh vfHkdYiuk ek=k ,d vYi oxZ dh ,d vYidkfyd banz/uq"k dh rjg ugha vk;h FkhAmlds ihNs [kqys O;ofLFkr lksp dh yEch ijEijk Fkh vkSj lkFk gh ogh ekuo dh vuojr [kkst]fo'ks"kdj lR; dh [kkst rFkk 'kksèk dh vkSj izxfr dh izo`fÙk dk;Z dj jgh FkhA lkr lnh bZlkiwoZegku~ vk;qosZnkpk;Z pjd] ^pjd lafgrk* dk lEiknu dj pqds FksA mlesa ½f"k ijk'kj (cq¼ lsiwoZ) dh vè;{krk esa dh x;h fo'o dh izFke oSKkfud lSfeukj dk o.kZu Hkh gS ftlesa vkS"kfèk;ksaij foe'kZ gS (Hkkjrh; foKku ds d.kZ/kj & MkW- lR;ozr)A pkj 'krh bZlkiwoZ] fo'o esa loZizFkefcuk rkez ds mi;ksx ds 'kq¼ tLrk (ftad) <kyus okyh HkV~Bh rFkk izfØ;k dk vkfo"dkj Hkkjresa gks pqdk FkkA og ^/krqdh* dk Kku Hkkjr ls phu x;k] vkSj ogk¡ ls ;wjksiA rc Hkh ;wjksi esa,slh izfØ;k 1738 esa tkdj dgha fofy;e pSfEi;u us ^fczLVy&izfØ;k* uke ls ^[kksth*A 1735rd rks os ,slh fcuk&rkez okyh izfØ;k dh liQyrk esa fo'okl gh ugha dj ik jgs FksA

lokZf/d l'kDr ryokj cuk ldus okys bLikr dk vkfo"dkj Hkkjr esa rhu 'krh bZlkiwoZ gks pqdk FkkA rFkkdfFkr nfe'd ryokj] vjcksa }kjk Hkkjr ls yh x;h izkS|ksfxdh dh mitgSA ml dky esa lkjk fo'o Hkkjr dh ryokj dk yksgk ekurk FkkA bZlk dh pkSFkh 'krh esa fufeZr


| 30

okrkoj.k rFkk tyok;q dks pqukSrh nsus okyk (LVsuySl) vuks[kk yksgs dk LrEHk (v'kksd }kjkcuok;k u gksdj leqæxqIr dk cuok;k gS) dqrqcehukj ds izkax.k esa vkt Hkh fo'o ds bathfu;jksadks pqukSrh ns jgk gSA og xksy LrEHk <kydj ugha cuk;k x;k Fkk! og yksgs dks rIr&uje voLFkkesa gFkkSM+ksa ls dwV&dwV dj (dqfVfydu fof/) x<+k x;k gS_ gS u ml lnh dk fo'o dk vuks[kkvk'p;Z! vf}rh; x<+kbZ!

bl rjg dh gh oSKkfud* lksp ds }kjk Hkkjr ogn foeku 'kkL=k dh izkS|ksfxdh ls c<+rsgq, bZlkiwoZ pkSFkh 'krh esa gh ^/krqfuekZ.k* esa (/krqdh) pje f'k[kj ij igq¡p x;k FkkA (blfy,esjk vuqeku gS fd o`gn foeku 'kkL=k dh jpuk bZlkiwoZ ik¡poha 'krh ls dkiQh igys dh gSA)vkSj Hkkjr bZlk dh X;kjgoha&ckjgoha 'krh rd vkS|ksfxdh ds pje f'k[kj ij jgkA rRi'pkr~ccZjksa ds geys dqN vf/d c<+ x, rFkk vkilh }s"k&Hkko rFkk vU; dkj.kksa ls (vkSj ;g Hkhfd ge vko';drk ls vf/d lH; gks x,% i`Fohjkt cjvDl xksjh) fiNM+rs x,A

mM~M;u dh ijEijk ij ,d fogaxe n`f"V Mkyus ds lkFk&lkFk vk/qfud dky esa Hkkjrdh mM~M;u&'kfDr ij ,d fogaxe n`f"V lehphu gksxhA fdlh Hkh ns'k dh ^lSU; ok;q&'kfDr*rhu 'kfDr;ksa ds ;ksx ls curh gS] lSU; 'kfDr] mRiknu 'kfDr rFkk lalkèku 'kfDrA lalk/u 'kfDrns'k dh lalk/u {kerk rFkk jktuhfrd bPNk&'kfDr ls feydj curh gSA Hkkjr ges'kk ls'kkfUrfiz; jgk gS fdUrq tc&tc bl 'kkfUr ds uke ij mlus lSU;&'kfDr dks lhfer j[kus dhjktuhfrd bPNk cuk;h gS rc&rc mls vuko';d geyksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gS vkSj vusdckj mlus ;k rks ekr [kk;h gS ;k thr@gkj dk vuSf'pR; Hkksxk gSA gesa ;g le>uk iM+sxk fdvfgalk] lR; tSls vkn'kZ ekuork ds pje vkn'kZ rks gSa vkSj vkSj fuf'pr :i ls okaNuh; gSa]fdUrq os dqlaLdr rFkk vlH; fo'o dh i`"BHkwfe esa dkjxj ugha gks ldrsA egkRek xk¡/hfczrkfu;ksa ds fojks/ esa liQy gks lds] fdUrq os mlh dky dh vU; vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk&;Fkk]Lisfu;ksa ds fojks/ esa liQy ugha gks ldrs FksA vesfjdh ns'kksa dk Lisfu;ksa }kjk ccZj vkSifuos'khdj.kdk bfrgkl bl ckr dk Bksl izek.k gSA vkt ds fo'o esa 'kkfUr cuk, j[kus dk ,d fu;e gS&^viuh lSU; 'kfDr dks izcy j[kks bruk] fd geykoj vkØe.k djus esa Mjs mruk*A izcy lSU;'kfDroku cuus ds ckn gekjh vfgalk ij liQy gksus dh lEHkkouk c<+ tk,xhA gekjh ok;q lSU;'kfDr gekjs iM+ksfl;ksa ds lkFk gekjs lEcU/ksa dks ns[krs gq, bruh ugha gS fd os ge ij vkØe.kdjrs gq, Mjsa vkSj bruh de Hkh ugha gS fd ge gkj tk,¡A ij gekjh jktuhfrd&bPNk'kfDr bruhdetksj gS fd gekjs iM+kslh ge ij eupkgs tc geyk djrs jgrs gSaA gekjh lSU; 'kfDr bruhizcy gksuh gh pkfg;s fd gekjs iM+kslh ge ij geyk djus ds igys nl ckj lkspsaA

gekjs yM+kdw foekuksa esa ekSfyd mRiknu dh 'kfDr ux.; gh ekuh tkuh pkfg,A fn[kkus

| 31

dks ge dg ldrs gSa fd geus yM+kdw foekuksa dk] ;Fkk ,p,iQ 24 dk] mRiknu fd;k gSA,p,iQ 24 lgh vFkksZa esa ,d liQy fo'oluh; yM+kdw foeku ugha cu ik;k FkkA geus vusdyM+kdw foekuksa dk ns'k esa tks mRiknu fd;k gS_ ;Fkk& vthr] fex Üka[kyk vkfn os mu ns'kksa dhvuqKk ds vk/kj ij muds iw.kZ vfHkdYi rFkk mRiknu ;a=kksa ds vk;kr }kjk mRikfnr gq, ;k gksjgs gSaA ,ylh, (ykbV dkWEcSV ,;jØkÝV) (y?kq yM+kdw foeku) ds mRiknu ij dk;Z fujUrjpy jgk gS vkSj vHkh dqN o"kZ vkSj yxsaxsA fodflr ns'kksa esa ,sls mRiknu ds fy, yxHkx10&12 o"kZ yxrs gSaA blfy, ge pkgs bl foyEc ds fy, vius dks lkURouk ns nsa] fdUrq ;gfoyEc& blds dkj.kksa ds& fo'ys"k.k rFkk vkRefpUru dh ek¡x rks djrk gSA ;g foeku mRiknuesa vkrs&vkrs gh vu|ru (vkmV vkWiQ MsV) rks gksus gh yxsxkA Åijh rkSj ij ns[kus ls eq>s blfoyEc ds eq[; dkj.k vkilh foHkkxh; }s"k rFkk tyu] Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj gekjs O;fDrxr LokFkZ ghyxrs gSa& oSKkfudh] izkS|ksfxdh {kerk,¡ gekjs ikl gSa ;k vkt ge mUgsa [kjhn ldrs gSaA

foeku gok esa mM+rs gSa bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd muds ia[kksa (foaXl) ;k 'kjhj(Ý;wft+ykt) ij Hkkjh nkc ugha iM+rkA foeku dk iwjk Hkkj mlds nksuksa ia[kksa dks gh mBkuk iM+rkgSA cM+s ;krk;krh; foekuksa dk Hkkj lSdM+ksa Vu gks ldrk gSA fdUrq NksVs vkSj gYds foekuksa dhviuh mi;ksfxrk gSA 500 fdyks ls Hkh de Hkkj ds foeku nks ;kf=k;ksa (tks fd Lo;a pkyd HkhgSa) ds fy;s mi;qDr jgrs gSaA mM+ku (Ýykbax) Dycksa esa rks ;s yksdfiz; gSa gh] fdUrq ,dmPpeè;e oxZ dk O;fDr Hkh bUgsa [kjhn ldrk gS] vkSj 150 ls 250 fdeh izfr?k.Vk dh xfrls vkdk'k esa ;k=kk Hkh dj ldrk gSA bu NksVs rFkk gYds foekuksa dks îjk Hkkj* (^vYVªk ykbZV*);k ^lw{eHkkj* (êkbZØksykbZV*) foeku dgrs gSaA vesfjdk rFkk dSusMk tSls ns'kksa esa ;s yk[kksa dhla[;k esa mM+ jgs gSaA

bu foekuksa dks gYdk cukus ds fy;s buesa dsoy ogh la;a=k rFkk fufeZfr;k¡ gksrh gSa tksmM+ku ds fy;s vifjgk;Z gksrh gSaA bl foeku dk <k¡pk Hkh [kqyk fn[krk gS D;ksafd Hkkj de djusds fy;s mlds Åij M~;wjsY;wfefu;e dk îyLrj* Hkh ugha p<+k gksrkA bldk <k¡pk iksyh ufy;ksadk curk gS] cl ok;q&i.khZ ia[kksa rFkk iqPN esa vo'; îyLrj* p<+k;k tkrk gS D;ksafd mRFkkiurFkk fu;a=k.k bUgha lrgksa (iyLrj) ls gksrk gSA ik;yV dks lh/h rst gok u yxs blfy;s foekudh ukfldk (;k pksap) ikjn'khZ IykfLVd ls e<+h gksrh gS] tks ik;yV dks iwjk Hkh ugha <drhA

;w,l, esa ;g bruk yksdfiz; gks x;k gS fd cM+h iQSDVfj;k¡ bu foekuksa ds lkjs vaxksa rFkkmikaxksa dk cgqfuekZ.k djrh gSa] vkSj fiQj iwjs foeku ds ^fdV* (vaxksa mikaxksa vkfn dk leqPp;)vkSj lkFk esa mlds leqPp;u (cukus) dh iwjh fyf[kr fof/ csprh gSaA [kq'kh dh ckr gS fd


| 32

,d ;qok lkglh (vjfoUn 'kekZ) us mn;iqj esa bu lw{eHkkj foekuksa dk fuekZ.k (leqPPk;u\)izkjEHk fd;kA rFkk bls yksdfiz; cukus ds fy;s ml ;qok us Hkkjr dh ipkloha Lora=krk t;Urheukus ds fy;s lw{eHkkj foeku esa Hkkjr dh ifjØek dh FkhA vkSj o"kZ 2002 esa mlh ^lw{e*foeku esa mlus 2200 fdeh dh nh?kZ lkgfld ;k=kk& mn;iqj ls ^vk'kdks"k* (;w,l,) dh&^mM~M;u esyk* esa Hkkx ysusA [kq'kh dh ckr gS fd bl lkgfld dk;Z esa mldh enn VkVk] nSfudHkkLdj] bf.M;u ,;jykbUl tSlh dqN cM+h dEifu;ksa us dh FkhA ;g f[kykSus cukuk rFkk muls[ksyuk cPpksa dk [ksy rks ugha gS] ,sls lkgfld dk;ksZa dks izksRlkgu nsuk mÙke dk;Z gSA ;g ekm.V,ojsLV ij rsaftax dh p<+kbZ ds cjkcj lkgfld u lgh] fdUrq ekm.V ,ojsLV ij ipkloha p<+kbZds cjkcj rks lkgfld gks ldrk gSA fdUrq tc vjfoUn 'kekZ ls iwNk x;k fd D;k ;g lkbcsfj;krFkk vykLdk ij ls gksrh mM+ku [krjukd ugha gS\ rc mUgksaus tokc fn;k fd rnFkZ Hkkjrh;C;wjksØSV~l ls fofo/ vuqefr;k¡ ysuk dgha T;knk dfBu gSA lkFk gh bl fo'kky le`¼ ns'k dksvc mi;qZDr NksVs&NksVs nks"kksa (fdUrq ^?kko djSa xEHkhj*) dks R;kxdj fo'kkyeuk cudj cM+s;krk;kr foekuksa rFkk yM+kdw foekuksa dk u dsoy fuekZ.k oju~ fu;kZr djuk pkfg;sA

Hkkjr ,d ,slk ns'k gS tks viuh foiqy le`f¼ dh lEHkkoukvksa ds jgrs gq, vR;UrfoiUu gSA Hkz"Vkpkj rks bldk ,d dkj.k gS gh] nwljk dkj.k gS gekjk yksdra=k dks ,d rek'kkcuk nsukA blfy, tc Hkh lSU; 'kfDr dks c<+kus dh ckr vkrh gS ml ij lalk/uksa dh dehdh ?kks"k.kk dj nh tkrh gSA gesa ;g Hkh lkspuk pkfg, fd c<+h lSU; 'kfDr ds dkj.k ge ijtks vkØe.k de gks tk,¡xs] muls gksus okys uqdlku Hkh ge cpk ldsaxs tks lSU;&[kpZ dkldkjkRed eqvkotk dj nsaxsA ;g Hkh xEHkhjrk ls fopkj.kh; gS fd tSlk yksdra=k gekjs ;gk¡ pyjgk gS D;k og yxHkx HkhM+ra=k ;k ywVra=k ugha gS\ vkSj gekjs fiNM+siu dk rhljk dkj.k gekjh^xqykeh&ekufldrk* gSA

vc Hkh ;fn ge Hkz"Vkpkj ls eqDr gks ldsa vkSj Hkkjrh; vkn'kksZa dh yEch thoUrijEijk dks vk/qfudrk esa <kydj (gekjh ijEijk esa ;g 'kfDr gS& xk¡/h us ijEijk rFkkvkèkqfudrk dk ,d vlEHko&lk fn[kus okyk vn~Hkqr leUo; gesa thoUr fØ;k esa fn[kyk;kFkkA) Hkksxokn ls viuh j{kk dj ldsa rks ge viuh vfLerk] vius thou ewY;ksa ij [kM+s gksdj]tSlk fd vkuZYM Vk;uch us dgk gS] fo'o dk ekxZ n'kZu dj ldsaxs_ vU;Fkk ge ^vesfjdk*ds cktkj rks cuus tk gh jgs gSaAlUnHkZ%1- ogn foeku 'kkL=k & egf"kZ Hkkj}kt] vuqoknd % Lokeh czãeqfu fo|kekrZ.M_ izdk'kd% lkoZnsf'kd vk;Z izfrfrf/

lHkk] fnYyh 2] r`rh; laLdj.k 1990-

| 33

Hkkjr esa iqjk.k vkSj bfrgkl ds vfLrRo ij fopkj&foe'kZ py jgk gSA çkphu okÄ~e;esa nksuksa dk vfLrRo gSA egkHkkjrdkj us bfrgkl vkSj iqjk.k ds lEcU/ esa dgk gS&^bfrgkliqjk.kkH;ka osna leqio`ag;sr~* vFkkZr~ bfrgkl vkSj iqjk.kksa }kjk osnea=kksa ds vFkZ dkvuq'khyu djuk pkfg, (vkfnioZ] çFke vè;k;)A vkxs bfrgkl ds Lo:i ij çdk'k Mkyk gS&

/ekZFkZdkeeks{kk.kkeqins'k lefUore~AiwoZo`ÙkdFkk;qDra bfrgkl izp{krsAA

vFkkZr~ bfrgkl esa Hkwrdky dk o`Ùk gks] dFkk,¡ gksa] ijUrq /eZ] vFkZ] dke vkSj eks{k dsmins'kksa ds lkFk gksaA

;kLd us fu#Dr* esa iqjk.k* 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk nh gS& iqjk uoa Hkofr* vFkkZr~ tks çkphugksdj Hkh u;k gksrk gSA

ok;q iqjk.k esa iqjk.k dh ifjHkk"kk gS&

lxZ'p izfrlxZ'p oa'kkseUoUrjkf.k pAoa'kkuqpfjra pSo iqjk.ka iapy{k.ke~AA ok;q 3-10

vFkkZr~ l`f"V] y;] eUoUrjksa] ½f"k;ksa&eqfu;ksa vkSj jktkvksa ds oa'kksa rFkk pfjrksa ds o.kZuls ;qDr xzUFkksa dks iqjk.k dgrs gSaA

jkt'ks[kj us ^dkO;ehekalk* esa ^iqjk.kçfoHksn ,osfrgkl% bR;sds* dgdj bfrgkl dksiqjk.k dk ,d Hksn ekuk gSA

rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd iqjk.k l`f"V ls ysdj vfr çkphu dky ds ½f"k;ksa rFkk jktkvksa dk/kfeZd n`f"V ls o`Ùko.kZu gSA bfrgkl esa çkphu dky dk o`Ùk fey tkrk gSA ij ;g Hkh lpgS fd dfy;qx ds çkjEHk gkssus ij fiNys ik¡p gtkj o"kksZa dk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl Hkkjrh; n`f"V ls

·ch&3] f=kHkqou fouk;d jsthMsalh] Jhjke vikVZes.V ds lkeus] cq¼ dkyksuh] th-ih-vks-&iVuk&1

Hkkjr esa iqjk.k vkSj bfrgkl

'k=kq?u izlkn·

| 34

ugha gS] vkSj u gh fy[kk x;kA iqjk.kksa esa xqIrdky rd ds ladsr gSaA dsoy d'ehj esa dYg.kvkSj tksujkt us d'ehj dk bfrgkl çLrqr fd;k gSA dYg.k vkSj mudh ijEijk ds bfrgkldkjksaus bZlk dh lksygoha lnh rd dk bfrgkl ^jktrjafx.kh* ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa j[kk gSA vk'p;Zdk fo"k; gS& bfrgkl 'kCn gS vkSj bfrgkl ugha gSA lEHkor% gekjk bfrgklcks/ nqcZy jgk gSAvr% jk"Vªcks/ nqcZy jgkA iqjk.kcks/ çcy jgk rks lxq.koknh laLd`fr thouh'kfDr cuh jghA

dkSfVY; us rks dgk gS fd 'kkldksa dks vijkÉ esa bfrgkl lquuk&le>uk pkfg,Ajkt'ks[kj us jkek;.k vkSj egkHkkjr dks bfrgkl ekuk gSA ge bUgsa bfrgkl ij vk/kfjr dkO;ekurs gSaA okYehfd dh jkek;.k dks ykSfdd laLd`r dk vkfndkO; ekuk tkrk gSA ç'u gS fdjke;qx vkSj d`".k;qx ls lEcfU/r bu nks xzUFkksa ds ckn dkSu&lk bfrgkl xzUFk gS\

bZlk dh ckjgoha 'krh ds d'ehjh dYg.k dh bfrgkl&n`f"V vk/qfud n`f"V ds fudVgSA os dgrs gSa&

'yk?;% l ,o xq.koku~ jkx}s"k cfg"d`rkAHkwrkFkZ dFkus ;L; LFks;L;so ljLorhAA

vFkkZr~ ogh xq.koku O;fDr iz'kaluh; gS ftldh Hkk"kk essa vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dk o.kZudjrs le; U;k;k/h'k ds leku u rks i{kikr gS vkSj u iwoZxzgA (dYg.k& lkseukFk /j] i`-39)

dkO;ehekalk ds ys[kd jkt'ks[kj us ^jkek;.k* vkSj êgkHkkjr* dks bfrgkl ekuk gSA oSls;s nksuksa xzUFk iqjk.ksfrgkl ij vk/kfjr dkO; gSaA ^jkek;.k* dks ykSfdd laLd`fr dk vkfndkO;ekuk tkrk gSA fuLlUnsg ^t;* uked bfrgkl i| esa osnO;kl }kjk fy[kk x;k Fkk] ij og cknesa fodflr gksdj êgkHkkjr* dgyk;k vkSj /ekZFkZ dkeeks{k dh mUur lkaLd`frd n`f"V lslEiUu gksdj fo'kky ,sfrgkfld dkO; gks x;kA MkW- oklqnso 'kj.k vxzoky us êgkHkkjr* dks^Hkkjr lkfo=kh* ds :i esa egÙkk iznku dh gSA

çfl¼ bfrgkldkj MkW- jk/kdqeqn eqdthZ us ^çkphu Hkkjr* dh çLrkouk esa fy[kk gS&¶bfrgkl dk fo"k; e`r vrhr gs] thfor orZeku ughaA bldk lEcU/ mu ?kVukvksa ls gS tks?kV pqdh gSa] pkyw ?kVukvksa ls ugha tks rjykoLFkk vkSj fuekZ.k dh çfØ;k esa gSaA ××× bldkfo"k; vkn'kZ ugha] ;FkkFkZ rF; gSA¸ Li"V gS fd bfrgkl iwoZ thou dk& iwoZ o`Ùk dk çkekf.kdxzUFk gksrk gSA

vfr&vfr çkphu dky dh lcls cM+h ?kVuk gS& l`f"V dk vkjEHk vkSj Øfed fodklAlxZ (l`f"V) dk o.kZu iqjk.k dk çFke y{k.k gSA ;g Hkkjrh; iqjk.k fo|k dh fo'ks"krk gSA iqjk.kksa

| 35

us dkyx.kuk ds lkFk l`f"V dk o.kZu fd;k gSA blds lEcU/ esa MkW- jfo çdk'k vk;Z us fy[kkgS& ¶Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us rks dky ds bfrgkl dks lqjf{kr j[krs gq, rFkkdfFkr çkxSfrgkfld ;qxds bfrgkl dks Hkh lqjf{kr j[kkA bl çkxSfrgkfld ;qx dk vkjEHk Hkkjr esa 197 djksM+ o"kZ iwoZgksrk gS rFkk bls fofHkUu pj.kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA ××× Hkkjrh; ijEijk dk Kku ,oaoSfnd lkfgR; rFkk ikSjkf.kd lkfgR; dk xgu vè;;u lc 'kadkvksa dks fuewy dj nsrk gSA¸&Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk] vè;k;&16A

fuLlUnsg Hkkjrh; dkyx.kuk vkt foKku ds fud"k ij [kjh mrj jgh gSA ckbfcy dhekU;rk [kf.Mr gks pqdh gS D;ksafd bZlkbZ /ekZpk;Z us i`Foh dh mRifÙk dk le; bZlk ls 4006o"kZ iwoZ vDrwcj dks fu/kZfjr fd;k FkkA

½Xosn ds ^uklnh; lwDr* dk l`f"V o.kZu nk'kZfud] euksoSKkfud rFkk oSKkfud çrhrgksrk gSA izFke Hkkx esa l`f"V ds iwoZ dh fLFkfr dk o.kZu gSA dgha dqN ugha Fkk] vU/dkj ghvU/dkj FkkA dsoy ,d rÙo Fkk tks ok;q ds fcuk 'okl ys jgk FkkA f}rh; Hkkx essauke&:ifoghu lÙkk dh bPNk (dke) ds dkj.k lalkj dk izknqHkkZo gqvkA

iqjk.kksa dk l`f"V o.kZu dFkkRed gSA dFkk esa Hkh ladsr vkSj çrhd gSaA x#M+ iqjk.k dsvuqlkj ml ijekRek ls vO;Dr izd`fr dh mRifÙk gqbZA ml vO;Dr izd`fr ls cqf¼] cqf¼ lseu] eu ls vkdk'k] vkdk'k ls ok;q] ok;q ls rst] rst ls ty vkSj ty ls i`Foh dh mRifÙkgqbZA

½Xosn ds ^uklnh; lwDr* dh fLFkfr ds ckn gh iqjk.kksa dk l`f"V o.kZu vkrk gSA oSfndijEijk rFkk tSu ijEijk ds iqjk.kksa ds l`f"V o.kZu dh rqyuk ls vkSj Li"V Lo:i lkeus vkldrk gSA vkt if'pe ds oSKkfud vuqlU/kujr gSaA l`f"V ds vkjEHk rd igq¡pus dk ç;kldj jgs gSaA osn dk fgj.;v.M vkSj if'pe ds ^fcxcSax* esa FkksM+k lkE; <w¡<+k tk ldrk gSA

Jh;qr~ oklqnso iksíkj us ^fo'o dh dky;k=kk* dh jpuk lu~ 1985 esa dhA bUgksaus vius'kks/ xzUFk dh çLrkfodk esa fy[kk gS& ¶fo'o ds lqçfl¼ czãk.M'kkL=kh Stephen Hawkingdh cgqpfpZr iqLrd A Brief History of Time 1988 esa çdkf'kr gqbZA l`f"Vdky dsbfrgkl ij fy[kh x;h bl iqLrd dk vk/kj vkt dk foKku gSA ^dky;k=kk* dk çdk'ku bllsnks&<kbZ o"kZ iwoZ gks x;k FkkA bl xzUFk dh ç/ku fo"k;&oLrq vk/qfud foKku ds lUnHkZ esa ½f"kçKk dk foKku fpUru gS ftlds vk/kj ij ogk¡ fo'o ds leqn~Hko dk dkyØekxr bfrgklçLrqr gqvk gSA¸ vkSj iqjksokd~ esa bUgksaus fy[kk gS& ¶fo'o dh dky;k=kk vkuUn?ku egklÙkk dhvkuUn;k=kk dk bfrgkl gSA (××× vUr esa)& eSaus if'pe dh vU/fo'oklxzLr fpUru&ijEijk


| 36

ls gVdj Hkkjrh; rÙo'kkL=k dks foKku ds rqyukRed lUnHkZ esa ns[kk gSA xzUFk dk çfrik|Hkkjrh; fpUru ds lkFk vk/qfud foKku dk lkE;çn'kZu ek=k ugha] bl rqyukRedrk dk ijeçfrik| gS& foKku vkt Rofjr xfr ds lkFk dfo&fpUru ds vfr fudV vk pqdk gSA ××oLrqoknh inkFkZ foKku vkt tM+'kfDr ç/ku foKku ds LFkku ij laKku 'kfDr ç/ku foKku esaloZrksHkkosu cnyrk tk jgk gSA eSaus ½f"k çKk ds vk/kj ij l`f"V dh çFke lajpuk ls ysdjegkçy; rd ds rkfÙod Lo:i dks foKku ds 'krkf/d lkE; vkSj ikFkZD; ds lkFk çLrqrfd;k gSA¸

Li"V gS fd Jh oklqnso iksíkj us osnksa] mifu"knksa] czkã.k xzUFkksa] vkj.;dxzUFk] n'kZuxzUFk]iqjk.k] egkHkkjr] xhrk] 'kSokxe] 'kkDr vkxe] ra=k lkfgR;] Le`fr] czãlw=k vkfn xzUFkksa ds lkFkif'pe ds foKku xzUFkksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u djrs gq, ^fo'o dh dky;k=kk* dks ewyr%Hkkjrh; çKk ds lU/ku] fpUru vkSj vuqHkwfr ds vk/kj ij çLrqr fd;k gSA vr% ;g xzUFkHkkjrh; çkphu foKku dh [kkstksa dh çFke çLrqfr gS tks euuh; gSA

uklnh; lwDr rFkk fgj.;xHkZ lwDr & ½Xosn ds nks çeq[k lwDr gSa ftuesa l`f"V dsvkjEHk ds lkadsfrd o.kZu gSa tks vk/qfud foKku ds fudV gSaA x#M+ iqjk.k us bls vkxs c<+k;kgSA ekdZ.Ms; iqjk.k ds ^nqxkZlIr'krh* [k.M esa l`f"V ds çFke pj.k ds o.kZu esa tyrÙo vkx;k gSA vkxs dk fodkl vkdk'krÙo dh ck/k ls #dk gqvk gSA esjh n`f"V esa e/q vkSj dSVHkvkdk'kh; ck/k ds çrhdkRed uke gSaA vkdk'kLFk nsork fo".kq ds }kjk gh ;g ck/k nwj gksuhgSA geus nso'kfDr&ewy'kfDr dks 'kfDr ek¡&nsoh ek¡ ls lEcksf/r fd;k gSA ;g laLd`fr gSA vkxsç'u gS fd D;k l`f"V dk fodkl&Øe gh çrhdkRed :i esa n'kkorkj dFkk ds ekè;e ls çdVgqvk gS\ lEHkor% blesa l`f"V ds fodkl dh çrhdkRed fLFkfr;ksa dk gh o.kZu gSA Øe Li"VgS& eRL;] dPNi] ojkg] u`flag] okeu] ij'kqjke] jke] d`".k] cq¼ vkSj dfYdA 'kks/kè;;uvisf{kr gSA eRL; tyrÙo dh ç/kurk dh vksj gh ladsr djrk gSA

l`f"V ds ckn gh }hiksa dk o.kZu lEHko gSA tEcw }hi esa gh lIrflU/q] czãkorZ eè;ns'kvkSj vk;kZorZ dk Øe vkrk gSA blds ckn nf{k.k dk Hkkx& foUè; ds nf{k.k dk fo'kky çns'ktqM+dj Hkkjro"kZ dk Lo:i lkeus vk tkrk gSA iwohZ Hkkx esa fufeZr vFkoZosn esa HkwfelwDr oki`Foh lwDr gSA blesa Hkwfe ds Hkwxksy (Hkkjr ds Hkwxksy)] lkaLd`frd fodkl rFkk la?k"kZ ds ladsrds lkFk Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;rk ds vk/kjHkwr rÙo& Hkwfe vkSj tu ds jkxkRed lEcU/ dh mnkÙkvfHkO;fDr gSA ^ekrkHkwfe% iq=kks¿ge~ i`fFkO;k* ekuks Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;rk dh vkUrj>ad`fr gSA ;gdFku& ^Hkwfe ek¡ gS vkSj ge blds iq=k gSa* &jk"Vªh;rk dh çFke vfHkO;atuk gSA vk/qfud ^oUns

| 37

ekrje~* esa bldh >adkj gSA blh Hkwfe lwDr dks ysdj MkW- oklqnso'kj.k vxzoky us ^Hkkjr dhekSfyd ,drk* uked xzUFk esa Hkkjr dh lkaLd`frd jk"Vªh;rk dks iYyfor&iqf"ir fd;k gSA

iqjk.kdkj blh tEcw}hi ds Hkkjro"kZ ds lkekftd&lkaLd`frd&jktuhfrd fodkl dksviuh&viuh n`f"V ls of.kZr djrs gSaA dqN f'ko dks] dqN fo".kq dks ,oa dqN 'kfDr dks çèkkuekudj ½f"k;ksa vkSj jktkvksa vkSj muds jkT; dk o.kZu vFkok& lxZ] çfrlxZ] eUoUrj rFkkoa'kkuqpfjr dks çLrqr djrs gSaA vius n'kZu] mikluk] uSfrd ewY; rFkk o.kZO;oLFkkuqlkj lektthou dks j[krs gSaA buesa çkphure bfrgkl dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS& peRdkjksa] vykSfdd çlaxksa]xkS.k dFkkvksa rFkk mins'kksa dks NksM+dj ewy dFkkØe esa bfrgkl miyC/ gSA bUgha iqjk.kksa dsvkèkkj ij Lok/hurk ds igys ykgkSj ds vk;Zlekth fo}ku~ JhHkxoíÙk us Hkkjr ds çkphubfrgkl dks rS;kj fd;k FkkA Lok/hurk ds ckn fcgkj ds Jh dqatfcgkjh tkyku us Hkh iqjk.kksa dsvk/kj ij çkphu bfrgkl dks le>us dk iz;Ru fd;k gSA

vaxzsth 'kklu esa if'pe dh n`f"V ls Hkkjr dh laLd`fr] jk"Vªh;rk] lekt thou vkSjjk"Vª thou & lc ij ç'u [kM+s dj fn;s x;sA oSfnd vk;Z dks fons'k ls vk;k fl¼ dj Hkkjrdh çkphu lH;rk& eksvutksnM+ks dks u"V djus] æfoM+ksa dks nf{k.k esa /dsyus vkSj vkfnokfl;ksadks taxyksa esa Hkxkdj vk;Z lkezkT; [kM+k djus dh ckr dgdj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks fNUu&fHkUudjus dk ?kksj ?k`f.kr ç;Ru fd;k x;kA Lok/hurk ds igys Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh] yksdekU;fryd] Jh lEiw.kkZuUn] vfouk'k pUæ nkl] cynso mikè;k; vkfn us if'pe dks mÙkj nsrs gq,vk;Z dks Hkkjrh; fl¼ fd;kA ij muds rdksZa dks ekU;rk ugha feyhA vkSj Hkkjr esa vk;Z] æfoM+]vkfnoklh& vusd Hksn mRiUu dj iwjs lekt ,oa jk"Vª thou ds foèoal dk ç;Ru gqvkA

Lok/hurk ds ckn MkW- okd.kdj] MkW- ,u-,l- jktkjke] Jh dY;k.k je.k bR;kfn dslkFk MkW- jke foykl 'kekZ rFkk MkW- Hkxoku flag us ½Xosn ds çek.kksa rFkk u;s mR[kuuksa ls çkIrlk{;ksa ds vk/kj ij vk;Z& ,d çtkfr ugha] ,d laLd`r lewg dks ewyr% lIrflU/q dk fuoklhfl¼ fd;kA vk'p;Z rks rc gqvk fd Lok/hu Hkkjr ds dsUæh; 'kklu ds laj{k.k esa okeiUFkhiqjkrÙofonksa rFkk bfrgkldkjksa us if'pe ds mifuos'koknh fl¼kUr dks u;s rdksZa ls vk;ksZa dksfons'kh gh ekukA ljLorh unh dks dkYifud dgkA jke dks Hkh dkYifud ?kksf"kr fd;kA rkRi;Z;g gS fd Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa us gh okeiUFkh ckSf¼d mUekn esa Hkkjr ds çkphu jk"VªRo] jk"Vªh;rk]laLd`fr rFkk lekt dks rksM+us dk ljdkj dh lgk;rk ls vkt rd ç;Ru fd;k gSA ijUrq ,dokeiUFkh fo}ku~ MkW- jke foykl 'kekZ us gh vius 'kks/iw.kZ xzUFkksa esa bfrgkl n'kZu rFkk if'peh,f'k;k vkSj ½Xosn esa lcy çek.kksa rFkk rdksZa ls vk;ksZa dks Hkkjrh; fl¼ dj fn;kA Hkxoku flag


| 38

us Hkh vius nks çeq[k xzUFkksa esa vius 'kks/ dks çLrqr fd;kA bUgksaus ½Xosn ds vk/kj ij d`f"kds fodkl rFkk fodkl'khy lH;rk dk o.kZu fd;kA MkW- 'kekZ us ½Xosnh; çek.kksa rFkk if'pe,f'k;k ds ns'kksa esa çkIr çek.kksa ds vk/kj ij crk;k fd lIrflU/q ds vk;Z gh if'pe x;s gSaAif'pe ls b/j ugha vk;s gSaA vkSj b/j ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk lkeus vk;hA oSfnd ljLorh dhfoyqIr /kjk mR[kuu ds lkFk Åij vk jgh gSA igys rks HkwxHkZ fLFkr /kjk ds fp=k lkeus vk;sAfiQj mR[kuu ds lkFk /kjk Hkh çdV gqbZA iQyr% Hkkjrh; jk"Vª thou dk vfr iqjkru Lo:ibu çek.kksa ls fl¼ gqvkA Hkkjrh; jk"Vª ds lkaLd`frd thou dh vfrçkphurk Hkh Li"V gks jghgSA lefFkZr gks jgh gSA iqjk.kksa rFkk dkSfVY; ds vFkZ'kkL=k us rks bl Hkkjro"kZ ds Lo:i dksckj&ckj gekjs lkeus j[kk gSA HkwfelwDr ds ,d ea=k us gh crk;k gS fd bl Hkwfe esa fofHkUuHkk"kkvksa dks cksyus okys vkSj fofHkUu /eksZa dks ekuus okys vusd tu&lewg fuokl djrs gSaA ;gi`Foh lcdks /kj.k djrh gSA ;g Hkkjrh; iUFkfujis{krk dk çkphure lk{; gSA

blls ;g ,sfrgkfld rF; lkeus vk x;k fd lIrflU/q ds pkjksa vksj fofHkUu tulewgksadk fuokl FkkA oSfnd okÄ~e; vkSj iqjk.kksa ds vuqlkj ukx] vlqj] fdjkr] if.k] ;{k] xU/oZ]ozkR;] okuj vkfn tulewgksa ls oSfnd ½f"k;ksa rFkk çcq¼ksa dk lEidZ gqvkA ;fn oSfnd ½f"kvxLR; igyh ckj nf{k.k x;s Fks rks ;kKoYD; iwoZ dh vksj fonsg tuin tkdj dsUæ cukdjjg jgs FksA o`¼ vxLR; ds le; gh jke vkSj y{e.k nf{k.k igq¡p x;s FksA vxLR; ds ckn jkeigq¡ps FksA okuj xks=kh; rFkk ½{k xks=kh; tuksa dh lgk;rk ls jke us jko.k ls la?k"kZ fd;k FkkAbls gh prqjlsu 'kkL=kh rFkk ujsUæ dksgyh us vius miU;klksa esa fo'oluh; <ax ls of.kZr fd;kgSA MkW- f'ko çlkn flag us dk'kh dks dsUæ cukdj oSfnd vkSj tutkrh; thou ds leUo;dks ^oS'okuj* uked miU;kl esa fn[kk;k gSA dHkh ds okeiUFkh MkW- fo'oEHkjukFk mikè;k; us^fo'ockgq ij'kqjke* esa ij'kqjke }kjk foUè; {ks=k ds vlqjksa& 'kEcjklqj dh enn ls dkrZoh;ZlglzktqZu&jko.k ds lg;ksxh vkSj yksdk;roknh lezkV ls la?k"kZ fn[kk;k gSA iqjk.kksa ds feFkd&lHkh {kf=k;ksa ds lagkj dks feF;k fl¼ fd;k gSA dsoy lglzktZqu rFkk mlds lgk;dksa dks ijkLrfd;k gSA bl çdkj MkW- mikè;k; us czkã.k&{kf=k; ds c<+rs Hksn&}U} dk fujkdj.k dj fn;kgSA ;FkkFkZ dks lkeus yk fn;k gSA

lIrflU/q ds prqfnZd iQSyh gqbZa tutkfr;ksa ls lEidZ] la?k"kZ rFkk leUo; dh dFkk ghlaLd`fr rFkk lekt jpuk dh bfrgkl dFkk gSA iqjk.kksa esa buds o.kZu gSa ftUgsa le>uk vko';dgSA çek.k gS& ukx tkfr ls lEidZ] la?k"kZ rFkk leUo;iw.kZ gqvk Fkk& ^tUest; dk ukx ;K*uked lkaLd`frd vuq"Bku esaA t;'kadj çlkn us vius ukVd esa bl la?k"kZ ,oa leUo; dksfpf=kr fd;k gSA d'ehj ?kkVh ds ukx] r{kf'kyk ds ukx] bUæçLFk ds ukx lqnwj iwoksZÙkj esa

| 39

ukxoa'kh dU;k mywih rFkk >kj[k.M esa ukxoa'kh jktkvksa dk jkt vkSj MkW- dk'kh çlkn tk;lokydh [kkst ds vuqlkj dq"kk.koa'k rFkk xqIroa'k ds eè; Hkkjf'ko ukxksa dk 'kklu& Hkkjr esa ukxksadh fLFkfr dks çLrqr djrs gSaA D;k ukxiapeh dks ukx dh iwtk blh leUo; dk çek.k gS\lEHkor% ;g lR; gS!

iwohZ Hkkjr esa ozkR;ksa vkSj vk;ksZa dk }U} rFkk leUo; lEiUu gqvk gSA 'kqDy ;tqosZn ds^'kr#fæ;* esa #æ ds lkS :iksa ;kuh f'ko ds :iksa dh Lrqfr gqbZ gSA #æ rFkk f'ko ds leUo;dk çek.k gS vFkkZr~ tulewg (#æ ds mikld) rFkk ozkR; tulewg (f'ko ds mikld) dklkaLd`frd lfEeyu gSA f'ko vlqjksa ds Hkh mikL; gSa&;g iqjk.kksa ls fl¼ gSA è;ku fn;k tk;&ex/ esa tjklU/] x;k esa x;klqj] dSewj esa eq.M& ;s lHkh vlqj gSaA dSewj esa eq.Ms'ojh dkefUnj] Fkkos (xksikyxat) esa nsoh dk efUnj vkSj foUè;kpy esa nsoh dk efUnj& ;s lHkh vfrçkphu& oSfndsrj tuksa dh mikL;k gSaA bu lcdks oSfnd nsoe.Myh esa J¼kiw.kZ LFkku feyk gSAf'ko] ikoZrh] x.ks'k rFkk dkfrZds;& bu pkjksa }kjk f'ko ifjokj dh jpuk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr rFkklekt ds o`gÙkj :i dh jpuk dk fo'o nqyZHk çek.k gSA

f=kos.kh laxe ç;kx esa gSA ;g dsoy ufn;ksa dk laxe ugha gSA ;s rhu ufn;ksa ds fo'kky{ks=kksa ds tu leqnk;ksa rFkk laLd`fr;ksas ds çokg dh vksj bafxr djrh gSaA ljLorh & oSfndlkaLd`frd çokg gSA og Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk ewyk/kj gSA ;equk vkSj xaxk mu {ks=kksa ds fofHkUutuksa ok Je.k laLd`fr rFkk tutkrh; laLd`fr dk çfrfuf/Ro djrh gSaA ç;kx ds f=kos.kh laxedk vFkZ gqvk& oSfnd$Je.k$tutkrh; laLd`fr dk ikou laxeA ;g lkaLd`frd laxe fo'obfrgkl dh Fkkrh gSA fo'o laLd`fr dk mn~?kks"kd gSA lekt&jpuk esa lksikuor~ o.kZ&O;oLFkk ,oatkfr O;oLFkk us lefUor lekt dks çLrqr dj fn;k] ij tUeuk Å¡p&uhp dh /kj.kk us bllekt dks gh vkgr fd;k gSA ;g vkt Hkh vuqHkwr fd;k tk jgk gSA

eqxy bfrgkldkj] vaxzst bfrgkldkj rFkk okeiUFkh bfrgkldkj rks Hkkjr ds lPpsbfrgkl dh jpuk ugha dj ldrsA iqjk.koknh Hkh ,d lhek rd liQy gks ldrs gSaA vr%Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh jpuk vHkh 'ks"k gSA ij lkexzh fo|eku gSA O;kid rFkk leUo; dh n`f"Vvisf{kr gSA


tks yksx fgUnqRo dks lkEçnkf;d vkSj jk"Vª fojks/h dgdj mldh fuUnk djrs gSaos jk"Vª ds çfr fo'okl?kkr djrs gSaA

&egUr fnfXot;ukFk th egkjkt

| 40

iwohZ mÙkj çns'k ls çkIr xqIr;qxhu çfrek,¡

vk'kqrks"k dqekj xqIrk·

iwohZ mÙkj çns'k ds xksj[kiqj ifj{ks=k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] fgeky; dh rygVh esa ;qDrçkUr ds rjkbZ ds ftyksa esa lcls mÙkj&iwoZ dh vksj fLFkr gSA çkphu dky esa xksj[kiqj tuinesa gh lehiorhZ {ks=k lfEefyr Fks vkSj ;g ifj{ks=k vk/qfud ;qx ls vf/d foLrr Fkk fdUrqdkykUrj esa nsofj;k] vktex<+] cLrh bR;kfn Lora=k ftys Lora=k :i esa LFkkfir gq,A çkphurevk;kZorZ ds eè;orhZ Hkkx ftls eè;ns'k dgk tkrk gS] ds eè; Hkkx esa dk:iFk uked je.kh;çns'k fLFkr Fkk ftls orZeku esa xksj[kiqj tuin dgrs gSaA1

bl ifj{ks=k dk lokZf/d çkphu vkSj çpfyr /eZ fgUnw /eZ gS] ftldk lcls çkphuØec¼ :i oSfnd /eZ Fkk] ijUrq lq/kjd /eZ ds mn; ds ckn ;g ifj{ks=k vusd uohulqèkkj.kkvksa dk Hkh dsUæ gks x;kA Hkxoku~ cq¼ dh tUeLFkyh yqfEcuh rFkk ifjfuokZ.kLFkyhdq'khuxj] Hkxoku~ egkohj dh fuokZ.kLFkyh ikok blh ifj{ks=k esa fLFkr gSA cq¼ dh ekrk ek;korhnsong ds 'kkD; dqy ds çeq[k vatu dh dU;k FkhA bl nsong LFky dk rknkRE; orZekuxksj[kiqj ftys ds fupykSy ds lehi fLFkr LFky ls fd;k x;k gSA bl çdkj ;g {ks=k fo'ks"k :ils cq¼ ls lUnfHkZr ,sfrgkfld LFky ds :i esa loZfofnr gSA iqu% çkphu dkyhu ik¡p x.kjkT;&dfiyoLrq ds 'kkD;2] jkexzke ds dksfy;3] fiIiyhou ds eksjh;4] ikok ds eYy5] dq'khuxj dseYyksa6 dh vofLFkfr blh ifj{ks=k esa FkhA

Hkkjrh; dyk ds vUrxZr ewfrZf'kYi dh çkphurk flU/q lH;rk ds le; ls Lohdk;Z gSfdUrq cq¼ dk dyk esa vadu dq"kk.k ;qx ls iwoZ fofHkUu çrhdksa ds ekè;e ls gh fd;k x;k]D;ksafd egkRek cq¼ us ewfrZ fuekZ.k dk fu"ks/ fd;k FkkA vr% çkjEHk esa cq¼ dk çn'kZu çrhd:i esa ;Fkk in~e] 'osrgfLr& tUe dk çrhd] v'o ftl ij dksbZ vk:<+ u gks& egkfHkfu"Øe.kdk çrhd] v'oRFk o`{k& lEcksf/r dk çrhd] pØ& çFke /eksZins'k dk çrhd rFkk Lrwi&egkifjfuokZ.k dk çrhd] ds ekè;e ls dyk esa fd;k x;kA

foosP; {ks=k ls çkIr e`.; ,oa çLrj ewfrZ;ksa esa ls dfri; mYys[kuh; ewfrZ;ksa dk fooj.k·'kks/ Nk=k] xzke o iksLV& muoy] dLck laxzkeiqj] ftyk& xksj[kiqj&273406

| 41

fuEuor gS&

1- dq'khuxj tuin dh 17×17-5 lseh- dh ik¡poha&NBha 'krkCnh bZ- dh yky cyq, çLrjdh cq¼ ewfrZ mYys[kuh; gS tks HkwfeLi'kZ eqæk esa gSA bldk 'kh"kZ Hkkx [kf.Mr gks x;k gS fdUrqblds vof'k"V va'k ls bldh Hkw&Li'kZ eqæk Li"V :i ls ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA cq¼ dk ck;k¡dj in~ekluLFk in ij fLFkr gS vkSj nkfguk dj Hkwfe dh vksj ladsr djrk gqvk çnf'kZrgSA bl eqæk esa vofLFkr cq¼ ewfrZ esa nsork ds nksuksa iSj ,d&nwljs dks dkV jgs Fks rFkk foijhrtkuq ij ryos Åij fd;s vkfJr gSaA blh eqæk dks in~eklu eqæk dgk x;kA

2- dq'khuxj dh gh 47×34 lseh- dh idh feV~Vh dh cq¼ ewfrZ yxHkx NBha 'krkCnh bZ-dh çkIr gqbZ gSA fdafpr [kf.Mr cq¼ ewfrZ è;kueqæk esa fufeZr gSA cq¼ dks ukfldkxz n`f"V]'kkUr eq[kkd`fr] çyEc d.kZ rFkk m".kh'k ;qDr ds'kfoU;kl ds vadu ds ekè;e lsLokHkkfodrk dks çnf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA è;krO; gS fd tc in~eklu esa nkfguh gFksyh ck;hagFksyh esa j[ks gq, vad esa fLFkr gks tkrk gS rks mls è;kueqæk ;k ;ksxeqæk dgk x;k gSA

3- xksj[kiqj dh 14×12 lseh- dh yxHkx ik¡poha 'krkCnh bZ- dh ,d çLrj fufeZr cq¼ 'kh"kZewfrZ çkIr gqbZ gSA bl ewfrZ esa cq¼ dks v¼ksZUehfyr us=k ls ;qDr çnf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA bldkukfldkxz [kf.Mr gSA ewfrZ dh [kf.MrkoLFkk ds dkj.k bldk ek=k m".kh'k ;qDr ds'kfoU;klgh viuh fof'k"Vrk dks çKkfir djrk gqvk çnf'kZr gSA vLi"V lEiw.kZ eq[kkd`fr ds çyEcd.kZ dk fupyk Hkkx [kf.Mr gSA

4- dq'khuxj dh dkys çLrj esa fufeZr yxHkx NBha 'krkCnh bZ- dh ,d cq¼ ewfrZ Hkwfe&Li'kZeqæk esa çkIr gqbZ gSA blesa Hkxoku~ cq¼ dks v'oRFk o{k ds fudV lekf/ yxkdj cSBus ij^ekj* }kjk fd;s x;s fo?uksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA cq¼ dh nksgjs in~eiq"i ij in~ekluLFk eqækesa vofLFkr çnf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA cq¼ nso dk nkfguk dj Hkwfe dks Li'kZ dj jgk gSA lEiw.kZiQyd esa prqfnZd fgUnw nsorkvksa_ ;Fkk& lw;Z] pUæ] bUæ] o#.k] ;{k] dqcsj] xU/oZ vkfn dsfp=k vafdr gSaA ewfrZ ij vafdr ys[k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd bldk fuekZ.k Hkher II us fd;kFkkA

5- xksj[kiqj {ks=k ls 14-5×12-2 lseh- dh yxHkx prqFkZ 'krkCnh bZ- dh ,d cq¼ e.;&ewfrZfo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gS ftldk ek=k 'kh"kZ Hkkx gh lqjf{kr gS] 'ks"k vax [kf.Mr gks pqdkgSA bl ewfrZ esa 'kkUr] fLer eq[kkdfr ds lkFk gh cq¼ dks v¼ksZUehfyr us=k] /uq"kkdkj HkkSagksals ;qDr fn[kk;k x;k gSA budks dqafpr ds'k vkSj çyEc d.kZ ls ;qDr çnf'kZr fd;k x;k gSfdUrq blesa dqafpr ds'k foU;kl vU; ledkyhu cq¼ ewfrZ;ksa ls fHkUu çnf'kZr gS_

iwohZ mÙkj çns'k ls çkIr xqIr;qxhu çfrek, ¡

| 42

iFkqy&vks"B rFkk eLrd ij Å.kkZ fLFkr gSa] cq¼ ewfrZ dk ukfldkxz Hkkx [kf.Mr gSA7

cq¼ ewfrZ;ksa dh {ks=kxr fo'ks"krk

mi;qZDr xqIr;qxhu ewfrZ;ksa ds voyksdu ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd xqIr;qxhu dykdkjksa uscq¼ ewfrZ;ksa dks lkSUn;Z dh pje lhek ij igq¡pk fn;kA ;g lR; gS fd foosfpr {ks=k esa xqIr;qxls iwoZ dq"kk.k;qxhu cq¼ ewfrZ;k¡ Hkh ijEijk esa gh fufeZr gqbZa fdUrq ijorhZ ;qx esa fufeZr cq¼ewfrZ;k¡ fo'kq¼ Hkkjrh;dj.k dks |ksfrr djrh gSaA bl le; ewfrZdkjksa }kjk cq¼ ewfrZ;ksa ds fuekZ.kesa LokHkkfodrk ykus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k vkSj buds vkn'kZ dq"kk.k;qxhu cq¼ ewfrZ;k¡ gh jghaAdykdkjksa }kjk y;xfr dh vfHkO;fDr dk ekè;e 'kkjhfjd fp=k.k ,oa eq[kkdfr gh jgh gSAxksj[kiqj ifj{ks=k dh bu ewfrZ;ksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds vUrxZr budh eq[kkd`fr dks iryk ,oa yEckcuk;k x;kA bu cq¼ ewfrZ;ksa esa vaxksa dk LoPN vkys[ku] ?kqa?kjkys cky] m".kh'k dk ç;ksx] m.kkZdk fdafpr ç;ksx] la?kkVh ls vkPNkfnr dU/s] ikjn'khZ mÙkjh;] vyad`r çHkke.My] fofo/ gLreqæk,¡] v¼ksZUehfyr us=k vkfn fo'ks"krk,¡ lfUufgr gSa ftUgsa xzg.k djds dykdkjksa us fofHkUu cq¼ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA8

ç;qDr lalk/u

çkIr ,oa lUnfHkZr cq¼ ewfrZ;ksa ds voyksdu ,oa vè;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ;|fixqIr;qx ls iwoZ vf/dka'k ewfrZ;k¡ e.; ls gh fufeZr dh x;h Fkha fdUrq xqIr;qx esa eq[; :i lsyky cyq, çLrj] dkys fpdus çLrj dk vf/d ç;ksx fd;k x;kA9 bl ifj{ks=k ls çkIr e`.k~cq¼ 'kh"kZ ewfrZ;ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd oLrqr% 'krkCnh bZ- ds çkjfEHkd pj.k esa mfRFkr xqI lkezkT;fuekZ.k dyk dh n`f"V ls Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ekuk tk ldrk gSA bl çdkj ds {ks=k ls eq[;r% e.;,oa çLrj dh ewfrZ;k¡ çkIr gqbZ gSaA

e.; çfof/ ls fufeZr cq¼ ewfrZ;k¡ rhu çdkj dh çkIr gqbZ gSa& 1- gLrfufeZr] 2- lk¡ps,oa gLrfufeZr dh fefJr çfof/] 3- bdgjs vkSj nksgjs lk¡ps ek=k esa fufeZr ewfrZ;k¡A ;|fixqIr;qxhu cq¼ e.; ewfrZ;k¡ iw.kZr% gLrfufeZr] vux<+ rFkk vifj"d`r gSa] rFkkfi bl fof/ lsç;qDr ewfrZ;k¡ foosfpr {ks=k esa vR;Yi gSaA ;gk¡ dh vf/dka'k e`.; ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k fefJrfof/ ls vFkkZr~ gLr rFkk lk¡ps ds lfEefyr ç;ksx ls fd;k x;kA blds vUrxZr 'kh"kZ Hkkx lk¡psls 'ks"k Hkkx gLrfufeZr fd;k tkrk FkkA

fuekZ.k&çfof/

mi;qZDr ifj{ks=k dh ewfrZ;ksa ds voyksdu ls ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh gS fd blds fuekZ.k

| 43

ls iwoZ fo'ks"k e`.; ,oa çLrj dk p;u fd;k tkrk FkkA tSls& tgk¡ çLrj ewfrZ fuekZ.k gsrq f'kYihfoUè; {ks=k] HksaM+k?kkV ,oa fetkZiqj dh pqukj ds fof'k"V çLrjksa ij fuHkZj Fkk D;ksafd budk etcwryphykiu o dkseyrk dykdkj dks bfPNr :ijs[kk rS;kj djus esa lgk;d Fkk] ogha e.k ewfrZfuekZ.k esa f'kYih }kjk fo'ks"k çdkj ls feV~Vh liQsn] yky] ihyh ;k dkyh feV~Vh dk eghu pw.kZrS;kj fd;k tkrk Fkk] mlesa tkS] xsgw¡ vFkok xqXxqy ds pw.kZ dks fefJr djds o{kksa ds jlksa ls xhykfd;k tkrk Fkk] tks mls fo'ks"k :i ls dBksj vFkkZr~ etcwr cukrk FkkA rRi'pkr~ bl feJ.k dksiUæg fnuksa rd fu;fer :i ls lkiQ djds ewfrZ dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj iqu% ,d eghusrd budks lq[kk;k tkrk FkkA blh ewfrZ dks vkVs esa Hkh dykdkj }kjk idk;k tkrk Fkk] ftlls ;gidh feV~Vh dh ewfrZ :i ls n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA bl çfØ;k esa vk¡os dks <ddj feV~Vh idk;k tkrkFkk] ftlls bldk o.kZ dkyk gksrk Fkk] iQyLo:i ;g dkys jax dh ewfrZ yxrh gS] ;|filkekU;r% f'kYih }kjk vuqHko ls fuf'pr rkieku ij vk¡osa esa idkdj ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kx;k fdUrq pkd fufeZr ewfrZ;k¡ Hkh fufeZr dh x;haA vf/dka'k xqIr;qxhu ewfrZ;k¡ nks fHkUu lk¡pksaij fufeZr nksgjs lk¡ps dh gh çkIr gqbZ gSaA blds vUrxZr xhyh feV~Vh dks Hkjdj nck fn;k tkrkFkk] ftlls mlds Åij lk¡ps dh Nki mrj vkrh FkhA bls dksey e`nk ifV~Vdk }kjk ik'oZ vkfnLFkkuksa ls tksM+ fn;k tkrk FkkA ;gh fo|k xqIr;qxhu ewfrZ;ksa ds fuekZ.k dh çfl¼ rduhd FkhA

eqæk&foU;kl

lUnfHkZr ewfrZ;ksa ,oa foosP; {ks=k dh çkIr vusd ewfrZ;ksa ds voyksdu ls ,slk çrhr gksrkgS fd dykdkjksa us cq¼ ewfrZ fuekZ.k esa fofHkUu eqæk foU;klksa dk çn'kZu fd;k gSA xqIr;qxhu cq¼ewfrZ;ksa ds foosfpr {ks=k ds lUnHkZ esa lokZf/d mYys[kuh; ,oa egÙoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fd ;gk¡ls cq¼ dh ewfrZ dk fuekZ.k çfrek 'kkL=k ds rhuksa çeq[k çdkjksa esa gqvk gS_ ;Fkk& vklu ewfrZ]LFkkud ewfrZ ,oa 'k;u ewfrZA rhuksa çdkj dh ewfrZ;ksa dh çkfIr bl {ks=k esa ckS¼ /eZ ds fodkldk ifjpk;d gSA

cq¼ dh vkluLFk ewfrZ fofo/ gLr eqæk&foU;klksa ls ;qDr gSA LFkkud ewfrZ;ksa esa cq¼ewfrZ;k¡ vHk; eqæk esa gSa vkSj 'k;u eqæk dh cq¼ ewfrZ 'ks"k'kk;h fd;k x;k gSA blesa ,d iSj dk?kqVuk dqN mBk gqvk gSA dq'khuxj dh egkifjfuokZ.k fLFkfr dk fp=k.k vR;Ur euksje gSA10

cq¼ ewfrZ;k¡ fofo/ çdkjksa dh gh Hkk¡fr fofo/ gLreqækvksa ls Hkh ;qDr gSa] tks budhçeq[k fo'ks"krk Hkh gSA çkIr gLreqæk foU;kl esa çeq[k gSa& vHk; eqæk] HkwfeLi'kZ eqæk] è;ku eqæk]/eZpØ ifjorZu eqækA11 bu eqæk foU;klksa esa lkekU;r% cq¼ dk okegLr la?kkVh dks Nksj idM+sgq, çnf'kZr gSaA cq¼ dh fofHkUu gLreqækvksa dks cq¼ Kkfir fofHkUu lUns'kksa dk çrhd ekuk x;kA

iwohZ mÙkj çns'k ls çkIr xqIr;qxhu çfrek,

| 44

cq¼ ewfrZ;ksa esa çnf'kZr gLreqækvksa ds vUrxZr vHk;eqæk esa cq¼ dk nkfguk dj o{k ds lkeusmBk gS] ftldh gFksyh Hkh lkeus dh vksj gSA ;gk¡ cq¼ 'kkfUr dk mins'k nsrs çrhr gks jgs gSaAblh çdkj è;kueqæk ds vUrxZr cq¼ in~eklu eqæk esa nkfguh gFksyh] ck;ha gFksyh esa j[ks gq,gSa vkSj og muds vad esa (xksn esa) fLFkr gSA bl çdkj cq¼ dk vadu fofo/ eqæk&foU;k esafd;k x;kA

'kSyh

xksj[kiqj ifj{ks=k esa cq¼ dh pkfjdk ls dykdkj Hkh çHkkfor jgsA mUgksaus LFkkuh; 'kSfy;ksads vk/kj ij cq¼ dh e`.;ewfrZ dk fuekZ.k fd;k ijUrq cq¼ dh ewfrZ fuekZ.k ds rhu çeq[k'kSyhxr ijEijk ds dsUæ lkjukFk dh dkf'kdk 'kSyh] dkS'kkEch rFkk eFkqjk 'kSyh çeq[k dks çeq[krknh gSA bl ifj{ks=k esa cq¼ dh tUeLFkyh ,oa egkifjfuokZ.kLFkyh jgh gSA ckS¼ rhFkZ;k=kh cq¼ dsçeq[k rhFkksZa ds n'kZu gsrq ;k=kk djrs Fks] ftlds dkj.k eFkqjk vkSj dkf'kdk 'kSyh ds vk/kkj ijrRdkyhu ewfrZdkjksa }kjk bl {ks=k esa Hkh cq¼ ewfr;k¡ fufeZr dh tkus yxhaA

fu"d"kZr% foosP; {ks=k dh bu ewfrZ;ksa dks xqIrdkyhu ifj"d`r #fp ,oa lkSUn;Z dkifjpk;d ekuk tk ldrk gSA e`.ewfrZ;ksa ,oa çLrj ewfrZ;ksa ds ekè;e ls dykdkjksa us bl ifj{ks=kdh ewfrZdyk dks fodflr :i çnku fd;kA rduhdh n`f"V ls Hkh bu ewfrZ;ksa esa Øe'k% oSHkoçR;{k :i ls n`f"Vxr gksrk gS ftldh pje ifj.kfr egkifjfuokZ.k ewfrZ esa ifjyf{kr gksrh gSAçLrqr cq¼ ewfrZ;ksa esa dkf;d lkSUn;Z ds lkFk gh mudk vUrjax Hkh fnO; :i esa çnf'kZr gSA ,slkçrhr gksrk gS fd dykdkj }kjk vuqHkwfr dk vuqHko djrs gq, dyk ds ekè;e ls vius foosdvkSj cqf¼ dks O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA bu cq¼ ewfrZ;ksa dks ekaly 'kjhj vkSj vkn'kZ :i çnku fd;kx;k gS ftlls buesa dyk ,oa HkkokfHkO;fDr dk vn~Hkqr leUo; ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA vr% Li"VgS fd dykdkjksa us n{krk ds lkFk ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kAlUnHkZ%1- euqLe`fr] vè;k; 2] 'yksd 22_ euqLe`fr] vè;k; 2] 'yksd 21_ okYehfd jkek;.k] mÙkjdk.M] lxZ 1022- cq¼dkyhu Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy] i`- 289_ tkrd] i`- 5_ egkoLrq] ftYn çFke] i`- 3483- mikè;k;] Hkjrflag] cq¼dkyhu Hkkjr Hkwxksy] i`- 307_ ik.Ms; jktcyh] xksj[kiqj tuin vkSj mudh {k-

tkfr;ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 704- dfua?ke% ,saf'k;.V T;ksxzsiQh vkWiQ bf.M;k] i`- 491&92_ okVlZ % vkSj ;qvku~ pqvkM~l VªsfoYl bu bf.M;k]

ftYn 2] i`- 25_ vkdsZykWftdy losZ vkWiQ bf.M;k] ftYn 18] Vwj bu fn xksj[kiqj fMfLVªDV bu 1875&76,.M 1876&77

5- ,saf'k;.V T;ksxzsiQh vkWiQ bf.M;k] i`- 498] ,-,l- vkbZ] okf"kZd fjiksVZ 1861&62] i`- 74&76_ ik.Ms; jktcyh]

| 45

xksj[kiqj tuin vkSj mudh {k- tkfr;ksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 786- vkdsZykWftdy losZ vkWiQ bf.M;k fjiksVZ] 1861&62] i- 72&83_ ,saf'k;.V T;ksxzsiQh vkWiQ bf.M;k] i- 494&967- oksxsy % uksV~l vkWu ,Dldsos'kUl ,sV dfl;k] ,-,l-vkbZ-,-vkj-] 1904&058- cq¼pfjr] 1-659- Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk] 11@27@1210- oksxsy % uksV~l vkWu ,Dldsos'kUl ,sV dfl;k] ,-,l-vkbZ-,-vkj-] 1904&0511- lkguh ,.M oksxsy] dSVykWx vkWo fn E;wft;e vkWo vkdsZykWth lsV lkjukFk] iQ-&10

iwohZ mÙkj çns'k ls çkIr xqIr;qxhu çfrek,

,d 'kCn esa fpjdky ls pyh vkus okyh vfofPNUu ijEijk dks lEçnk; dgrsgSa vFkkZr~ lukru /eZ ,d lEçnk; gks ldrk gS ;k ckS¼ /eZ dks ge ,d lEçnk; dgldrs gSaA D;ksafd fpjdky ls pyh vk jgh budh ,d vfofPNUu ijEijk gSA /eZ ;klukru /eZ ftl çdkj vkt ekuk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ buds ikyu djus ds tks fu;e vktgSa vkt ds lglzksa o"kZ iwoZ tc bu lEçnk;ksa dk çkjEHk gqvk Fkk rc Hkh muds ikyu djusds fu;e os gh FksA nwljs 'kCnksa esa fpjdky ls pyh vk jgh budh vfofPNUu ijEijk gSfdUrq fgUnw fpjdky ls pys vkus ij Hkh ,d gh ijEijk] ,d gh :f<+] ,d gh fu;els vkc¼ ughaA osn fojks/h pkokZd Hkh fgUnw Fks vkSj Hkxoku~ O;kl Hkh fgUnw Fks ftUgksausosn dh lÙkk dks loksZifj ekuk gSA 'kkDr Hkh fgUnw gSa tks fgalk esa nks"k ugha ekurs ,oa ckS¼,oa tSu Hkh fgUnw gSa tks vfgalk ijeks/eZ%* ds mikld gSaA

;s lc fHkUu&fHkUu lEçnk; gSa ij ,d O;kid :i esa ;s lHkh fgUnw gSaA ,d=k gksusij budh lÙkk ,d jk"Vªh;rk dks tUe nsrh gS ftls fgUnqRo dgrs gSaA


| 46

Hkkjr&phu ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLdfrd lEcU/

egsUæ çrki prqosZnh·

Hkkjr vkSj phu nksuksa gh ns'k gtkjksa o"kZ iqjkuh lH;rk ds mÙkjkf/dkjh gSa vkSj bllkaLd`frd ijEijk dks thfor j[ks gq, gSaA blds vfrfjDr ;s ns'k lalkj dh lcls cM+h vkcknhokys nks ns'k gSaA buesa phu dV~Vj lkE;oknh jgk gS rks Hkkjr xqVfujis{kA lfn;ksa ls nksuksa ns'kksa dschp vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLd`frd vknku&çnku pyrk jgk gSA ;s lEcU/ cgqr ?kfu"B ;k O;kid Hkysgh u jgs gksa] ijUrq bu nksuksa ds chp ln~Hkkouk vkSj vkReh;rk cuk;s jgsA vktknh dh yM+kbZds o"kksZa esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds jk"Vªoknh usrkvksa ds chp laokn cuk jgk FkkA1 pkax dkbZ Hkksd ds lkFkusg: th dh O;fDrxr fe=krk vkSj ekvks ds usr`Ro esa yM+ jgs lkE;oknh Nkikekjksa dks jkgr dsfy, Hksth x;h dkaxzsl ikVhZ dh fpfdRlk Vhe blh dk mnkgj.k gSA bls ,d foMEcuk gh le>ktkuk pkfg, fd ^fgUnh&phuh HkkbZ&HkkbZ* okyk eS=kh dk nkSj vf/d le; rd ugha py ldkvkSj frCcr dks eqDr djkus okys phu ds vfHk;ku ds lkFk gh 1950 esa Hkkjr&phu lEcU/rukoxzLr gks x;sA blds ckn Hkh Hkkjr us vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa o lEesyuksa esa phu dk leFkZufd;k vkSj phu ds lkFk eS=khiw.kZ lg&vfLrRo dh ?kks"k.kk djus okyk iap'khy le>kSrk (1954)Hkh fd;kA ijUrq dqN le; ckn ruko fiQj ls mHkjus yxs] rc frCcr esa phuh uhfr;ksa ls ijs'kkunykbZ ykek us Hkkjr esa 'kj.k ysus dh is'kd'k dhA dksfj;k ;q¼ fojke ds ckn Hkkjr dheè;LFkrk dh dksbZ vko';drk phu dks ugha jg x;h Fkh vkSj fgUn phu lEcU/h tsusok lEesyuds ckn rks ,d rjg ls phuh usrk fujkin gks pqds FksA2

bUgha fnuksa phu us dqN ,sls uD'ks Nkis ftuesa Hkkjrh; Hkw&Hkkx ij phuh nkok fd;k x;kFkkA igys igy lhek fookn çdV gqvk vkSj ;s nks ns'k lSfud eqBHksM+ ds jkLrs ij mrj vk;sAphuh nkoksa dks udkjrs gq, Hkkjr us lhek lqj{kk cy ds lSfudksa dks vkns'k fn;s fd os viuhHkwfe ij dCtk drbZ u NksM+saA lhekUr ij vxzxkeh uhfr ds vuqlj.k djus ds dkj.k 1958 esayksax tw vkSj dksaxdk njksZa ij gqbZ >M+i esa rsjg Hkkjrh; flikfg;ksa dh tkusa x;haA rc ls bu nksns'kksa ds chp lEcU/ksa esa fujUrj fxjkoV vk;hA ekpZ&vçSy 1959 esa nykbZ ykek ds iyk;u vkSj

·'kks/ Nk=k] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] nh-n-m- xksj[kiqj fo'ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj

| 47

Hkkjr esa 'kj.k ysus us phuh usrkvksa dks mÙksftr fd;k vkSj flrEcj 1960 esa pkÅ&,u&ykbZ dhHkkjr ;k=kk ds nkSjku lhek fookn ds fuiVkjs ds fy, vk;ksftr okrkZ fu"iQy jghA rc rd cM+siSekus ij lSfud Vdjko dh tehu rS;kj gks pqdh FkhA ,d lkoZtfud Hkk"k.k esa usg: th usHkkokos'k esa ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd mUgksaus phfu;ksa dks Hkkjrh; Hkwfe ls [knsM+ fudkyus dk vkns'kns fn;k gSA phuh blds fy, rS;kj cSBs Fks vkSj bl 'kfDr ijh{k.k esa Hkkjr dks eq¡g dh [kkuhiM+hA lfn;ksa dh eS=kh iyd >idrs gh lekIr gks x;h vkSj ihf<+;ksa rd pyus okys cSj us tM+idM+ yhA3

tokgjyky usg: ds lkoZtfud thou dh dksbZ vkSj ?kVuk bruh lkyus okyh ugha]ftruh fd Hkkjr&phu lhek fookn vkSj 1962 esas lSfud eqBHksM+ dh nq[kn vliQyrk dk iQyphu ds lkFk lEcU/ksa esa fcxkM+ gSA blls usg: dk uknku Hkksykiu gh ugha irk pyrk] cfYdvUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr esa vkn'kZokn dh fujFkZdrk Hkh mtkxj gksrh gSA vkt rd ;g ?kko Nwus ijnnZ djrk gSA 1979 esa fo;ruke ij geyk djrs oDr phu us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd^n.Mkuq'kklu okyh ;g dkjZokbZ* 1962 ds uewus ij gh dh x;h FkhA bl rjg ds oDrO;ksa dksvulquk djuk vlEHko gSA vFkkZr~ n'kdksa ckn Hkh bl ^la?k"kZ* vkSj Hkkjr&phu lEcU/ dsfo'ys"k.k dh lkFkZdrk cuh gqbZ gSA4

Hkkjr&phu lEcU/ksa ds lEcU/ esa oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa phu dk n`f"Vdks.k ;g jgk gSfd nksuksa ns'kksa dks fooknkLin eqíksa tSls& lhek fookn dks fdukjs dj vkfFkZd lEcU/ksa dks etcwrdjus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A xr 20 o"kksZa esa phu us lhek fookn ds lek/ku esa dksbZ xEHkhj#fp ugha fn[kk;h gSA tcfd Hkkjr dk n`f"Vdks.k fooknkLin eqíksa ds lek/ku dk jgk gSA blnf"Vdks.k dh fHkUurk ds dkj.k gh lhek fookn dks ysdj nksuksa ns'kksa ds eè; ckrphr ds 15nkSj lEiUu gks pqds gSaA ysfdu lhek fookn ds lek/ku esa dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ çxfr ugha gks ik;hgSA mYys[kuh; gS fd phu Hkkjr ds v#.kkpy çns'k esa 90000 oxZ fdyksehVj Hkkjrh; Hkwfeij viuk nkok çLrqr dj jgk gSA bl {ks=k dks phu esa nf{k.k frCcr ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSAblh rjg phu us vkDlkbZ phu {ks=k esa 38000 oxZ fdyksehVj Hkkjrh; Hkw&Hkkx ij dCtk djj[kk gSA phu us 1962 ds ;q¼ ds le; bl {ks=k ij dCtk dj fy;k FkkA

phu vkSj Hkkjr ds f}i{kh; fooknksa esa ,d çeq[k eqík phu }kjk ikfdLrku vf/d`rd'ehj esa jsy o lM+d ;krk;kr lqfo/kvksa dk fodkl fd;k tkuk gSA ;s lqfo/k,¡ phu vkSjikfdLrku ds eè; j.kuhfrd lg;ksx ds lkFk&lkFk phu dks ikfdLrku ds Xoknj cUnjxkg lstksM+ nsxh rFkk bl cUnjxkg ds ekè;e ls phu fgUn egklkxj ds if'pe {ks=k esa viuh igq¡pcukus esa liQy gks tk,xkA leh{kdksa dk ekuuk gS fd phu }kjk ikfdLrku ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr

Hkkjr&phu ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkaLd`frd lEcU/

| 48

ds vU; iM+kslh ns'kksa esa cUnjxkg lqfo/kvksa dks çkIr fd;s tkus dk ç;kl Hkkjr dks nf{k.k,f'k;k esa ?ksjus dk ç;kl gSA bl uhfr dks ^eksfr;ksa dh ekyk* dh uhfr ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

gky ds o"kksZa esa gh phu us tEew&d'ehj ds fuokfl;ksa dk uRFkh ohtk tkjh djdstEew&d'ehj dh dkuwuh fLFkfr dks Hkh fooknkLin cuk fn;k gSA tcfd blds iwoZ esa phutEew&d'ehj dks Hkkjrh; {ks=k ds :i esa ekU;rk nsrk jgk gSA nwljh rjiQ Hkkjr us Hkh frCcr dksphu ds Lok;Ùk'kklh {ks=k ds :i esa ekU;rk çnku dh FkhA Hkkjr us vHkh rd frCcr ds çfrviuh iwoZ uhfr esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;kA5

nksuksa ns'kksa ds eè; O;kikj esa xr nks n'kdksa esa rsth ls c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA o"kZ 2010 esa blc<+ksÙkjh ds ifj.kkeLo:i phu Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k O;kikfjd ns'k cu x;kA 2011 esa nksuksa dseè; dqy f}i{kh; O;kikj 69 fcfy;u MkWyj Fkk] ysfdu oSf'od eUnh ds dkj.k 2012 esa blO;kikj esa 12 çfr'kr dh deh gqbZ gS ftlls orZeku esa f}i{kh; O;kikj 66 fcfy;u MkWyj jgx;k gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd nksuksa ns'kksa us 2015 rd f}i{kh; O;kikj dks 100 fcfy;u MkWyj rdc<+kus dk y{; j[kk gSA xr o"kksZa esa phu fuos'k ds fy, Hkkjr ,d egÙoiw.kZ xUrO; ds :iesa mHkjk gSA nksuksa ns'kksa ds eè; c<+ jgk O;kikj ?kkVk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA orZeku esa nksuksa ns'kksa dseè; 29 fcfy;u MkWyj dk O;kikj ?kkVk gqvk gSA ;g Hkkjr ds çfrdwy gS] bldk çeq[k dkj.k;g gS fd xr o"kZ phu dks fd;s tkus okys Hkkjrh; fu;kZr esa 30 çfr'kr dh deh vk;h gSAbldk eq[; dkj.k ;g gS fd phu esa Hkkjr }kjk fu;kZr fd;s tkus okys ykSg v;Ld dh ek¡xde gks x;h gSA6

phu us 2012 ds vUr rd 55 fcfy;u MkWyj dk fuos'k fd;k gSA vr% c<+rsO;kikfjd lEcU/ksa esa Hkkjr dh fpUrk dk eq[; fo"k; phu ds lkFk c<+rk gqvk O;kikj ?kkVk gSAHkkjr us phu dks bl lEcU/ esa viuh fpUrk ls voxr djk fn;k gSA ysfdu bldk dksbZ çHkkohlek/ku ugha fudy ik;k gSA nwljh rjiQ nksuksa ns'kksa us vius vkfFkZd lEcU/ksa dks vkSj vf/detcwr cukus ds fy, 2011 esa okf"kZd lkefjd vkfFkZd okrkZvksa dh çfØ;k vkjEHk dh gSAcny&cny dj nksuksa ns'kksa esa çfr o"kZ gksus okyh ;s okrkZ,¡ ea=kh Lrj ij lEiUu gksrh gSaA ftuesanksuksa ns'k fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa lg;ksx dh lEHkkoukvksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djrs gSaA 2012 esa lEiUugqbZ bu okrkZvksa esa jsyos] ÅtkZ rFkk ;kstuk ds {ks=k esa lg;ksx ds dfri; fcUnqvksa ij ppkZ gqbZgSA mYys[kuh; gS fd Hkkjr vkSj phu nksuksa us gh 2012 esa viuh 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa dkvkjEHk fd;k gSA7

lkefjd lEcU/ksa ds lUnHkZ esa nksuksa ns'kksa ds n`f"Vdks.k esa lekurk o erHksn nksuksa ds rÙo

| 49

fo|eku gSaA orZeku esa nksuksa ns'kksa us fofHkUu eqíksa ij mPpLrjh; ckrphr gsrq okf"kZd f'k[kjokrkZvksa dk flyflyk vkjEHk fd;k gSA bu f'k[kj okrkZvksa ds vUrxZr fu;fer :i ls çfro"kZnksuksa ns'kksa esa cny&cny dj f'k[kj lEesyuksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS rFkk 'kh"kZ usrRo }kjkegÙoiw.kZ eqíksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr us bl çdkj ds fu;fer okf"kZd f'k[kjlEesyuksa dh O;oLFkk phu ds vfrfjDr :l] tkiku] ;wjksih; la?k rFkk vkfl;ku ds lkFk Hkhykxw dh gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd nksuksa ns'k mPpLrjh; fopkj&foe'kZ dks egÙo çnku djrsgSaA lkefjd lEcU/ksa esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ igyw ;g gS fd nksuksa ns'k fo'o ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa tSlsvizQhdk] nf{k.k ,f'k;k rFkk nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k esa ,d v?kksf"kr lkefjd çfr;ksfxrk esa layXugSaA nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa phu Hkkjr ds iM+ksfl;ksa ds lkFk vius lkefjd lEcU/ksa dk rsth ls fodkldj jgk gSA8 tks Hkkjr ds fy, ,d fpUrk dk fo"k; gSA blh rjg iwohZ ,f'k;k esa xr ,d n'kdesa Hkkjr ds çHkko esa tks o`f¼ gqbZ gS mlls phu dh fpUrk,¡ c<+ x;h gSaA bl lEcU/ esa phudh eq[; leL;k leqæh ekxksZa dh lqj{kk gS rFkk phu bl {ks=k esa Hkkjr ds çHkko ds c<+us dki{k/j ugha gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij nksuksa ns'kksa ds eè; dbZ ekeyksa tSls& tyok;q ifjorZu]vUrjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj okrkZ,¡] vUrjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; laLFkkvksa esa lq/kj vkfn esa n`f"Vdks.k dh lekurkik;h tkrh gSA dfri; vU; ekeyksa esa nksuksa ds eè; erHksn Hkh fo|eku gSaA phu us vHkh rdlqj{kk ifj"kn esa Hkkjr dh LFkk;h lnL;rk ds nkos ds ckjs esa [kqydj viuk leFkZu ugha fn;kgSA

Hkkjr vkSj phu ds lEcU/ksa dh orZeku fLFkfr ls Li"V gS fd nksuksa ds eè; rekejktuhfrd erHksnksa ds ckotwn vkfFkZd lEcU/ksa esa rsth ls fodkl gqvk gSA ;|fi jktuhfrdO;oLFkk dh nf"V ls nksuksa us fHkUu&fHkUu ekxZ viuk;k gSA ysfdu rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl ds dkj.knksuksa ns'kksa dh x.kuk fo'o dh mHkjrh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk esa dh tk jgh gSA blhfy, nksuksa gh ns'kmHkjrh vFkZO;oLFkk ds lewg fczDl ds lnL; Hkh gSaA nksuksa ds eè; ;|fi çHkko c<+kus dks ysdjçfr;ksfxrk ds rÙo ik;s tkrs gSa] ysfdu fodkl o vkfFkZd ykHk ds y{; ds dkj.k fudVHkfo"; esa bl ckr dh lEHkkouk cgqr de gS fd nksuksa fdlh ç'u ij lSfud la?k"kZ dk sfuea=k.knsaxsA nksuksa ns'k bl ckr dks tkurs gSa fd os viuk rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl dsoy 'kkfUriw.kZ okrkoj.kesa gh lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSaA fiQj Hkh phu dh uhfr;ksa dh xksiuh;rk] mldk c<+rk gqvk j{kkctV rFkk lhek fooknksa dk mldk yEck bfrgkl bl ckr dks iq"V djrk gS fd Hkkjr dks viuslkefjd fgrksa ds çfr lnSo lpsr jgus dh vko';drk gSA tgk¡ rd nksuksa ns'kksa ds lEcU/ksa dsHkfo"; dk ç'u gS] nksuksa gh ns'k vkfFkZd lg;ksx dks vkxs c<+kus dk ç;kl djrs jgsaxsA vHkhHkh phu fooknkLin eqíksa dks fdukjs j[kus dh uhfr dk vuqlj.k dj jgk gSA ysfdu


| 50

dHkh&u&dHkh bu leL;kvksa ds lek/ku gsrq f}i{kh; igy dh vko';drk vuqHko dh tk,xhA9

Hkkjr o phu ds lEcU/ksa esa lq/kj vkus okys le; esa nksuksa ns'k ijLij egÙoiw.kZlg;ksxh lkfcr gks ldrs gSaaA Hkkjr o phu ds eèkqj lEcU/ u dsoy bu nksuksa ns'kksa ds fodklrd lhfer gSa] cfYd blls ,f'k;k egk}hi esa iQSyh fofHkUu leL;kvksa tSls vlekurk] xjhch]csjkstxkjh] LokLF; lsokvksa dk vHkko] xjhc ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd o vk/kjHkwr lajpukRed fodklvkfn dk Hkh nksuksa ns'k feydj lek/ku dj ldsaxsA10

fdUrq nqHkkZX;o'k phu dh orZeku le; esa Hkkjrh; lhek ij ruko iSnk djus okyhxfrfof/;k¡ nksuksa ns'kksa ds lEcU/ksa ij rks vlj Mky gh jgh gSa] oSf'od 'kfDr lUrqyu fcxkM+usdk Hkh ladsr ns jgh gSaA phu Hkkjr ds lkFk nckoiw.kZ uhfr ls fdlh leL;k dk lek/ku ughadj ik;sxkA Hkkjr ds lkFk 'k=kqrkiw.kZ lEcU/ksa dh fn'kk esa c<+ jgk phu oSf'od 'kfDr dks pqukSrhns jgk gSA phu dks ;g ckr le>uh gksxh fd Hkkjr] phu] :l ds vkilh laxBu] lkdZ] ,isd]vkfl;ku o 'ka?kkbZ&6 tSls {ks=kh; laxBu vkil esa ,d nwljs ds O;kikfjd lkefjd vkfn lEcU/fodflr dj ,f'k;u ;wfu;u dh vo/kj.kk dks ;FkkFkZ:i ns ldrs gSaA ,slk djus esa HkkSxksfydnf"V] tula[;k] lalk/u vkfn dh n`f"V ls nks cM+s ns'kksa Hkkjr o phu ds e/qj lEcU/ ,degÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dj ldsaxsA11 blh çdkj Hkkjr o phu feydj oSf'od leL;kvksa tSlsi;kZoj.k] ySafxd vlekurk] yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk vkfn dk lek/ku djus esa Hkh l{ke gksaxsAmnkgj.k ds fy, la;qDr jk"Vª ds yksdra=khdj.k ds fy, Hkkjr tgk¡ viuh LFkk;h lnL;rk dknkok dj jgk gS] ogha phu us Hkkjr ds bl nkos dk leFkZu fd;k gSA fdUrq phu ,d rjiQ rksHkkjr ds lkFk nksLrh dh ckr djrk gS fdUrq nwljh rjiQ og lhek fookn ds cgkus Hkkjr fojksèkhxfrfof/;ksa dks [kqysvke tkjh j[krk gSA ifj.kker% Hkkjr&phu ds chp fo'okl dk ladV iSnkgksrk gSA phu ;fn okLrfod fLFkfr ls cs[kcj gksdj Hkkjr dks mdlkus tSls O;ogkj djrk jgkrks ,d lhek ds ckn Hkkjr phu ls nks&nks gkFk djus dh fn'kk esa c<+ ldrk gS] rc bl {ks=kds fodkl dh xfr ,dk,d #d ldrh gSAlUnHkZ%1- ;w-vkj- ?kbZ& vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr (fl¼kUr ,oa O;ogkj)] pkSngok¡ laLdj.k] 2003_ çdk'kd& U;w ,dsMsfed

ifCyf'kax dEiuh] i`- 273&742- MkW- ch-,y- iQkfM+;k& vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku] vkxjk 1997] i`- 319&203- MkW- iq"is'k iUr ,oa Jhiky tSu& vUrjkZ"Vªh; lEcU/ fl¼kUr ,oa O;ogkj] X;kjgok¡ la'kksf/r laLdj.k 2002]

ehuk{kh çdk'ku] esjB] i`- 512&5134- duZy vkj- gfjgju& Hkkjr&phu lEcU/] oYMZ iQksdl] flrEcj 2011] i`- 14&155- fot; dqekj jk;& fookl iWuksjek lelkef;dh okf"kZdh_ vxLr 2012] çdk'kd& fookl iWuksjek çdk'ku]

| 51

fnYyh] i`- 53&546- Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] vfrfjDrkad dksM ua- 791] gsM vkfiQl] vkxjk] i`- 208&2097- ,l-,u- yky& Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] laLdj.k 2012] çdk'kd % f'koe~ ifCy'klZ] 320 ,- e/okiqj] th-Vh-

jksM] bykgkckn] i`- 924&9258- nÙk ,oa lqUnje~& Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] bD;kouok¡ laLdj.k] 2013] çdk'kd% ,l- pUn ,.M dEiuh çk-fy-

] u;h fnYyh&110055] i`- 767&7699- izQ.Vykbu] tuojh 25] 2013] i`- 54&5510- duZy vkj- gfjgju& cnyrk phu] oYMZ iQksdl] ekpZ 2007] i`- 27&2811- MkW- ch-,y- iQkfM+;k& vUrjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr % fl¼kUr ,oa ledkyhu jktuhfrd eqís] ckjgok¡ laLdj.k] 2007]

çdk'kd& lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'ku] vkxjk] i`- 204&205


ogh O;fDr fgUnw gS tks fgefxfj ds /oy 'kSy& Ükaxksa ls egksnf/ dh mÙkky rjaxksard foLr`r bl Hkw[k.M dks viuh fir`Hkwfe ds :i esa ekU;rk nsrk gS] tks jDr lEcU/dh n`f"V ls mlh egku~ tkfr dk oa'kt gS ftldk çFke mn~Hko oSfnd lIrflU/oksa esagqvk Fkk vkSj tks fujUrj vxzxkeh gksrs vUrHkwZr dks ipkrh rFkk eguh; :i çnku djrhgqbZ fgUnw tkfr ds uke ls lq[;kr gqbZ gSA tks mÙkjkf/dkj dh n`f"V ls vius&vkidks mlhtkfr dk Lohdkj djrk gS rFkk bl tkfr dh ml laLd`fr dks viuh laLd`fr ds :i esaekU;rk nsrk gS tks laLd`r Hkk"kk esa lafpr gSA ftldh vfHkO;fDr bl tkfr ds bfrgkl]lkfgR; ] dyk] /eZ&'kkL=k] O;ogkj&'kkL=k] jktuhfr] fof/&laLdkj vkSj ioksZa ds ekè;e ls gqbZ gSA bldslkFk gh ml O;fDr ds fy, ;g Hkh vfuok;Z gS fd og mi;qZDr ckrksa ds lkFk gh lkFk bl ns'k dks viuhiq.;Hkwfe] vius vorkjksa] ½f"k;ksa] egf"kZ;ksa dh vorkj LFkyh ,oa blds d.k&d.k dks rhFkZLFkyhle>rk gSA fgUnqRo ds y{k.k gSa& ,d jk"Vª] ,d tkfr rFkk ,d laLdfrA

&ohj lkojdj

| 52

vk/qfud 'kCn ,oa ;qx 'kCn nksuksa fojks/h 'kCn gSa] D;ksafd nksuksa dh viuh i`Fkd&i`Fkdvo/kj.kk,¡ gSaA çkphu Hkkjrh; ijEijk ,oa lkfgR; esa ;qx dk lkekU; çpfyr vFkZ lr;qx]=ksrk;qx] }kij ,oa dfy;qx dh vo/kj.kk çpfyr gSA vr% vk/qfud 'kCn dk lEçR;; oSKkfuddky ls ekuk tkrk gS] tc oSKkfud vkfo"dkjksa dk ç;ksx oSf'od Lrj ij gksus yxk tkslkekU;r;k mUuhloha 'krkCnh dh nsu gSA ;qxcks/ dk lkekU; vFkZ ;fn ge mUuhloha 'krkCnhds oSKkfud vkfo"dkjksa ds cks/ ,oa ç;ksx ls ysrs gSa rks og Hkh mUuhloha 'krkCnh dh ,doSKkfud vo/kj.kk ekuh tk ldrh gSA

çks- ,e-,l- xksjs ds vuqlkj vk/qfud vFkok vk/qfudhdj.k ,d tfVy vo/kj.kk gSAD;ksafd ftu lektksa dks ge ^vk/qfud* dgrs gSa] muesa Hkh i;kZIr vUrj ns[kus dks feyrk gSAbl dFku dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tc ge vk/qfud 'kCn dk ç;ksx djrs gSa] rks gekjk rkRi;Zeq[;r% ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks vk/qfud Lrj ij ykus ls gksrk gSA1 ijUrq çks- ch-oh- 'kkgmi;qZDr er ls lger ugha gSa] budk er gS fd vk/qfud vFkok vk/qfudhdj.k dsoy ,dvkfFkZd çfØ;k ek=k gh ugha gS] vfirq jktuhfrd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] /kfeZd rFkk vkfFkZdçfØ;k Hkh gSA ;g cgqi{kh; (Multidimensional) rFkk ,d tfVy çfØ;k gS tks fd ,d lektfo'ks"k ds lnL;ksa ds lEiw.kZ thou dks Li'kZ djrh gSA2

laLdr okÄ~e; esa ^v/quk* 'kCn vO;; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS ftldklkekU; vFkZ orZeku&fo|eku le; esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blh v/quk ls vk/qfud 'kCnfu"iUu gksrk gSA dky dh n`f"V ls vk/qfud 'kCn dk ç;ksx oSKkfud vkfo"dkjksa ds dky ls ekuktkrk gS vkSj blh vFkZ esa ;qxcks/ 'kCn Hkh ekuk tkuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds oSKkfudvkfo"dkjksa ds lkFk gh lkFk oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk Hkh ;qxcks/ rFkk vk/qfud vFkZ dks lhek esasck¡/dj viuk ;g 'kks/&i=k çLrqr dj jgh gw¡A

orZeku Hkkjrh; lekt esa Hkh vk/qfud çfØ;k fØ;k'khy gSA ;|fi vk/qfud ;k

vk/qfud laLdr&lkfgR; esa ;qxcks/

MkW- Lostk f=kikBh·

·çoDrk (laLd`r)] jktho xk¡/h ih-th- dkWyst] ukSruok] egjktxat

| 53

vkèkqfudhdj.k dh ;g çfØ;k Hkkjr ds uxjh; leqnk;ksa esa gh vf/d Li"V :i esa fØ;k'khyjgh gSA ijUrq chloha 'krkCnh ls ysdj vk/qfud dky rd ;g oSKkfud fopkj ,oa vkfo"dkjxzkeh.k {ks=kksa rd fodflr gks x;h gS_ tSls& eksckby dk ç;ksx vkt uxjksa rd gh lhfer ughagS] oju~ [ksrksa&[kfygkuksa rd igq¡p x;k gS vkSj ge vk/qfud Hkkjrh; lekt esa c<+ jgsvkS|ksfxdhdj.k] uxjhdj.k] ykSfddhdj.k] yksdra=khdj.k] vk/qfud f'k{kk] if'pehdj.k ds lkFkgh lkFk oS'ohdj.k dh vo/kj.kk dks Hkh ge vk/qfud 'kCn esa lekfgr djrs gSaA blds dkj.kHkkjr esa d`f"k] vkfFkZd n'kk] vk/qfud Kku&foKku] vUrjkZ"Vªh; vknku&çnku] ckákMEcj&ijEijkfojksèk] f'kYidkfjrk] vijk/] O;fHkpkj] Hkz"Vkpkj esa o`f¼ rFkk Hkkjrh; laLdfr esa tuokn]jk"Vªokn vkfn dh mHkjrh gqbZ 'kfDr;ksa ds lkFk ukjh l'kfDrdj.k rFkk nfyr&psruk dk mHkkjvk/qfud ço`fÙk;ksa dk vadu Hkh vk/qfud laLdr lkfgR; dh fofHkUu fo/kvksa esa fd;k tk jgkgS] ftldk ,d laf{kIr i;Zos{k.k vuqfyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa çLrqr gS&

eqDrd rFkk y?kqdkO; dh ijEijk esa ;ksxs'oj (9oha 'krkCnh ;k blds iwoZ) Hkkjrh; xzkethou fo'ks"kr% fuEu&eè; oxZ ;k fuEu oxZ ij dfork fy[kus okys laLd`r dfo;ksa esa vxz.khgSaA dkSlkach vkSj bxkYl ds vuqlkj os caxky ds iky jktkvksa ds vkfJr FksA ;ksxs'oj dh dforkds o.;Zfo"k; foUè; ds taxy] ueZnk ds rrh; çns'k fo'ks"kr% bl {ks=k ds ouxzke] vkfnoklhtu vkSj fdlku&etnwj vkfn gSaA vr% ;g vuqeku gksrk gS fd ;s foUè; vapy ds oklh FksAbudh çkphu ç'kfLr esa Hkh budk foUè; vkSj jsok (ueZnk) ls lEcU/ crk;k x;k gSA3

ckjgoha 'krkCnh ls ysdj vBkjgoha 'krkCnh rd dh vof/ esa ladfyr fofHkUu lqHkkf"krlaxzgksa esa buds LiQqV 'yksd ftudh dqy la[;k 70 ds yxHkx gS] blh ds vk/kj ij gh ;ksxs'ojlaLdr dfo;ksa dh iafDr;ksa esa LFkkfir fd;s tk ldrs gSaA ;ksxs'oj us laLd`r dfork dks vNwrhvfHkO;fDr;k¡ vkSj u;s eqgkojs fn;s gSaA Hkkjrh; turk ds LoIuksa vkSj la?k"kksZa dks mUgksaus leFkZinkoyh esa ok.kh nh gSA vfHkuUn] ftUgksaus lqçfl¼ jkepfjr egkdkO; ds vfrfjDr caxky dsxzke thou ij vusd i| fy[ks] mudh ç'kfLr esa dgrs gSa&

¶rkr% lf"VeiwoZoLrqfo"k;kesdks¿=k fuO;wZ<+oku]fu".kkr% dfodq×tjsUæpfjrs ekxsZ fxjka okxqj%Ajsok foUè;iqfyUnikejo/wHkwxksy>×>kfuy&çk;ks¿FksZ opukfu iYyof;rqa tkukfr ;ksxs'oj%AA¸

;ksxs'oj dks Hkkjrh; xzke thou ij xgjk vuqHko FkkA mUgksaus ewyr% [ksr&[kfygku vkSjxzkekapy ds fdlkuksa ds thou esa vk;s mYykl dk fp=k rUe; gksdj vafdr fd;k gSA ;ksxs'ojds dkO; esa f'k"V gkL; ds lkFk d#.kk ds ekfeZd iqV gSa&

vk/qfud laLd`r&lkfgR; esa ;qxcks/

| 54

¶Hknza rs ln'ka ;nèox'krS% dhfrZLroksn~xh;rs]LFkkus :ieuqÙea lqdfruks nkusu d.kksZ ftr%AbR;kyksP; fpja n`'kk di.k;k nwjkxrsu Lrqr%]ikUFksuSdiykyeqf"V#fpuk xokZ;rs gkfyd%AA¸

o"kkZ ds le; tc ?kj pw jgk gks] rks nfjæ x`fg.kh ?kj dks cpkus ds fy, D;k&D;k djrhgS] ftl rjg ;ksxs'oj crkrs gSa ml rjg dksbZ vU; ugha&

¶lDrwu~ 'kkspfr lEIyqrku çfrdjksR;kØUnrks ckydku~]çR;qfRl×pfr diZjs.k lfyya 'kÕ;kr`.ka j{kfrAnRok ew/Zfu 'kh.kZ'kwiZ'kdya th.ksZ x`gs O;kdqyk]fda rn~ ;Uu djksfr nq%LFkxfg.kh nsis Hk'ka o"kZfrAA¸

;ksxs'oj th dgrs gSa fd lÙkw Hkhxdj cg x;k gS] vkSj og mldk 'kksd euk jgh gSAcPps fpYy&iksa dj jgs gSa] vkSj og mUgsa pqi djk jgh gSA ?kj esa iQSys ikuh dks og iksaNs ls lq[kk jghgSA iqvky ds fcLrj dks cpk jgh gSA ekFks ij iqjkus lwis dk VqdM+k j[kdj vius ttZj ?kj esa O;kdqy nfjæ dhxfg.kh D;k&D;k ugha dj jgh gS] tcfd ckgj ikuh ewlyk/kj cjl jgk gSA

egkdkO; ijEijk esa ^bZ'oj foykl* egkdkO; ds jpf;rk nsof"kZ dfo dykfuf/ Jhd".kHkV~V ds iwoZt ewyr% rSyad çns'k ds czkã.k FksA bZ'oj foykl egkdkO; oSnHkhZ jhfr dkmRd`"V fun'kZu gSA mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds egkdfo;ksa esa uO;p.Mhnkl dk tUe gfj;k.kk çkUr dsiq.Mjhdiqj xzke esa 1804 bZ- esa gqvkA dk'kh esa vè;;u djus ds i'pkr~ ;s ifV;kyk] t;iqjvkSj tEcw esa jgsA budk ^j?kqukFk xq.kksn;* jkek;.k dFkk ij rsjg lxksZa dk mRd`"V egkdkO; gSA

chloha 'krkCnh esa laLd`r lkfgR; esa rhu lkS ls vf/d egkdkO; jps x;sA e-e- xaxkèkj'kkL=kh dk ^vfy foyki layki%* [k.MdkO; gksrs gq, Hkh ,d egÙoiw.kZ egkdkO; d`fr gSA blesaukS 'krd gSaA 'kkL=k vkSj dfork dk ,slk nqyZHk lekxe vU; fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa lEHko ugha gSA;g lekxe Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk ;k vfHkuoxqIriknkpk;Z ds ys[ku esa feyrk gSA5 buds egkdkO;ksaesa oS;fDrd {ks=k ds lkFk gh lkFk rRdkyhu lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk cM+k ltho fp=k.k fd;kx;k gSA bu egkdkO;ksa esa ;qxcks/ dk lekos'k gqvk gS] jk"Vªh; foHkwfr;ksa& xk¡/h] usg:] foosdkuUn]lqHkk"k] >k¡lh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ vkfn dks ysdj egkdkO;ksa dh jpuk gqbZA bl 'krkCnh esamYys[kuh; egkdkO; gSa& ^lR;kxzgxhrk*] ^mÙkjlR;kxzgxhrk* rFkk ^LojkT;fot;e~*6]^eqÙkqLokehnhf{krpfjre~*7] 'kqEHko/e~* rFkk foUè;okfluhfot;e~*8] f'kojkT;ksn;e~*9] {k=kifrpfjre~*10]^tufot;e~* rFkk phjgj.ke~*11] x.kifrlEHkoe~*12] ysfuukere~*13] Lokra=;lEHkoe~*14 eksgHkaxe~*15]

| 55

^okeukorkje~*16] ^cksf/lÙopfjre~*17A ,sfrgkfld egkdkO; pfjr dkO; rFkk bfrgkl fo"k;d;qxcks/ xzUFkksa esa ç[;kr fo}ku~ e-e- Vh- x.kifr 'kkL=kh dk ^Hkkjrkuqo.kZu* rFkk e-e-Vh- jkekorkj'kekZ dk ^Hkkjrh;fefro`Ùke~* ;s nks xzUFk vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSaA dfo d`".k dkSj us 16 lxksZa esa^fJ;kdkO;e~* esa fl[kksa dk bfrgkl i|c¼ fd;k gSA Jhikn glwjdj us egku~ ukfj;ksa= lUrksa vkSjjk"Vªh; usrkvksa ds thou ij vusd iqLrdksa dk ç.k;u fd;kA {kekjko ds firk dk thou pfjr^'kadjthouk[;kue~* esa fuc¼ gSA18 e-e- Jh xksihukFk dfojkt ds xq#] egku~ lk/d Lokeh Jhfo'kq¼kuUn ijegal ds thou ij vk/kfjr egkdkO; ^fo'kq¼oSHkoa* dk ç.k;u ia- Jh euqnsoHkV~Vkpk;Z us fd;kA

vk/qfud laLd`r ukVdksa esa mUuhloha 'krkCnh esa caxky ds ç[;kr if.Mr iapkuu rdZjRudk ^vejeaxy* bl 'krkCnh dh egÙoiw.kZ ukV~; d`fr gSA mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds çgluksa esalqUnjjkt (1841 bZ-) dk Luq"kkfot; dk fp=k.k çLrqr gSA ^fnYyh lkezkT;*19 (1912 bZ-,degÙoiw.kZ ukVd gSA blesa ik¡p vad vkSj 51 ik=k gSaA chloha 'krkCnh ds ukVddkjksa esaegkegksikè;k; 'kadj yky (1844&1916 bZ-) esa fo'ks"k :i ls ç.k;u fd;k] ftlesa /zqokH;qn;]Hknz;qojkt] okeufot; vkfn ukVd mYys[kuh; gSaA ,sfrgkfld ukVd dh jpuk ds {ks=k esaewy'kadj ef.kd yky ;kfKd (1886) dk uke vxzx.; gSA ^{k=kifr lkezkT;*] ^çrki fot;*]^la;ksfxrk Lo;aoj* vkfn budh d`fr;k¡ gSaA ^ohj çrki*] ^'kadj fot;*] ^HkDr lqn'kZu*] ^xk¡èkhfot;* vkfn eFkqjk çlkn nhf{kr (1878) dh vU; d`fr;k¡ gSaA bu ukVdksa esa Hkkjrh; Lora=krkds iwoZ dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj fot;h egkiq#"kksa dh çsj.kk ls tks Lora=krk çkfIr dk tkxj.k gqvkmlus vk/qfud ;qxcks/ esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk çLrqr dh gSA

^lkfgR; 'kkL=k* esa vk/qfud xzUFkksa dk o.kZu bl çdkj fd;k x;k gS&

^vLrkpyh;e~* xzUFk vkpk;Z Jh xksfoUnpUæ ik.Ms; }kjk ç.khr gSA euh"kh ys[kd us blxzUFk esa ik'pkR; vaxzsth ys[kdksa dh dforkvksa dk laLdr&i|:ikUrj fd;k gSA lkSUn;Z'kkL=k dsviwoZ xzUFk lkSUn;Zn'kZufoe'kZ%*20 esa fo}ku~ ys[kd us lkSUn;Z'kkL=k dh bfrgkl ijra=krk] ukuk;qxorhZdkO;] f'kYi rFkk laxhr vkfn dh Hksn çn'kZuiwoZd O;kid :idYiuk ,oa :i/eZfu:i.k vkfnfo"k;ksa dk lekykspukRed fooj.k çLrqr fd;k gSA ^fo}Ppfjri×pde~*21 xzUFk esa foØe dhvBkjgoha 'krh ds vUr rFkk mUuhloha 'krh ds eè; esa Hkkjr&çfl¼ ik¡p fo}kuksa dk pfjrpØ&i¼fr esa fy[kk x;k gSA

çk;% lHkh jktdh; laLdr egkfo|ky;] dk'kh ds vè;kid jgs gSaA vkt Hkh budhf'k"; ijEijk O;kidrk] U;k; vkSj lkfgR; 'kkL=k esa py jgh gSA ^HkkjrL; lkaLd`frdh


| 56

fnfXot;*22 xzUFk esa Hkkjr us fo'o ds fdu&fdu Hkkxksa esa tkdj /kfeZd ,oa lkaLdfrd fot;çkIr dh Fkh vkSj viuh laLdfr dh Nki NksM+h Fkh] bldh flf¼ esa vusd çek.k Hkh fn;s x;sgSaA ^vokZphua euksfoKkue~*23 Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k ls fy[kk x;k euksfoKku'kkL=k dk çkekf.kd xzUFkgSA fo}ku~ ys[kd us vk/qfud fopkj/kjk dks çkphurk ds lkFk lefUor djrs gq, bl xzUFk dkç.k;u fd;kA ^lkfgR; 'kkjhfjde~*24 xzUFk esa lkfgR; 'kkL=k ds egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa dkO;] ukVdvkfn dk vuqlU/kukRed fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA ^fp=kpEiwdkO;L; lleh{ka lEiknue~*25 xzUFkdk lEiknu MkW- nsoh çlkn f}osnh us fd;k gSA mUgha ds lEikndRo esa bl xzUFk dks çdkf'krfd;k x;k gSA ^exkadnwre~*26 xzUFk dk çdk'ku fgUnh&i|kuqokn ,oa vkaXykuqokn ds lkFk fd;kx;k gSA blds lEiknd Hkh çks- feJ th gSaA ^laLdrdkO;'kkL=ks rrh;'kCn'kfDrfoe'kZ%*27 xzUFk esadkO;'kkL=k dh 'kCn 'kfDr;ksa ij xos"k.kkRed fopkj çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bldh lEiknd HkhMkW- 'kksHkk feJ gSaA ^vfHkuo'kqdlkfjdk* 'kqdlIrfr dh 'kSyh esa çks- jk/koYyHk f=kikBh }kjk blvfHkuo dkO; dk çdk'ku fd;k x;k gSA Jh çrki#ænso }kjk ç.khr ^;;kfrpfjre~* ukVd esaikSjkf.kd] ,sfrgkfld rFkk dkYifud fopkj leq¼r gSA bldk lEiknu MkW- oRlyk us fgUnhvuqokn ds lkFk fd;k gSA çks- çHkqukFk f}osnh }kjk ç.khr vfHkuo laLd`r dFkkvksa dks ladfyrdj vUrèoZfu* dks çdkf'kr fd;k x;kA pàk.koa'kpfjregkdkO;e~*28 rFkk Jhjkefot;egkdkO;e~*29esa jktk n'kjFk ds eqfu'kki ls çkjEHk dj jko.ko/ ds vuUrj jktflagklukjksg.k rd dh dFkkof.kZr gSA

iwoZ ^lkojdj pfjre~* uked laLdr xzUFk esa lkojdj dh çkjfEHkd thouh] mudhf'k{kk&nh{kk] ØkfUrdkjh pfjr] Lora=krk la?k"kZ] rFkk dkys ikuh dk n.M] cUnhx`g dh ;kruk,¡vkSj ;krukvksa dks lgrs gq, Hkkjr dh Lora=krk ds lEcU/ esa fy[ks x;s muds xzUFk fgUnqRolokZf/d çsj.kknk;d gSA vk/qfud laLdr lkfgR; ds Lora=krk laxzke lsukfu;ksa ds lEcU/ esa^lkojdj pfjre~* ,d vk/qfud fo"k; dks ysdj Hkkjrh; ;qxcks/ dh ekSfyd d`fr gSA

^rÙokuqlU/kue~ v}SrfpUrkdkSLrqd*30 vBkjgoha 'krh dk ;g çdj.k v}Sr n'kZu dslokZaxh.k ifjp; rFkk lk/uk i¼fr dh lexz f'k{kk ikus dk vrqY; L=kksr gSA osnkUr n'kZu esaçpfyr lHkh dkfjdkvksa dk] çek.kksa dk] [;kfr;ksa dk] miØekfn fyaxksa dk] çkek.; dk]okluk{k;] euksuk'k dk] lekf/ dk ,oa ,sls gh vusd rÙoksa dk vf/dkf/d fooj.k xzUFkdkjus ewy o LoksiK O;k[;k esa çLrqr fd;k gSA fo}ku~ vuqoknd ds fo"k; dks Li"V djrs gq, lVhdxzUFk dk Hkk"kkUrj.k fd;k gSA Jh Lokeh egs'kkuUn fxfj th egkjkt us Hkwfedk esa bfrgkl&Øels osnkUr lkfgR; ds fodkl dk viwoZ fun'kZu fd;k gS tks vuqlU/ku {ks=k ds fo}kuksa ds fy,vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSA31

| 57

vk/qfud foKku ds fo"k; dk ys[ku laLd`r Hkk"kk esa ugha fd;k x;k gSA tSls HkkSfrdfoKku] jlk;u foKku] tho foKku] Hkw&foKku] u{k=k foKku] Hkw&lapkj] m|ksx] f'kYi vkfnfo"k;ksa ij vHkh ge vxzlj ugha gks ik;s gSaA vHkh laLdr ds fo}ku~ çkphu jl] vyadkj] NUnesa gh my>s gq, gSaA vr% laLdr Hkk"kk dh mi;ksfxrk dh o`f¼ ds fy, oSKkfud fo"k;ksa dklaLdr esa ys[ku gksuk pkfg,AlUnHkZ%1- M.S. Gore in A.R. Desai (Ed.), Essays an Moderization of under developed societies, Vol. II;

Thacker & Co, Bombay, p. 232

2- B.V. Shah, ibid, p. 232

3- laLd`r lkfgR; dk vfHkuo bfrgkl] MkW- jk/koYyHk f=kikBh] fo'ofo|ky; çdk'ku] okjk.klh] i`- 224&2254- r=kSo] i`- 2265- r=kSo] i`- 5106- {kekjko7- osadVjk?kou8- olUr=;Ecd 'ksoMs9- Jh/j HkkLdj o.ksZdj10- mek'kadj f=kikBh11- ijekuUn 'kkL=kh12- çHkqnÙk 'kkL=kh13- in~e 'kkL=kh14- jsok çlkn f}osnh15- jfld fogkjh tks'kh16- jktsUæ feJ17- lR;ozr 'kkL=kh18- laLdr lkfgR; dk vfHkuo bfrgkl] MkW- jk/koYyHk f=kikBh] fo'ofo|ky; çdk'ku] okjk.klh] i- 44019- egkegksikè;k; y{e.k lwjh20- Jh xksfoUn pUæ ik.Ms;21- Jh ukjk;.k 'kkL=kh f[kLrs22- Jh gfjnÙk osnkyadkj23- ;kejktnÙk dfiy24- çks- jsok çlkn f}osnh25- vkpk;Z Jh okxs'oj HkV~Vkpk;Z


| 58

26- çks- jktsUæ feJ27- MkW- 'kksHkk feJ28- Jh fo'oukFk29- Jh :iukFk mikè;k;30- Jh egknsokuUn ljLorh vuqoknd Jh ia- xtkuu 'kkL=kh eqlyxk¡odj31- Mahesh Research Institute, Shri Dakshinamutti Math Prakashan, Varanasi (U.P.)

^^Lora=krk dk vFkZ gS og fLFkfr ftlesa gekjk ns'k] gekjh tkfr] gekjh laLdfr]ijEijk] Hkk"kk vf/dkj] fu;e vkSj gekjk LokfHkeku lalkj esa lEekuiwoZd thfor jgldsA D;k ,slh fLFkfr çkIr gks pqdh gS\ ;fn ugha rks ,slh Lora=krk dks çkIr djus dhvko';drk ugha gSA**

^^Lora=krk çkfIr ds i'pkr~ Hkh gekjs jk"Vª dk LokfHkeku vkSj viuRo tkxrugha gqvk_ gekjh jk"Vªh; laLdfr] Hkk"kk] lH;rk] ijEijk] bfrgkl] euksHkkouk ,oajk"Vªh; egÙokdka{kk dks neu djus okyh fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk lapkfyr iqjkuh uhfr ughacnyhA vkt Hkh Hkkjr ds dksus&dksus esa gesa viekfur djus okys fonsf'k;ksa ds fpÉ ,oavR;kpkjh 'kkldksa ds Lekjd cus gq, fn[kk;h nsrs gSaA ------------ns'k ij cfynku gksusokys gtkjksa ns'kHkDrksa ds Lekjd ds fy, dksbZ fpÉ fn[kk;h ugha nsrk] mudh Lefr esanks 'kCn Hkh lquk;h ugha nsrsA rks fiQj jk"Vªh; LokfHkeku dk tkxj.k] ns'k ds fy,thus&ejus dh çsj.kk dk fodkl dSls gksxk\**


| 59

ukeoj flag us ^bfrgkl dh 'ko lk/uk* uked ys[k esa jkefoykl 'kekZ ds lexz ys[kudk ewY;kadu fd;kA ckn ds fnuksa esa jkefoykl 'kekZ us ½Xosn ij cgqr dke fd;kA ukeoj flagvius ys[k esa jkefoykl 'kekZ dks bfrgkl ds 'ko dk lk/d dgkA njvly ^'ko&lk/uk* dsbl fookn dh tM+ lqnwj vrhr esa gSA og fookn ukeoj flag dks ;kn gSA os ml fookn dsckjs esa crkrs gSa fd ¶,d (xks"Bh) dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky; ds ifjlj esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj çxfr'khyys[kdksa dh Fkh] -----------ml xks"Bh dh dqN ckrsa ;kn gSaA mlesa jkefoykl th vkSj gtkjhçlknf}osnh us] ,d gh eap ls] vè;{k rks Fks jkefoykl th] mn~?kkVu fd;k Fkk ml l=k dkgtkjhçlkn f}osnh us] ---------f}osnh th us ^lkfgR; ,d 'ko lk/uk*] fd lkfgR; rks ,d 'kodh lk/uk ds leku gS vkSj 'ko ds Åij cSB djds lk/d viuh lk/uk ls 'ko dks tkx`rdjrk gS vkSj mldh ihB ij cSBk gqvk gS rks mldk eq¡g lk/d dh vksj myV dj gks tkrkgS vkSj fiQj dgrk gS fd tks ek¡xks] og nsaxsA rks vius :id dh Hkk"kk esa f}osnh th us cM+k rhozHkk"k.k fn;kA jkefoykl th us vè;{k dh gSfl;r ls ml ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, dgk fd bllk/uk esa lcls cM+k [krjk ;g gS fd 'ko ds LFkku ij lk/d dk eq¡g myV tkrk gS vkSj ogorZeku ls gVdj ihNs dh vksj ns[kus yxrk gS blfy, ,slh lk/uk] tks lk/d ds eq¡g dks myVns vkSj vrhr dh vksj ns[kus yxs rks bl lk/uk ls [krjk gS] vki lksp ldrs gSa fd bldk D;kvlj iM+k gksxkA¸1 f}osnh th ds Hkk"k.k ij jkefoykl 'kekZ dh bl fVIi.kh dk vlj gqvk¶f}osnh th pqiA lHkk esa Nr&iQkM+ BgkdkA¸

ckn ds fnuksa esa jkefoykl 'kekZ ½Xosn ij dke dj jgs FksA uotkxj.k dh 'kq#vkr½Xosn ls ekurs gSaA bl ij ukeoj flag dgrs gSa ¶njvly ^uotkxj.k* dk og Lo.kZ;qx gS tksjkefoykl th dks oSfnd vj.; esa [khap ys x;k vkSj yksd dh lhrk dk vigj.k gks x;kA fofèkdh foMEcukA vugksuh gks x;hA nq";Ur rks os Fks ugha] tks dksbZ vU; vkd"kZ.k gksrk! ;gk¡ rks clgj.k gh gj.k gS vkSj fu'p; gh og fgj.k Hkh! vc bls e`x;k dh ek;k dfg, ;k f'kdkj dk

uotkxj.k dk fookn ok;kbfrgkl dh 'ko lk/uk o vU;vk'kqrks"k dqekj feJ·

·fgUnh foHkkx] MkW- gjhflag xkSj fo'ofo|ky;] lkxj&470003 (e-ç-)

| 60

'kkSd! tgk¡ u ys tk,!¸2 njvly ukeoj flag dks uotkxj.k ls ijgst ugha gS] f'kdk;r fliQZ;g gS MkW- 'kekZ dk orZeku ls ihNs tkdj ½Xosn esa mls <w¡<+ukA lk/d dk eq¡g iyV tkuk 'kk;nblh dks dgrs gksaxsA ukeoj flag dgrs gSa] ¶vc jkefoykl th pqi gSa vkSj bfrgkl vV~Vgkldj jgk gS] D;k ogh loky jkefoykl th us [kqn vius&vkils dHkh iwNk\ D;ksa iwNrs! mudhfnypLih rks 'ko&ijh{kk esa Fkh] 'ko&lk/uk esa ughaA¸3 blds vfrfjDr ukeoj flag jkefoykl'kekZ dh uotkxj.k lEcU/h O;k[;k ij vk'p;Z djrs gSaA ¶vk'p;Z fliQZ bl ckr ij gS fdHkkjrh; uotkxj.kksa dh bl yEch ijEijk esa cq¼ dk dgha ftØ ugha gSA lkiQ gS fd ½Xosnls 'kq: gksus okys oSfnd uotkxj.k dh /kjk ls cq¼ ckgj gSa vkSj muds lkFk gh iwjh Je.kijEijk Hh cfg"dr gSA blh rjg vk/qfud fgUnh uotkxj.k dk pkSFkk pj.k Hkh fujkyk ds lkFkfLFkj gks tkrk gSA bl Øe esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; çxfr'khy vkUnksyu dk ftØ u ikdj FkksM+kvk'p;Z Hkh gksrk gS&[kklrkSj ls jkefoykl 'kekZ dh ekDlZoknh vkSj çxfr'khy Nfo dks Lej.kdjrs gq,A¸4 ukeoj flag jkefoykl 'kekZ ds uotkxj.k dh O;k[;k Hkh crkrs gSa& ¶,d ,slkuotkxj.k gS ftlesa cq¼ dh cqf¼oknh vFkok foosdoknh fpUru&i¼fr ds fy, dksbZ txg ughagSA -------bl fu"ks/&o`fÙk ds ckotwn jkefoykl th ds uotkxj.k dh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd mlesadkiQh fofo/rk gSA gj uotkxj.k dk pfj=k vyx gSA uke ,d] :i fHkUu! ,da ln~ foçk cgqèkkonfUr* dh vfHkuo O;k[;kA vn~Hkqr vusdkUrokn! ftl ^,d* ls uotkxj.k ^vusd* gqvk gSog gS ½XosnA Hkkjrh; uotkxj.k dk ewy lzksr! pkgsa rks ewyk/kj Hkh dg ysaA dguk u gksxk fduotkxj.k dh bl ifjdYiuk esa ,d çdkj dh cqfu;knijLrh gS] ftldk çpfyr uke^iQ.Mkes.VkfyTe* gSA jkefoykl th dh bl ifjdYiuk ds çsj.kk&lzksr gSa Lokeh n;kuUnljLorh!¸5 jkefoykl 'kekZ dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z ;g gS fd mUgksaus Hkkjr ds fodkl] Hkkjrh;uotkxj.k vkfn ds mRFkku esa ;wjksi ds ;ksxnku dks vLohdkj fd;kA bl cgqçpfyr /kj.kk fdvaxzstksa us Hkkjr dks vk/qfudrk dh nkSM+ esa 'kkfey fd;k] dks jkefoykl 'kekZ us viuh rF;kRed,oa rkfdZd fo'ys"k.k ds }kjk [kkfjt fd;kA bl ij ukeoj flag dh fVIi.kh ;g gS fd ¶;g,d çdkj ls ;wjksih; fo}kuksa ds dq[;kr ^vksfj,.VfyTe* ds tokc esa nwljk ^vU/jk"VªoknçkP;okn* gSA Hkkjrh; çkP;okn dh ;g çfrfØ;k mruh gh fod`r gS ftruh ik'pkR; çkP;okndh vkØked fØ;k nwf"kr FkhA jkefoykl th dk ;g vkØked çkP;okn n;kuUn ds vk;Zoknls T;knk [krjukd gS D;ksafd ;g vkt la?k ifjokj ds iQkflLV bjknksa dks ,d gfFk;kj çnku djjgk gS&cUnj ds gkFk mLrjk nsus ls Hkh [krjukdA¸6 jkefoykl 'kekZ us Hkkjrh; laLdfr] Hkkjrh;ijEijk ds tkxzr psruk vkSj miyfC/;ksa dks js[kkafdr fd;k] vFkkZr~ ^[kqnh dks cqyUn* fd;k] ysfdu;g ckr ukeoj flag dks vU/ çkP;okn yxrk gS] vkSj rks vkSj ;g la?k ds fopkjksa dks iksf"kr djus okykgSA blhfy, ukeoj flag jkefoykl 'kekZ dks bfrgkl dk 'ko&lk/d dgrs gSaA

| 61

ukeoj flag ds ys[k ^bfrgkl dh 'ko&lk/uk* dk eqdEey tokc gS eqjyh euksgjçlkn flag dk ys[k ^pyb tksad ty oØ xfr*] tks olq/k&51 esa çdkf'kr gSA ;g ys[kjkefoykl 'kekZ lEcU/h fooknksa dk ,d u;k i{k çLrqr djrk gSA eqjyh euksgj çlkn flag^bfrgkl dh 'ko&lk/uk* esa of.kZr ukeoj flag ds n`f"Vdks.k ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd¶tks yksx ekDlZokn dks ,d 'kkL=k ekurs gSa] la?k"kZ dk iFk&çn'kZd ugha] os yksx cgl ds dsUæfcUnq esa çklafxd gksus ij Hkh lkezkT;okn dk dHkh mYys[k ugha djrsA ukeoj flag ds lkFk Hkh;gh fLFkfr gSA lkezkT;okn cuke Hkkjr ds mRihfM+r tu&x.k ukeoj th dh foospuk ds dsUæesa ;fn vuqifLFkr gSa] rks blds Hkh dkj.k <w¡<+us pkfg,A¸7 lkFk gh eqjyh euksgj çlkn flagloky [kM+k djrs gSa fd ¶vkSifuosf'kd lÙkk ds fo#¼ nfer&ihfM+r tux.k ds la?k"kksZa vkSjmudh lkaLd`frd fØ;k'khyrk esa uotkxj.k ds mn~Hko vkSj fodkl ds mRl ns[kuk vkf[kj^iQ.Mkes.VfyTe* dSls gS\ ;wjksi ds çHkko dks eku ysa rks ge çxfr'khy] oukZ ge vUèkjk"Vªoknh*\;g dSlh rdZ O;oLFkk gS vkSj vkt fdls enn igq¡pk ldrh gSA la?kh yksxksa dk ;gh dguk gSfd ftrus Hkh tura=k&çseh ;k ekDlZoknh gSa&lcds lc ;wjksi ds çseh vkSj iSjksdkj gSaA¸8

uotkxj.k lEcU/h lexz foospu esa jkefoykl 'kekZ dh utj lpsr tuçfrjks/ ijdsfUær jgrk gSA fgUnh uotkxj.k dk ewy pfj=k lkezkT;okn ds f[kykiQ tuçfrjks/ [kM+k djukgSA jkefoykl 'kekZ dh iwjh dksf'k'k turk ds blh çfrjks/ dks js[kkafdr djus dh jgh gSA 1857dk laxzke mlh tuçfrjks/ dk O;kogkfjd ifj.kfr gSA 1857 ds ek=k pkj lky igys 1853 esadkyZ ekDlZ us Hkkjr esa vaxzstksa dh Hkwfedk ds lUnHkZ esa fy[kk Fkk fd ¶baXyS.M us rks Hkkjrh;lekt dk lkjs dk lkjk <k¡pk rksM+ Mkyk] vkSj mlds uofuekZ.k ds dksbZ y{k.k vHkh rd utjugha vkrsA bl Hkk¡fr ,d rjiQ rks Hkkjrh; turk dh iqjkuh nqfu;k [kks x;h gS vkSj nwljh rjiQu;h nqfu;k feyh ugha gS] ftlls mldh orZeku nq[kiw.kZ fLFkfr vkSj Hkh d#.k gks tkrh gS vkSjfczfV'k 'kklu ds uhps Hkkjr viuh lHkh çkphu ijEijkvksa vius lewps fiNys bfrgkl ls dVtkrk gSA¸9 ekDlZ dh ;g fVIi.kh rFkkdfFkr Hkæ dgh tkus okyh fczfV'k ljdkj dh gdhdrdg jgh gSA iw¡thoknh nq"pØ esa iQ¡l dj Hkkjr dh D;k fLFkfr Fkh mls mDr fVIi.kh ds ekiQZrle>k tk ldrk gSA fdUrq ¶iw¡thoknh lH;rk dk ;g ik[k.M ukeoj th ds fy, Li"V cs'kdu gks] ekDlZ dh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus og fujko`Ùk gks x;k FkkA vkSifuosf'kd mRihM+u dh ccZjrk dsfo#¼ tu&tkx`fr vkSj O;kid tu&la?k"kksZa dh ykecUnh gh ^uotkxj.k* ds mn~Hko dksle>us&le>kus okyh vko';d dqath gSA¸10

ukeoj flag ds ys[k ^bfrgkl dh 'ko&lk/uk* ls mits lEiw.kZ fookn ij eqjyh euksgjçlkn dh fVIi.kh egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ¶fgUnh ds HkkX;oknh cqf¼thfo;ksa dk ,d leqnk; ,slk Hkh

uotkxj.k dk fookn ok;k bfrgkl dh 'ko lk/uk o vU;

| 62

gS tks bfrgkl] Hkk"kkfoKku] iqjkrÙo vkSj /eZ'kkL=k ds {ks=k esa ekDlZokn dh nqgkbZ nsdj jkefoykl'kekZ dks 'k=kq ?kksf"kr djus esa yxk gSA ukeoj th bl vfHk;ku ds f'k[kj iq#"k gSaA nwljh rjiQmudh cjlh ds ekSds ij fojls dh ixM+h Hkh ck¡/s j[kuk pkgrs gSaA¸11 bfrgkl dh ^'ko&lkèkuk*esa jkefoykl 'kekZ ds uotkxj.k lEcU/h foospu dks ftl rjg ls ns[kk&le>k x;k gS] ogoLrqijd ugha gSA jkefoykl 'kekZ Hkkjrh; uotkxj.k esa ;wjksi ds ;kxnku dks ugha ekurs gSa fliQZblh otg ls os n;kuUn ljLorh leFkZd dSls gks tkrs gSa bldk Li"V rdZ mDr ys[k esa ughagSA bu lcds ckotwn mDr ys[k fgUnh lkfgR; esa jkefoykl 'kekZ ds ewY;kadu lEcU/h foe'kksZadk ,d i{k çLrqr djrk gSA

uotkxj.k lEcU/h foe'kksZa esa ohjHkkjr ryokj ds uke ls ,d u;h dM+h tqM+rh gSAohjHkkjr ryokj us viuh cgqpfpZr fdrkc ^jLlkd'kh* esa HkkjrsUnq vkSj fgUnh uotkxj.k dsçpfyr /kj.kk ds myV viuh O;k[;k çLrqr dh gSA ryokj 'kq: gh ;gha ls djrs gSa fd ¶fgUnhuotkxj.k ,d Hkzked uke gS D;ksafd ;g viuh ,sfrgkfld vUroZLrq dks çdV ugha djrkA bllsxyriQgeh gksrh gS fd ;g Hkkjrh; uotkxj.k tSlh gh dksbZ /kjk FkhA ---------,sfrgkfld rF;crkrs gSa fd ;g ,d ,slh /kjk Fkh tks uotkxj.k ds fojks/ esa 'kq: gqbZ Fkh vkSj ftlds vkUnksyuds dsUæh; eqís dqN vkSj gh FksA ---------19oha lnh ds T;knkrj fgUnh ys[kd ftuds lkfgR; esafeyus okyh psruk dks ^fgUnh uotkxj.k* dgk tkrk gS&okLro esa -------lukruh laLFkkvksa ls tqM+sgq, ys[kd FksA --------fgUnh uotkxj.k ds ys[kdksa dh lkekftd&/kfeZd psruk czkãksa vkSj vk;ksZads lq/kj vkUnksyu ds leFkZu esa ugha] muds fojks/ vkSj mudh çfrfØ;k esa mHkjh FkhA¸12

ohjHkkjr ryokj vius xgu vè;;u ,oa [kkstksa ds vk/kj ij bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ps gSaAryokj us vius vè;;u esa vkSifuosf'kd ljdkj }kjk f'k{kk ds fy, 1882 esa xfBr g.Vjvk;ksx ds le{k fn;s x;s HkkjrsUnq ds tokc vkSj HkkjrsUnq dky esa dke dj jgs reke laxBuksads mís'; dks vk/kj cuk;k gSA

ryokj dh n`f"V ;g gS fd fgUnh uotkxj.k dk Lo:i Hkkjrh; uotkxj.k ls fHkUu vkSj,dkdh gSA blesa nfyr&ç'u] L=kh&ç'u] vkfn ij lh/s dksbZ ckrphr ugha dh x;h gSA ;geq[;r% Å¡ph tkfr;ksa fo'ks"kr% fgUnw tkfr dks laxfBr djus dk ç;kl FkkA 19oha lnh ds rhucM+s vkUnksyuksa dks ryokj js[kkafdr djrs gSa& ukxjh fyfi] fgUnh Hkk"kk] vkSj xksj{kkA ryokj dgrsgSa fd ¶caxky vkSj egkjk"Vª ds uotkxj.k ls fgUnh uotkxj.k dk ;g cqfu;knh iQdZ Fkk ftldhotg if'peksÙkj çkUr dh [kkl ,sfrgkfld&jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ FkhaA¸13 blds ckn ohjHkkjrryokj dh Li"V jk; ;g gS fd ¶vk;Zlekt vkSj tkfr lHkkvksa ds /kfeZd&lkekftd lq/kjvkUnksyu ls vyx tks vkUnksyu HkkjrsUnq e.Myh vkSj nwljs fgUnh ys[kdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls gqvk]

| 63

mldk lgh uke ^fgUnh vkUnksyu* gksuk pkfg, D;ksafd fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj fyfi dk loky ghmldk dsUæh; eqík Fkk] /kfeZd ;k lkekftd lq/kj ughaA¸14

ohjHkkjr ryokj dh ;g ekU;rk gS fd vk;Z lekt ds lq/kjksa ds fojks/ esa fgUnhuotkxj.k dk tUe gqvkA blds çek.k Hkh feyrs gSaA ml le; fgUnh dh i=k&if=kdkvksa esan;kuUn ljLorh ds lq/kjksa ds fojks/ dk vfHk;ku lk py jgk FkkA ^Hkkjr thou* ds lEikndh;esa fy[kk x;k fd ¶vusd vk/qfud f'kf{kr egk'k; gekjs /eksZUufr ds fy, vk;Z lekt dhLFkkiuk dj jgs gSaA czkã.kksa dks u ekuks] ;s rks iksi gSa] çfrekiwtu er djks] ;g rks feV~Vh iRFkjgS] firJk¼ er djks] D;k eqnsZ [kkus vkrs gSa\ bR;kfn mins'k nsrs gSa vkSj gekjs eq[; lukruijEijkxr /eZ dh tM+ ij dqYgkM+h ekjrs gSa] ftl ij Hkh ;gh dgrs gSa fd ge vkids /eZds fgrS"kh gSaA15

n;kuUn ljLorh ds dk;ksZa ds çfr tks fojks/&Hkko ^Hkkjr thou* ds bl lEikndh; esagS] ;g ns[kuk cgqr jksekapd gS fd n;kuUn ds çfr ;gh lUnsgkLin vkSj udkjkRed Hkkojkefoykl 'kekZ dh cjlh ij çdkf'kr ^vkykspuk* ds ukeoj flag ds lEikndh; esa Hkh gSAbfrgkl vius dks nqgjkrk gS ij [kqn dks nqgjkrs gq, bl :i esa gekjs lkeus vk tk; rks blsohjHkkjr ryokj dgk¡ j[ksaxs\

bl cgl esa eSustj ik.Ms; csckd <ax ls viuk i{k j[krs gSaA ohjHkkjr ryokj ds^jLlkd'kh* ij dgrs gSa fd ¶esjh fpUrk ;g gS fd ,slh ^jLlkd'kh* fdl dke dh] fd jLlkgh VwV tk,A ftl rjg ^dyj Cykb.Musl* gksrk gS] mlh rjg ^vkbfM;ksykWftdy Cykb.Musl*Hkh gksrh gSA eryc ;g gS fd vxj fl¼ djuk gS fd HkkjrsUnq fgUnw ekufldrk ds Fks] rks ;g;kn ugha iM+sxk fd os dqN FkksM+s ls Hkkjrh; yksxksa esa gSa] ftUgksaus dqjku 'kjhiQ* dk vuqokn fd;kAHkkjrsUnq us ^iapifo=kkRek* uked ,d NksVh&lh fdrkc Hkh fy[kh Fkh] ftlesa bLyke ds ik¡p cM+syksxksa& eqgEen lkgc] vyh] chch iQkfrek vkSj glu&gqlSu dh thouh nh x;h Fkh vkSj mudsdkeksa dh rkjhiQ dh x;h FkhA¸16 ;gk¡ eSustj ik.Ms; dk ladsr ys[kd ds ^oS.Vst Iokb.V*(voyksdu fcUnq) dh rjiQ gSA ys[kd tgk¡ ls ftl fopkj/kjk ls phtksa dks ns[krk gS mls oghfn[krk Hkh gSA fgUnh uotkxj.k dks fgUnw uotkxj.k fl¼ djus dh ço`fÙk dks [krjukd crkrsgq, eSustj ik.Ms; vkxkg djrs gSa fd ¶Hkkjrh; uotkxj.k dks tks yksx fgUnw uotkxj.k fl¼djus esa yxs gq, gSa oks ijEijk dks dV~VjifUFk;ksa ds ftEes lkSaius dk dke dj jgs gSa fd ;grks vkidh gh LokHkkfod pht gS] ---------vc tc ;g crk;k tk,xk fd fgUnh uotkxj.k fgUnwuotkxj.k gS rks fgUnw tkxj.k eap ds yksx gh mlds LokHkkfod mÙkjkf/dkjh gksaxs] ----bldk xgjkçHkko orZeku ij Hkh iM+sxk vkSj Hkfo"; ij HkhA¸17


| 64

fgUnh uotkxj.k dks Hkkjrh; uotkxj.k ls ohjHkkjr ryokj vyx ekurs gSaA mudk rdZgS fd Hkkjrh; uotkxj.k dh rjg /kfeZd ,oa lkekftd lq/kj dh Hkkouk fgUnh uotkxj.k esaugha FkhA bl eqís ij eSustj ik.Ms; dk n`f"Vdks.k lqy>k gqvk gSA os dgrs gSa fd ¶fgUnh tkfrdk uotkxj.k jk"Vªh; uotkxj.k dk vax gSA ;fn mldh dqN viuh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa rks mlesa vusdlkekU; jk"Vªh; fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkh gSaA Hkkjr dh ,d tkfr dk uotkxj.k nwljh tkfr ds uotkxj.kdks çHkkfor djrk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA¸18 tkfgj lh ckr gS fd çR;sd tkfr dh viuh dqN tkrh;fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa] caxyk ;k egkjk"Vª ;k fgUnh uotkxj.k ds lkFk Hkh ,slk gh Fkk] fdUrq O;kidifjçs{; esa ;s lc feydj ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; uotkxj.k dh /kj.kk dks gh iq"V djrs gSaA

fgUnh lkfgR; esa jkefoykl 'kekZ ls lEc¼ fooknksa esa vkSj Hkh NksVs&cM+s eqíksa dk uketksM+k tk ldrk gS& tSls iUr] eqfDrcks/ dk ewY;kadu] ;'kiky] jkgqy lkad`R;k;u] jkaxs; jk?ko]vkfnA bu lcds vfrfjDr jkefoykl 'kekZ us vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy] çsepUn vkSj fujkyk dhlkfgR; lk/uk ds cgkus reke fooknksa dks tUe fn;kA bu fooknksa@cglksa ls fgUnh lkfgR; dsbfrgkl dks le>us dh ,d u;h n`f"V curh gSA dksbZ jkefoykl 'kekZ ds fu"d"kksZa ls lger gks;k vlger fdUrq ;g lR; gS fd mUgksaus ftl fo"k; ;k O;fDr ij tks fy[kk og vHkh rdmlh :i esa çfrf"Br gSA HkkjrsUnq] çsepUn] fujkyk] egkohj çlkn f}osnh] jkepUnz 'kqDy] fd'kksjhnkl oktis;h] okYehfd] dkfynkl] HkoHkwfr] rqylhnkl dh ftl egÙkk dh LFkkiuk jkefoykl'kekZ us dh gS] og vius egÙo ds dkj.k vuqis{k.kh; gSAlUnHkZ%1- uhykHk] fgUnh lkfgR; dk ekSf[kd bfrgkl&2] 2004] e-xk¡-v-fg-fo-fo-] o/kZ] i`- 117&1182- flag ukeoj] bfrgkl dh 'ko lk/uk] olq/k&51 (if=kdk) fo'oukFk f=kikBh] v#.k çdk'k] i`- 973- ogh] i`- 1094- flag ukeoj] bfrgkl dh 'ko lk/uk] olq/k&51 (if=kdk) fo'oukFk f=kikBh] v#.k çdk'k] i`- 985- ogh] i`- 98&996- flag ukeoj] bfrgkl dh 'ko lk/uk] olq/k&51 (if=kdk) fo'oukFk f=kikBh] v#.k çdk'k] i`- 1007- flag eqjyh euksgj çlkn] pyb tksad ty oØ xfr] fo'oukFk f=kikBh] v#.k çdk'k] i`- 2388- flag eqjyh euksgj çlkn] pyb tksad ty oØ xfr] fo'oukFk f=kikBh] v#.k çdk'k] i`- 2419- ogh] i`- 23910- ogh] i`- 23911- flag eqjyh euksgj çlkn] pyb tksad ty oØ xfr] fo'oukFk f=kikBh] v#.k çdk'k] i`- 24212- ryokj ohjHkkjr] jLlkd'kh] 2006 (isijcSd)] lkjka'k çdk'ku] fnYyh] i`- 13513- ogh] i`- 137

| 65

14- ogh] i`- 13715- ryokj ohjHkkjr] jLlkd'kh] 2006 (isijcSd)] lkjka'k çdk'ku] fnYyh] i`- 14516- ik.Ms; eSustj] fgUnhuotkxj.k--------] ledkyhu tuer] ekpZ&2004] jketh jk; (lEik-)] i`- 2917- ogh] i`- 3318- ik.Ms; eSustj] lkfgR; vkSj bfrgkl n`f"V] 2005] ok.kh çdk'ku] u;h fnYyh] i`- 191


laLdr Hkk"kk leLr Kku rFkk foKku dk o`gr~ Hk.Mkj gSA bl ns'k ds oklh rcrd çFke Js.kh ds oSKkfud ugha cu ldrs tc rd fd os laLdr esa miyC/ çkphuHkkjrh; foKkuksa dk mfpr vè;;u ugha dj ysrs] pkgs og xf.kr gks ;k [kxksy fo|k] ogxf.kr T;ksfr"k gks ;k iQfyr T;ksfr"k] pkgs vk;qosZn gks ;k 'kY; fpfdRlk] pkgs n'kZu'kkL=kgks ;k rdZ'kkL=k gks ;k dksbZ vU; foKku gksA eSa ml ckr dk ?kksj fojks/ djrk gw¡ fd laLdrdks ,slh vU; çkphu Hkk"kkvksa ds led{k gh j[k fn;k x;k gS ftudk foKku ls fdlhçdkj dk dksbZ lEcU/ gh ugha gS vkSj tks Hkkjr ds fy, lnSo fons'kh Hkk"kk jgh gSA

eSa le>rk gw¡ fd laLdr Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj leLr foKkuksa dh tuuh gSA vr%mldk vè;;u vkjEHk ls gh leLr Nk=kksa ds fy, vfuok;Z dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A


| 66

fo'o dh çkphu f'kYidyk ds {ks=k esa Hkkjr dk vR;Ur xkSjoiw.kZ LFkku gS] ftl ij gexoZ dj ldrs gSaA ;g dgus esa Hkh dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gS fd lEiw.kZ Hkkjr vla[; efUnjksa]Hkouksa] nqxksZa] Lekjdksa dk ,d fo'kky laxzgky; gSA çkphu dky ls yfyr dykvksa dh rjgokLrqdyk (f'kYi&dyk) dks egÙoiw.kZ LFkku çkIr gSA

fo'odekZ dks f'kYidyk dk çFke çorZd ,oa vkpk;Z ekuk tkrk gSA fo'odekZ nsorkvksads okLrq ,oa f'kYidkj Fks] tks ckn esa Hkwokfl;ksa ds fy, çFke okLrq çorZd cusA nf{k.k Hkkjresa yksd çpfyr ^lejkax.k lw=k/kj* xzUFk esa ,d dFkk vkrh gS] ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd¶okLrqfon~ dks lkewfgd] xf.kr] T;ksfr"k vkSj NUn dk Kku vo'; gksuk pkfg,A¸1

vfr çkphu oSfnd dky ykSg] dkalk vkSj ik"kk.k vkfn inkFkksZa dh ,d lkFk mUufr djfoKku ds mPpre f'k[kj ij igq¡p pqdk FkkA ftl dky dks ;wjksfi;u ik"kk.k dky ;k dkalk ;qxdk crkrs gSa] mu ;qxksa ls dbZ yk[k o"kZ iwoZ rks Hkkjr Hkwfe esa foeku mM+ pqds FksA geusfHkUu&fHkUu çdkj dh ef.k;ksa dk vkfo"dkj dj Hkwe.My dks pfdr dj fn;k FkkA

vkt Hkh dqN yksx mlh çkphu oSfnd dky ds foKku dh >yd okil ykus dk ç;Rudj jgs gSa] ftlls fd Hkkjrokfl;ksa dk ;g Hkze nwj gks tk, fd ;wjksiokfl;ksa dh /kj.kkuqlkjeuq"; us ik"kk.k] dkalk vFkok ykSg ;qx ds vkxs dh mUufr ugha dh] vfirq ;g lc inkFkZ gekjsegku~ iq#"kksa }kjk ;gha ,d lkFk vUos"k.k dj cM+s&cM+s ;a=kksa dk vkfo"dkj dj fy;k x;k FkkAvkt fo'odekZ jfpr ^vFkZosn* vFkkZr~ ^f'kYi&'kkL=k* Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds gkFk esa gksrk rks bl çdkj;wjksfi;u lkfgR; dh Nki gekjs lkfgR;] f'k{kk] rduhd ij ugha iM+rh vkSj u gh gedks fdlhHkze esa iM+us dk volj gh çkIr gksrkA fdUrq vius vFkZosn (f'kYi&'kkL=k) dks Hkwy tkus dsdkj.k vkt gekj ;g n'kk gqbZ fd gesa bl fo"k; esa fons'kh lkfgR; dk vkfJr gksuk iM+kA

fgUnh lalkj esa fo'odekZ rFkk muds }kjk jfpr lkfgR; lEcU/h thou ij çdk'k Mkyus

mÙkj&oSfnd lkfgR; esa f'kYi ,oaf'kYi&'kkL=k dh vo/kj.kkjke'kj.k ;q;qRlq·

·Jh vafxjk 'kks/ laLFkku_ 419@3] 'kkfUr uxj] lqHkk"k pkSd] thUn&126102 (gfj;k.kk)

| 67

dk ;Fkksfpr ç;kl ugha fd;k x;kA blh dkj.k ls ;g fo"k; fnu ij fnu va/sjh xrZ esa Mwcrkpyk x;k vkSj blh gh dkj.k ls gekjk ,sfrgkfld ,oa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k fons'kh fopkj/kjk dsedM+tky esa tkdj iQ¡l x;kA

fo'odekZ th }kjk fufeZr mu oLrqvksa dk o.kZu djuk rFkk fo'odekZ rFkk muds iq=kksa}kjk jfpr lkfgR; dks çdk'k esa ykuk] vkt cM+k nq"dj dk;Z gks jgk gS_ vr% tks dqN Hkh blle; gesa çkphu xzUFkksa ls lkexzh feyrh gS] mlh ds vk/kj ij dqN oLrqvksas vkSj lkfgr; dkmYys[k djds gh ml ij lUrks"k djuk iM+rk gSA

lf"V esa tSls fcuk ok;q ds dksbZ thou thfor ugha jg ldrk] mlh çdkj euq"; lektgh ugha vfirq i'kq vkfn Hkh f'kYi dh lq[ke; jpukvksa ds fcuk lqUnj thou O;rhr ugha djldrsA

bZ'oj fufeZr inkFkksZa ds xq.k o xq.k dh [kkst djuk gh foKku gS vkSj fiQj ftl ç;kstuds fy, tks inkFkZ mi;qDr gks ldrk gS ml inkFkZ dks ml ç;kstu ds fy, mi;qDr cuk nsukgh f'kYi gSA ;gh fo'odekZ dk foKku vkSj f'kYi fo|k gSA ftlls euq"; lalkj esa /uoku]fo}ku~ vkSj vkyL;jfgr gksdj ,s'o;Z'kkyh dgyk ldrk gSA

fo'odekZ gfo"kk oko`/ku%------(;tqosZn] vè;k;&17] ea=k&22)

'kCn lkxj esa f'kYi&'kkL=k dk vFkZ ¶og 'kkL=k ftlesa f'kYidyk dk foospu gksrk gSA¸2

egf"kZ n;kuUn dh ekU;rk gS& vFkoZosn dk miosn vFkZosn ftls f'kYi&'kkL=k dgrs gSa];g fo'odekZ dr gS ftlds }kjk foKku] dyk dkS'ky vkSj i`Foh ls ysdj vkdk'k i;ZUr rddh fo|k dks lh[k fofo/ Hkk¡fr ds foKku;qDr inkFkksZa dk fuekZ.k djsaA3

f'kYi fo|k bruh vykSfdd ,oa peRdkfjd Fkh fd vU; nsorkx.k fo'odekZ dkvlhe lRdkj fd;k djrs FksA buds le{k os vusd lq[k&lk/u;qDr oLrqvksa dh çkFkZuk fd;kdjrs Fks vkSj fo'odekZ Hkh mudh lUrqf"V ds fy, ukuk çdkj dh ,s'o;Z;qDr oLrq,¡ fufeZr djfofo/ /kfeZd vuq"Bkuksa dh iwfrZ djrs FksA czãoSorZ iqjk.k d`".k tUe [k.M jk/k&d`".k laoknvè;k; 47 esa mYysf[kr gS] fo'odekZ }kjk fufeZr vejkorh uxjh dks ns[kdj bUæ vR;UrlUrq"V gq,A

in~e iqjk.k dh Hkw[k.M dFkk esa f'ko rFkk d`".k }kjk f'kYi çorZd foKkukpk;Z fo'odekZdk muds ik¡pksa iq=kksa lfgr vR;Ur çseHkko ls iwtu dk mYys[k gS& iapfHk% lfgr%iq=kSfoZ'odekZ fxjhUætsA }kjdkokfl fHkfuZR;a JhdkeS% iwT;rs lnkAA

mÙkj&oSfnd lkfgR; esa f'kYi ,oa f'kYi&'kkL=k dh vo/kj.kk

| 68

vFkkZr~] f'ko vkSj d`".k us fo'odekZ dk ik¡pksa iq=kksa lfgr vR;Ur çseHkko ls iwtu fd;kAosnksDr fo|kvksa dh la'k; fuofÙk ds fy, gh f'kYikpk;Z fo'odekZ us gh foKku dk çdk'k fd;kgSA

osn esa nks fo|kvksa dk o.kZu gS& ,d ijk nwljh vijkA ijk fo|k mikluk ri] bfUæ;neu ;k ;ksx vkfn dks dgrs gSa vkSj vijk fo|k r.k ls ysdj çdfr çnÙk xq.kksa ds Kku lsBhd&Bhd dk;Z flf¼ dj ysus dks dgrs gSaA4

osnksa esa O;Dr leLr fo|kvksa dh iwfrZ fcuk nksuksa fo|kvksa ds la;ksx ls dSls gksrh\ osnesa tgk¡ /uqfoZ|k vkSj foeku vkfn dk o.kZu gS] ;g lc vijk fo|k gSA bu fo|kvksa dk ifjp;vFkoZosn] vFkZosn] fo'odekZ çdk'k vkfn esa lekfgr gSA fo'odekZ th ds çdkf'kr fp=k esamuds gkFk esa fn[kk;k tkus okyk ^f'kYi&'kkL=k* 'kk;n bUgha xzUFkksa ds lewg dk çrhd gSA czãkthus lf"V jpuk dk fopkj dj lalkj clkus dh ;kstuk dk çk:i cukus ds fy, fo'odekZ thls çkFkZuk dh vkSj lalkj ds fuekZ.k dk dk;Z mUgsa gh lkSai fn;kA fo'odekZ th us okLrq'kkL=k dsfl¼kUr cuk;sA nso oLrq çorZd fo'odekZ jfpr ^fo'odekZ çdk'k* dk laLd`r Hkk"kk esa gksusls mls çR;sd O;fDr le> ugha ikrk FkkA viuh vkthfodk rFkk çflf¼ dks c<+kus ds fy, mlesavk/qfud okLrq'kkfL=k;ksa ,oa T;ksfrf"k;ksa us Hkh vius fl¼kUr tksM+dj mls yksdfç; cukus dkç;kl fd;k] ftlls ykHk rks de gqvk] cfYd turk vf/d Hkzfer gqbZ vkSj ikSjkf.kd ckrsa yqIrgksrh x;haA f'kYi&'kkL=k vkSj mlds mi;ksx dk fo"k; Hkh fiNM+ x;ka le; dh xfr esa iQ¡ldj/hes&/hes ;wjksih; i¼fr bldk LFkku ysus yxhA laLdr dh rqyuk esa v{kj de gksus ls vaxzsthlqxe yxus ij fo}kuksa dks vaxzsth rFkk ;wjksfi;u i¼fr #fpdj yxus yxhA lkSHkkX; dk fo"k;gS fd vc dqN fo}kuksa us fo'odekZ th dr ^fo'odekZ çdk'k* vkSj ^f'kYi&'kkL=k* ds mikaxksadks nsoukxjh Hkk"kk esa :ikUrfjr djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA ^fo'odekZ çdk'k* uked xzUFk tksf'kYi dk mikax gS] esa rsjg vè;k;ksa esa okLrq lEcU/h vueksy Kku of.kZr gSA5

fu'p; :i esa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd foKku dks iQSykus vkSj ekuo lekt dks ,s'o;Z'kkyhcukus okyh çFke oLrq yksgk FkhA fo'odekZ us vius bl çFke vkfo"d`r æO; dks vusd Hkk¡frls ç;ksx esa ykus vFkkZr~ ukuk çdkj ds ;a=k] fofHkUu çdkj ds fHkUu&fHkUu dk;ksZa dks lEiUu djusokys midj.k rFkk Hkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr ds vL=k&'kL=k vkfn vusd oLrq fuekZ.k gsrq vkSj yksxksa dks blfo"k; dh f'k{kk nsus ds fy, ,d ykSg foHkkx dh LFkkiuk dj nhA tSls vkt çR;sd foHkkx dsmPp inkf/dkjh vFkkZr~ foHkkxkè;{k] çcU/d] çkpk;Z] eq[; vfHk;Urk vkfn uke in j[k nsrsgSa] mlh çdkj fo'odekZ us vius bl çFke f'kYih; foHkkx ds vf/"Bkrk dk uke ^euq* j[kkAbl loZfç; ,oa Js"B f'k"; dk iwoZ dk uke ^lkux* FkkA

| 69

dk"B gh ,d ,slh oLrq gS] tks yksgs ds midj.kksa }kjk vkSj mlds la;ksx ls vusd dk;ksZadks lk/u lEiUu djus ds fy, dke esa yh tk ldrh FkhA yksgs ds i'pkr~ ydM+h gh ,d ,slhoLrq gS] ftlds }kjk vkxs f'kYi dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ftl çdkj ykSg lEcU/h dk;ksZa dks lEiUu djkus ds fy, tSls fo'odekZ us ykSg foHkkxdh LFkkiuk dh Bhd mlh çdkj dk"B lEcU/h f'kYi dks mUufr'khy vkSj foLrkj;qDr cukus dsfy, dk"BoLrq fuekZ.k foHkkx Hkh LFkkfir dj fn;k] ftlds }kjk dk"B lEcU/h mRd"V f'kYitSls [kqnkbZ dk dke] dk"B dh ewfrZ;k¡] ;krk;kr ds fy, xkfM+;k¡] lqUnj jFk] unh esa ukSdk,¡] jgusds fy, edku] d`f"k&;a=k (gy] iQkoM+k) dh jpuk vkfn&vkfn vusd dk;Z lEiUu gksus yxsAbl foHkkx ds vf/"Bkrk in ij lukru uked f'k"; dks fu;qDr dj fn;k vkSj mldk uke^e;* j[kk x;kA

LdUn iqjk.k esa of.kZr nsorkvksa }kjk dh x;h çkFkZuk ds iQyLo:i rk¡ck] ihry o dkalhvkfn oLrq,¡ vf/d ls vf/d fdl LFkku ij dSls mi;ksxh fl¼ gks ldrh gSa rFkk fdl ;a=kesa mudk dgk¡ vkSj fdl çdkj ç;ksx dj mls lk/u lEiUu cuk;k tk ldrk gS] vFkok bu/krqvksa ds la;ksx ls vkSj D;k&D;k oSKkfud oLrqvksa dk vkfo"dkj gks ldrk gS] bu lcO;oLFkkvksa vkSj bl fo"k; ds foKku dks mUufr'khy cukus ds fy, fo'odekZ us bu /krqvksa lslEcfU/r oLrqvksa dh jpuk fgrkFkZ ,d vkSj i`Fkd foHkkx [kksy fn;kA bl foHkkx ds vf/"Bkrkin ij vgHkwu uked vius f'k"; dks fu;qDr fd;k_ ftudk uke vkius ^Ro"Vk* j[kkA pkSFkkfoHkkx çLrj dk;Z dk FkkA ydM+h ds ?kj vf/d mi;ksxh ugha Fks] dq,¡ dPps Bgj ugha ldrs]i'kqvksa dks rkykc ;k ckofM+;ksa ds fcuk ;=k&r=k ty miyC/ ugha gks ldrk] vUu ihlus ds;a=k fcuk mldks fdl çdkj ihlk tk;s] jktkvksa dh j{kk vkfn ds fy, dPps nqxZ dSls fLFkjjg ldsa\ ;g lc ,sls ç'u Fks fd fcuk iRFkj ds la;ksx ls foLrkj ugha fd;k x;k rks f'kYifo|k gh v/wjh jgrh gSA vr,o fo'odekZ us bl f'kYi dks foLr`r djus ds fy, vius vusdf'k";ksa dks f'k{kk ns mUgsa bl dk;Z esa dq'ky cuk;kA

mUgksaus ;g Hkh fopkj fd;k fd bldk ,d i`Fkd foHkkx [kksys fcuk ;g f'kYi deZ'kh?kzrk ls vfr foLrkj;qDr rFkk vkSj vf/d mUufr'khy u gks ldsxkA ;gh fopkj dj fo'odekZus bl dk;Z gsrq ,d vkSj vyx foHkkx [kksy fn;kA bl foHkkx ds vf/"Bkrk in ij mUgksausvius çRu uked f'k"; dks fu;qDr fd;k] ftldk uke vkius ^f'kYih* j[kkA

iwoZ mYysf[kr pkjksa foHkkxksa dh LFkkiuk ls ekuo lekt dks fofo/ çdkj dh f'kYihoLrq miyC/ gksus yxhA tc lHkh çdkj dh lUrqf"V gks x;h rks vc lqUnjrk o ltkoV dk


| 70

fopkj vk;kA ghjs vkSj tokgjkr ds la;ksx ds fy, fdlh ,slh dkfUre; /krq dh vko';drkFkh] tks LFkk;h :i ls nsnhI;eku jg ldsA vr,o bl çdkj dh /krq dk vUos"k.k fd;k x;kftldk uke Lo.kZ rFkk jtr FkkA bu /krqvksa dk vusd dk;ksZa esa ç;ksx fd;k x;kA

osnkfn xzUFkksa esa fL=k;ksa dh os'kHkw"kk esa vyadkjksa dks /kj.k djus dk ladsr feyrk gSA;tqosZn ds vè;k; 14 ea=k 3 ds Hkk"; esa ½f"k n;kuUn us fy[kk gS&¶L=kh fuR; gh oL=k vkSjvkHkw"k.kksa ls vius 'kjhj dks la;qDr djds O;ogkj djsA¸

euqLe`fr ds vè;k; 3 'yksd 59 esa fy[kk gS& Hkw"k.k] oL=k vkSj Hkkstu ls lknj nsfo;ksadks lUrq"V djuk pkfg,A fu?k.Vq jRukdj us bl fo"k; esa dgk gS fd vyadkj /kj.k djus lslkSHkkX; vkSj vk;q dh of¼ gksrh gS] /eZ c<+rk gS] nso çlUu gksrs gSa] ;g ifo=krk] ,s'o;Z vkSjvkuUn nsus okys gSaA

;g fu'p; gS fd çkphu dky esa vkHkw"k.k dsoy vaxksa dh 'kksHkk ds fy, gh ugha vfirqle; vkSj ½rq dks fopkj dj rnuqlkj ;Fkksfpr ek=kk esa /krqvksa dks lfEeJ.k dj oSKkfud fof/ls rS;kj fd;s tkrs Fks] tks 'kjhj ds vusd d"Vksa dks nwj djus vkSj ½rqvksa ds dqçHkkoksa vkfnls j{kk djus okys gksrs FksA blhfy, vyadkjksa dks f'kYi 'kkL=kksa ls vf/d T;ksfr"k 'kkL=kksa esa egÙofn;k gqvk gS_ vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd çkphu le; esa dsoy fL=k;k¡ gh ugha çR;qr nsork dgykusokys cM+s&cM+s fo}ku~ eqdqV] dq.My] dM+s vkSj eqfædk /kj.k djrs FksA vkpkj e;w[k esa eqfædkcukus] ekdZ.Ms; iqjk.k (nsoh ekgkRE;) esa Jh fo'odekZ }kjk nsoh dks vyadkj çnku djus rFkkokYehfd jkek;.k esa lhrkth }kjk ds;wj (cktwcUn)] dq.My rFkk uwiqj (ik;tsc) iguus dkmYys[k vk;k gSA

vr% lkSUn;Z rFkk foKku;qDr vyadkjksa ds fuekZ.k] jFk] foeku vkfn esa ;Fkksfpr LFkku ijfofo/ çdkj ls Lo.kZ ç;ksx vkSj ;K ds fy, dkfUre; ik=kkfn cukus gsrq ;g vko';drk Fkhfd vf/d ls vf/d bl Lo.kZ lEcU/h f'kYi dks mUufr'khy cuk;k tk,A vr,o fo'odekZth us bl fo"k; esa f'kYi dk Hkh ,d foHkkx LFkkfir dj fn;kA bl foHkkx ds vf/"Bkrk inij vius lqi.kZ uked f'k"; dks fu;qDr fd;k vkSj budk uke vkius ^nsoK* j[kkA

bu ik¡pksa vkpk;ksZa us l`f"V esa vius&vius foHkkx }kjk f'kYi dk;ksZa dks cM+s foLrkj rFkkfuiq.krk ds lkFk lEiUu fd;k vkSj vusd f'kYi 'kkL=kksa dh jpuk dhA buds cuk;s gq,f'kYi&'kkL=k vkt Hkh mPp dksfV dh Js.kh esa fxus tkrs gSaA ½f"k n;kuUn us fo'odekZ rFkk mudsbUgha f'k";ksa vFkkZr~ euq] e;] Ro"Vk] f'kYih vkSj nsoK }kjk jfpr f'kYi 'kkL=kksa dks gh mPp dksfVds çkekf.kd xzUFk ekuk gSA6

| 71

blds vfrfjDr vU; xzUFkksa esa Hkh buds dk;ksZa dk cM+h ç'kalk ds lkFk o.kZu fd;k x;kgSA f'kokxes vè;k; 7] LdUn iqjk.k ukxj [k.M vè;k; 6 rFkk 12 blds lVhd çek.k gSa&

euqeZ;'pRo"Vkp f'kYih fo'oK ,o pAiapSrs nso½f"k;ksa fo'odekZ eq[kksnHkoAA

(LdUn iqjk.k] ukxj [k.M] vè;k; 13)

euq] e;] Ro"Vk] f'kYih vkSj fo'oK (nsoK) ;g ik¡pksa ½f"k fo'odekZ ds eq[k lsmRiUu gq,A ;gk¡ ;g Hkh ckr tkuus ;ksX; gS fd f'k{kk nsus okyk xq# vkSj f'k{kk xzg.k djus okykf'k"; ;g ijLij xq#&f'k"; gh ugha dgs tkrs vfirq firk&iq=k Hkh dgykrs gSa&

vKks Hkofr oS cky% firk Hkofr eU=kn%AA(euq- vè;k; 2] 'yksd 53)

tks Kkujfgr gksrk gS og ckyd vkSj Kku nsus okyk gksrk gS og firk dgykrk gSAfo'odekZ bu ik¡pksa dks f'kYi fo|k dk Kku nsus okys rks Fks gh_ vr% og buds firk vkSj ;gKku (f'kYi fo|k) çkIr djus okys muds iq=k ds uke ls çfl¼ gks x;sA7

Hkqou iq=k fo'odekZ dks gh l`f"V esa çFke jkT; ç.kkyh LFkkfir djus vkSj ;Fkkfof/ jtkcukus rFkk v'oes/ ;K dh ifjikVh pykus dk Js; çkIr gSA8 czãk th }kjk çkFkZuk djus ijfo'odekZ us viuh foLrr vk;kstuk ds }kjk lkjs Hkwe.My esa f'kYi fo|k dks foLrkj;qDr djfn;k vkSj vusd çdkj ds vk'p;Ztud vL=k] 'kL=k] jFk] ;a=k vkSj foeku vkfn cukdj viuhfo|k dk foLrkj dj fn[kk;kA rksi vkSj cUnwd cukus dh foLrkjiwoZd fof/ 'kqØ uhfr vè;k;&4esa of.kZr gSA

fo".kq jgL; ds vuqlkj fo'odekZ us Lo;a dk"Bkfn dk Nsnu dj yksdksa ds LFkku cuk;sAfo'odekZ us cM+s&cM+s egy] foeku] ckoM+h vkSj m|ku cuk;s_ oL=k rFkk vusd çdkj ds cktsvkSj oLrqvksa dh U;kjh&U;kjh jpuk dhA fooj.k miyC/ ugha gksus ds dkj.k fo'odekZ }kjkfufeZr mu çkphu oLrqvksa dk o.kZu djuk vkt cM+k nq"dj dk;Z gks jgk gSA fiQj Hkh bldksladfyr rFkk lEikfnr djus dk ç;kl vkxs dh iafDr;ksa esa fd;k tk;sxkA

loZlk/kj.k dh nf"V esa dsoy jFk mlh dk uke gS tks xk¡oksa esa cSyksa ls tksM+dj pyk;ktkrk gSA fdUrq ;g mudh Hkwy gS_ okLro esa jFk] ;ku] lokjh i;kZ;okph 'kCn gSaA vr% ty;ku]ok;q;ku] eksVj;ku vkSj ok"i;ku vkfn lHkh jFk gSaA iqjkru jFk fuekZ.k dyk ds vuqlkj tgk¡^lkefjd jFk* dk mYys[k gks ogk¡ ^VSad* le jFkksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg, rHkh ge viuh


| 72

jFk&fuekZ.k fo|k dh [kkst dj ldsaxs] vU;Fkk ughaA

jFk cukus okys jFkdkj czkã.kRo dks çkIr djus okys cM+s cqf¼eku euq"; ekus tkrs FksAosnksa rd esa jFkdkjksa ds fy, lRdkj djus dk vkns'k gSA ½Xosn esa fy[kk gS& mÙke jFk cukusokyk f'kYih lRdkj djus ds ;ksX; gSA fl¼kUr dkSeqnh esa miyC/ O;k[;k ds vuqlkj jFkdkjksadh cM+h mPpre Js.kh ij x.kuk dh x;h gSA9

fo'odekZ us fo'o gsrq Lo;a ,d lEiw.kZ dykvksa ls ;qDr jFk dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;g lksusdk jFk yksdçfl¼ Fkk] ftldk oke vax lw;Z vkSj nf{k.k vax pUæ ds rqY; FkkA10 jFk ij LFkkfirfd;s x;s nks oSKkfud ;a=k nksuksa vaxksa ij 'kksHkk;eku Fks] ftlls jkf=k ds le; vFkok çR;sd ½rqesa lqfo/kiwoZd ;k=kk gks ldsA

fo'odekZ }kjk cuk;s x;s dqN çkphu 'kL=kksa dk mYys[k LdUn iqjk.k esa ukxj [k.M esafeyrk gS_ vFkkZr~ fo'odekZ us czãnso ds fy, df.Mdk 'kL=k] fo".kq ds fy, pØ] 'kadj dsfy, f=k'kwy] bUæ ds fy, otz] vfXu ds fy, ij'kq o /eZjkt ds fy, n.M bR;kfn 'kL=k fuekZ.kfd;sA

fdlh 'kL=k ds fy, ;g le> ysuk Hkwy gS fd og fdUgha ea=k 'kfDr;ksa }kjk çgkj djrkFkkA vfirq os lc oSKkfud fof/ vuqlkj peRdkj;qDr gh gksrs FksA ^pØ* uked 'kL=k dhvkd`fr o`Ùkkdkj (xksy) Fkh vkSj oSKkfud dykvksa dh çsj.kk ls vR;Ur osx ds lkFk pDdjdkVrk gqvk lagkj djrk FkkA ^f=k'kwy* dk vkdkj çR;{k gSA ^otz* uked 'kL=k vU;kU; 'kL=kksadh vis{kk vf/d fo[;kr gSA ;g ,Ve ce ds leku vR;f/d 'kfDrlEiUu 'kL=k Fkk] bldkvkdkj cjNs ds iQy ds leku FkkA ^otz* 'kCn ds dks"k esa iQkSykn] dM+k] etcwr] ghjk] fo|qrvkSj Hkh"k.k vkfn vFkZ feyrs gSaA ;g iQkSykn dk cuk gqvk] cgqr dM+k vkSj etcwr ghjs ds lekunedus okyk] fo|qr /kjkçokg ls Hkh"k.k çgkj djus okyk 'kL=k FkkA

çkphu nwohZ{k.k ;a=k (nwchZu) vktdy tSls ik¡p&lkr ehy dh oLrqvksa dks gh ns[kus dsfy, ugha cuk;s tkrs FksA u{k=kksa dk Kku Hkh bUgha ;a=kksa }kjk çkIr fd;k tkrk FkkA pUæxzg.k dksns[kus ds fy, ^rqjh; ;a=k* rks gekjk çfl¼ gh gSA

fo'odekZ }kjk nwohZ{k.k ;a=k cukus dk o.kZu ^f'kYi lafgrk* esa feyrk gSA11 bl ;a=k dscukus dh fof/ Hkh bl xzUFk esa fy[kh gSA bl çdkj ds ;a=kksa dk o.kZu ^f'kYi lafgrk* dsvfrfjDr ^lw;Z fl¼kUr* xzUFk esa Hkh feyrk gSA ;g nksuksa xzUFk çkphu gSa rFkk blesa of.kZr ;a=kfo'odekZ dkyhu FksA

| 73

gekjh çkphu T;ksfr"k x.kukuqlkj 60 foiy dk ,d iy] 60 iy dh ,d ?kM+h vkSj60 ?kM+h dk ,d fnu&jkr gksrk gSA bl x.kuk dks ns[krs gq, dgk tkr ldrk gS fd fonsf'k;ksaus gekjh fo|k dk vuqlj.k dj blh ds vuq:i orZeku ?kfM+;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA orZeku?kfM+;k¡ fonsf'k;ksa dk vkfo"dkj ugha gSA ;g lc gekjh çkphu fo|k gS] çek.kLo:i vkt Hkh^/wi ?kfM+;k¡* fo|eku gSaA dqN çkphu ?kfV&;a=kksa (?k.Vksa) ty&;a=k ds lkFk gh eksj] okuj ;k ujvkd`fr ds ;a=kksa dk mYys[k ^lw;Z fl¼kUr* esa gSA buesa okuj vkSj eksj vkd`fr okys ;a=kksa dkLi"Vhdj.k Jh jaxukFk Vhdkdkj us fd;k gSA ckyw vkSj ty nksuksa ;a=kksa dk o.kZu ^f'kYi lafgrk*o ^lw;Z fl¼kUr* esa gSA

ikjk] lwr] rsy vkSj ty ds la;ksx ls Hkkj ekid ;a=k (cSjksehVj)] Å".krk ekid ;a=k(FkekZehVj) rFkk ,d ^Lo;aog* uke ;a=k dk Hkh lw;Z fl¼kUr esa o.kZu gSA ikjk Hkjdj cuk;kx;k ;g xksy ;a=k FkksM+h lh Hkh gok pyus ls xehZ ikdj vki gh vki py iM+rk FkkA rwiQku;k ekulwu tkuus ds fy, vkt rd ftrus ;a=k cus gSa] os bldh [kwch dks vHkh rd ugha igpkulds gSaA

laokn çs"kd ;a=k (VsyhiQksu) ds lEcU/ esa ,d vk'p;Ztud jgL;ksn~?kkVu gqvk gSAnf{k.k gSnjkckn ds fudVorhZ xzke ds fuoklh MkW- lSÕ;n eksgEen dkfle ftuds iwoZt chtkiqjjkT; ds iqjksfgr Fks] ds ;gk¡ fLFkr laLd`r xzUFkksa ds fo'kky Hk.Mkj okys iqLrdky; esa ,d laLd`rdh iqLrd j[kh gS] ftlesa vU; vusd fo|kvksa ds lkFk nwj ns'k esa [kcj Hkstus okys ;a=k dko.kZu fn;k gqvk gSA 'kqØ uhfr esa Hkh bl çdkj mYys[k gS fd çkphu le; esa VsyhiQksu dkvkfo"dkj gks pqdk Fkk vkSj og Hkh csrkj (ok;jySl) vFkkZr~ rkj jfgrA12

osnksa esa foeku lEcU/h fo|k dks O;Dr fd;k x;k gS&d".ka fu;kua gj;% lqi.kkZ viks olkuk fnoeqYirfUrA

(½Xosn] v"V&2] vè;k; 3] oxZ& 23 ea=k 1)

ikfFkZo inkFkksZa ls cus gq, ;ku dks] rst xfr ls pykus okys vfXu vkfn v'o] ty lspu;qDr ok"i dks çkIr gksdj ;kaf=kd xfr }kjk vkdk'k esa mM+k ys pyrs gSaA fo".kq dk okgu x#M+okLro esa dksbZ i{kh ugha] oju~ foeku gh Fkk ftldk uke ^x#M+* FkkA laLdr esa ^oh* i{kh dksdgrs gSa vkSj ^eku* dk vFkZ vuq:i gksrk gSA ckS¼dky rd bl ;a=k dk uke x#M+ ;a=k ik;ktkrk gSA /Eeikn ds cksf/ jktdqekj oRFkq i"B 410 esa x#M+ ;a=k dks ysdj ,d f'kYih dh dFkkdk Hkh mYys[k gSA


| 74

egf"kZ Hkj}kt dr ^va'kqcks/uh* (tks ,d çkphu xzUFk gS] ftlesa vusd fo|kvksa dk o.kZugSA blds foeku vf/dj.k esa foeku lEcU/h fo|k dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS) ds foekuvfèkdj.k esa vk;s gq, ^'kDR;qn~xeks |"VkS* lw=k ij ckS/k;u ½f"k dh o`fÙk esa dgk x;k gS fd^'kDR;qn~xe* fctyh ls pyus okyk] ^Hkwrokg* vfXu] ty vkSj ok;q vkfn ls pyus okyk]^èkwe;ku* ok"i ls pyus okyk] ^f'k[kksn~xe* iap f'k[kh ds rsy ls pyus okyk] ^va'kqokg* lw;Zfdj.kksa ls pyus okyk] ^rkjkeq[k* mYdkjl vFkkZr~ pqEcd ls pyus okyk] ^ef.kokg* lw;ZdkUref.kdkUr vkfn ef.k;ksa ls pyus okyk vkSj ^e#Rl[kk* dsoy ok;q ls pyus okyk foeku miyC/jgs gSaA bl çdkj bu vkB foeku pykus dh 'kfDr;ksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA fo'odekZ }kjk cuk;sgq, ^x#M+* dk gh ugha] vfirq ,d ^'kkrqdqEHk* uked cM+s foy{k.k foeku dk czãoSorZ iqjk.kesa o.kZu feyrk gSA

fo'odekZd`r foeku fdu&fdu xq.kksa ls ;qDr gksrs Fks\ bldk jgL;ksn~?kkVu vHkh ,dçkphu 'kkL=k }kjk gqvk gSA ;g xzUFk egf"kZ Hkj}ktd`r ^;a=k loZLo* gS] ftldk oSekfud çdj.kvkSj mlesa Hkh ik¡p lkS lw=kksa esa ls dsoy pkj lw=k cM+kSnk yk;czsjh esa feys gSaA bu lw=kksa dk fgUnhvuqokn ^foeku 'kkL=k* ds uke ls Jh fç;jRu th }kjk gks pqdk gSA blds nwljs lw=k esa^jgL;Kksfèkdkjh* vFkkZr~ jgL;ksa dk tkuus okyk gh foeku pykus dk vf/dkjh gSA Jh cks/kuUnth us ,sls 32 jgL;ksa dh blesa O;k[;k dh gSA rhljk jgL; gS ^d`rd jgL;* ftlesa foeku dsvkfo"dkjdrkZvksa ds xzUFkksa dks ;Fkkfof/ euu dj u;h&u;h dYiukvksa }kjk foeku jpus ds fy,lh[kus dk vkns'k gSA

fo'odekZ th dk è;s; ;g ugha Fkk fd muds }kjk çdV dh gqbZ fo|k lhfer dky rdgh fLFkj jgs] og rks l`f"V ds vfUre le; rd euq";ksa dks ,s'o;Z'kkyh cukus vk;s FksAf'kYifo|k ds lkFk lalkj esa ,s'o;Z;qDr jgus ds fy, vusd f'kYi'kkL=kksa dh jpuk dj viuhvej dhfrZ NksM+ x;sA fo'odekZ;e~ vè;k; 12 esa fy[kk gS& nsork] euq"; vFkok lc çkf.k;ksads fgrkFkZ fo'odekZ us f'kYi 'kkL=kksa dh jpuk dhA

fo'odekZ dh jpuk vFkZosn vFkoZosn dk miosn gSA vFkoZosn dh vU; osnksa esa x.kukfdl çdkj dh tkrh gS] ds fo"k; esa ½f"k n;kuUn us ½Xosnkfn Hkk"; Hkwfedk esa fy[kk gS&½Xosn] ;tqosZn rFkk lkeosn (bu rhu osnksa) esa tks&tks fo|k,¡ gSa mu lc dh j{kk] muds vusdfo|kvksa ds lc fo?uksa ds fuokj.k] mudh fo|kvksa dh la'k; fuofÙk rFkk mu rhuksa dh x.kukvPNh çdkj ls gks lds] blds fy, bZ'oj us vFkoZosn dk çdk'k fd;kA vFkoZosn vU; osnksaesa fufnZ"V vusd fo|kvksa vkSj deZdk.Mksa dh iwfrZ djrk gS] blhfy, vFkoZosnh (f'kYih if.Mr)

| 75

dks ;K esa czãk dk LFkku fn;k gSA eRL; iqjk.k rFkk xksiFk czkã.k 3@2 esa Hkh iqjksfgr mlh if.Mrdks cuus ds fy, dgk x;k gS tks vFkoZosn ds ea=kksa dk Kkrk gksA

bl çdkj vU;kU; vusd xzUFkksa esa vFkoZosn ds egÙo dk o.kZu dj mls vU; osnksa esaçeq[krk nh x;h gSA blh vFkoZosn dk miosn vFkZosn gS] ftldh jpuk Jh fo'odekZ }kjk gqbZgSA blh vFkZosn dks ½f"k n;kuUn us f'kYi 'kkL=kksa esa çkekf.kd xzUFk ekurs gq, mls 6 o"kZ rdi<+us dk vkns'k fd;k gSA laLdkj fof/ osnkjEHk çdj.k esa fy[kk gS& ¶vFkoZosn dk miosnvFkZosn ftldks f'kYi 'kkL=k dgrs gSa] ftlesa fo'odekZ] Ro"Vk] e;d`r lafgrk xzUFk gSa] mudks6 o"kZ ds Hkhrj i<+ dj foeku] rkj] HkwxHkkZfn fo|kvksa dk lk{kkr djsaA¸

fo'odekZ us mi;qZDr vFkZosn esa nl çdkj ds f'kYi'kkL=kksa ds ukeksa ds vUrxZr leLrf'kYi fo|k ds fo"k; dk çfriknu fd;k gSA mu nl 'kkL=kksa ds uke] df"k 'kkL=k] ty 'kkL=k][kfu 'kkL=k] ukSdk 'kkL=k] jFk 'kkL=k] foeku 'kkL=k] okLrq 'kkL=k] çkdkj 'kkL=k] uxj jpuk 'kkL=k vkSj;a=k 'kkL=k gSaA

df"k 'kkL=k esa vUu mRiknu djus ds lk/u crk;s x;s gSaA bl lEcU/ esa cuus okyhlc f'kYi&oLrqvksa ds fuekZ.k dh fof/ cryk;h x;h gSA ty 'kkL=k esa ty dh xgjkbZ dh [kkst]ftl ty esa tSls xq.k gksa mudh igpku djuk vkSj nwj&nwj rd cM+h&cM+h ufn;k¡ ;k ugjsafudkydj uxjksa esa ty igq¡pkus dh lc fo|k,¡ tkudj rRlEcU/h oLrqvksa dk cukuk [kfu 'kkL=kesa HkwxHkZ fo|k ds fo"k; dh fo|k ls lEcU/ gSA [kksnus ([kkuksa) vkfn ds leLr HkwxHkZ lEcUèkhfo"k; ij çdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA ukSdk 'kkL=k esa NksVs&NksVs Mksaxksa ls ysdj cM+s&cM+s ty;kuksa rFkkfo'kky ;q¼ tyiksrksa ds fuekZ.k djus o lapkyu dh fo|k dk o.kZu gSA jFk 'kkL=k esa fofo/Hkk¡fr ds lqfo/k vkSj vkjkeiwoZd ;k=kk djus ;ksX; jFkksa ds fuekZ.k djus dk fo"k; cryk;k x;kgSA foeku 'kkL=k esa xxu esa mM+us okys jFk vFkkZr~ ok;q;kuksa ds cukus rFkk ;Fkksfpr jhfr ls pykusdh fo|k cryk;h x;h gSA okLrq 'kkL=k esa NksVs&NksVs xgksa ls ysdj cM+s&cM+s nso Hkou] jktçklkn]dqvksa&ckofM+;ksa vkfn ds fuekZ.k djus dh fo|kvksa dks fofo/ Hkk¡fr ls le>k;k gSA çkdkj 'kkL=kesa uxj dh lqj{kk ds fy, fofo/ Hkk¡fr ls lqn`<+ pgkjnhokjh rFkk nqxZ vkfn dh çkphj cukusdh fo|k dk lEiw.kZ o.kZu blesa fd;k x;k gSA uxj jpuk 'kkL=k esa uxj fdl LFkku ij vkSj fdlçdkj clk;k tk,] dh lEiw.kZ ;kstukvksa dh fo|kvksa ij fo'ks"k jhfr ls iw.kZ çdk'k Mkyk gSA ;a=k'kkL=k esa çR;sd çdkj ds ;a=kksa tSls èofu okgd (jsfM;ks)] èofu çs"kd (rkj)] dky fu.kkZ;d(cSjksehVj)] nwjoh{k.k ;a=k (nwchZu) rFkk vU; fHkUu&fHkUu çdkj dh e'khusa] baftu] dy&iqtsZvkfn cukus dh fo|kvksa dk jgL; crykrs gq, muds fuekZ.k djus dh fØ;k,¡ le>k;h x;h gSaA


| 76

^vijkftr* uked ,d xzUFk esa fy[kk gS fd mi;qZDr n'k 'kkL=kksa ds çR;sd foHkkx ijfo'odekZ us 22 gtkj xzUFk fy[kdj vFkZosn dh iwfrZ dh FkhA13 vFkkZr~] vFkoZosn dk miosnvFkZosn tks fd f'kYi 'kL=k gS] mldks fof/or lEiw.kZ djus ds fy, fo'odekZ us 12 gtkj'kkL=kksa dh jpuk dh vkSj mudk pkSFks ;qx vFkkZr~ dfy;qx esa vkdj pkj gtkj 'kkL=kksa ls lekos'kgks x;kA

;g ckjg gtkj vFkok pkj gtkj xzUFk rks D;k buds uke Hkh bl le; ugha feyrsA vcrks dsoy bl fo"k; esa fyf[kr yxHkx 350 xzUFkksa ds uke gesa fofo/ iqLrdksa esas fy[ks gq, feyrsgSaA fdUrq ;g Hkh lc fo'odekZ ;k muds iq=kksa euq] e; vkfn ds fy[ks gq, ugha gSaA ;g vfèkdka'kesa i'pkr ds vU; ½f"k;ksa ds }kjk fy[ks gq, gSa vkSj cgqr ls xzUFk ,sls Hkh gSa] ftuds jpf;rkvksadk uke ugha feyrk_ fdUrq mudk uke ns[kus ls irk pyrk gS fd ;g ;s fo'odekZdr gh gksldrs gSaA buesa ls ftu 'kkL=kksas dks bl le; fo'odekZ vkSj euq] e; vkfn jfpr dgk tk ldrkgS] os ;s gSa&

fo'odekZdr& v; rÙo] fo'odeZer] fo'odehZ; fo'ocks/] okLrq'kkL=k] çklkn dsljh]çklkn dhrZuA

euqdr& xq#nso i¼fr] euqlkj] euqra=k] euqerA

e;dr& f'kYi 'kkL=k Kku] f'kYi 'kkL=k e;er] e; f'kYi] ç;ksx eatjh vkSj lw;Z fl¼kUrA

nSoKdr& v;kfn y{k.k] mfn~n"Vku;u dsljh okLrq] dq.MekrZ.M] fp=k 'kkye] nSoKLe`fr vkSjNk;k iq#"k y{k.kA

Ro"Vk vkSj f'kYih jfpr xzUFk cgqr ls muesa feysaxs ftu xzUFkksa esa jpf;rkvksa dk irk ugha pyrkA14

mi;qZDr ds vfrfjDr cgqr ls xzUFk vU; ½f"k;ksa }kjk Hkh fy[ks gq, gSaA vr% mu ½f"k;ksadk uke ;gk¡ mYys[k dj nsuk Hkh mfpr gksxkA eRL; iqjk.k esa fy[kk gS fd eRL; th us euqls f'kYikpk;ksZa dk o.kZu bl çdkj fd;k& Hk`xq] vf=k] ofl"B] fo'odekZ] e;] ukjn] vuXuftr]fo'kky{k] iqjUnj] czãk] dqekj] uUnh'k] 'kkSud] xxZ] oklqnso] vfu#¼] 'kqØ vkSj cgLifr ;svBkjg ½f"k f'kYi 'kkL=k ds çpkj djus okys lc yksdksa esa çfl¼ gSaA15

buds vfrfjDr xkxsZ;kxe uked xzUFk esa vkSj Hkh f'kYi 'kkL=kksa ds jpf;rkvksa ds ukefeyrs gSaA d';i] vxLR;] Hk`xq] xkSre] HkkxZo] xkSjkfn] cks/d] iou] ef.k] ikjk'kj] nSoK]ekulkj] nhIr] vf=k] ejhfp] oS[kkul] dkSf.MU; ;s lc ½f"k f'kYi 'kkL=kksa ds jpf;rk gq,A16

;gk¡ ge dqN ,sls f'kYi 'kkL=kksa ds ukeksa dks mYys[k djrs gSa] ftuds jpf;rkvksa ds ukeksa

| 77

dk vHkh Bhd irk ugha pyrk& okLrq lka[;] vijkftr] okLrq 'kkL=k] çklknkuq dhrZu] pØ 'kkL=k]tyxZy] if{keuq";k y{k.ke~] dkSrqd y{k.k] ewfrZ y{k.k] foeku fo|k] foeku y{k.ke~] jFky{k.ke~] çfrek fnO;kfnopu] ldyf/dkj rFkk fo'ofo|kHkj.kA bu xzUFkksa dh lwph ^eè;dkyhuHkkjrh; laLd`fr* ds i"B 233 esa nh gqbZ gSA17

cM+kSnk yk;czsjh esa fo|eku egf"kZ Hkj}kt ^;a=k loZLo* ds gLrfyf[kr oSekfud çdj.kesa Hkh foeku 'kkL=kksa ds uke feyrs gSa& foeku pfUædk O;kse;ku ra=k] ra=kdYi] ;kufcUnq] [ksV;kuçnhfidk vkSj O;kse;kukdZ çdk'k] ;s 6 'kkL=k Øe'k% ukjk;.k vkfn eqfu;ksa us dgs gSaA

bl xzUFk ds vkfn esa vkSj Hkh iPphl f'kYi 'kkL=kksa ds muds jpf;rkvksa lfgr uke fn;sgq, gSaA buds vfrfjDr vkSj Hkh cgqr ls xzUFkksa ds uke feyrs gSa] tks lc feykdj 350 dsyxHkx gksrs gSa] ftuesa ls 68 xzUFkksa ds uke ;gk¡ mYys[k dj fn;s gSa 'ks"k yxHkx 275 xzUFkksa dsuke [kkst djus ds i'pkr çLrqr fd;s tk;saxsA18

eækl eSuqfLØIV yk;cszjh esa Hkh bDdhl çkphu gLrfyf[kr f'kYi'kkL=k j[ks gq, gSa]ftuds uke gSa& fo'odehZ;e f'kYi'kkL=ke~] f'kYi laxzg] f'kYi lkj] f'kYi jRu] f'kYi'kkL=ke~]e;er f'kYi 'kkL=ke~] e;er oLrq y{k.ke~] e;er okLrq 'kkL=ke~] lurdqekj okLrq 'kkL=ke~]ekulkj (fHkUu&fHkUu nks çfr;k¡) vfHku; niZ.k o lur dqekj okLrq 'kkL=ke~ (fHkUu&fHkUu ukSçfr;k¡) buesa fo'odehZ;e~ f'kYi 'kkL=ke~ uked xzUFk [ktwj ds iÙkksa ij fy[kk gqvk gSA19

chl gLrfyf[kr f'kYi 'kkL=k yUnu fLFkr bf.M;k vkWfiQl yk;czsjh esa j[ks gq, gSa] ftuesa,d ^fo'odekZ iqjk.k* Hkh gS tks rkyhiV ds iÙkksa ij fy[kk gqvk gSA20

ftl vk;Z vkSj nsoHkwfe ij bruh yksdksi;ksxh vkSj ,s'o;Z'kkyh f'kYi fo|k dk fodklgqvk] mlh ekrHkwfe ds fuokfl;ksa us bls ;gk¡ rd Hkqyk;k fd lglzksa o"kksZa rd rks og dsoy^mM+u [kVksyksa* dh dFkkvksa esa gh lhfer jgkA ;g lc dqN osn] miosn rFkk f'kYi 'kkL=k vkfnxzUFkksa ds yqIr gks tkus ls gqvkA geus mu xzUFkksa dh vogsyuk dh vkSj ;wjksi ns'k okys tks bldksHkkjr ls mBkdj ys x;s Fks] us muls ;Fkksfpr ykHk çkIr fd;kA ftl le; ge ;gk¡ mM+u [kVksyksadh dFkk&dgkfu;ksa ls euksjatu esa yhu Fks] ml le; os osnksDr fo|kvksa }kjk xxu esa mM+us dhrS;kjh dj jgs FksA

gekjs xzUFkksa ds ßkl gksus dk rks vki blls vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa fd Lo;a ½f"k n;kuUndks teZuh ls osn eaxokus dh vko';drk iM+hA /uqosZn ds fy, rks mUgksaus ,d O;k[;ku esa ;gk¡rd dgk Fkk fd& ¶eSaus iwjs vk;kZorZ dks <w¡<+ Mkyk fdUrq /uqosZn ds dsoy dbZ iUus feysA¸vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; iqLrdky;ksa dh vis{kk gekjs çkphu xzUFkksa dk laxzg ;wjksi dh yk;czsfj;ksa esa gh


| 78

dgha vf/d feysxkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt os lc jk"Vª dyk&dkS'ky lEiUu gSa vkSj gesaNksVh&NksVh oLrqvksa ds fy, Hkh muds eq¡g dh vksj rkduk iM+ jgk gSA

fons'k gh ugha oju~ bl çdkj ns'k esa Hkh ;=k&r=k vusd LFkkuksa ij fofo/ fo|kvksa lslEiUu mi;ksxh xzUFk fc[kjs gq, gSa] fdUrq [kkst fcuk ;g lc dSls fey ldrs gSa\ m|ksxh] [kksth]fo}ku~ yksxksa dks ,sls xzUFkksa dh [kkst dj jk"Vª dks ykHk igq¡pkuk pkfg,AlUnHkZ%1- Hkqou}kj fopkj] fyfi le; 19oha 'krkCnh] i=k la[;k&20] xzUFkkad&74102- ukyUnk fo'kky 'kCn lkxj] vknh'k cqd fMiks] fnYyh] lEor~ 2007 laLdj.k] i`"B&13433- ewypUn 'kekZ] fo'odekZ fnXn'kZu] f'kYi 'kkL=k çdk'ku Hk.Mkj] fnYyh] i`"B&234- &mi;qZDr&] i`"B&435- MkW- mes'k iqjh ^Kkus'oj*] fo'odekZ çdk'k] j.k/hj çdk'ku] gfj}kj] i`"B& 6&76- ewypUn 'kekZ] fo'odekZ fnXn'kZu] f'kYi 'kkL=k çdk'ku Hk.Mkj] fnYyh] i`"B&647- fo'odekZ oa'k HkkLdj] i`"B&112] çek.k laxzg i`"B&638- lk;.kkpk;Z d`r Hkk"; ,srjs; czkã.k if×tdk 8 [k.M 21 vè;k;&59- ½Xosn e.My 1 vè;k; 17 lwDr 120 ea=k 11 rFkk fl¼kUrdkSeqnh esa ikf.kfu lw=k 6@2@7710- f'ko iqjk.k vè;k; 2311- f'kYi lafgrk dh çkphu gLrfyf[kr çfr v.kfgyiqj (xqtjkr) ds tSu iqLrdky; esa fo|eku gSA12- 'kqØuhfr vè;k; 1 'yksd 36713- vijkftr uked xzUFk dk mYys[k fo'oczã dqyksRlkg esa vk;k gSA14- ewypUn 'kekZ] fo'odekZ fnXn'kZu] f'kYi 'kkL=k çdk'ku Hk.Mkj] fnYyh] i`"B&10415- eRL; iqjk.k v- 251 'yksd 2-3-416- xkxsZ;kxe] çFke vè;k;17- ewypUn 'kekZ] fo'odekZ fnXn'kZu] f'kYi 'kkL=k çdk'ku Hk.Mkj] fnYyh] i`"B&10618- &mi;qZDr&] i`"B&10719- &mi;qZDr&] i`"B&10820- &mi;qZDr&] i`"B&108

| 79

'kks/ dk;Z % vo/kj.kk ,oa lek/ku(,sfrgkfld i¼fr ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa)

MkW- vt; dqekj feJ· ,oa MkW- jk[kh jkor··

mPp f'k{kk esa vkt 'kks/ dk;Z ,d egÙoiw.kZ lksiku cu x;k gSA 'kks/ dk;Z dh xq.koÙkkrFkk bl dk;Z ds nkSjku vkus okys vojks/ vkSj muds lek/ku dks ysdj çk;% f'k{kkfonksa esa cglgksrh jgrh gSA fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx rFkk ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; le;≤ ijblds fy, fn'kk&funsZ'k Hkh tkjh djrk jgrk gSA çk;% vf/dka'k fo'ofo|ky;ksa us Hkh 'kks/ dk;Zesa iathdj.k rFkk bldh iwjh çfØ;k ds lUnHkZ esa vius&vius Lrj ls fu;ekoyh cuk;h gSAorZeku le; esa 'kks/ dk;Z esa 'kks/kFkhZ] funs'kd] fo'ofo|ky; rFkk fo'ofo|ky; vuqnkuvk;ksx dh D;k Hkwfedk gks rFkk dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk le; lhek vkSj vU; rF;ksa dk fu/kZj.k fdlvk/kj ij gks bldk vuq'khyu le; dh ek¡x cu x;k gSA

vejdks'k esa 'kks/ dk;Z ds fy, vusd i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dk mYys[k feyrk gS&fuf.kZDra 'kksf/ra l"Va fu%'kksè;euoLdje~Avlkja iQYxq 'kwU;a rq of'kda rqfPNfjDrrsAA

'kks/ dk;Z esa 'kks/kFkhZ çR;;ksa ;k fopkjksa dks la'kksf/r] ifj"d`r] laLd`r] vyad`r] LoPNrFkk laf{kIr ;k foLr`r djrk gS bls xos"k.kk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA 'kks/ 'kCn ewy :i ls ^'kq"k* èkkkrqls ^/×k~* çR;; yxkdj cuk gS ftldk vfHkçk; gS lw[kuk ;k lw[kkiuA vkt Hkh 'kks/ dk;Z 'kq"dgh gSA lqJqr us Hkh dgk gS&

la'kks"k.kkr jlknhuka 'kks/&bR;fHk/h;rsAlaosxksa rFkk Hkkoukvksa dks vyx dj fo"k;&oLrq dk 'kks/u çk;% 'kq"d gh gksrk gSA 'kksèk

dk;Z ds fy, vaxzsth esa 'Research' 'kCn ç;qDr gksrk gSA ftlesa Re dk milxZ ;k iwoZ çR;;(Prefix) ds :i esa mi;ksx gksrk gS ftldk vfHkçk; gS iqujko`fÙkA bls iwokZoLFkk esa tkuk Hkh dgrsgSaA 'kks/ 'kCn dk bl vFkZ esa ç;ksx 'kks/ dh iqujkofÙk ;k iqu% 'kks/u djuk gks tkrk gSA ;g

·,lksfl,V~l çksiQslj] çkphu bfrgkl] iqjkrÙo ,oa laLd`fr foHkkx] ih-th- dkWyst vkJe cjgt (nsofj;k)··çoDrk] çkphu bfrgkl] jatw flag egkfo|ky;] lksukM+h] nsofj;k

| 80

mlh çdkj gS tSls fdlh vU/sjs dejs esa dkyh fcYyh dks ckj&ckj <w¡<+uk] tks ogk¡ gS ;k ugha;g Hkh gesa Kkr ugha gSA orZeku le; esa 'kks/ dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ lko/kuhiwoZd vFkokxEHkhjrkiwoZd vUos"k.k djuk gSA ;g fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq] O;fDr] fopkj vFkok fo"k; esa fudVls vkSj lko/kuhiwoZd vUos"k.k dk dk;Z gS vFkkZr~ 'kks/ dk;Z vUos"k.k dh i¼fr dk cks/ djkrkgS u fd igys fd;s x;s dk;Z dh iqujkofÙk dkA vkt 'kks/ dk y{; fdlh fo"k; esa miyC/Kku dks vkxs c<+kuk gSA 'kks/ dk;Z dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, Oxford Dictionary (1980) esa dgkx;k gS fd 'Investigation undertaken in order to discover new facts, get additional information

etc." 'kks/ dk;Z dh O;k[;k djrs gq, dgk tk ldrk gS fd& 'A critical investigation into a

chosen area with in familiar field for the purpose or furthering the knowledge about the

area selected.' nwljs 'kCnksa esa dg ldrs gSa fd çkphu dky esa Research 'kCn ds Re ij cyfn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj vkt search ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;g fdlh pqus gq, {ks=k esa Kkuds foLrkj gsrq lekykspukRed vUos"k.k gSA Hkzeo'k dqN yksx 'kks/ dk;Z esa ekSfyd ;ksxnku ijcy nsrs gSaA Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa rks ekSfyd ls vfHkçk; ;g gS fd tks ewy ls tqM+k gks& ÅèoZewye~A;gk¡ osn] 'kkL=k vkSj bZ'oj dks gh ekuk x;kA vr% vPNk ys[kd ogh ekuk tkrk gS tks ewyijEijk ls tqM+k gks& uk¿ewya fy[;rsA fdafpr~ ewy dk Hkk";] okfrZd] Vhdk] fooj.k] ofÙk bR;kfnfd;k tkrk gSA ik'pkR; ijEijk esa ekSfyd çk;% mls ekuk tkrk gS ftls igys vU; fdlh usu dgk gks u fy[kk gksA

vkt 'kks/ dk;Z esa gesa i¼fr vkSj i¼fr Kku nksuksa dks le>us dh vko';drk gSAoLrqr% Kku dks oLrqfu"B :i esa çLrqr djus ds fy, i¼fr dh t:jr iM+rh gSA IysVks usloZçFke n'kZu esa ^esFkM* 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;kA iQhMªl uked laokn esa bldk ç;ksx ekxZ vFkokek=kk (Search) ds :i esas fd;k x;kA

O;fDr dh ;g fof'k"Vrk jgh gS fd og vius pkjksa vksj fo|eku okrkoj.k dks le>usdk ç;kl djrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i mls vuqlU/ku&dk;Z (Investigation) djuk gksrk gS rkfdog viuh vuqhkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dj ldsA voSKkfud&vuqlU/kudrkZ le; ,oa /udk viO;; djrk gSA ^vuqlU/ku* 'kCn dk ç;ksx oSKkfud vuqlU/ku ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k tkrkgSA ts-MCY;w- csLV us fy[kk gS fd ¶fo'ys"k.k dh oSKkfud fof/ dks vf/d vkdkfjd]O;ofLFkr ,oa xgu :i esa ç;ksx djus dks vuqlU/ku dgk tkrk gSA¸1 csLV fy[krs gSa ¶,dO;fDr fcuk vuqlU/ku fd;s oSKkfud gks ldrk gS] ijUrq dksbZ O;fDr fcuk oSKkfud cusvuqlU/ku ugha dj ldrkA¸2

MkW- lqjsUæ flag us fy[kk gS fd& ^vuqlU/ku* 'kCn dk O;qRiÙkh; vFkZ (Etymological

| 81

Meaning) ^ckj&ckj [kkstus* ls lEcfU/r gSA3 vkaXy Hkk"kk dk 'kCn fjlpZ nks 'kCnksa ls feydjcuk gS tks Øe'k% Re (jh) ,oa Search (lpZ) gSA vr% vuqlU/ku dk vk'k; ^ckj&ckj dh[kkst* ;k ^iqu% dh tkus okyh [kkst* gSA

'The New Century Dictionary' ds vuqlkj] vuqlU/ku dk vFkZ fdlh oLrq vFkokO;fDr ds fo"k; esa lko/kuh ls [kkst djuk] rF;ksa vFkok fl¼kUrks dk vUos"k.k djus ds fy,fo"k; lkexzh dh fujUrj lko/kuhiwoZd iwNrkN vFkok iM+rky djuk gSA4

'Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences' esa fy[kk gS fd ¶vuqlU/ku oLrqvksa] çR;;ksa rFkkladsrksa vkfn dks dq'kyrkiwoZd O;ofLFkr djrk gS] ftldk mís'; lkekU;hdj.k }kjk foKku dkfodkl] ifjektZu vFkok lR;kiu gksrk gS] pkgs og Kku O;ogkj esa lgk;d gks vFkok dykesaA¸5 'Dictionary of Sociology' esa th-,e- fiQ'kj fy[krs gSa& ¶fdlh dks gy djus ;k fdlhmidYiuk dh tk¡p djus vFkok uohu ?kVukØe rFkk mlesa ik;s tkus okys u;s lEcU/ksa dh [kkstdjus gsrq mi;qDr i¼fr;ksa dk fdlh lkekftd fLFkfr esa tks ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS mls lkekftdvuqlU/ku dgk tkrk gSA¸6

vusZLV xzhuoqM us 'Social Work Research, A Decade of Reappraisal Social Service

Review' esa fy[kk gS fd ¶vuqlU/ku dh ifjHkk"kk Kku dh [kkst ls çek.khd`r dk;Zjhfr;ksa dsç;ksx ds :i esa dh tk ldrh gSA¸7

lh-,- ekstj viuh d`fr 'Survey Methods of Social Investigation' esa fy[krs gSa fd¶lkekftd ç?kVukvksa rFkk leL;kvksa ds lEcU/ esa uohu Kku çkIr djus ds fy, dh x;hO;ofLFkr Nkuchu vFkok iwNrkN dks lkekftd vuqlU/ku dgrs gSaA¸8

,y-ch- jsMeSu rFkk vU; us fy[kk gS fd tc uohu Kku çkIr djus ds fy, O;ofLFkrç;kl fd;k tkrk gS rks mls vuqlU/ku dgk tkrk gSA bu vuqlU/kuksa ds ekè;e ls HkkSfrd txr~esa çxfr lEHko gqbZ gS ;|fi ek=k rF;ksa dks Kkr djuk] tux.kuk djuk] vkys[ku djukvuqlUèkku dk;Z ugha gS rFkkfi fuf'pr rF;ksa rFkk fjdkMZ dks Li"V :i ls ns[kuk ,oa mudklosZ{k.k djuk lkekftd foKkuksa esa vuqlU/ku dk ,d vax gSA9

Jherh ih-ch- ;ax us vuqlU/ku dh ,d oSKkfud ;kstuk çLrqr djrs gq, fy[kk gS fdvuqlU/ku dk mís'; ¶rkfdZd o Øec¼ çfof/;ksa }kjk (1) u;s rF;ksa dks [kkstuk ;k iqjkusrF;ksa dh iqf"V vkSj ijh{kk djuk] (2) lS¼kfUrd lUnHkZ&lajpuk ds vUrxZr vusd vuqØeksa]vUrlZEcU/ksa o dkj.kkRed O;k[;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk rFkk (3) ekuo O;ogkj dsfo'oluh; o lgh vè;;u djus esa lgk;d u;s oSKkfud midj.kksa o fl¼kUrksa dks fodflr

'kks/ dk;Z % vo/kj.kk ,oa lek/ku

| 82

djuk gSA¸10

dqN vU; ifjHkk"kk,¡ ,iQ-,y- foVus us viuh d`fr 'The Elements of Research' esa dhgSA ¶vuqlU/ku Kku dh vfHkofÙk la'kks/u ,oa çkek.khdj.k dh fn'kk esa lkekU;hdj.k djus dsmís'; ls oLrqvksa] vo/kj.kkvksa vkfn esa ifjorZu ds fy, fd;k x;k ,d oSKkfud ç;kl]lkekftd vuqlU/ku lkekftd ;FkkFkZ ds ,d fof'k"V ,oa ifjHkkf"kr {ks=k esa mBk;s x;s ç'uksa dsmÙkj çkIr djus dh fn'kk esa Øec¼ fo"k;kRed ,oa mi;qDr [kkst gS] tks gesa bls le>us rFkkekuo dY;k.k ds fy, bldk vf/d ls vf/d mi;ksx djus esa leFkZ cukrh gSA¸ lkekftdvuqlU/ku dh ifjHkk"kk uohu rF;ksa ds vUos"k.k vFkok iqjkus rF;ksa] muds Øe] ikjLifjdlEcU/] dkj.kkRed Li"Vhdj.k vkSj mUgsa fu;af=kr djus okys çkd`frd fu;eksa dh tk¡p djusds Øec¼ <ax ds :i esa dj ldrs gSaA vuqlU/ku dk çkFkfed mís'; lehiorhZ vFkok nwjLFklkekftd thou dks le>uk rFkk mlds }kjk lkekftd O;ogkj ij vf/d fu;a=k.k çkIr djukgSA

'kks/ dk;Z gsrq vko';d ckrsa

'kks/ dk;Z gsrq fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx le;≤ ij fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh djrkjgrk gS& bl xq#rj dk;Z gsrq dqN cU/u gksrs gSa tSls& iath;u le; lhek] çkd] ekSf[kdh] 'kks/&çcU/ dk ijh{k.k rFkk ekSf[kdh ijh{kk vkfn ysfdu bl dk;Z gsrq lcls t:jh ckr gS fdxos"kd vFkok 'kks/kFkhZ ls 'kks/dk;Z dh mRdV vHkhIlk gksA mlesa Lo;a ds Kku ds foLrkj dhmRdV vfHkyk"kk gks vkSj bl dk;Z esa vkus okys O;o/ku vkSj foyEc ls grk'k gq, fcuk y{;ds çfr fujUrj vkxs c<+us dh n`<+ bPNk 'kfDr gksA 'kks/kFkhZ esa vkoÙk lR; tkuus dh vfHkyk"kkoSlh gh gksuh pkfg, tSlk mifu"knksa esa of.kZr gS& fgj.e;su ik=ks.k lR;L;k¿fifgra eq[ke~ (bZ'k15% o`-m- 5-15-1)A ;g xq.k 'kks/kFkhZ esa 'kks/ dk;Z ds çkjEHk ls vUr rd fo|eku jguk pkfg,A

'kks/ dk;Z dk lokZf/d egÙoiw.kZ igyw funs'kd rFkk fo"k; dk p;u gSA ;fn funs'kdvuqHkoh rFkk Kku ds çfr Lo;a vuqjDr gksxk rks og 'kks/kFkhZ dk mfpr ekxZ funsZ'ku dj ldsxkvU;Fkk fo"k;kUrj dj 'kks/kFkhZ ds fy, tfVy leL;k [kM+h dj ldrk gSA oLrqr% 'kks/ dk;Zf}i{kh; gksrk gSA ;fn 'kks/kFkhZ vkSj funs'kd esa leUo; ugha gksxk rks 'kks/ dk;Z esa foyEc gksxkvFkok og lnk ds fy, viw.kZ Hkh jg ldrk gSA ;|fi vc rks 'kks/ funs'kd ds fy,fo'ofo|ky; us 'krsZa fu/kZfjr dj nh gSaA 'kks/ lfefr (Research Degree Committee)vè;kidksa dks funs'kd ds fy, laLrqfr djrh gSA dqN fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa 'kks/ lfefr ds le{kvc vf/dka'k funs'kd rFkk 'kks/kFkhZ dks ppkZ gsrq vkeaf=kr fd;k tkrk gSA 'kks/ lfefr ds

| 83

vk;kstu ds volj ij 'kks/kFkhZ dks vius çLrkfor 'kks/ dk;Z dh :ijs[kk (Synopsis) çLrqrdjuh gksrh gS tks yxHkx 10 ls 14 i`"Bksa esa rS;kj gksuh pkfg,A blesa 'kks/ dh leL;k (p;furfo"k; ij) 'kks/ dk;Z dh vko';drk] miyC/ lkfgR;] mi;qDr i¼fr] vè;k;ksa dk oxhZdj.k]'kks/ dk;Z dh çeq[k miyfC/;k¡ rFkk lelkef;d mi;ksfxrk rFkk xzUFk lwph dk mYys[k gksukpkfg,A

'kks/ lfefr }kjk çLrkfor :ijs[kk dh lEiqf"V gksus ij fu/kZfjr le; lhek esa 'kksèkçcU/ dks iwjk djus dk ç;kl t:jh gSA 'kks/ dk;Z esa eq[;r% xzUFkky; vè;kiu rFkk {ks=kxrdk;Z (Fieldwork) gksrs gSaA ijorhZ Js.kh esa ç'ukoyh] lk{kkRdkj] çfrfØ;kvksa dk oxhZdj.k]'kks/ dk;Z ls mldh lEc¼rk foospuk rFkk lkFkZdrk dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA iwoZorhZ Js.kh esaiqLrdsa] lhMh] b.VjusV] i=k&if=kdk,¡] bZ&tuZy bR;kfn lfEefyr gSaA 'kks/ çcU/ ds çkjEHk esafo"k; lwph vko';d gS ftlesa Hkwfedk] vè;k;ksa dk mYys[k] eq[; dFku rFkk fu"d"kZ lfEefyrgks rks Js;"dj gSA ikn fVIi.kh (Footnotes) ;k vUR; fVIi.kh (Endnotes) nsuh gks rks çR;;fo'ks"k ;k 'kCn fo'ks"k ds vkxs vè;kadu (Superscription) t:jh gS tks çk;% vjch la[;k esagksrk gS ;Fkk& eks{k1A ikn fVIi.kh ;k vUR; fVIi.kh esa igyh ckj tc fdlh xzUFk dk mYys[kfd;k tk; rks ml xzUFk dk iw.kZ fooj.k nsuk visf{kr gS ;Fkk& igys ys[kd dk miuke] rRi'pkrmldk uke] blds ckn (;fn fdlh xzUFk ds vkys[k dk m¼j.k gks rks mls igys fy[kk tk;)çdk'kd] çdk'ku LFkku] laLdj.k] çdk'ku o"kZ rFkk i"B dk mYys[k gksuk pkfg,A ikBd vFkokijh{kd dh n`f"V ls ikn fVIi.kh dh i¼fr vf/d okafNr gSA ikn fVIi.kh i`"Bkuqlkj Øe lsvFkok vè;k;kuqlkj Hkh gks ldrh gSA ;g lexzr% Øfed Hkh gks ldrh gS ysfdu pw¡fd lexzØfed fVIi.kh esa la[;k vf/d gksxh blfy, vf/d lko/kuh Hkh visf{kr gksxhA

'kks/ dh ,sfrgkfld i¼fr bfrgkl ds 'kks/kFkhZ ds fy, vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSA ,sls'kksèkkFkhZ ds fy, vko';d gS fd og ;g Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tku ys fd bfrgkl dsoy ?kVukvksa dkvO;ofLFkr Øe ugha vfirq bfrgkl ?kVukvksa dk ,d O;ofLFkr] Øec¼ o ifj.kkekRedys[kk&tks[kk gS tks vkxs ds vè;;u ds fy, vk/kj rS;kj djrk gSA oLrqr% bfrgkl ds vk¡dM+slR;] çekf.kr rFkk vifjorZuh; gksrs gSa] Hkwrdkyhu vk¡dM+s orZeku ?kVukvksa ls çR;{k ;kvçR;{k lEcU/ j[krs gSaA ,sfrgkfld vk¡dM+s fyf[kr lzksr gksus ds dkj.k muds fo'ys"k.k esaO;fDrfu"Brk vFkkZr~ i{kikr vkus dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA tcfd 'kks/kFkhZ dks lko/kuhiwoZd rF;ksadk oLrqfu"B fo'ys"k.k djuk gksrk gSA foKku orZeku dks vk/kj cukdj Hkfo";ok.kh djrk gSfdUrq bfrgkl esa orZeku ds vk/kj ij vrhr dky dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA

;g loZfofnr rF; gS fd dksbZ Hkh leL;k ,slh ugha ftldk vrhr ls dksbZ lEcUèk


| 84

u gks vFkkZr~ çR;sd leL;k dh tM+sa Hkwr esa fo|eku gSaA blfy, fdlh Hkh leL;k ds dkj.kksadk ;fn Bhd <ax ls fo'ys"k.k djuk gS rks ;g t:jh gS fd mlds Hkwrdky ds dkj.kksa] ifj.kkeksarFkk çHkkoksa vkfn dk mfpr <ax ls vè;;u fd;k tk;A ,slh ç.kkyh ftlesa orZeku leL;k dksgy djus ds fy, orZeku ds lkFk&lkFk Hkwrdky ds vk¡dM+ksa dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS mls,sfrgkfld i¼fr dgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vrhr dh lgk;rk ls orZekudks le>us dh fof/ dks gh ,sfrgkfld i¼fr dgrs gSaA jkbV ds vuqlkj& ¶bfrgkl iqufuZekZ.kdh ml fof/ dk ftlesa fd okLrfod :i esa ?kVuk,¡ ?kVh gSa] vè;;u djrk gS vkSj ?kVukvksadk ekuo tkfr ds fy, D;k egÙo gS bldk ewY;kadu djrk gSA¸11 jsMfDyiQ czkmu ds vuqlkj&^,sfrgkfld i¼fr cgqfof/ gS ftlesa fd orZeku dky esa ?kfVr gksus okyh ?kVukvksa dk Hkwrdkyesa ?kfVr gqbZ ?kVukvksa ds /kjkçokg o Øfed fodkl dks ,d dM+h ds :i esa ekudj vè;;ufd;k tkrk gSA* tkWu MCY;w- osLV ds vuqlkj& ¶,sfrgkfld vuqlU/ku dk lEcU/ ,sfrgkfldleL;kvksa ds oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k ls gSA blds fofHkUu in Hkwr ds lEcU/ esa ,d u;h lw> iSnkdjrs gSa ftldk lEcU/ orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; ls gksrk gSA¸12

,sfrgkfld i¼fr esa vR;Ur lko/kuhiwoZd rF;ksa dk vè;;u t:jh gS blds fy,'kksèkkFkhZ dks i;kZIr vuqHkoh gksuk Hkh t:jh gSA ,sfrgkfld i¼fr dks dk;Z esa ykus ds fy,'kksèkkFkhZ dks lkekftd vUrnZf"V] ,sfrgkfld vfHkLFkkiu] fo'ys"k.kkRed o leUo;kRed nf"Vdks.k]oLrqfu"B vè;;u] dk;Z ds lkekU; {ks=k ls ifjfpr gksuk] O;fDrxr lhekvksa ds lEcU/ esatkx:drk] fo'oluh;rk rFkk lEc¼ rF;ksa dk ladyu vkSj çpqj dYiuk 'kfDr ls ifjiw.kZ gksukvko';d gSA

'kks/ dh ,sfrgkfld i¼fr dh viuh fof'k"V egÙkk gS D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh ,sfrgkfld rF;Bhd oSlk ugha Fkk tSlk ge mls ns[k jgs gSaA çR;sd rF; esa le; o ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkjifjorZu gksrk jgk gSA ,sfrgkfld i¼fr dks ç;ksx esa ykdj ge fdlh ?kVuk ds ,sfrgkfldfodkl dks ns[krs gSaA bl ?kVuk ds fodkl dh O;k[;k vU; fdlh fof/ ls mrus Bhd <ax lsugha dh tk ldrh ftruh fd ,sfrgkfld i¼fr ls lEHko gSA vrhr euq"; ds thou dh iw¡thgSA blfy, euq"; vius vrhr ls cgqr dqN lh[krk gSA vrhr esa ik;s tkus okys jhfr&fjoktksa]çFkkvksa rFkk ijEijkvksa dk Hkh orZeku le; esa dkiQh çHkko iM+rk gSA fdlh Hkh lekt dk,sfrgkfld fodkl ftruk yEck gksxk ml lekt ds orZeku ij mldk çHkko mruk gh vfèkdgksxkA vrhr dk orZeku ij iM+us okys çHkko dh O;k[;k 'kks/ dh ,sfrgkfld i¼fr }kjkleqfpr <ax ls dh tkrh gSA ,sfrgkfld i¼fr dsoy ;gh ugha le>krh fd vrhr dk egÙoD;k gS vfirq ;g orZeku esa ik;h tkus okyh lgh fLFkfr dk Hkh o.kZu djrh gSA vrhr ls gh

| 85

orZeku dk fodkl gqvk gSA vrhr orZeku dh dqath gSA vrhr ds çR;sd dne dk orZeku ijçHkko iM+rk gSA blfy, orZeku dk vè;;u djus ds fy, vrhr ds vè;;u dks vko';dekuk x;k vkSj bl vè;;u dk;Z esa 'kks/ dh ,sfrgkfld i¼fr vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSA orZekuij vrhr ds çHkko dks dksbZ Hkh udkj ugha ldrkA fdlh Hkh ifjokj esa ek¡&cki ds ftl rjglaLdkj gksaxs mlh rjg cPpksa ds Hkh laLdkj gksaxs tks ih<+h&nj&ih<+h pyrk jgrk gSA lekt dkslqpk# :i ls pykus ds fy, çR;sd lekt esa dksbZ u dksbZ lkekftd 'kfDr vFkok laxBu gksrkgSA 'kks/ dh ,sfrgkfld i¼fr ls bl 'kfDr ;k laxBu ds ckjs esa i;kZIr tkudkjh çkIr dh tkldrh gSA cukZMZ 'kkW ds vuqlkj& ^vrhr lewg ds ihNs ugha gksrk cfYd lewg ds vUnj ghfo|eku jgrk gSA* bfrgkldkj vkFkZj 'ysflaxj dk dFku gS fd ^dksbZ Hkh O;fDr vFkok dksbZ Hkhlkekftd oSKkfud vrhr ds yEcs gkFk dh cqf¼eÙkkiwoZd vogsyuk ugha dj ldrkA*

çR;sd i¼fr ds vius xq.k o nks"k gksrs gSa fdUrq lHkh viuh&viuh txg leku :ils egÙoiw.kZ gSaA ;|fi ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd 'kks/ dh ,sfrgkfld i¼fr }kjk fudkys x;sfu"d"kZ vU; i¼fr;ksa dh rqyuk esa de fo'oluh; gksrs gSa D;ksafd ,sfrgkfld vè;;uO;fDrfu"B gksrk gS tks ;FkkFkZrk ds lehi rd igq¡pus dk ç;kl rks djrk gS fdUrq mlds fcYdqyfudV rd ugha igq¡p ikrk gSA blhfy, ,sfrgkfld i¼fr dk viuk vyx egÙo gSA

çkphu bfrgkl esa fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa ds lUnHkZ gksrs gSaA buds O;kdj.k Hkh vyx&vyxgksrs gSaA fdlh xos"kd dks laxe lkfgR; ;k ;qx tSls fo"k; ij 'kks/dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA ,slsesa fo'ks"kd fpÉksa (Diarcritical Marks) dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls fpÉksa dh ,dvUrjkZ"Vªh; ekud fo/k gS fdUrq vko';drkuqlkj blesa la'kks/u ;k ifjorZu fd;k tk ldrkgSA ysfdu ,d ckr t:j è;ku j[kuk pkfg, tks Hkh fo/k ç;ksx esa yk;h tk; ogh vUr rdviuk;h tk;A ;gk¡ rd fd mldk Li"V mYys[k Hkh çkjEHk esas gh dj nsuk pkfg,A MkW-jkèkkd`".ku dh vaxszth esa çdkf'kr iqLrdsa bl nf"V ls =kqfVghu çLrqfr ds csgrj mnkgj.k gSaA blesa'kks/kFkhZ çk;% =kqfV;k¡ djrs gSaA ;Fkk& ;fn ^l* nUR; gS rks vaxzsth esa blds fy, ^S*] ;fn rkyO;^'k* gS rks mnkÙk mPpkj.k gsrq frjNh ydhj dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,_ ^S* ;fn ^"k* gS rks vaxzsthv{kj S ds uhps fcUnq (Dot) yxkuk pkfg,A nh?kZ Lojksa ds fy, çk;% nh?kZ fpÉ ;Fkk ^vk* gsrqa rFkk ^bZ* gsrq I dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg,a dqN ,sls 'kCn ;k 'kh"kZd gksrs gSa ftudk 'kks/ çcU/ esaç;ksx djuk iM+rk gS muds fy, ladsrk{kj ;k laf{kIr (Abbreviation) i¼fr dk ç;ksx djrsgSa_ tSls& egkHkkjr ds fy, e- Hkk-A xzUFkksa ds fy, fgUnh ;k vaxzsth esa vdkjkfn Øe esa(Alphabatical) lwph 'kks/ çcU/ ds vUr esa nsuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph (Bibliography)fgUnh ;k vaxzsth esa o.kZØe esa çLrqr dh tkuh pkfg,A ewy xzUFkksa rFkk vokUrj xzUFkksa ds fy,


| 86

Hkh vyx&vyx lwph cuk;h tkuh pkfg,A ;fn ifjf'k"V ;k iQksVksxzkiQ gks rks mls lUnHkZ xzUFklwph ds iwoZ j[kk tk;A 'kks/ dk;Z esa ç;qDr çeq[k 'kCnkoyh (Glossary) Hkh rS;kj dh tkrhgS ftlesa 'kCn ds ,sfrgkfld lUnHkZ dks çLrqr djrs gq, mlds Li"V vFkZ dk mYys[k fd;k tkrkgSA dqy feykdj ;g ,d lrr çf'k{k.k gSA =kqfV;k¡ gksrh gh gSa] muls fujk'k u gksdj mudks vkxsvf/d vPNk dk;Z djus dk ikFks; ekurs gq, bl fof'k"V dk;Z dks djus esa vR;f/d /S;Z vkSjldkjkRed lksp dh t:jr gSA 'kks/ dk;Z ds nkSjku vusd ckj ,sls {k.k vk,¡xs tc uSjk'; HkkoçHkkoh gksxk rFkk eu esa ,lk fopkj vk,xk fd vc ;g dk;Z lEHko ugha gSA dbZ ckj ,slh fLFkfrHkh mRiUu gksxh tc yxsxk fd ge VwV tk,¡xs_ ,sls esa viuk /S;z rFkk viuksa dk lkFk gh lEcycusxkA blfy, bl fof'k"V y{; dh çkfIr esa lqfu;ksftr dk;Z ;kstuk] /S;Z] ldkjkRed] dqNcsgrj dj xqtjus dh n`<+ bPNk 'kfDr vkSj viuksa dk Hkjiwj lg;ksx rFkk fdlh Hkh leL;k ijmuls [kqydj ppkZ dj lek/ku dh dksf'k'k vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ dkjd gksrk gSAlUnHkZ%1- ts-MCY;w- osLV % fjlpZ bu ,tqds'ku 19792- ts-MCY;w- osLV % fjlpZ bu ,tqds'ku 19793- MkW- lqjsUæ flag % lkekftd vuqlU/ku [k.M 1] i`"B 4&54- n U;w lsUP;qjh fMD'kujh % dksVsM izQkWe MkW- ,l- flag] bfcn] i`"B 55- bulkbDyksihfM;k vkWiQ lks'ky lkbUlst_ lh MksukYM Lysflaxj ,.M eSjh LVsosUll vkfVZfdy] lks'ky fjlpZ

okWY;we 9] 1930] i`"B 3306- th-,e- fiQ'kj % dksVsM izQkWe ,p-ih- iQs;j pkbYM fMD'kujh vkWiQ lksf'k;kWykWth] i`"B 2917- vusZLV xzhuoqM % dksVsM izQkWe ,l- flag] i`"B 58- lh-,- ekstj % losZ esFkM bu lks'ky bUosLVhxs'ku] i`"B 39- ,y-oh- jsMeSu ,oa vU; % nh jksekUl vkWiQ fjlpZ] i`"B 1010- Jherh ih-ch- ;ax % lkbafVfiQd lks'ky losZ ,.M fjlpZ 1975] i`"B 3011- ,iQ-ts- jkbV % n ,fyes.V vkWiQ lksf'k;kWykWth] i`"B 5212- tkWu-MCY;w- osLV % fjlpZ bu ,tqds'ku] i`"B 86

| 87

o.kZ&O;oLFkk dk vkfFkZd vk/kj

yksds'k dqekj çtkifr·

·çoDrk&çkphu bfrgkl] egkjk.kk çrki LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] taxy /wlM+] xksj[kiqj

ekuo viuh ckSf¼d ,oa 'kkjhfjd {kerk ds vuqlkj thou ;kiu ds ftl deZ dks oj.kdjrk gS] ogh mldk ^o.kZ* gSA thou ;kiu dk lkè; vkSj lk/u nksuksa vFkZ ij vk/kfjr gSAvFkZ ds vHkko esa lc O;FkZ gSA blfy, çkphu Hkkjrh; tuksa us ftl o.kZ&O;oLFkk dh fu;kstukdh Fkh] og vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa ds p;u (oj.k) dh vkfne O;oLFkk FkhA viuh ckSf¼d ,oa'kkjhfjd {kerk esas of¼ dj ysus ds i'pkr~ vf/d vkfFkZd lq[k&lqfo/k vkSj ykHk ds Lrj rdigq¡pus ds fy, o.kZ ifjorZu Hkh dj ysrk FkkA bl o.kZ&ifjorZu dk ewy vk/kj vkfFkZd y{;dks vFkok mPp Lrj çkfIr dh O;oLFkk oSfnd dkyhu O;oLFkk esa fn[kk;h nsrh gSA

½XoSfnd dky ds çkjfEHkd ;qx esa o.kZ&O;oLFkk tSlh dksbZ laLFkk ugha feyrhA mlle; lekt esa nks tkfr lewg feyrs gSa& ,d vk;Z ,oa nwljk vuk;Z (nkl] nL;q)A1 ½Xosn dsvuqlkj ;s nkl vkSj nL;q nksuksa ,d gh gSaA2 nkl ;k nL;qvksa dks dHkh&dHkh ^vlqj* uke ls HkhlEcksf/r fd;k x;k gSA bu nksuksa lewgksa esa 'kjhj&foU;kl] jax (o.kZ) ,oa vkpkj&fopkj lEcUèkhHksn ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA bu nksuksa lewgksa esa vUrj O;Dr djus ds fy, ,d dks vk;Z&o.kZ(xkSjo.khZ) vkSj nwljs dks vlqj&o.kZ (';keo.khZ) Hkh dgk x;k gSA3 ½Xosn ds vuqlkj nL;q yksxvozr (fu;e&O;ogkjksa dks u ekuus okys)] vØrq (;K u djus okys)] e`?kzokp% (ftudh cksyhLi"V vkSj e/qj u gks) vkSj viukl% (piVh ukd okys) dgs x;s gSaA4

½Xosn ds fooj.kksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd vk;Z ,oa vuk;ksZa ds eè; ;q¼ gqvk] ftlesa vk;ksZaus fot; çkIr dhA bu nksuksa esa la?k"kZ ls ;q¼ fo|k dk fodkl fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA iQyr% vk;Ztuinksa dh çtk nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gks x;h& vk;Z ,oa vuk;Z (nL;q)A5

nL;q (vlqj) fofo/ f'kYiksa esa nkl ekus x;s gSaA os xg&fuekZ.k vkSj /krq dyk esa n{kFksA6 vk;ksZa }kjk foftr gks tkus ij Hkh f'kYi vkSj O;olk;ksa esa mudh #fp v{kq..k jgh vkSj osmu dk;ksZa esa rRij jgsA

| 88

fotsrk vk;Z ;q;qRlq FksA os ;Kh; vuq"Bkuksa vkSj Hkwfe ds Lokeh cu dj df"k vkSji'kqikyu }kjk thou ;kiu djuk viuk xkSjo le>rs FksA ifj.kkeLo:i fofo/ f'kYi vkSjdyk,¡ çk;% nL;q oxZ ds gkFkksa esa gh jghaA lEHkor% blhfy, f'kfYi;ksa dks dqN ghu le>s tkusdh ço`fÙk jgh gSA fpjdky rd oSfnd lekt O;oLFkk bUgha nks oxksZa ds vk/kj ij lapkfyr jgh_fdUrq dkykUrj esa vk;ksZa dk og lekt vius O;olk;ksa vkSj dk;Z&i¼fr;ksa ds fodklLo:ivius esa oxhZd`r gqvk vkSj iQyLo:i czkã.k] {kf=k; vkSj oS'; uked rhu o.kksZa dk mn; gqvkA

½Xosn ds iq#"k&lwDr esa lekt ds Lo:i dks ekuo&'kjhj ds leku ekurs gq, pkjksa o.kksZadk mYys[k feyrk gSA oSfnd ½f"k;ksa us lekt dh ifjdYiuk ekuo&'kjhj ds leku dh gSAftlds vuqlkj eq[; gksus ds dkj.k czkã.k lekt dk eq[k] {kf=k; Hkqtk,¡] oS'; ta?kk,¡ vkSj isV,oa 'kwæ iSj dgs x;s gSaA7

czkã.kks¿L; eq[keklhn ckgqjktU; d`r%Am#rnL; ;}S'; inH;ka 'kwæks¿tk;r%AA

½Xosn esa vU;=k dsoy czkã.k ,oa {kf=k; dk mYys[k gS] fdUrq oS'; ,oa 'kwæ dk ughaAblls çrhr gksrk gS fd lafgrk&dky esa gh czkã.k vkSj {kf=k;] loZlk/kj.k çtk vFkok ^fo'k%*ls iFkd gksus yx x;s FksA iq#"k&lwDr ds vfrfjDr ½Xosn esa vU;=k pkj o.kksZa dk mYys[k ughafeyrkA bl e.My dks dqN vk/qfud fo}ku~ vokZphu ekurs gSaA blls çrhr gksrk gS fdçkjfEHkd 'krkfCn;ksa esa vHkh pkrqoZ.;Z dk iw.kZ:is.k fodkl ugha gqvk FkkA ijUrq dkykUrj esa ;Kksads deZdk.Mh; fodkl vkSj lekt esa lEifÙk&foHkktu ds dkj.k laj{k.k dh n`f"V ls iqjksfgr(czkã.k) vkSj j{kd (jktk&{kf=k;) bu nks o.kksZa ;k oxksZa dk mn; gqvk] tks ,d lkekftdfoHkktu FkkA

o.kZ&O;oLFkk dk fodkl ns'k] dky vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i ifjorZu'khy :i esafn[kkbZ nsrk gS] tks bldh çxfr'khyrk dk |ksrd gSA blds fodkl esa tgk¡ lkekftd vkSj èkkfeZddkj.k jgs gksaxs] ogha blds ewy esa vkfFkZd dkj.k Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA lafgrk dky esa o.kZ&O;oLFkkxq.k&deZ&LoHkko ij vk/kfjr Fkh_ fdUrq le; ds lkFk&lkFk fLFkfro'k mlesa Hksn&Hkkouk dkmn; gqvk vkSj vkj.;d dky rd vkrs&vkrs og HksnkRed :i vf/d eq[kj gksrk pyk x;k]tks HkkSfrd vkSj vkè;kfRed nksuksa Lrjksa ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

czkã.k dky esa ;g Hksn Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsus yxrk gSA rhuksa o.kksZa dks fHkUu&fHkUu½rqvksa esa vfXugks=k (miu;u) dk fo/ku feyrk gSA8 ;Kksa esa ;Kh; NUn Hkh i`Fkd&i`Fkd FksAczkã.k dks xk;=kh] {kf=k; dks f=k"Vqi vkSj oS'; dks txrh ea=k fofu;ksx dk funsZ'k FkkA ;gk¡ rd

| 89

fd rhuksa o.kksZa ds ;Kksiohr Øe'k% dikl] lu vkSj Åu ls cuk;s tkrs Fks] lkFk gh mudh vk;qvkSj muds oL=k] n.M] es[kyk vkSj lekorZu esa Hkh o.kZxr&fHkUurk dh lwpuk,¡ feyrh gSaA9 ;gk¡rd fd muds lEcks/uksa vkSj vUR;sf"V&laLdkj esa Hkh o.kZxr fHkUurk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA bl çdkjfpjdky i'pkr~ vkfFkZd n`f"V ls] O;olk;ksa ds dkj.k vk;ksZa dk og lekt czkã.k] {kf=k; vkSjoS'; o.kksaZ esa foHkDr gqvkA

vkj.;d lkfgR; ds voyksdu ls Kkr gksrk gS fd bl dky rd vkrs&vkrso.kZ&O;oLFkk iw.kZr% çfrf"Br gks pqdh Fkh] D;ksafd o.kkZJe dk iw.kZ fodkl blh dky esa fn[kkbZnsrk gSA oLrqr% o.kZ&foHkktu ,d dk;kZRed foHkktu Fkk tks lkekftd thou dk la/kjd cukAvr% o.kZ&O;oLFkk Je foHkktu dh |ksrd Fkh] u fd oxZ foHkktu dhA vkj.;d dky rdczkã.k dh ckSf¼d fof'k"Vrk dk opZLo LFkkfir gks pqdk Fkk vkSj jkT; dh vo/kj.kk ds lkFkgh ^czã* vkSj ^{k=k* dk la?kVu lekt dk fu;ked cu pqdk FkkA czkã.k dks nku&xzg.k rFkkvius vkpj.k] deZ vkSj oa'k dh 'kq¼rk cuk;s j[kus dk 'kkL=kksins'k FkkA10 cqf¼ dh 'kq¼rk gsrqmls lqjk Hkh oftZr Fkh& ^vf'ko bo okM,"k Hk{kks ;Rlqjk czkã.kL;A* bUgha fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.kmls laLd`fr dk midkjd vkSj lH;rk dk lt; çgjh dgk x;k gS& ^o;a jk"Vªs tkx`;keiqjksfgrk%A*11

czkã.k dks vfXu ds usrRo esa iw.kZ xq.kksa ls foHkwf"kr ekurs gq, mls lekt dkvkpkj&fu;Urk dgk x;k gSA ;K] czã Kku vkSj vius riL;k cy }kjk czã dks tkuus okykczãKkuh czkã.k* laKk dk vf/dkjh ekuk x;k gSA leLr nsork mlesa fufgr ekus x;s gSa] blfy,mls ^Hkw&nso* dh mikf/ nh x;h gSA12 vius Kku vkSj lnkpkj }kjk os lekt esa jpukRed HkwfedkfuHkkrs FksA ;Kkuq"Bku vkSj vU; /kfeZd dk;Z iqjksfgrksa ds fcuk vuq"Bs; ugha FksA muds usrRo vksj;Kksfpr os'k&Hkw"kk esa gh ;teku ;K&fØ;k esa çoÙk gks ldrs FksA ogh /kfeZd&cy okys ri%iwr,oa ekuoh; vkSj nSoh&foifÙk;ksa dks nwj djus okys ekus x;s gSaA13 d`f"k vkfn ds fy, mfpr le;dk vuqeku vkSj fu'p; djuk rFkk /kfeZd vuq"Bku }kjk lekt dks çkdfrd vkinkvksa ls cpkusds iQyLo:i og lekt ds usrkvksa ds :i esa lkeus vk;sA

vkj.;d dky cM+k ikf.MR;iw.kZ FkkA vr% czkã.k dks fo}ku~ gksuk vko';d FkkAikSjksfgR; vkSj f'k{k.k dk;Z ds fy, oSfnd Kku dh vko';drk FkhA vr% mUgsas =k;h&fo|k&fo'kkjngksuk vfuok;Z FkkA oSfnd Kku esa vxz.kh gksus ds dkj.k f'k{kk dk nkf;Ro Hkh czkã.kksa dhJksf=k;&laLFkk ij gh FkkA Lokè;k; vkSj vè;kiu muds loksZPp ri ekus x;s gSaA blfy, vè;;udk;Z ij mUgha dk ,dkf/dkj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA14 bUgha fof'k"Vrkvksa ds dkj.k mUgsa ^f}t* vkSj^nso* dh laKk,¡ nh x;h gSaA15


| 90

euq"; nsok% ;s czkã.kk%A(iapfoa'k czkã.k 1@1)

osn vk;ksZa dk lcls cM+k Kku&dks'k gSA czkã.k mUgsa d.BLFk dj vU;ksa dks i<+krs vkSjmudh j{kk djrs Fks D;ksafd fo|k gh mudk cy ekuh x;h gSA vr% czãKku mudk eq[; xq.kgksus ds dkj.k mUgsa czãopZlh gksuk vko';d Fkk] ,oa mldh çkfIr dk loZJs"B lk/u Lokè;k;ekuk x;k gSA blfy, lEeku dh nf"V ls czkã.k dks czã vFkkZr~ ^osn* dgk gS& ^czã fgczkã.k%A*16 bUgha fof'k"Vrkvksa ds dkj.k mUgsa fnO;&o.kZ dk ekuk x;k gS& ^nSo;ks oS o.kksZczkã.k%A*17

czkã.kksa dh lkjLor fof'kf"Vrkvksa ds dkj.k mUgsa dfri; lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd vf/dkj çkIr FksA çkphu /eZ'kkL=kksa esa mUgsa voè; vkSj vn.Muh; ekuk x;k gSA muds o/ dksegkikrd ekuk x;k gS rFkk ?kksj vijk/ ij Hkh mUgsa vis{kkd`r U;wu n.M nsus dh ijEijk FkhA18vr% e`R;qn.M ls eqfDr ,oa ;Kkuq"Bku] muds ,dkf/dkjksa esa ifjxf.kr FksA dksbZ jktk viusjktiqjksfgr dks inP;qr ugha dj ldrk FkkA /kfeZd vk;kstuksa esa mudk {kf=k;ksa ls Hkh Å¡pk LFkkuFkk& ^czã fg iwoZa {k=kkr~A*19

jkT;kfHk"ksd vk;kstu esa jktk dks jktiqjksfgr gh 'kklukf/dkj çnku djrk Fkk] blfy,;g çfl¼ gS fd czkã.k }kjk çnÙk lÙkk ls gh jktk 'kklu djrk gSA20 mls lHkh o.kksZa dh dU;kvksals ikf.kxzg.k dk vf/dkj FkkA rRdkyhu U;k;&O;oLFkk ckSf¼d usr`Ro vkSj ekuoh; mPpkn'kZczkã.kksa }kjk gh lapkfyr FksA vr% os fopkjksa vkSj fØ;kvksa esa lEiw.kZ fo'o ds usrk vkSj vkn'kZekus tkrs gSaA blfy, jkT;kfHk"ksd ds le; iqjksfgr ?kks"k.kk djrk Fkk fd ;g O;fDr 'ks"k çtk dkjktk gS] czkã.kksa dk jktk rks lkse vFkkZr~ Lo;a ijekRek gSA

lkseks¿Lekda czkã.kkuka jktkA21

czkã.kksa dh egÙkk ds dkj.k osnksa esa çkFkZuk gS fd gekjs iqjksfgr usrk lnk ltx vkSj lko/ku gks] tks gekjs jk"Vª dks lnk tkx`r vkSj pSrU; j[ksA

o;a jk"Vªs tkx;ke iqjksfgrk%A22

vkfFkZd {ks=k esa Hkh czkã.kksa dks fo'ks"kkf/dkj çkIr FksA lkekftd lEifÙk ij mudk opZLoiqjksfgr ds :i esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vr% mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr lUrks"ktud Kkr gksrh gSA D;ksafdrc rd mudk ikSjksfgR;&deZ lekt Lohd`r gks pqdk Fkk tks dkykUrj rd cuk jgkA leLr;tu fØ;k&fo/ku mUgha ds {ks=kkf/dkj esa Fkk vkSj muds lg;ksx fcuk ;Kkuq"Bku vlEHko FksA

| 91

vr% ml deZdk.M vkSj Kku&ijEijk dks thfor j[kus gsrq mUgsa vko';d Fkk fd os viuhlUrkuksa dks Hkh mlesa fo'ks"kK cukrsA blfy, ml dky esa /qjU/j czkã.k vkpk;ksZa dh ,d lqnh?kZijEijk feyrh gSA

;tu ,dkf/dkj ds iQyLo:i nku&xzg.k dk vf/dkj Hkh mUgsa gh Fkk vkSj mUgsa nkunsuk iq.; vkSj xkSjo dh ckr ekuh tkrh FkhA jktk&çtk lHkh mUgsa nsorqY; ekudj çHkwr nkunsrs FksA23 tqM+ok cNM+s okyh nq/k: xk; nku ysuk os viuk çFkekf/dkj ekurs Fks] rFkk;K&lefiZr 'ks"k lkexzh Hkh mUgha dh FkhA blhfy, czkã.k dks ^vknk;h* vFkkZr~ ^xzg.k djusokyk* dgk x;k gSA24

mi;qZDr voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd dksbZ Hkh deZdk.Mh czkã.k vkfFkZd n`f"V ls foiUuugha jgk gksxkA D;ksafd czkã.k ogh Fkk tks deZdk.Mh; tfVy&fØ;kvksa dk fo'ks"kK] ra=k&jgL;ksadk Kkrk vkSj vkS"k/h; ç;ksxksa dk eeZK FkkA vr% budk fo'ks"kK foiUu dSls gks ldrk Fkk\

çkphu Hkkjrh; lekt esa {kf=k;ksa dk eku vkSj LFkku czkã.kksa ds i'pkr~ jgk gSA os jktU;oxZ vFkkZr~ jktifjokj ls lEc¼ ekus x;s gSa] tks ç'kklfud vkSj lSU; ;ksX;rk dk |ksrd gSAlekt laj{k.k o ;q¼ vkfn esa usrRo ds fy, dk;Zdq'ky usrk vkSj j{kdksa dh vko';drk lnkjgh gS] ftldk nkf;Ro {kf=k; fuHkkrs FksA vr% ;q¼ dkS'ky vkSj ç'kklfud ;ksX;rk esa vxz.kh gksusds dkj.k lekt vkSj jk"Vª j{kk dk dk;ZHkkj mUgha ij Fkk ftlds fy, U;k;;qDr ;q¼ mudk cyekuk x;k gSA

;q¼a oS jktU;L; oh;Ze~A25

lkglh vkSj cy'kkyh gksus ds ukrs mUgsa çrhd :i esa ije iq#"k ds ckgq ls mRiUu ekukx;k gSA oLrqr% cy oh;Z dk uke gh ckgq gSA og ftlesa vf/d gksxk ogh jktU; vFkkZr~ {kf=k;dgk x;k gS& ^ckgqoSZ cya ckgqoSZ oh;Ze~A*26 okLro esa cy dk vfLrRo gh jkT; dk çrhd gS&^{k=ka fg jk"Vªe~A*27 tSls Hkqtk,¡ 'kjhj dh lnk j{kk djrh gSa] mlh çdkj ;q¼ vkSj 'kkfUr esalekt&lqj{kk mUgha dk drZO; ekuk x;k gSA oLrqr% vlk/qvksa ij vadq'k vkSj fujhg çtk dkj{k.k muds drZO;ksa esa lfEefyr gSA

çtk dks vHk;nku nsus ds fy, {kk=k cy dh lnk vko';drk jgh gSA blfy, v'ovkSj /uq"k vkfn 'kL=k muds vnE; 'kkS;Z ds çrhd ekus x;s gSaA blls Kkr gksrk gS fd ^{k=k*jktkvksa dk og xq.k gS] ftlds }kjk os yksd esa viuk çHkqRo LFkkfir dj ^ohjHkksX;k olqU/jk*dh yksdksfDr pfjrkFkZ djrs FksA28 oLrqr% ^fo'k%* dk foLrkj {kf=k; ds fy, jk"VªksRFkku dk çrhdgSA blhfy, mlesa fo'k% vFkkZr~ çtk dks 'kkflr djus dh LokHkkfod {kerk fuokl djrh gSA


| 92

jk"VªksRFkku ^czã vkSj {k=k* bu nksuksa 'kfDr;ksa ds ijLij lg;ksx ij fuHkZj djrk gSA;tqosZn ds vuqlkj tgk¡ ;s nksuksa 'kfDr;k¡ lkFk&lkFk dk;Z djrh gSa] ogh vkn'kZ jk"Vª jgus ds ;ksX;gSA

;=k czã p {k=ka p lE;×pkS pjr% lgAra yksda iq.;a çKs; ;=k nsok% lgkfXuukAA

jktlw; vkfn jktlh vk;kstu {kf=k;] czkã.kksa ds laj{k.k esa gh dj ldrs FksAjkT;kfHk"ksd ij iqjksfgr uhps cSBdj Hkkoh jktk dh iwtk djrk vkSj jktfryd ds :i esa mls'kklukf/dkj çnku djrk FkkA blfy, ^czã* dks ^{kf=k;* dh ;ksfu vFkkZr~ lzksr dgk x;k gSA29oSfnd lkfgR; esa dqN ,sls çlax feyrs gSa] ftlesa bu nksuksa ds }kjk ,d nwljs ds O;olk;ksa dkijLij :ikUrj.k Hkh gksrk jgrk FkkA ftlds }kjk ;s o.kZ ifjorZu Hkh dj ldrs FksA

mÙkj oSfnd dky esa vkè;kfRed {ks=k esa lEHkor% czkã.kksa ds opZLo Lo:i czkã.k vkSj{kf=k;ksa esa ,d ckSf¼d&Li/kZ dk nkSj vk;k ftlesa {kf=k;ksa us mudh bl ckSf¼d pqukSrh dksLohdkjk vkSj vusd {kf=k; ujs'k ikSjksfgR;] ;tu (fØ;k) fo|k vkSj nk'kZfud&xos"k.kkvksa esaçfo"V gq, vkSj muesa ikjaxr gksdj viuh lkjLor&{kerk dk ifjp; nsrs gq, mUgksaus vusdçdk.M czkã.kksa dks viuk f'k"; cuk fy;kA

fonsg&lezkV tud] dkf'kjkt vtkr'k=kq] dsd;&ujs'k v'oifr vkSj ikapkyui çokg.ktScfy vkfn ,sls gh euh"kh Fks] tks vè;kRe vkSj n'kZu ds vçfre Kkrk ekus x;s gSaA mUgksaus vusdftKklq czkã.kksa dks viuk vUrsoklh cuk;k vkSj mudh vè;kRe&fiiklk dk 'keu fd;kA30

fdUrq bl ckSf¼d&Li/kZ ls ykHk ds lkFk&lkFk dqN gkfu;k¡ Hkh gqbZa vkSj ljy;tu&deZdk.M nk'kZfudrk ds vkoj.k esa eUn iM+us yxkA ftlls lkekftd lgtrk vkSjljyrk dks vk?kkr igq¡pkA vr% lkekftd ln~Hkko dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, nksuksa o.kksZa dsesy&feyki vkSj ln~Hkkouk dh dkeuk,¡ dh x;haA

lkekftd :i esa {kf=k;ksa dk 'kklu çcU/ ls tqM+s jgus ds dkj.k] mUgsa jkT;&laj{k.k vkSjvkthfodk volj vis{k;k vf/d lqyHk FksA vr% mudk jktU; :i esa lEifÙk ij opZLo vkSjmudh vFkZ&n'kk lUrks"ktud gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA ysfdu vHkh lekt esa 'kklu dks /kfeZdxfjek çkIr ugha FkhA blhfy, dksbZ Hkh {kf=k; iqjksfgr :i esa çfrf"Br ugha feyrkA

oLrqr% cyghu tkfr;k¡ jk"Vª dks lqn`<+ vkSj laxfBr ugha j[k ldrha vkSj cy ds fy,lqn`<+ vFkZ&O;oLFkk vkSj lEifÙk'kkyh gksuk vko';d gSA blfy, df"k vkSj i'kqikyu vkfn ij

| 93

vf/d cy fn;k x;k vkSj {kf=k; lokZf/d i'kqvksa ds Lokeh cu x;sA31 jktU; vkSj jktkvksa dh'kkyk,¡ xkS vkfn i'kqvksa ls Hkjh jgrh Fkha] D;ksafd i'kq /uS'o;Z ds lzksr gSaA fo'ks"k fLFkfr;ksa esa osvU; ;ksX; O;olk; Hkh viuk ldrs FksA oLrqr% vkj.;d dkyhu {kf=k;ksa dh vkfFkZd n'kkleqUur fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA vr% mUgsa Jh&ifjxghr vkSj lEifÙk'kkyh dguk lkFkZd gSA bl vn~Hkqr{kerk vkSj dk;Zdq'kyrk ds dkj.k mUgsa ;tqosZn ls mRiUu ekuk x;k gS& ;tqosZna {kf=k;L;kgq;ksZfue~A*

lekt dks vkfFkZd nf"V ls lqn<+ cukus ds fy, oS'; o.kZ dh vko';drk eglwl gqbZtks vius d`f"k&deZ] vkS|ksfxd dyk&dkS'ky vkSj okf.kfT;d fuiq.krk ls lkekftd vFkZra=k dkslapkfyr djrkA vr% mRiknd 'kfDr;ksa esa o`f¼ vkSj lkekftd vFkZ&O;oLFkk dks lqxfBr djusds fy, oS';&o.kZ dk fu;kstu fd;k x;kA rSfÙkjh;kj.;d esa Hkh oS'; ds ije iq#"k dh ta?kkvksals mRiUu gksus dh ckr dgh x;h gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g Fkk fd ftl çdkj 'kjhj dk Hkkj ta?kkvksaij jgrk gS] mlh çdkj lekt ds Hkj.k&is"k.k dk Hkkj oS';ksa ij fuHkZj FkkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa lektdh vFkZ&O;oLFkk mUgha ij vkfJr Fkh vkSj os gh vFkZ&lk/uksa dh [kkst djrs FksA blfy, mUgsaHkkstunkrk vkSj cfyâr vFkkZr~ dj nsusokyk dgk x;k gSA32

lafgrk dky esa ^fo'k%* 'kCn lEiw.kZ çtk ds fy, ç;qDr FkkA fdUrq dkykUrj esa bldsvFkZ ladqpu ds dkj.k ;g fofo/ O;olk;ksa dks viukus vkSj fiQj ml mRiknd&mRik| lkexzhdk fofue; djus okyksa ds fy, fofu;qDr gksus yxkA oLrqr% ^fo'k%* igys lEiw.kZ 'kkflr&lektdk i;kZ; Fkk tks vkj.;d dky rd ^oS';* :i esa fodflr gqvk] ftlesa d`"kd vkSj of.kd~oxZ vkfn x`ghr FksA33

bl dky esa bl o.kZ dk leqfpr fodkl ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA mldh loksZifj vkdka{kkxzke ds eqf[k;k&xzke.kh cuus dh Fkh tks iwjs xzke esa lokZf/d çfrf"Br] fouhr vkSj çHkko'kkyhekuk tkrk FkkA jkT;kfHk"ksd vkfn jktlh vk;kstuksa ij ç'kklu esa xzkeksa dk çfrfuf/Ro ogh djrkFkkA34 ç'kklfud {ks=k vkSj jkT; ds usrRo esa Hkh mudh Hkwfedk ds çek.k feyrs gSa rFkk ;Kk;kstuksaesa Hkh mudk lg;ksx vko';d FkkA

fdlh Hkh lekt dh mUufr mlds vkfFkZd lzksrksa ij fuHkZj gS vkSj O;fDr dk lkalkfjdlq[k Hkh mldh vFkZ&n'kk ls gh çHkkfor jgrk gSA blfy, ^vFkZ* dks lalkj dk ewy dgk x;kgSA35 oS'; o.kZ ds eq[; O;olk;& d`f"k] i'kqikyu vkSj okf.kT; vkfn FksA blfy, mls d`"kdvkSj of.kd~ oxZ dk ekuk x;k gSA d`f"k ^vFkZ* nksuksa Jelkè; gSa] ftudk fu;kstd oS'; Fkk ,oamldk ^df"k&fpÉ* Fkk ^vadq'k*] tks mlds HkxhjFk ç;Ru dk çrhd gSA blds vfrfjDr dqNvU; O;olk;] tSls& m|ksx] [kfut] dk"B ,oa /krq vkfn dyk,¡ mfYyf[kr gSa] ftu lHkh dk


| 94

mís'; vFkksZiktZu (/uksiktZu) FkkA bUgksaus viuh okf.kfT;d {kerk }kjk u dsoy ns'k vfirqfons'kksa esa Hkh vius vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLdfrd lEcU/ tksM+s ,oa le; rFkk LFkku dh nwjh dks dedj Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds fy, le`¼ lekt vkSj laLd`fr fuekZ.k esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;kAblfy, mUgsa dgha ^vFkZ* dgk x;k gS rks dgha îqf"V* dh mikf/ nh x;h gSA

blls Li"V gksrk gS fd oS'; lekt dk lcls /uh&oxZ jgk gS] D;ksafd lekt dh iqf"VvkSj vkiwfrZ çk;% mlh ds vFkZ&lzksrksa ij vk/kfjr FkhA rRdkyhu vFkZra=k esa mudh fu.kkZ;dHkwfedk fn[kkbZ nsrh gS] tks ns'k&fon'kksa ls /u dekdj jk"Vª dks le¼ cukrs FksA vr% lekt dksxfr çnku djus ds dkj.k budh mRifÙk ½Xosn ls ekuh x;h gSA36

Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa prqFkZ o.kZ 'kwæ dh mRifÙk ije iq#"k ds îkn* ls ekuuk cM+h jkspddYiuk gSA37 îkn* dk y{k.kkFkZ fu"dke&ifjJe vkSj lgu'khyrk vkfn gSA vFkkZr~ tSls 'kjhj esaiSj lokZf/d lgu'khy] fu"dke vkSj ifjJeh gSa] blfy, ^ri* 'kCn buds buds lkFk tksM+k x;kgS& ^ri% iqukrq% ikn;ksA* mlh çdkj 'kwæ dks mfpr lEeku nsus vkSj mls Je'khy&riLoh fl¼djus gsrq mldh ,slh mRifÙk ekuh x;h çrhr gksrh gSA vkj.;d lkfgR; ds vuq'khyu ls Kkrgksrk gS fd rc pkjksa o.kZ ijLij ,sls lqxfBr Fks tSls 'kjhjko;o ijLij lkuqikfrd vkSj la;qDrgksrs gSaA blhfy, lHkh o.kZ viuk dY;k.k vkSj fgr vU;ksa ds dY;k.k vkSj fgr esa ekurs FksA

oSfnd dky esa f'k{kk dk fo'ks"k egÙo FkkA vkJeksa esa czãp;kZJe ,oa laLdkjksa eamiu;u vkSj lekorZu dk lh/k lEcU/ f'k{kk ls gSA vr% çR;sd xgLFk dh lUrku dks czãpkjh;k czãpkfj.kh cu dj f'k{kk xzg.k djuk vfuok;Z FkkA fdUrq tks ckyd eUncqf¼ ds dkj.kvkpk;Z dh f'k{kk dks /kj.k ugha dj ldrk Fkk] og vf'kf{kr jgus ds dkj.k 'kwæ dksfV esa fxuktkrk FkkA

euksoSKkfud :i ls ;g vko';d ugha fd lHkh vf'kf{krksa dh lUrku eUncqf¼ gksvFkok lHkh f'kf{krksa dh lUrfr dq'kkxz gh gksA vr% vf'kf{krksa o 'kwæksa dh og lUrku tksmÙke&cqf¼ gksrh fo|kè;;u ls vk;Z cu ldrh Fkh vkSj nwljh 'kwæ dksfV esa gh jg tkrh FkhAoLrqr% oSfnd fopkj/kjk esa mlh dks 'kwæ ekuk x;k gS tks ;Ru djus ij Hkh i<+&fy[k u ldsvkSj tM+&cqf¼ gh jgsA38 vFkkZr~ ;gk¡ cqf¼ghu dks gh 'kwæ ekuk x;k gSA

lafgrk dky esa 'kwæksa ds lkFk vPNs O;ogkj ds çek.k feyrs gSaA os lekt ds egÙoiw.kZvax ekus tkrs Fks vkSj mUgsa ;K esa Hkkx ysus dk iw.kZ vf/dkj FkkA39 'kriFk czkã.k esa ;K lEcU/h ,d jkspd çlax gS ftlesa oS'; ,oa 'kwæ dks ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa ekuk x;k gSA ;gk¡ vkàuh;vfXu ds lehi pkjksa o.kksZa dh mifLFkfr esa vt] v'o vkSj xnZHk dks mifLFkr dj mUgsa Øe'k%

| 95

czkã.k] {kf=k;] oS'; vkSj 'kwæ dk çrhd ekuk x;k gSA dqN 'kwæ jRuh Hkh Fks tks jktk ds pqukoesa Hkh Hkkx ys ldrs FksA bl çdkj mUgsa lekt dk vfHkUu vax ekurs gq, mPp o.kksZa dslkFk&lkFk 'kwæksa esa Hkh ijekRek ls çdk'k Hkjus dh ;kpuk dh x;h gSA40

fdUrq mÙkj&oSfnd dky esa ;Kksa esa mudh mifLFkfr esa vUrj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS ftuesadqEHkdkj vkSj ukfir vkfn dqN rFkkdfFkr 'kwætu ;Kksa esa vo'; mifLFkr jgrs Fks] ftuds fy,ogk¡ LFkku fo'ks"k fu;r FksA blls Li"V gS fd vkj.;d dky esa pkjksa o.kksZa us lkSgknZ vkSj lkStU;fo|eku Fkk vkSj 'kwæksa dks vHkh bruk fuEu ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA

ekufld vkSj ckSf¼d {kerk dh nf"V ls vU; dk;ksZa esa v{ke gksus ds dkj.k oSfndlekt'kkfL=k;ksa us lEHkor% vkthfodk dh n`f"V ls mudh ifjpkfjdk&ofÙk fu;r dh gksxh vkSjmudk ç/ku dk;Z f}tkfr;ksa dh lsok djuk fuf'pr fd;k gksxkA41 vFkkZr~ tks ckSf¼d Je ughadj ldrs Fks] os 'kkjhfjd Je ls gh viuk fuokZg dj ldrs FksA blfy, ckSf¼d dk;ksZa esa v{ke'kwæ çk;% ifjpkfjdk ofÙk }kjk ikfjokfjd HkR; vkfn ds :i esa viuh vkthfodk mikftZr djdj ldrs Fks] tks mudk /eZ vkSj ç/ku vkthfodk dk lk/u ekuh x;h gSA lEHkor% blhfy,mUgsa ^Je* vFkkZr~ ri&:i dgk x;k gSA

lafgrk dky ls gh pkj o.kksZa ds vfrfjDr deZdkj ukfir vkSj peZdkj vkfn vusdO;kolkf;d tkfr;k¡ orZeku Fkha ftuesa O;olk;ksa dh n`f"V ls dqN mPp vkSj dqN fuEu ekus tkusyxsA mPp ekus tkus okys oS'; ,oa fuEu 'kwæ o.kZ esa x`ghr fd;s x;s tks rRdkyhu lkekftdvFkZra=k esa viuk vewY; ;ksxnku djrs FksA muesa ls vius ifjJe }kjk /uk<~; cudj ;'kksiktZudjrs FksA 'kwæksa dks vius 'kkjhfjd Je }kjk mu nkf;RRoksa dks thfor j[kus dk nkf;Ro feykAiQyr% mu ij lkekftd fuHkZjrk dks cy feyk ,oa mlds lkFk gh mudh vFkksZRiknu esavfuok;Zrk Hkh c<+rh x;h vkSj vf/dka'k lekt mUgha ds ifjJe ij fuHkZj gksrk pyk x;kA

la{ksi esa 'kwæ czkã.kksa dks muds ckSf¼d dk;ksZa esa] {kf=k;ksa dks ç'kklu vkSj oS';ksa d`f"kvkfn deksZa esa vius lg;ksx ,oa Jenku }kjk lkekftd vFkZra=k esa ,d jpukRed Hkwfedk fuHkkrsFksA

orZeku lkekftd&vkfFkZd O;oLFkk esa ^vFkZ* lq[k vkSj ykHk çkfIr ds ç;Ruksa esa vusdtkfr;ksa vkSj o.kksZa }kjk tkfr ,oa o.kZ esa ifjorZu djds vuqlwfpr rFkk nfyr tkfr;ksa dkçek.k&i=k cuokdj vkfFkZd lqfo/kvksa dk lq[k çkIr dj jgs gSa vFkok çkIr djus dk ç;Ru djjgs gSaA blh çdkj oSfnd dkyhu lekt us Hkh vkfFkZd çfr"Bk vkSj lq[k çkIr djus ds fy, o.kZ,oa tkfr ifjorZu dk dk;Z fd;k gSA D;ksafd ;g dksbZ çkd`frd ,oa 'kk'or fu;e ugha gS


| 96

O;oLFkk ifjorZu dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekuo fufeZr o.kZ ,oa tkfr;ksa esa ifjorZu oSfnd dky] ckS¼dky] iwoZ eèdky] eqfLye dky] fczfV'k dky ,oa vk/qfud dky esa vFkZ çkfIr ds fy, ç;klO;oLFkk ds v/hu cuh jgh gSAlUnHkZ%1- ½Xosn 1@51@8] 2@11@2] 3@29@9] 9@88@42- n dYpj ,.M flfoykbts'ku vkWiQ ,fU'k,.V bf.M;k bu fgLVksfjdy vkmV ykbu_ i- 220& Mh-Mh- dkS'kkEch3- ½Xosn 9@71@2] 4@16@134- ½Xosn 10@22@8] 10@27@55- ½Xosn 4@30@21] 1@16@36- ½Xosn 2@20@8] 6@20@10_ vFkoZosn 19@7@607- ½Xosn 10@90@128- rSfÙkjh; czkã.k 1@1@49- ih-oh- dk.ks] /eZ'kkL=k dk bfrgkl Hkkx&1] i`- 212&21510- 'kriFk czkã.k 11@5@7@111- 'kriFk czkã.k12- rSfÙkjh; vkj.;d 2@15_ rSfÙkjh; lafgrk 17@3713- ,srjs; czkã.k 7@14@11_ euqLe`fr 7@78_ vfXu iqjk.k 239@16&1714- ognkj.;d mifu"kn~ 4@3@35&3915- rSfÙkjh; vkj.;d 2@10_ ;kKoYD; Le`fr 1@3916- 'kriFk czkã.k 5@1@5@217- rSfÙkjh; czkã.k 1@2@618- 'kriFk czkã.k 1@3@3@5] 13@3@1_ vFkZ'kkL=k 4@8_ fu#Dr 6@2719- rk.M~; czkã.k 11@1@220- 'kriFk czkã.k 5@3@4@2021- 'kriFk czkã.k 5@4@2@322- ;tqosZn 9@2323- ognkj.;d mifu"kn~ 4@3@1424- ,srjs; czkã.k 7@29@2_ iapfoa'k czkã.k 13@7@1225- 'kriFk czkã.k 13@15@626- 'kriFk czkã.k 6@2@3@3327- {k=ka fg jk"Vªe~] ,srjs; czkã.k 7@2228- 'kriFk czkã.k 11@8@4@5

| 97

29- ognkj.;d mifu"kn~ 1@4@1130- 'kriFk czkã.k 11@6@2@1] 10@6@1@231- xksiFk mÙkj 6@732- ognkj.;d mifu"kn~ 1@4@1233- 'kriFk czkã.k 1@1@4@12] 2@5@2@27] 2@4@3@634- rSfÙkjh; lafgrk 2@5@4@435- vFkZ'kkL=k 1@70@1036- rSfÙkjh; czkã.k 3@12@937- ½Xosn 10@90@12_ rSfÙkjh; vkj.;d 3@12@538- lR;kFkZ çdk'k % r`rh; leqYykl] i`- 6839- ½Xosn 1@53@4_ fu#Dr 3@840- rSfÙkjh; lafgrk 5@7@6@3&441- vFkZ'kkL=k 3@8_ vkiLrEc /eZlwDr 1@1@1@7&8_ ,srjs; czkã.k 35@3_ xhrk 18@44


Hkkjr dsoy vk;ksZa&fgUnqvksa dh gh ugha lEiw.kZ ekuork dh ekrHkwfe] fir`Hkwfe vkSjiq.;Hkwfe gSA ;g nq"Vksa ds fuxzg vkSj f'k"Vksa ds laxzg ds fy, /jrh ij vorkj ysus okysijekRek dh fpjUru yhykHkwfe gSA ;g /eZ vkSj n'kZu dh vkfnHkwfe gSA ;g og ifo=k HkwfegS ftlds f{kfrt ij fo'okl laLdfr dk lw;Z loZçFke mxk FkkA


| 98

LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh orZeku fLFkfr %,d vkykspukRed ewY;kadulqHkk"k dqekj xqIrk·

·çoDrk&okf.kT; foHkkx] egkjk.kk çrki LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] taxy /wlM+] xksj[kiqj

Hkwfedk

fdlh Hkh ns'k] lekt vkSj O;fDr ds fodkl esa f'k{kk dh [kklh Hkwfedk gksrh gSA f'k{kkudsoy ekuoh; ewY;ksa] laLdfr;ksa vkSj laosnukvksa dks vxzlfjr djrh gS] cfYd fdlh Hkh ns'k]lekt vkSj O;fDr dh xfr] efr vkSj fodkl dh fn'kk Hkh r; djrh gSA

if.Mr tokgj yky usg: us fy[kk gS& ¶f'k{kk dk egy vU; fo"k;ksa ls c<+dj gSA,d jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k ml ns'k ds ukxfjd djrs gSa vkSj f'k{kk mu ukxfjdksa dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA¸O;fDr ds thou esa f'k{kk dk fo'ks"k egÙo gSA f'k{kk ,d ,slk ekè;e gS tks O;fDr ds O;fDrRo,oa n`f"Vdks.k dks thou&i;ZUr çHkkfor djrk gSA mÙke fopkj ,oa dk;Z ds fy, mÙke f'k{kkvko';d gksrh gSA1

oS'ohdj.k

1990 ds ckn nqfu;k esa oS'ohdj.k dh gok pyh ftldks ,y-ih-th- (fycjkbts'ku]çkbosVkbts'ku] Xykscykbts'ku) Hkh dgk x;k ftldk f'k{kk ij Hkh çHkko iM+kA ljdkj mPpf'k{kk ls viuk gkFk [khapus yxh ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i LofoÙkiksf"kr (lsYiQ iQkbusUl) 'kSf{kdlaLFkku [kqyus yxsA blds dbZ çdkj ds Lo:i cuus yxs& MhEM fo'ofo|ky;] Lok;ÙkvkWVksuksel egkfo|ky;] futh fo'ofo|ky; bR;kfnA ;g lc uke vyx&vyx Fks ysfdu mulcdk LofoÙkiksf"kr laLFkku dk Lo:i Fkk ftl ij ljdkj dk fdlh Hkh çdkj dk fu;a=k.k ughaFkkA2

çLrqr 'kks/&i=k dk mís';

LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh orZeku fLFkfr dk ,d vkykspukRed ewY;kadu djds mfprfu"d"kZ ,oa lek/ku ij igq¡pus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA

| 99

LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh mikns;rk (ykHk)

LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky; mPp f'k{kk dh jh<+ gSaA ns'k esa dqy egkfo|ky;ksa esa ls 81 çfr'krLofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky; gSa (fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx] okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2009&10)A bllsLi"V gksrk gS fd LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky; mPp f'k{kk esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSaA mudhmikns;rk bl çdkj gS&

1- LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa ds fu;e&dkuwu brus yphys gksrs gSa fd Nk=kksa@Nk=kkvksa dk ços'kvklkuh ls lqyHk gks tkrk gSA

2- dqN ,sls ikB~;Øe tks fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa miyC/ ugha gksrs gSa ij LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksaesa miyC/ gksrs gSaA

3- vf/dka'k ekuns; f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr djus ls dqN csjkstxkjh nwj gksrh gSA

4- tks Nk=k nwjh ds dkj.k fo'ofo|ky; ugha tk ikrs gSa] os ikl ds gh LofoÙkiksf"kregkfo|ky; esa ços'k ys ysrs gSaA

5- çR;sd o"kZ b.VjehfM,V dh ijh{kk mÙkh.kZ dj cM+h la[;k esa Nk=k fudyrs gSa_ fdUrq lHkhdk mPp f'k{kk gsrq fo'ofo|ky;ksa] jktdh; egkfo|ky;ksa ,oa vuqnkfur egkfo|ky;ksa esaços'k ugha gks ikrk gSA vr% ,sls Nk=kksa ds fy, LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky; dkiQh lgk;d fl¼gksrs gSaA

6- vkt tgk¡ ljdkjh laLFkk,¡ igq¡p ugha ldrh gSa ogk¡ LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh igq¡p gksx;h gSA

7- LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh la[;k esa rsth ls of¼ ds dkj.k L=kh&f'k{kk dh nj esa of¼gqbZ gSA

LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh gkfu;k¡

orZeku esa f'k{kk dh tks fLFkfr gS mls foMEcuk gh dgsaxsA vkt futh fo'ofo|ky; ,oaLofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky; cgqr rsth ls [kqy jgs gSaA mPp f'k{kk ds le{k lcls cM+k ladV ;ggS fd gekjs fo'ofo|ky; dh fMfxz;k¡ fliQZ csjkstxkjksa dh iQkSt c<+k jgh gSaA muesa ls vf/dka'kdks jkstxkj ikus ds ;ksX; Hkh ugha ekuk tkrk gS] blds vusd dkj.k gSa&

1- LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa vkt lkoZHkkSfed ekuoh; ewY;ksa (lR;] /eZ] çse] 'kkfUr ,oavfgalk) dk lEcU/ foPNsn&lk gks x;k gSA3

LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh orZeku fLFkfr- % ,d vkykspukRed ewY;kadu

| 100

2- vkt vf/dka'k laLFkk,¡ tks f'k{kk çnku dj jgh gSa muesa ekSfydrk] uohurk] jpukRedrk]çokg'khyrk] ueuh;rk vkfn euksoSKkfud xq.kksa dk iw.kZr% foyksi gks jgk gSA

3- LofoÙkiksf"kr laLFkkuksa dh f'k{kk ç.kkyh fliQZ KkukRed i{k rd lhfer gksrh tk jgh gSvFkkZr~ HkkokRed ,oa fØ;kRed i{k dh iw.kZr% mis{kk dh tk jgh gSA

4- bu laLFkkuksa esa tks f'k{kd f'k{kk çnku dj jgs gSa muesa ls T;knkrj vdq'ky gSa ftlls mudh'kSf{kd xq.koÙkk esa deh vk jgh gSA

5- LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky; 'kklu o fo'ofo|ky; ds fu;eksa dk iw.kZr% ikyu ugha djrsA

6- vf/dka'k laLFkkuksa esa çkpk;Z ,oa f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr dkxt esa fdlh vkSj dh gksrh gS vkSjdk;Z dksbZ vkSj djrk gSA

7- dbZ laLFkkvksa }kjk Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA

8- vusd laLFkk,¡ ijh{kk esa 'kqfprk dh deh vkSj vuqfpr lk/uksa ds ç;ksx ls /uksiktZu djrhgSaA

LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh leL;k,¡

1- LofoÙkiksf"kr laLFkkvksa ds f'k{kdksa ds fy, vgZrk,¡ rFkk 'krsZa ogh jgrh gSa tks ;w-th-lh- }kjkfu/kZfjr gSa] fiQj Hkh mUgsa lEekutud osru ,oa lqfo/k,¡ çkIr ugha gks ikrh gSaA

2- LofoÙkiksf"kr laLFkkvksa esa f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfDr dsoy ekuns; ij vLFkk;h gksrh gS ftldsdkj.k çkè;kid lefiZr Hkko ls dk;Z ugha djrs gSaA4

3- bu laLFkkvksa ds deZpkfj;ksa dks le; ls osru dk Hkqxrku ugha fd;k tkrk gSA

4- bu laLFkkvksa ds çkpk;Z] çkè;kid ,oa deZpkjh dks ges'kk çcU/d }kjk fudkys tkus dk Hk;jgrk gSA

5- bu laLFkkvksa esa dk;Zjr çkpk;Z] f'k{kdksa ,oa deZpkfj;ksa dk osru bruk de gksrk gS fd osviuh vkèkkjHkwr vko';drk dh Hkh iwfrZ ugha dj ldrs gSaA

6- vf/dka'k LofoÙkiksf"kr laLFkkvksa esa çkè;kidksa ,oa deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, bZ-ih-,iQ- dh lqfoèkkugha gSA

LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh orZeku fLFkfr ds fuokj.k ds mik;

1- LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa esa f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk lqfuf'pr dh tkuh pkfg,A

| 101

2- lkewfgd udy fl¼ gksus ij egkfo|ky; ds fo#¼ dBksjre dkjZokbZ djuh pkfg,A

3- fo'ofo|ky; LofoÙkiksf"kr f'k{kdksa dks fu;fer f'k{kdksa dh Hkk¡fr dk;Z ifj"kn~] fo|k ifj"kn~bR;kfn vusd lfefr;ksa esa LFkku ns rFkk bu f'k{kdksa dh ofj"Brk dk le;≤ ij fu/kZj.k djsA

4- ljdkj }kjk LofoÙkiksf"kr laLFkkuksa dks vuqnku nsuk pkfg, rkfd os thfor jg ldsaA

5- LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa ds vuqeksfnr çkè;kidksa ls Hkh ih&,p-Mh- ,oa ,e-fiQy djokukpkfg, rkfd 'kks/ dh xq.koÙkk cuh jgsA

6- f'k{kk ds O;olk;hdj.k ,oa cktkjhdj.k dks jksdus ds fy, dsUæ ljdkj l[r dkuwu dkfuekZ.k djsA

7- LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa ds çkè;kidksa ,oa deZpkfj;ksa dks leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osrufn;k tkuk pkfg,A

8- LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky; ds fy, futh fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk djds mlls lEc¼ djnsuk pkfg,A

9- çcU/dksa] çkpk;ksZa ,oa çkè;kidksa dks vius drZO; ,oa nkf;Ro dk bZekunkjhiwoZd ikyu djukpkfg,A

mi;qZDr mik;ksa dks O;ofLFkr <ax ls ykxw fd;k tk; rks LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dhorZeku fLFkfr csgrj dj ldrs gSaAlUnHkZ%1- oqM] ,e-ch-_ lsds.M losZ vkWiQ fjlpZ bu ,tqds'ku lkslkbVh iQkWj ,tqds'ku fjlpZ ,.M Msoyies.V] cM+kSnk

bf.M;k] 1992_ i`- 782- dqekj d`".k 2005] f'k{kk dk mís'; vkSj vkt dh O;oLFkk] Hkkjrh; vk/qfud f'k{kk] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h

fnYyh o"kZ 23] vad&43- dksBkjh] vrqy_ f'k{kk mRFkku] u;h fnYyh] o"kZ&2] vad&10] tuojh&iQjojh 20124- jktiwr] txeksgu flag_ f'k{kk esa lq/kj dh /qa/yh jkg] nSfud tkxj.k 9 ekpZ 2013] i`- 8

LofoÙkiksf"kr egkfo|ky;ksa dh orZeku fLFkfr- % ,d vkykspukRed ewY;kadu

| 102

vjc 'kCn fgczw Hkk"kk ls cuk gSA vjc 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ e#Hkwfe gksrk gSA ckS¼lkfgR; esa vjc dks cuk;q ns'k dgk x;k gSA jkek;.k dky esa bl {ks=k dks e#dkUrj dgk x;kgSA tgk¡ ij 'kqØkpk;Z us 'kSo er dk çpkj fd;k FkkA egkHkkjr esa bZjku dks vk;kZ.k dgk x;kgS vkSj ;gk¡ ds 'kkld jktk 'kkYo Fks tks egkHkkjr ;q¼ esa Hkkx fy;s FksA egkHkkjr dky esa Hkkjrds if'peh Hkw&Hkkx dks vix.k dgk x;k gS tks fod`r gksdj viQxkfuLrku gks x;kA blh {ks=kesa xUèkkjh dq# jktoa'k dh dqyoèkq FkhaA egf"kZ ikf.kfu r{kf'kyk ds fudV lyrk ('kykrj) dsfuoklh FksA bLyke ds mn; ls iwoZ Hkkjr vkSj vjc ds chp lkaLd`frd lEcUèkksa ds lkFk&lkFkO;kikfjd lEcUèk FksA eqgEen iSxEcj (570&632 bZ0) us bLyke èkeZ dh LFkkiuk dhA iSxEcjus vius fojksfèk;ksa ij fot; çkIr djus ds fy, ;q¼ksa vkSj jktuhfrd xBcUèkuksa dk lgkjk fy;kAokLro esa iSxEcj ds çkjfEHkd èkeZ çpkj ds le; eDdk esa dkiQh fojksèk gqvk FkkA vUrr% 8fgtjh vFkkZr~ 630 esa eDdk ij fot; gqbZA iSxEcj dh eR;q ds i'pkr~ [kyhiQk bLykeh txr~dk èkkfeZd vkSj jktuhfrd çèkku gqvkA [kyhiQkvksa ds dky esa Hkkjr fot; ds vusd vliQyç;kl gq,A

çkphu vkSj eè;;qxhu bfrgkl esa if'peksÙkj Hkkjr dk cM+k egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA çkphudky esa ckS¼ èkeZ ds vuq;k;h Hkkjr ls bUgha ekxksaZ }kjk eè; ,f'k;k joksrku dk'kxj vkfn ns'kksaesa èkeZ çpkjkFkZ x;sA çfl¼ phuh ;k=kh bfRlu iQkg~;ku rFkk àsulkax bUgha mÙkj&if'pe ds ekxksZa}kjk Hkkjr vk;sA mÙkj&if'pe ds ioZrksa dh fofHkUu Üka[kykvksa ds dkj.k mÙkj&if'pe ds njksaZ lsHkkjr esa ços'k fd;k tk ldrk FkkA bUgha njksaZ lsa vjc&rqdZ vkØe.kdkjh Hkkjr esa ços'k fd;sAHkkjr ij çFke fons'kh vkØe.k bZjku ds g[kkeauh oa'k ds jktkvksa us fd;kA bZjkuh vkØe.k dsckn Hkkjr dks ;wukuh vkØe.kdkjh fldUnj dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA fldUnj ds vkØe.k dsle; if'peksÙkj Hkkjr vusd NksVs&NksVs jkT;ksa esa foHkDr Fkk ftleas dqN x.kra=kkRed ,oa dqNjktra=kkRed FksA ekS;ksZÙkj dky esa Hkkjr ij ifFkZ;u (igyo)] lhfFk;u ('kd) ;w&th (dq"kk.k)

mÙkj Hkkjr esa izeq[k rqdZ vkØe.kdkjhvkSj izfrjks/h jktkMkW0 lat; dqekj flag·

·izoDrk] bfrgkl] jktk nsoh efgyk egkfo|ky;] lYygiqj HkVuh nsofj;k

| 103

vkfn fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dk vkØe.k gqvkA xqIrdky esa gw.kksa dk vkØe.k gqvkA Üka[kykc¼fons'kh vkØe.kksa ls nks ckrsa Li"V gksrh gSa& çFke fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dk ços'k }kjif'peksÙkj Hkkjr dk {ks=k jgk_ nwljk& tc Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd ,drk [kf.Mr gqbZ rcvkØe.kdkjh liQy gq,A ysfdu g"kZ dh e`R;q ds i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa 'kfDr'kkyh dsUæh; jktuhfrd'kfDr dh deh ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA ,sls esa Hkkjr ij vjc rqdZ vkØe.k dk çHkko nwjxkeh vkSjlokZfèkd fouk'kdkjh lkfcr gqvkA

[kyhiQkvksa ds dky esa Hkkjr fot; ds vusd vliQy ç;kl gq,A çkIr fooj.kksa lsfofnr gS fd 'kkgh lsuk Hkkjrh; lhekUr ij vusd ckj vkØe.k dj pqdh FkhA ijUrq bZjkd ds'kkld gTtkt dk Hkrhtk vkSj nkekn eqgEen fcu dkfle dk flUèk vkØe.k liQy jgkAdkfle 712 bZ0 esa lhfj;k o bZjkd ds 6000 pqus gq, ;ks¼k mruh gh la[;k esa Å¡Vksa ij lokjl'kL=k lSfud rFkk 3000 cSfDVª;u Å¡Vksa ds lkFk Hkkjr vkØe.k ds fy;s pykA1 tc og edjkuigq¡pk rks ogk¡ dk xouZj eqgEen fcu gk:u viuh lsuk lfgr mlls vk feyk vkSj mldhlgk;rk ds fy, ;q¼ lkexzh o 5 eatuhd (iRFkj cjlkusokyh e'khu) leqæh ekxZ ls nsoyHkstkA lsuk lfgr 712 bZ0 dh clUr ½rq esa nsoy igq¡p x;kA jkLrs esa nkfgj ds 'kklu lsvlarq"V tkV o esM+ Hkh eqgEen fcu dkfle ds lkFk fey x;sA2 eqgEen fcu dkfle csr dsnqxZ ij vfèkdkj djrk gqvk jkoj dh rjiQ c<+kA nkfgj czkgk.kkokn ls jkoj ds nqxZ vk;kA 20twu 712 bZ0 ds fnu nksuksa lsukvksa esa ?keklku ;q¼ gqvk ftlesa nkfgj ekjk x;kA3 dkfle vkxsc<+dj czkgk.kkokn ij vfèkdkj dj fy;kA ;gk¡ cgqewY; lkexzh ds vfrfjDr nkfgj dh nwljhfoèkok jkuh ykMh o mldh nks jktdqekfj;ksa lw;Znsoh vkSj ifjey nsoh Hkh çkIr gqbZa ftUgsa mlus[kyhiQk dh lsok esa Hkst fn;kA4 lkjk flUèk vjcksa ds vèkhu vk x;kA vjcksa us nsoy ij vfèkdkjdj ogk¡ ds 17 o"kksZa ls vfèkd vk;q okys mu lHkh iq#"kksa dk oèk dj Mkyk ftUgksaus mldhvèkhurk ugha ekuhA ppukek ds vuqlkj eqYrku ij vfèkdkj dj ogk¡ ds uxjokfl;ksa dk oèkfd;k x;kA eqYrku ds ,d efUnj ls dkfle dks 230 eu lksuk ,oa Lo.kZ pw.kZ ls Hkjs 40 ?kM+sftldk otu 13200 eu Fkk] çkIr gqvkA5 ;gk¡ ls vjcksa dks bruk èku feyk fd mUgksaus bl uxjdk uke Lo.kZuxj j[k fn;kA ppukek ds vuqlkj fcu dkfle dks [kyhiQk lqyseku us 715 bZ0esa e`R;qn.M ns fn;kA eqgEen fcu dkfle ds vkØe.k ds le; [kyhiQk okfyn çFke(705&15) vkSj tc mldks eR;qn.M fn;k x;k rks [kyhiQk lqyseku (715&43) FkkA6

[kyhiQk fg'kke (724&43) ds le; flUèk dk xouZj tquSn cukA vjc vkØe.kdkjhtquSn us vkBoha lnh ds çkjEHk ls gh flUèk] xqtjkr] dkfB;kokM+] jktiwrkuk vkSj ekyok ij dbZvkØe.k fd;sA ijUrq mTtSu ds çfrgkj 'kkld ukxHkV~V us çFke tquSn dks cqjh rjg ijkftr

mÙkj Hkkjr esa çeq[k rqdZ vkØe.kdkjh vkSj çfrgkjh jktk

| 104

fd;kA Xokfy;j vfHkys[k ds 'yksd 4 esa dgk fd mlus EysPNkfèki dh cyorh lsukvksa dksijkftr fd;kA EysPN 'kkld dh fo'kky lsukvksa dks pwj djus okyk og ekuks ukjk;.kLo:i yksxkasdh j{kk ds fy, mifLFkr gqvk FkkA7 vy fcyknqjh Hkh dgrk gS fd vjc lsukvksa dk vkØe.kmTtSu ds fo#¼ vliQy jgkA tquSn ij çfrgkj oa'kh 'kkld mTtSu ds ukxHkV~V çFke dh fot;dk çek.k iqydf'kjkt ds ukSlkfj vfHkys[k ls gksrk gSA

[kyhiQk ejoku f}rh; (744&50) ds le; tquSn dk mÙkjkfèkdkjh rehe gqvkAukxHkV~V çFke dk egklkeUrkfèkifr pkgkeku HkrZoM~< us vjcksa dks m[kkM+ iQsadkA bldh iqf"Vvy fcyknqjh ds dFku ls Hkh gksrk gS fd tquSn dk mÙkjkfèkdkjh rehe detksj fl¼ gqvk vkSjmls Hkkjro"kZ ds ,sls vusd LFkkuksa ls gVuk iM+k tks igys mlds vfèkdkj esa FkkA

[kyhiQk tkiQj vy ealwj (754&75) ds le; vjcksa us Hkkjr esa lkezkT; foLRkkj djusdk iqu% ç;kl fd;kA 759 bZ0 esa mej fouteky ds usr`Ro esa xqtjkr ij vkØe.k gqvkA ;gç;kl vliQy jgk ijUrq mlus xaèkkj dks vfèkd`r dj viuh fot;uhfr dks LFkk;h djus dsfy, ogk¡ ,d efLtn dk fuekZ.k djk;kA pkgeku lkeUr HkrZoM~j f}rh; ds fo0 l0 803&745bZ0 gkalksB vfHkys[k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vjcksa dks cgqr ihNs /dsy fn;k] ukxHkV~V ds thoudh egÙoiw.kZ miyfCèk FkhA

;|fi [kyhiQkvksa }kjk Hkkjr fot; ds vusd ç;kl fd;s x;s ysfdu çfrgkj 'kkldksa}kjk vjc vkØe.kdkjh ijkftr gq,A fiQj dqN {k.k 'kkfUr dh fn'kk esa Hkh vkxs c<+sA [kyhiQkgk:u jlhn (786&809) ds chekj iM+us ij Hkkjr ls eudk uked fpfdRld Hkstk x;kA8czgkfl|Ur dh iqLrd dk vjch esa vuqokn vyiQlkjh us fd;k ftldk uke ^egku fl¼kUrfgUn* j[kk FkkA

[kyhiQk ekequ (808&833) ds le; lqYRkku csx okfjl vFkok c'kj dk vkØe.kçfrgkj jkt ij gqvkA ijUrq çfrgkj 'kkld ukxHkV~V f}rh; (800&833) us vius lkeUrxksfoUnjkt dh lgk;rk ls ijkftr dj [knsM+ fn;kA çfrgkj oa'kh fefgjHkkst (836&885) dhjktuhfrd vkSj lSfud liQyrkvksa dk mYys[k vjc lkSnkxj lqyseku vkSj dYg.k ds jktrjafx.khesa feyrk gSA fefgjHkkst ds lkezkT; dh lhek mÙkj esa fgeky;] if'peksÙkj Hkkjr esa flUèk ,oaeqYrku ds vjc jkT; dh lhek rd foLrr FkkA vy fcyknqjh dk dFku gS fd vjc yksxHkkjrh;ksa ds fujUrj gksus okys çgkjksa ls cpus ds fy;s vy&fgUn dh lhek ij vy egiQwtuked uxj clkus dks foo'k gq,A vjc lkSnkxj lqyseku 815 bZ0 esa Hkkjr vk;k FkkA mlusHkkjrh; lezkV fefgj Hkkst ds lEcUèk esa fy[kk fd Hkkjrh; jktkvksa esa mlds leku bLyke

| 105

fojksèkh vU; dksbZ jktk ugha Fkk_ ysfdu vjc vkØe.kdkjh dh ppkZ ugha djrkA

çfrgkj 'kkld efgiky us Hkh vjc vkØe.kksa dks foiQy dj fn;kA vjc ;k=kh vyelwnh us efgiky ds 'kkS;Z ,oa 'kfDr dk o.kZu fd;k gSA og fy[krk gS fd eqqYrku vkSj flUèkds rjiQ ls rqdZ vkØe.k gksrs jgs ijUrq efgiky çFke dh 'kfDr ds vkxs 'kwU; gh jgkA Hkkjrh;fooj.kksa esa vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dk vHkko gSA bl çdkj çfrgkj 'kkldksa dh 'kfDr ds vkxs vjcksadk foLrkj flUèk vkSj eqYrku rd lhfer jgkA ijUrq efgiky ds ckn çfrgkj oa'k dh 'kfDr{kh.k gqbZA çfrgkj 'kkld jkT;iky vkSj f=kykspuiky egewn ds vkØe.k esa lekIr gks x;sA

me;~;n oa'k ds [kyhiQkvksa dh lekfIr ds i'pkr~ vCcklh oa'k us [kyhiQk in dkHkkj xzg.k fd;kA vCcklh [kyhiQkvksa ds le; rqdksaZ dk bruk çHkko c<+k fd [kyhiQkvksa us rqdksaZdks viuk vaxj{kd cuk;kA vYi dky esa rqdksaZ dk bruk çHkko c<+k fd [kyhiQk rqdksaZ ds gkFkdk f[kykSuk ek=k gks x;kA xtuh esa vyIrxhu us Lora=k jkt dh uhao MkyhA mlds mÙkjkfèkdkfj;ksadk Hkkjr ds lhekUr uxjksa ij vusd vfHk;ku gq,A ftlesa lokZfèkd liQy vfHk;ku lqcqDrxhudk iq=k egewn xtuoh dk vkØe.k FkkA

egewn xtuoh ds vkØe.k ds le; cxnkn dk [kyhiQk vy dkfnj fcYyk FkkA egewnus [kScj njkZ gksdj Hkkjr ij vusd ckj vkØe.k fd;kA egewn us Hkkjro"kZ esa cqrijLrh ewfrZiwtkdks lekIr djus ds fy, dkfiQjksa (fgUnqvksa) ds çfr tsgkn (vkØe.k) djus ds fy, çfrKkdhA iatkc ds fgUnw'kkgh 'kkld t;iky ds lkFk is'kkoj ds fudV 27 uoEcj 1001 esa egewnxtuoh ds lkFk ;q¼ gqvkA t;iky ijkftr gqvkA9 t;iky 250000 nhukjsa vkSj 50 gkFkh HksaVnsdj eqDr gqvkA viuh o`¼koLFkk esa bl vieku dks lg u ldk vkSj viuh xíh vkuUnikydks nsdj Lo;a çTofyr fprkfXu esa og thfor nXèk gks x;kA egewn us 1008 esa iatkc ijvkØe.k fd;kA is'kkoj ds fudV vkuUniky vkSj egewn dh lsuk,¡ vkeus&lkeus gqbZaAvkuUniky ijkftr gqvkA bl fot; ls egewn mRlkg dkiQh c<+ x;k vkSj mlus uxjdksV ijvkØe.k djds ywV&ikV dhA egewn dks ;gk¡ ls 70000 Lo.kZ nhukjsa] 700 eu lksus&pk¡nh dscrZu] 200 eu 'kq¼ Lo.kZ] 2000 eu vifj"dr pk¡nh rFkk 20 eu fofHkUu çdkj dh cgqewY;ef.k;k¡ çkIr gqbZaA10 ;g igyk volj Fkk tc mls bruk èku çkIr gqvkA egewn us Fkkus'oj ij1014 esa vkØe.k fd;kA bl uxj dks [kwc ywVkA egewn dks igyh ckj Hkkjr Hkwfe ij dk'ehjds 'kkld yksgkj oa'kh laxzkejkt ls yksgdksV ds nqHks| nqxZ ds lkeus ijkftr gksdj ykSV tkukiM+kA11 [kokfjTe fot; ds i'pkr~ 1018 esa mlus iwohZ Hkkjr dh çeq[k jktèkkuh dUukSt ijvkØe.k fd;kA çfrgkj 'kkld jkT;iky Hkkx x;kA mlus cju (cqyUn'kgj) vkSj egkou(eFkqjk) dks ywV&ikV dj rgl&ugl dj fn;kA 1019&20 bZ- esa egewn us çfrgkj 'kkld


| 106

f=kykspuiky dks ijkftr fd;kA egewn us 1025&26 bZ- esa lkseukFk ij vkØe.k fd;kA

pkgeku oa'kh; 'kkld us xksfoUnjkt dks oSfjèkjV~V vFkkZr~ 'k=kqvksa dks pwj djus okyk dgkx;k gSA jkt'ks[kj us vius çcUèkdks'k esa dnkfpr mls gh ;g uke nsrs gq, egewn lqYrku dsÅij fot; dk Js; nsrk gSA iQfj'rk dgrk gS fd egewn dks 1024&25 esa vkØe.k ds le;ekjokM+ dk ekxZ NksM+ dj flUèk ds ekxZ ls bl dkj.k tkuk iM+k fd vtesj ds jktk us xqtjkrds jktk Hkhe ds lkFk ,d cM+h lsuk ysdj mldk ekxZ jksd fn;k FkkA

lqYrku elwn 1030&40 ds le; vgen fu;kYrxhu us vkØe.k fd;kA og cukjlrd igq¡p x;k ftldks pansy 'kkld fo|kèkj ds lkeUr xkaxs;nso 1019&1041 us ijkftr fd;kAxaxs;nso ds vèkhu cukjl FkkA ml le; [kyhiQk dk;e 1031&75 FkkA

lqYrku elwn rrh; 1099&1115 ds le; gkth rqxkfrfxu us vkØe.k fd;kA mlusdUukSt ij vkØe.k fd;kA ml le; dUukSt dk 'kkld xgM+oky oa'kh; 'kkld enuiky FkkAHkkjrh; vfHkys[kksa ds vuqlkj enupUæ ds iq=k xksfoUnpUæ us rqdZ vkØe.kdkjh dks gjk;kAxksfoUnpUæ ds le; nwljk vkØe.k lkykj elwn us 1118 bZ- esa fd;kA xksfoUnpUæ us bl rqdZvfHk;ku dk MVdj eqdkcyk fd;kA lkykj elwn ekjk x;kA ml le; [kyhiQk eqLrtfgj(1094&1118) FkkA

xtuh ds cgjke'kkg (1117&1157) us dbZ ckj vkØe.k fd;kA pkgeku 'kkldvt;jkt dks xtu ekraxksa (xtuh ds EysPNksa) ij fot; çkIr djus dk Js; fn;k tkrk gSAvt;jkt us vt;es# (vtesj) uxj clk;k vkSj mls viuh jktèkkuh cuk;kA

rqdZ vkØe.kdkjh ;k'khuh lqYrku [kql: 'kkg us 1153&1160 bZ- esa Hkkjr ij vkØe.kfd;kA pkgeku 'kkld foxzgjkt prqFkZ us rqdZ vkØe.kdkjh dks ijkftr fd;kA foxzgjkt prqFkZds fnYyh vfHkys[k ls ;g çdV gksrk gS fd mlus EysPNksa dk lewyksPNsn dj vk;kZorZ ns'k ukedk mldk okLrfod vFkZ çnku fd;kA lksenso d`r yfyr foxzgjkt* ukVd esa Hkh rqdksZa ds lkFkgksus okys la?k"kksZa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA xkgM+oky jktk fot;pUæ ds 'kklu ds le; [kql: 'kkgdk dksbZ vfèkdkjh vFkok lsukifr ftlus fnYyh vFkok xkgM+oky {ks=kksa ij vkØe.k fd;k FkkAijUrqqqq rqdZ vkØe.kdkjh ijkftr gqvkA

fxTt rqdksZa }kjk lqYrku latj (1117&57) dks ijkftr fd;k x;kA xtuh ij x;klqíhuxksjh us vkfèkiR; tek fy;k vkSj vius NksVs HkkbZ eqbZtqíhu eqgEen bczlke dks ogk¡ dk 'kkldfu;qDr fd;kA mlus xtuh lkezkT; dk vius dks okLrfod mÙkjkfèkdkjh le>rs gq, Hkkjr dh

| 107

vksj n`f"V isQjhA 1178 essa xksjh us pkyqD; jkT; ij Hkh p<+kbZ dh fdUrq ogk¡ ds ohj Hkhensof}rh; ls dk'kgn ds eSnku esa ijkftr gqvkA12 ysfdu dk'kgn dh yM+kbZ esa gkjdj Hkh xksjh viusmís';ksa ls fojr ugha gqvkA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd rjkbu ;q¼ ls iwoZ Hkh i`Fohjkt vkSj xksjh dhlsukvksa esa dbZ eqBHksMs+a gks pqdh FkhaA gEehj egkdkO; vkSj iqjkruçcUèklaxzg ds vuqlkj i`Fohjktus lkr ckj xksjh ds fo#¼ fot; çkIr fd;kA rjkbu ds f}rh; ;q¼ esa 'kgkcqíhu xksjh dh fot;gqbZA panoj (1194) ;q¼ esa t;pUæ dh ijkt; ls xksjh dk Hkkjr esa lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dkladYi iw.kZ gqvkA

oSls rks vjc rqdZ vkØkUrkvksa dh yEch Üka[kyk jghA ijUrq Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa ds çcyçfrjksèk ds dkj.k yEcs la?k"kZ ds ckn Hkkjr esa rqdZ vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dh lÙkk LFkkfir gks ldhAokLro esa eqfLye vkØe.kkas ds le; Hkkjr NksVs&NksVs jkT;ksa esa foHkDr FkkA bu jkT;ksa ds 'kkldlkezkT; fyIlk esa o'khHkwr gksdj çk;% vius iM+kslh 'kkldks ls ;q¼ djrs FksA os ,d&nwljs dsiru esa viuk xkSjo le>rs FksA g"kZ dh e`R;q ds ckn ns'k esa dksbZ ,slh dsUæh; 'kfDr ugha jgx;h tks foifÙk dky esa Hkh Hkkjrh; 'kkldksa dks laxfBr dj ldsA ,slh n'kk esa mÙkj&if'pelhek dh lqj{kk djuk misf{kr gks x;kA çR;sd 'kkld dsoy vius gh jkT; dh lqj{kk dk è;kuj[krs FksA Hkkjrh; 'kkld O;fDrxr ohjrk vkSj çkphu ;q¼ ds fu;eksa esa tdM+s jgs tcfd rqdZvkØe.kdkjh fdlh Hkh rjg fot; çkIr djus ds fy, rRij jgsA rqdZ vkØe.kdkjh fdlh Hkhfu;e ls c¡èks ugha FksA buds lkeus fojksèkh lSfud] L=kh&cPps lHkh ,d leku FksA ;s fdlh Hkhrjg ;q¼ thrus dk tTck j[krs FksA fiQj Hkh ge vius ns'k dh ,f'k;k vkSj ;wjksi ds mu ns'kksals rqyuk djrs gSa] ftUgksaus vjc rqdZ vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ds lEeq[k vkRe&leiZ.k dj fn;k Fkktcfd gesa vius iwoZtksa dh ljkguk djuh iM+sxh ftUgksaus nh?kZ dky rd mu 'k=kqvksa dk eqdkcykfd;k ftuds lkeus ,f'k;k vfizQzdk vkSj ;wjksi ds ns'k gkFk [kM+s dj fn;s FksAlUnHkZ xzUFk1 gsx& dSfEczt fgLVªh vkWiQ bf.M;k Hkkx 3 i`0 22 bZ'ojh çlkn & Hkkjrh; eè;;qx dk bfrgkl i`0 523 bfy;V ,oa Mkmlu & fgLVªh vkWiQ bf.M;k ,st VksYM ckbZ bV~l vksu fgLVkWfj;u Hkkx 1 i`0 121&1224 gsx & dSfEczt fgLVªh vkWiQ bf.M;k Hkkx 3 i`0 55 bfy;V ,oa Mkmlu & (ppukek) Hkkx 1 i`0 2066 gchc vkSj futkeh & fnYyh lYrur Hkkx 1 i`0 1117 Xokfy;j vfHkys[k & 'yksd 48 lqyseku unoh & vjc&Hkkjr lEcUèk i`0 187&1949 bfy;V ,oa Mkmlu & Hkkx 2 i`0 25


| 108

10 eqgEen gchc & lqYrku egewn vkWiQ xtuh vyhx<+ 1927 i`0 3011 eqgEen ukfte & fn ykbiQ ,.M VkbEl vkWiQ lqYrku vkWiQ xtuh i`0 10412 jSoVhZ & rcdkrs &ukfljh Hkkx 1 i`0 451&452

xíkjksa dks 'ksj crkrs ns'kHkDr dkfiQj dgykrscnyk gS ?kkVh esa #[k] ds'kj&d'ehj c;kj dkt;panksa dk budks j{k.k] lÙkk }kjk gS vkj{k.k;s fo?kVu ds gSa euokysbudh djrwrksa ij ns[kks inkZ iM+k çpkj dk;s D;k tkusa fj'rk dSlk gksrk ehBs&ehBs I;kj dk

turk dks le>k;k tkrk] ;s lkjs d'ehjh HkkbZlsuk ds vR;kpkjksa ls] vkiQr bu ij Hkkjh vkbZfdUrq lR; foijhr ;gk¡ gS] d'ehj dh ?kkVh okysvkradh lsuk ij djrs gSa geys ?kjksa ls iRFkj ekjdj;s D;k tkusa fj'rk dSlk gksrk ehBs&ehBs I;kj dk

ekuokf/dkj dh ckrsa djrs] usrk ekuokfèkdkjoknhij oknh (d'ehj ?kkVh) esa Hkjs gq, gSa]lkjs vkradh vijk/h[kkrs gSa] lfClMh pkoy] bl Hkkjr ljdkj dk

pSu Nhu j[kk gS blus cgqer dh ljdkj dk;s D;k tkusa fj'rk dSlk gksrk ehBs&ehBs I;kj dk

ljdkjsa vkrh tkrh gSa] rhu ihf<+;k¡ chr pqdh gSafduesa lkgl gS cryk;sa] le> ugha budks vkrh gSued gjkeksa dh] bu ljdkjksa dks gS njdkj D;k;s D;k tkusa fj'rk dSlk gksrk ehBs&ehBs I;kj dk

;s [kkrs gSa vUu ns'k dk] xhr iM+kslh ds xkrs gSajk"VªHkfDr ls budks uiQjr] vlg;ksx gS budh fiQrjrD;ksafd bUgksaus dHkh u le>k 'kkafrnwr ml iSxEcj dksbudk ewy pfj=k ;gh gS] vkSjksa ls rdjkj dk;s D;k tkusa fj'rk dSlk gksrk ehBs&ehBs I;kj dk

d'ehj Hkkjr dk fgLlk] lÙkk x<+rh >wBk fdLlklsuk rd dk thuk eqf'dy] vkSjksa dh njdkj D;k\;s D;k tkusa fj'rk dSlk gksrk ehBs&ehBs I;kj dk

lUnHkZ& xíkjksa dks 'ksj crkus okyh iafDr dklu~ 1938 esa 'ks[k vCnqYyk uked usrk us MkW- d.kZ flag ds firk egkjktk gjhflag ds fo#¼ ^d'ehj

NksM+ks* (Quit Kashmir) vkUnksyu pyk;k FkkA 1953 esa bUgha 'ks[k vCnqYyk (MkW- iQk:[k ds firk vkSj orZekueq[;ea=kh mej vCnqYyk ds nknk) us Lora=k d'ehj* dk ukjk@vkUnksyu fn;k FkkA ;s vius dks 'ksjs d'ehj* dgrsFksA

tc rRdkyhu x`gea=kh (xksiky Lokeh vk;axj) us buls Li"Vhdj.k ekaxk rks cksys& eSa 'ksjs d'ehj* cksyjgk gw¡A mUgksaus bUgsa ;g dgrs gq, fxjÝrkj djk;k fd 'ksj taxy (Forest) esa jgrs gSa ;k taxys (Jail) esaAns'kæksg ds vkjksi esa ;s 1975 rd tsy esa jgsA

buds uke ij buds iq=k iwoZ eq[;ea=kh MkW- iQk:[k vkSj ikS=k mej vCnqYyk us lkoZtfud LFkyksa ds uketSls Jhuxj dk ^'ksjs d'ehj LVsfM;e* j[ks gSaA

d'ehj ?kkVh ds yksx

&MkW- #ænÙk prqosZnh

| 109

Hkkjr dh fof'k"Vrk] vkè;kfRedrk] egÙkk ,oa lukru xfjek dk dkj.k bldhfo|kewydrk esa fufgr gSA ;|fi bl ns'k ds ^Hkkjr* ukedj.k esa ^Hkjr* uked lezkV dkikSjkf.kd O;fDrRo gS] rFkkfi O;qRifÙk dh O;atuk bldh fo|kuqjkfxrk dks gh èofur djrh gS];Fkk&^Hkk* dk vFkZ gS& Kku ;k izdk'k ,oa ^jr* ls rkRi;Z gS&lrr layXurkA Kku izkfIr gsrqfujUrj iz;Ru'khyrk Hkkjr dh ekSfyd fo'ks"krk gS] vkfndky ls viuh ftKklkvksa ds izR;qÙkjesa] Hk`xq&vafxjk izHk`r ½f"k;ksa ls jf{kr&iksf"kr fo'o&iVy ij igyh fopkj'khy ,oa ifjekftZrlH;rk dk vkfoHkkZo gqvk] ftls laLdkfjr gksus ls laLd`fr dk vfHk/ku izkIr gqvk ,slk oSfnd½f"k;ksa dk Li"V mn~?kks"k gS&

^;k i zFkek l aLd`fr% fo'odek Z;ks eè;eks c`gLifrf'pfdRoku~A*1

osn fo|k ½f"k;ksa ds ijk&Kku dh èotk ,oa bl laLd`fr ds fuekZ.k dh cht:ik gS]lukru laLd`fr ds leLr vk;ke blh ls fofufeZr gSa] ,slk ijorhZ 'kkL=kdkj Hkh eqDrLoj lsLohdkj djrs gaSA2 Hkkjr dks fofHkUu ykSfdd&vykSfdd ^fo|kvksa dk ns'k* dguk vfr'k;ksfDrdk mPpkj.k ugha oju~ ,d lR; gSA v{kjKku ls ^v{kj czã* rd ,oa cU/u ls eks{k rd bllaLd`fr ds thou dh okfgdk fo|k gh gS] lEHkor% ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;gk¡ izkFkfed ftKklqls ysdj vfUre vè;srk rd dks fo|kFkhZ dgk tkrk gSA fo'o dh izFke laLd`fr ds izFkelkfgR; gksus ds dkj.k oSfnd okÄ~e; esa fo|k ,oa mlds lEiznku dh fLFkfr ij n`f"Vikr djukHkkjr esa fo|k dh fLFkfr dks le>us esa lgk;d gksxkA

fo|k% fuoZpu ,oa vFkZ&

^fo|k* in dj.k vFkZ esa L=khfyax esa KkukFkZd fon~+D;i~+Vki~ ls fu"iUu gksrk gS]3ftldh O;qRifÙk gS& ^fo|rs x`Þ;rs¿u;k¿FkZ bfr fo|kA* vFkkZr~ ftlds }kjk dqN tkuk vkSj izkIr

^fo|k* ,oa blds lEiznku dh oSfnd izfØ;k

MkW- nqxsZ'k ik.Ms; lkad`R;k;u*·

·çoDrk& laLd`r] jkevo/ fu"kkn egkfo|ky;] dq'khuxj

| 110

fd;k tk;s og fo|k gSA4 okpLiR;e~ esaa Kku* ,oa rÙolk{kkRdkj* ds vFkZ esa bldk iz;ksx dgkx;k gSA5 bldk foijhrkFkZd ^vfo|k* in u×k~+fo|k ds lekl ls fu"iUu gksrk gSA

lexz oSfnd okÄ~e; esa ;g rhu vFkksZa esa iz;qDr gS& =k;h (osnfo|k)] nqxkZ ,oavkReKkuA

½Xosn esa ^fo|ke~* vkSj ^fo|ke* in dqy 28 ckj vk;s gSa]6 ij fo|k in ek=k ^f[kylwDr* esa iz;qDr gSA7

'kqDy ;tqosZn esa ^fo|k* ds lkFk ^vfo|k* dk Hkh mYys[k gS tgk¡ ;g nsorkKku ds vFkZesa iz;qDr gSA8 rSfÙkjh; lafgrk esa ;g cqf¼ ds vFkZ esa iz;qDr gS& ^fo|k oSfèk"k.kkA*9 cqf¼ ,oa=k;h ds vFkZ eas ;g d`".k ;tqosZn dh vU; 'kk[kkvksa esa Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA10 vFkoZlafgrk('kkSudh;k) esa ;g ek=k nks LFkkuksa ij vk;k gS] tgk¡ ;g lkekU; Kku vkSj =k;hfo|k dk okpdgSA11

czkã.k xzUFkksa esa ;g ^=k;h* ds lkFk cgq/k iz;qDr gS] ;Fkk& ¶lS"kk =k;h fo|k ;K%¸12]¶czkã.kk p =kÕ;kfo|;ki;Zxg~.ku~ 13] ¶=k;h oS fo|k&½pks] ;twf"ka] lkHkkfu¸14

nqxkZ ds vFkZ esa ;g ½Xosn ds jk=khlwDr] nsO;kFkoZ'kh"kZ vkfn LFkyksa ij vk;k gSA15

mifu"kn~ vkfn ijorhZ lkfgR; esa ^fo|k* in rÙoKku ,oa ^czãfo|k* ds lkFk iz;qDrgS] tgk¡] fo|k ds }kjk vejRo ,oa eks{k dfFkr gS]16 ;gk¡ ^fo|k* in lkekU;r% ^rÙoKku* dsvFkZ esa :<+ izrhr gksrk gS ,oa vkReKku ls jfgr leLr Kku dks tks Hkksx ,oa LoxkZfn iznk;dgSa] vfo|k] vijkfo|k vkfn dgk x;k gSA eq.Mdksifu"kn~ esa ;g Li"V :i ls KkukFkZ iz;qDr gS]leLr lkalkfjd vkSj eks{knk;d Kku dks ;gk¡ vijkfo|k ,oa ijkfo|k ds :i esa foHkkftr fd;kx;k gSA17 vkpk;Z 'kadj us Hkh vius dBksifu"kn~ Hkk"; esa fo|k dks Js; ,oa izs; ds :i esafoHkkftr fd;k gSA18

fo|k in ds oSfnd okÄ~e; esa iz;ksx ij è;ku nsus ls fofnr gksrk gS fd ;gykSfdd&vykSfdd nksuksa izdkj ds Kku ds fy, iz;qDr gqvk gS] lkalkfjd Hkksx ds vfrfjDr;Kkfn ds }kjk LoxkZfn yksdksa ds dkj.kHkwr osnksa dks =k;hfo|k dgk x;k gS] ogha eks{knk;d^czãKku* dks Hkh ^fo|k* in ls lEcksf/r fd;k x;k gSA ^czã* dh ijk'kfDr gksus ,oa leLrtxr~ ds cU/u dk gsrq gksus ls fpn~:ik ijk'kfDr (nqxkZ) dks Hkh fo|k ,oa KkukoLFkk esa vfo|k(ek;k) nksuksa izdkj ls lEcksf/r fd;k x;k gSA

bl izdkj fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd ^fo|k* ls rkRi;Z fdlh Hkh ^Kku dh

| 111

lexz izfØ;k*] ^Kku izfof/* ;k ^Kku ds lk/u* (dj.kkFkZ esa) ls gSA

fo|k lEiznku dh izfØ;k&

c`gnkj.;d 'kkadj Hkk"; esa leLr fo|kvksa dks ^czãfo|k* ,oa ^lalkfjfo|k* ds :i esafoosfpr fd;k x;k gSA19 bu nksuksa /kjkvksa dh fo|k izkfIr gsrq ;Kksiohr (miu;u) laLdkj izFkelksiku Fkk ftlds vuUrj fo|kFkhZ dks lkfo=kh izkIr gksrh Fkh vkSj mldks osnkè;;u dk vf/dkj izkIr gksrk FkkA20 ;KksiohrdkykfrØe.k ls ôzkR;Ro* gksrk gS] ozkR; dk xq# ls fo|kxzg.klEHko ugha FkkA21 vè;;u dk izeq[k LFkku xq# ;k vkpk;Z dk vkJe FkkA NkUnksX; esa fo|kFkhZds fy, ^vkpk;Zdqyoklh* in vk;k gS]22 fo|kFkhZ dks ^vUrsoklh* Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA lgikfB;ksadks ^lrhFkZ* dgrs FksA lkekU;r% 12 o"kZ ls 24 o"kZ dh o; rd fo|kè;;u dky ekuk tkrkFkkA23 'ks"k voLFkkvksa esa Hkh O;fDr vkpk;Z ds ikl tkdj fo|k fo"k;d ftKklk izdV djldrk Fkk] vkSj xq# dh izlUurk ij ^fo|k* izkIr dj ldrk FkkA iz'uksifu"kn~ esa lqds'kkfn N%fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk fiIiykn ds ikl îzk.kfo|k* izkfIr gsrq xeuA24 nkè;Ä~ vkFkoZ.k ds ikl e/qfo|kFkZ vf'ouh dqekjkas dk tkuk]25 ^laoxZ fo|k* gsrq jktktkuJqfr dk jSDo ds ikl xeu]26vk#f.k dk iq=k 'osrdsrq ds lkFk izokg.k tScfy ds fudV îapkfXufo|k* ds izkfIr gsrq xeu27

vkSj ukjn dk lur~ dqekj ls îjkfo|k* gsrq ftKklk izdV djuk bldk izek.k gSA28 NkUnksX; esaJs"B vkpk;Z ls fo|k xzg.k djuk mÙke dgk x;k gS ;gh fo|k dh liQyrk gsrq visf{kr FkktSlk ^vkpk;Zoku~ iq#"kksosn* ls Li"V gSA29 firk dk dÙkZO; gS fd T;s"B iq=k ;k ;ksX;f'k"; dksfo|k iznku djsA f'k{kd dks v;ksX; Nk=kksa ls cpuk pkfg, vkSj ;ksX;f'k"; dh dHkh voekuukugha djuh pkfg,A30

xq#dqy eas vUrsoklh fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk fo|k dh ik=krkuqlkj xq# ijh{k.k djrk Fkk vkSjrnuqlkj gh mUgsa fo|k iznku djrk Fkk] blds fy, dksbZ ?kksf"kr fuf'pr fu;e ugha Fks] rFkkfilafgrksifu"kn~ esa fo|knku gsrq N% izdkj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ^Kku&rhFkZ* dgk x;k gSA31

1- czãpkjh&

fof/vuqlkj czãp;Z jg dj lkfo=kh ls egkukEuh i;ZUr vè;;u ozr dk fuokZg djusokykA czãp;Z dks pkj inksa okyk ekuk tkrk gS ftlesa xq#f'k"; ijEijk ds leLr ikyuh; xq.klekfo"V gSa&

^f'k"; o`fÙkØes.kSo fo|kekIuksfr;% 'kqfp%Aczãp;ZozrL;kL; izFke% ikn mP;rsAA1AA;Fkk fuR;a xqjkS o`fÙkxqZ#iRu;ka rFkk pjsr~A

^fo|k* ,oa blds lEçnku dh oSfnd çfØ;k

| 112

rRiq=ks p rFkk dqoZu~ f}rh;% ikn mP;r sAA2AAvkpk;Zs.kkRed`ra foKkuku~

KkRok pkFkZaHkkforks¿LehR;usuA;a eU;rs ra izfr n`"V cqf¼%

l oS r`rh;ks czãp;ZL; ikn%AA3AAvkpk;kZ fiz;a dq;kZr~ izk.kSjfi /uSjfiAdeZ.kk eulk okpk prqFkZ% ikn mP;rsAA4AA*32

2- /unk;h 3- es/koh 4- Jksf=k; 5- fiz; 6- izfrxzghrk (,d fo|k nsdj nwljh fo|k ikusokyk)A

lafgrksifu"kn~ eas gh fo|kFkZ xq#x`g xeu djus okys fo|kFkhZ ds ikyuh; 8 xq.kksa dkmYys[k gS& 1- fofÙk (nf{k.kk nsuk)] 2- miLro (fuosnu)] 3- ne] 4- J¼k] 5- laiz'u] 6-vukdk'khdj.k (izkIr fo|k dks xksiuh; j[kdj v;ksX; O;fDr ls j{kk djuk)] 7- vkpk;ZlwJq"kk] 8- i.kZ'kk;h] i;ksHk{kh] fojklulsoh vkfnA33

lafgrksifu"kn~ czkã.k ls fo|k lEiznku fo"k;d ml dky ds fu;eksa dk Kku gksrk gS]tgk¡ fo|k dk viuh j{kk gsrq czkã.k ds ikl tkuk dfFkr gS&

^^fo|k ÞoS czkã.kektxke rokgefLe rRoa eka iky;LoA**34

blh izdkj dk eU=k ;kLd d`r fu#Dr esa Hkh izkIr gksrk gSA35 lk;.k us Hkh osnfo|kfo"k; pkj eU=k ^½XosnHkk"; Hkk";Hkwfedk* esa m¼`r fd;k gS] tks bl izdkj gSa&

fo|kfHkekuh nsork czkã.k ds fudV vkdj cksyh& gs mins"Vk czkã.k! eq>s vuf/dkjhdks u nsdj esjh j{kk djks] eSa fuf/ dh rjg rqEgkjs iq#"kkFkZ prq"V; dk lEiknu d:¡xh] esjhvkSj mins'k nsus okys rqEgkjh tks fuUnk djs] fu"diV vkSj vH;klh u gks] rFkk tks v'kqfp gksmlds fy, esjk mins'k er djksA36d

tks vfonFk (lR; Lo:i osn okD;) }kjk f'k"; ds d.kksZa dks ve`ror~ fo|k (osneU=k) ls mUgsa fcuk nq%[k fn;s iw.kZ djrk gS] ,sls n;kyq vkpk;Z dks gh f'k"; viuk ekrk&firkekusa vkSj dHkh Hkh muds izfr nzksg u djsA36[k

v/edksfV ds Nk=kksa dh fuUnk djrs gq, Jqfr dgrh gS& tks vè;kiu dky esa eu&opuvkSj deZ ls xq# dk vknj ugha djrs] ,sls os v/e f'k"; xq# dh d`ik ds ;ksX; ugha gksrs] tSlsos xq# ds izfr misf{kr gksrs gSa] oSls gh muds }kjk fn;k x;k osnksins'k Hkh iQyoku ugha gksrkA36x

| 113

vUr esa fo|k us vkpk;Z ls fuosnu djrs gq, dgk& gs vkpk;Z! ftls rqe ifo=k] vizeÙk cqf¼ekuvkSj czãp;Z ls ;qDr ;ksX; f'k"; ekuks tks rqels nzksg djus okyk u gks mlh ds izfr esjk mins'kdjksA36?k

bl izdkj fo|k lEiznku ds lUnHkZ esa ik=k&dqik=k ds fo"k; esa xEHkhj fpUru oSfndokÄ~e; esa n`f"Vxr gksrk gSA vgadkjh pfj=k jfgr vkSj os fo|kFkhZ ftuesa fo|k xzg.k vkSj laj{k.kdh {kerk u gks loZFkk fuf"k¼ ekus x;s gSaA Hkys gh fo|k ds lkFk ej tk;s ij dqik=k dksfo|knku dnkfi u djs] ,slk ½f"k;ksa dk n`<+er Fkk&

^^fo|;k lk¼Zafez;sr~A u fo|kew"kjs oisr~A**37

;gk¡ ^Å"kj* 'kCn ls v;ksX;] cqf¼jfgr Nk=k mDr gSaA vkpk;Z fo|kFkhZ dh ;ksX;rkuqlkjmUgsa lkekU; fo|k,¡ iznku djrs Fks] fdUrq fof'k"V fo|kvkas dh izkfIr gsrq ;ksX;rk ds lkFk dBksjri'p;kZ] fo|kfHkekuh nsork ,oa xq# dh d`ik gh ,d ek=k ekxZ FkkA /u;qDr i`fFkoh dh izkfIrgksus ij Hkh v;ksX; dks fo|k ugha nsuh pkfg,A38

oSfnd dky esa izns; fo|kvksa dh ,d lqnh?kZ ijEijk izkIr gksrh gS] ftudk la[;k vkSjfo"k;kuqlkj oxhZdj.k nq"dj gSA buesa ls vf/dkf/d vkt vfoKkr gSa] ftuds uke vkSjfl¼kUr izkIr gksrs gSa mudk Hkh xq# f'k"; ijEijk dk yksi gks tkus ls izk;ksfxd foKku vktvxE; gSA jlfo|k] foekufo|k] fnO;kL=k fo|k tSlh fo|k,¡ ,slh gSa ftudk vkt mlh izdkjiz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA NkUnksX; esa ukjn }kjk v/hr 19 fo|kvksa dk mYys[k gS39&4 osn]6 osnkax] bfrgkl] iqjk.k] fir`fo|k (ekuo'kkL=k)] jkf'kfo|k (xf.kr)] nSofo|k (HkkSfrd Hwkxksy)]fuf/fo|k ([kfut foKku)] czãfo|k] Hkwrfo|k (izk.khfoKku)] okdksokd~ (rdZ'kkL=k)] ,dk;u(uhfr'kkL=k)] {k=kfo|k (jktuhfr ,oa lSU; foKku)] u{k=kfo|k ([kxksy] T;ksfr"k) liZnsotufo|k(fo"kfuokjd xk:.keU=k foKku) ,oa nsofo|k (nso 'kkL=k dk Kku) osnksÙkj dky esa izeq[k 14fo|kvksa ds uke izkIr gksrs gSaA40 buds vfrfjDr /uqfoZ|k] 'kL=kfo|k] vk;qosZn] f'kYi foeku'kkL=kkfn ds Hkh izek.k izkIr gkssrs gSaA

vkè;kfRed dksfV dh fo|kvksa dk micag.k mifu"knksa esa izkIr gksrk g S41] tSls&eèkq(d)

ngj([k)] iapkfXu(x)]Hkwefo|k(?k)] 'kkf.MY;(Ä)] laoxZ(p)] lIrkUu(N)] mnxhFk(t)] eUFk(>)] xk;=kh(×k)]czãfo|k(V) vkfnA41

bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd oSfnd dky esa fo|kuqjkx ,oa mlds egÙo ds izfr½f"k;ksa dk fo'ks"k vkxzg FkkA lafgrksifu"kn~ czkã.k esa ^fo|knku* dks vfrnku dh laKk nsrs gq,


| 114

mldh Js"Brk izfrikfnr dh x;h gS&

^=kh.;kgqjfrnkukfu xko% ifFkoh ljLorhA*42

fo|k xzg.k djus ds mijkUr vkpk;Z dks ^xq#nf{k.kk* nsuk fo|k dh liQyrk gsrqvko';d ekuk tkrk FkkAlUnHkZ&1- dkBd lafgrk&4-25-212- euqLe`fr] 2-7-] 12-94]3- v"Vkè;k;h&3-3-994- ^^fonfUr/ekZFkZdkeeks{kku~ vkfHkfjfrfo|k**A5- okpLiR;e~ "k"BksHkkx% i`-&49026- ½Xosn lafgrk&fo|ke~&2-27-5A fo|ke&r=kSo izFkee.Mys& 4-3] 165-15] 166-15] 197-15] 168-10] 169-8]

171-6] 173-13] 174- 10] 190-8] "k"Be.Mys&25-9] v"Ves&24-8] 50-9 uoes&22-13] 89-17A7- ½Xosn 1-50 lwDrkuUrjk8- 'kq- ;tq-&40-119- rS-la-&2-1-2-8-] r=kSo&5-1-7-2-A10- dk- la-&19-7-1] 9-16] 28-5] eS=kk;.kh la-&4-1-2] 3-1-8]11- vFkoZosn&11-7-10] 11-8-2312- 'kriFk czkã.k&1-4-313- r=kSo14- r=kSo15- ½Xosn&jk=khlwDrA nsO;kFkoZ'kh"kZ&416- rS-m-&3-9] dsuksifu"kn~ 2-4] dBksifu"kn~ 1-2-417- eq.Mdksifu"kn~&1-1-118- dBksifu"kn~&1-2-2-19- rnkczãfo|k lalkfjfo|k p L;kr~A* c`-vk- 1-4-'kkadjHkk";20- laLdkj xzUFkekyk (v"Veiq"i) i`-&2] lEiw.kkZuUn lafo-fo- izdkf'krA21- r=kSo22- Nk-m-&2-2-3-123- r=kSo&6-1-224- iz'uksifu"kn&1-125- c-vk-&2-5-16

| 115

26- Nk-m-&4-127- c-vk-&6-2-4-28- Nk-m-&7-129- Nk-m-&6-14-230- r=kSo&3-1931- lafgrksifu"kn~ czkã.k&3-1132- laLdkj xzUFkekyk (v"Veiq"i) i`-&14&1533- lafgrksifu"kn~ czkã.k&3-2034- r=kSo&3-935- fu#Dr&2-436 (d) fo|k g oS czkã.kektxke xksik; ek 'ksofèk"Vs¿gefLeA

vlw;dk;ku`tos¿;rk; u ek czw;k oh;Zorh rFkk L;ke~AA([k) ; vk r`.kÙ; forFksu d.kkZonq%[ka dqoZUue`ra laiz;PNu~A

ra eU;rs firja ekrja p rLeS u nzãsr~ drePpukgAA(x) vè;kfirk ;s xq:a ukfnz;Urs foizk okpkeulk deZ.kk okA

rFkSo rs u xqjksHkksZtuh;kLrFkSo rkUu HkqufDr Jqra rr~AA(?k) ;eso fo|k% 'kqfpe izeÙke esèkkfoua czãp;ksZiiUue~A

;Lrs u nqásr~ drePpukg rLeS ek czw;k fuf/ik; czãu~AA(lk;.k ½Xosn Hkk";Hkwfedk)

37- la- m- czk-&3-1038- r=kSo] 3-11-5&6]39- Nk- m-&7-1-240- vaxkfuosnk'pRokjks ehekalk U;k;foLrj%A

/eZ'kkL=ka iqjk.ka p fo|kÞosrk prqnZ'k%AA fo-iq-] 3-6-27]AA41- (d) ê/qfo|k*&Nk-m-&3-1-1] ([k) ngj*&Nk-m- 8-1-1]

(x) îapkfXu*&c`-vk-&6-2] (?k) Hkwe*&Nk-m-&7-1(Ä) ^'kkf.MY;*& Nk-m-&3-14 (p) ^laoxZ*&Nk-m- 4-1-6(N) ^lIrkUu*& c-vk-&5-1 (t) ^mn~xhFk*&ek.MqD;ksifu"kn~&1-1(>) êUFk*&c-vk-&6-3 (×k) ^xk;=kh*&c-vk-&5-14](V) ^czã&c-vk-3-1*

42- la-m-czk-&4-12


| 116

A hundred and fifty years ago, on 12th January 1863. Narendranath Dutta, laterknown as “Swami Vivekananda” was born in Calcutta. From his childhood he was fearless,full of courage, free from superstitions and sympathetic to the poor. He demanded convincingarguments for every proposition. With these qualities of head and heart, he grew into avigorous youth.

After completing the school, Narendranath joined the Calcutta Presidency Collegeand later the Scottish Missionary College. Once his Principal W.W. Hastie told aboutNarendranath, “I have travelled for and wide, but I Have never yet come across a lad ofhis talents and abilities. He is bound to make a mark in life.”

Narendranath had a very great attraction for spiritual matters. Because of hisargumentative nature and sharp intellect, he wanted to get a convincing answer for theexistence of God. He met many prominent religious leaders for that purpose, but nonecould satisfy him. At this juncture one day, his English Professor Dr. William Hastle mentionedin the class that the saint Dakshineshwar, Sri Ramakrishna has experienced the castasydescribed by Wordsworth in his poem, ‘The Excursion’.

Narendranath went to meet Sri Ramakrishna, when he was just 19 years of age.Narendranath asked “Sir, have you seen God.” Sri Ramakrishna answered: “Yes, I haveseen God much more intensely than I see you here. If you wish, I can show Him to you.”In this authentic word of Sri Ramakrishna, Narendranath found a hope. Then, therelationship between them as the master and the disciple began to grow day by day.Gradually he surrendered himself to his master. After the passing away of his master in1886, Swami Vivekanand became the leader of the twelve young disciples of Ramakrishna.

Swami Vivekananda wanted to work for the regeneration and reconstruction ofIndia. He desired to have a close study of Indian people, their life and culture. So he took

LIFE AND TEACHINGS OF

SWAMI VIVEKANANDA

Dr.-Y.P.Kohli*

*Secretary General, Vigyan Bharati, Gkp. Parichhetra

| 117

leave from his brother disciples in 1880 and travelled the whole of India mostly by walk.During this pilgrimage, he passed through the villages and the cities, hills and the forestsand met varlties of people, literate and illiterate, rich and the poor, he was much distressedto see the problems of poverty and ignorance all over India.

On 25th December 1892, Swami Vivekananda reached Kanyakumari, thesouthernmost tip of south India, where the three seas meet together. Having no money forthe boat, he swam across the turbulent sea and reached the Rock-later known as “SwamiVivekananda Rock”-which was 3 furlongs distance from the mainland, There, sitting onthe last bit of the Rock and facing towards India, he passed into “deep meditation.” Hewas on this rock for full three days. He analysed his experiences in the last 3 years andmeditated on the past, the present and the future of India. Only on the Rock, he hit upon aplan for the regeneration of the Indian people, particularly for the upliftment of the poorand the downtrodden.

When Swami Vivekananda was only 30 years of age, he went to America toattend the world’s Parliament of Religions at Chicago. The famous ‘Parliament of Religions’opened on 11th September 1893.The spacious hall of the Art Institute of Chicago waspacked with nearly 7000 people, representing the elite of America. On the platform, everyorganized religion from all corners of the world had its representatives. All the speakersbegan their lectures with the words ‘Ladies and gentlemen.’ When Swami Vivekananda’sturn came, he began the lecture from his heart with the words, ‘Sisters and brothers ofAmerica.’ Immediately, there was thunderous applause from the vast audience, and itlasted for full two minutes. Swamiji continued:’ I thank you in the name of the mother of allreligions…… I am proud to belong to a nation which has sheltered the persecuted and therefugees of all religions and all nations of the earth. We believe not only in universal toleration,but we accept all religions are true. The appeal of his simple words of burning sincerity andhis personality was so great that on the next day the newspapers of America described himas the greatest figure in the ‘Parliament of Religions.’ From that day, that simple and unknownmonk, Swami Vivekananda became world famous.

At the invitation of different organisations and universities, Swami Vivekanandatoured and lectured in America and Europe for more than 3 years. In the West, he said: ‘Ihave not come here for the destruction of anything. My call to the world is that a Christianshould became a better Christian, a Muslim should become a better Muslim and Hindushould become a better Hindu To be good and to do good-that is the gist of all religions ofthe whole world.”

Life and Teaching of Swami Vivekananda

| 118

Swami Vivekananda returned to India in January 1897. In all the important placesof India, people offered him fitting reseptions. While answering those receptions, he exhortedthe people; ‘Lay down your comforts, your pleasures your names, fame or position, mayeven your lives, and make a bridge of human chains over which millions will cross thisocean of life…… Is not god present in the living beings around you? God has come in theshape of the poor and the miserable, the sick and the lowly, the sufferings and thedowntrodden. Serve them sincerely and with humility…… Service to man is Service toGod.

Swami Vivekananda asked: “Who feels in India for the 200 millions of men andwomen sunk forever in poverty and ignorance? Where is the way out? Who will bring thelight to them?…So long as the millions live in hunger and ignorance, I hold every man atraitor who having been educated at their expense, pays not the least head to them….Leteach one of us prey day and night for the downtrodden millions in India.

‘On Education’ Swamiji said: ‘Education is not the amount of information that isput into your brain and runs riot there, undigested all your life. We must have life-building,man-making, character-making, assimilation of ideas. If you have assimilated live ideasand made them your life and character, you have more education than any man who hasgot by heart a whole library.

Swami Vivekananda gave the clarion call to youngsters. ‘This is the time to decideyour future-while you possess the energy of youth, and not when you are worn out andjaded, but in the freshness and vigour of youth…...My hope and faith rest in men likeyou….Go from village to village, do good to the humanity and to the world at large….Havefaith in yourself, have faith in God- this is the secret of greatness.

Swami Vivekananda’s call for the future was, “A hundred thousand men and women,fired with the zeal of holiness, fortified with eternal faith in the Lord, and nerved to Lion’scourage by their sympathy for the poor and the fallen and the downtrodden, will go overthe length and the breadth of the land, preaching the gospel of salvation, the gospel of help,the gospel of social reasing up, the gospel of equality.”

Swami Vivekananda had a soft corner for America and had very great appreciationfor American men and women. America’s Independence Day falls on the 4th July. On thevery same date in 1902, Swami Vivekananda passed away when he was less than 40years of age. Swami Vivekananda is no more with us physically, but his life and teachingswill continue to inspire the millions of people for ages to come.

| 119

A synovial joint may be described as a load carrying system consisting of twomating lones with tangential and or normal motions. The bone ends, which are usuallyglobular in appearance are covered with a soft sponge like material called articular cartilage.The space between these cartilaginous extremities of the bones known as joint cavity isfilled with a shear-dependent fluid called a synovial fluid. In a knee joint the femur andtibula, the two major bones of the leg. Undergo relative motion during body movements,but the lateral bone, called the fibula, normally does not like part in the articulating motion.In the hip joint, which is a ball and socket joint, the head of the femur forms the ball of thejoint and the acetabulum of the pelvis the socket the surface of the synorial joints have ahigh degree of geometrical conformity. Geometrically, the hip joint is regarded as separatedby spherical surfaces but the Knee joint as separated by cylindrical surfaces. The radii ofthese surface vary from 2-100cm. The sliding speed of the joint varies from 0 to 10 cm/sec. The load support area is larger for a hip joint than for a knee joint (4.7cm2). Thestructure of the knee joint is such that it can support a load four times the body weight.

LUBRICATION OF HUMAN JOINTS(In case of synovial joints)

Srikant Mani Tripathi*

| 120

The behaviour of a synovial joint is mainly governed by the characteristics of thearticular cartilage and synovial fluid the articular cartilage is a soft glistening tissue withthickness varying between 1-7 cm with young's modulus between 106 and 108 dynes/cm2,with permeability of the order 4.3x10-13 cm4 dync–1 and the pore diameters of the 6x10–

7cm. Its surface is rough and cracked and synovial fluid can lose it's non-newtonian behaviour.The pores of a cartilage may increase in rice and the hyaluronic acid molecules may beable to pass through them one object of mathematical modelling of joints is to enable us toknow the effect of each of these factors in the performance of the joints.

Lubrication Mechanisms:-

The lubrication mechanisms are different type are as follows :

1. Hydrodynamic/hydrostatic lubrication.

2. Boundry lubrication.

3. Mixed lubrication.

4. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication.

5. Weeping lubrication.

6. Boosted lubrication.7. Combination of these with various modes in different ranges.

| 121

In hydrodynamic lubrication, the thickness of the fluid film is between 104 and 10–

3cm. This is much larger than the surface roughness thickness. The pressure in the fluid filmis generated because of relative motion of surfaces and wedge action. If the surfaces arenot moving and the pressure is generated by external pumping, we use the term hydrostaticlubrication.

Boundary lubrication arises when the separation of bearing surfaces is of moleculardimension (10–7-10–6cm). The load capacity is determined by molecular properties of alubricants and roughnesses of the surfaces, but the viscosity of the fluid does not play animportant role. Mixed lubrication, as its name indicates arises when the load capacity isdetermined by the viscosity of the lubricant and it's molecular structure. The firm thicknesslies between 10–6 and 10–5cm.

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication is hydrodynamic process is which fluid film pressurecauses elastic deformation of the bearing surfaces which in turn modify the pressure in thefilm region. The elastohydrodynamic action can maintain a fluid film under conditions ofheavy loading. The fluid film thickness is in the range 10–5-10–4cm.

The concept of weeping lubrication is based on the assumption that cartilage is aweeping bearing and load is carried by the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid when cartilageweeps under loading even though the liquid content of the porous cartilage would beexpelled and there would be an increased in the friction coefficient if the squeeze is maintainedindefinitely. It also appears that the wringing out of water from the porous matrix follows alonger and difficult path while resoaking is easy. The concept of boosted lubrication isbased on the assumption that when the cartilage surface are pressed against each other,nominal contact areas are formed due to roughness waves of the cartilages. The synovialfluid is trapped in these nominal areas and there is a high conentration of hyaluronic acidmolecules in the trapped fluid because water and other low molecular weight substancehas diffused into the cartilage. This higher concentration leads to a great load bearingcapacity.

Mathematical analysis of load capacity for slider bearing-

Now we consider a slider bearing which consists of two nearly parallel flat platesof length(l) at a very short distance(h) apart the ratio of inertial and viscus forces is given by

Lubrication of Human Joints

| 122

2

2

2

2

2

l

Ulh

h/U

l/U

yu

M

xu

u

focrcesviscous

forceserialint

.........................(i)

Where (U) is the velocity of one plate, the other plate being at rest. Since h/l 1,this reduced reynolds number is very small and thus the inertial forces can be neglectedsince these are small compared to viscous forces.

Similarly, 2

2

x

u

can be neglected since it is small than 2

2

y

u

by a factor (h/l)2. The

very small pressure gradient 2

2

x

cante neglected butx

p

is no longer constant. The

basic equation, then are

0x

u,

y

u

x

p,0

y

v

x

u2

2

.......(2)

The equation of continuity in the differential form can be replaced by the conditionthat the volume of the fluid in every section must be the same so that :

ttanconsudyQ )x(hudy .............(3)

where h(x) is the height of the moving plate over the fixed plate

The boundary condition are

Uu,0y

hy0y.............(4)

| 123

00 pppp

l xand0x........................(5)

The solution of (2), on making use of the boundary condition(4) is given by

)6.....().........y)x(h(ydx

dp

2

1

)x(h

Uyu

Usedx

dp here in place of

x

p

, sincex

p

is zero. Using (3), we act from (6) the equation

)7......(..........h

)hh(MU6

dx

dp3

0

where (h0) has still to be determined. Also let

)8...(..........dx

dy

so that )9...(..........h

hh

x

U

dh

dx.

dx

dp

dh

dr3

0

Integrating (9) and using (J) we get

)10....(..........h)hh(

)hh)(hh(UPP

221

210

21

210 hh

hh2h

.................(11)

Equation (10) shows that the condition for positive pressure excess i.e. P-P0>0 isthat ( ) should be negative or that the stream should be convergent.

The total load P is given by :)12....(..........dh)PP(

1dx)PP(P 0

hh0

L0

2

1

1

2

21

122 h

hIn

hh

)hh(2UP

)13......(..........1k

)1k(2InK

h)1K(

ULP

22

2

2

where2

)hh( 2L , 1h

hK

2

1


| 124

The total frictional resistance (F) is given by

dxdx

dp

2

h

h

ux

yF L

0

ky

L0

dh.dh

dph

2

1

h

dhuF 2

1

2

1

hh

hh

)14(..........1k

)1k(3Kln2

h)1k(

MUL2F

2

treating (P) as a function of (K), we find that is maximum when fe is approximately. so that

22

2

max h

UL16.0P

)15......(..........h

UL75.0F

2

)16....(..........L

h7.4

P

F 2

max

and as h2<L, FPMax. This explains the large load bearing capacity of the sliderbearing as compares to it's frictional resistance.

If the find is a power-law fluid and the plates extend to infinity in the z-direction, weget the partial differential equation

)17.........(..........0y

p,0

z

u

y

u

x

u

)18.....(..........y

u

y

u

y

u/m

yx

P 1n

22

)19.(....................y

u.

y

u

y

u/m

yz

p 1n

22

| 125

and the boundry conditions

u=U

w=0 at y=h....................(20)

)21....(..........0yat,0y

w,0

y

u

since there is no surface velocity in the z-direction, it may assumes that

)22.........(..........y

w

y

y,wu

so that (18) and (19) simplify to

)23......(..........y

u.

y

um

yx

p 2

1n

)24........(..........y

u

y

um

yz

p 2

)1n(

and we can solve the problem for the configuration of this given below figure.

However, one has to be careful since y

u

changes signhere.

Reference :

1. Mathematical models in biology and medicine by J.N. Kapur.


| 126

To better understand the development of corporate from in ancient India it isimportant to examine the political and economic history of India and what path of it led tothe development of the corporate form. Through this examination I intend to focus on anumber of matters. First, how did the demand for the corporate form and the supply of itsterms interact to help in formation of the sreni. In particular how did trade grow in ancientIndia and what were the monitoring methodologies used to address the concerns withmulti-agent entities (i.e., agency costs) and to police the movement of assets betweenowners and the entity (i.e., facilitating asset partitioning and reducing creditor informationcosts). Second, what factors led to the development of specific attributes of the sreni. Forexample, when did the presence of executive officers become common; when did the useof incentive payments come into being and what led to these developments? Third, whatcan the development of the sreni in ancient India tell us about the factors that may have ledto it? For example, how important is a centralized empire to the growth of trade and thecorporate form compared to alternate state structures seen in Ancient India? Moreover,what are prospects for convergence of governance norms in these different kinds of statestructures?

Before beginning this inquiry a few word are in order. Most of the source sonAncient Indian history can be divided into two time frames: before the 7th Century B.C andthat after 7th Century B.C. the writings after the 7th Century B.C. are fairly reliable andprovide good descriptions of the political, economic and social contexts of the time as wellas descriptions of organizational forms1. However writings before the 7thCentury B.C.provide some potential challenges to the researcher. First , it is well known that ancientIndia especially prior to the 7thCentury B.C., generally relied on an oral tradition fordisseminating knowledge and information.2 Thus, certain sources were likely to have beencomposed at one point in time and that placed into writing considerably later. This makesdating the practices described in the earliest sources more difficult. Moreover; there are

* Research Scholar, L.N.M.U.Darbhanga (Bihar)

The Growth of Ancient Indian CorporateForms in Different Periods

Babita Kumari*

| 127

quite significant differences in the dating of the earliest India writings3, because of divergenttheories about the initial development of civilization in India4. Second, the writing on theseals found at various excavated sites has not yet been deciphered and thus cannot providemuch assistance to us in determining to us in determining the date of the earliest Indiansources like the Rig Veda.5

In light this for sources from the 7thcentury B.C. onwards I shall treat the time lineas being fairly close to accurate. For sources that probably pre-date the 7th Century B.C.I shall focus on dates and time frames for which there is general agreement and mentionother more controversial dates where they may arise. To the extent that the excavations atvarious sites can provide additional insights they will also be mentioned. With this in mindlet us begin our journey through the History of Ancient India.

Civilization on the Indian subcontinent dates back many millennia. To make theanalysis more manageable I divide Ancient Indian history into the periods in table 2. Thisallows us to focus on certain time periods that tended to stare many things in common onecould, of course, present that time line in different ways, but Table 2 is simply a method ofproviding a starting point for discussion. It does not preclude alternative divisions of ancientIndian history.

TABLE

Period Years covered Approximately

A.Earliestcicilizations 7500B.Cto 700B.C.

1. Earliest sites- Mehrgarh 7500 B.C to 4000B.C.

2. The Indus Area civilizations 4000 B.C. to 1900B.C

3. Indo-Gangetic Civilizations 1900B.C. to 700B.C.

B. The rise of Buddhism $ Jainism 700 B.C. TO 320 B.C.

C. The Mauryan Dynasty 320 B.C.to 185 B.C.

D. Post –Mauryan kingdoms in north and south India 200B.C to 1300B.C.

E. The gupta Dynasty $ India’s “Golden Age” 250 A.D. to 550A.D.

F. Harsha Vardhana $ The Rajput kingdoms 600 A.D. to 1100A.D.6

Growth of Ancient Indian Corporate Forms in Different Periods

| 128

A. Earliest Civilizations in the Indian subcontinent and origin of sreni:-

The origin of the sreni is the mists of Ancient Indian history. The earliest Indianwriting does make references to organizational forms. The Rig Veda makes reference tothe pani (akin to a partnership amongst trades for trade caravans) and the Mahabharata tothe sreni7. There is, however, little detail provided about how the sreni was organizedexcept to mention the position of the headman (Sreshthi).8 In addition, the exact dating ofthese early as 3100B.C.9 However, regardless of which date is preferred, the sreni is ofcorporations by centuries.10

Although this time period does not provide much further written material on thesreni it does provide significant excavation evidence on Ancient India. I will briefly discussthis evidence because it provides the context and building blocks for later economicdevelopment. Moreover, much of the later economic development in the Indian subcontinentbears many similarities to the evidence discussed in the next few paragraphs.

1. Earliest Sites –Mehrgarh:- Current archaeological thinking suggests that the earliest settlement in the Indiansubcontinent date back to roughly 8000 B.C.to 7000 B.C.11 Excavations at Mehrgarh(near Quetta, Pakistan) and neighboring sites12provide evidence of a fertile region andinhabitants engaged in farming, herding and keeping animals,13as well as inhabitants whopossessed dentistry skills14 There is little evidence of advanced trade in Mehrgarh, but insites from around 50000 B.C. There is some evidence of longer distance trade and the useof the kiln in making pottery 15 there is, however, little further evidence of how tradefunctioned in those times 16

2. The Indus Area Civilizations:-

The next important civilizations in Ancient India were a little further east and spreadout across the Indus River valley (e.g. ;Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro) and neighboringrivers (figures 1 and 2).17 These civilizations date from roughly 4000 B.C. and flourishedfor centuries going into decline around 1900 B.C.to 1500 B.C.18 Excavations suggest aresource rich, fertile and heavily populated area that was considerably larger than itscontemporaries (e.g; Egypt and Mesopotamia ).19 The Indus area civilizations were highlydeveloped with advanced city planning and water management systems far ahead ofcontemporary civilizations. 20More over, residents of the Indus area were actively engagedin trade21,with each other and with civilizations to the west (both by land and by sea).22

| 129

Figure 1-Map of Early world civilizations22

Figure2- Detailed Map of Indus valley sites23


| 130

Most of the research into these sites suggests a number of factors contributed tothe active trade environment. In addition to the resource rich environment, urbanizationprobably furthered trade by bringing people to a central place where they could live andwork together to satisfy the demands of city residents for regular and luxury goods24 second, although these civilizations were not under the role of a single monarch25 they appearedto live in relative peace with each other26 relied on common weights and measurements ,27

and had similar city plans with separate areas of the city dedicated to certain professions28

this degree of uniformity is surprising given the absence of a single monarch and somehave suggested that it resulted from a focus on trade and religion.29

Indeed, all the factors listed above would benefit trade. The relative peace in theregion makes travel safer for traders and opens up new markets for trade.30 The uniformityof weights and measures, unique at that time in world history,31benefits trade by reducingthe transactions costs of engaging in trade.32The localization of craft and industry to certainparts of the city might enhance group cohesion, increase productivity and make training ofnew recruits / employees somewhat easier. In light of all these factors , trade was active,substantial and growing which suggests the demand for collective efforts –to protect traderstraveling long distances ,to engage in large scale production and so forth – was large andprobably rising .this often enhances the demand for organizational forms .

On the supply side one can examine what kinds of monitoring methodologiesmight be in place .First, localizing craft and industry not only enhances productivity, butalso makes it easier to monitor what people is doing- they are your neighbors. Thegeographical proximity of people in the same occupations would have provided themonitoring methodology necessary to make the duties described in parts II and III. B.3enforceable and to reduce agency costs.33 Moreover, enhancing group cohesion wouldhelp to encourage the growth of sreni dharma within the sreni (assuming they existed at thattime).

Moreover, excavations have found many seals which although undeciphered,34

are considered by some scholars as ways to identify property .35 If so, these seals couldpotentially be one way for people to mark their property and thereby enhance the chancesof monitoring the movement of assets between owners and entities and reduce creditorinformation costs. However, not enough is known about the seals and the other businesspractices at that time to say anything conclusive.

In any case it does appear that some of the basic pre-conditions for the developmentof organizational forms were present-increasing trade and some methods of monitoring

| 131

agents and perhaps even the movement of assets. This does not mean, of course, that thesreni or other organizational forms necessarily existed in these cavitations, but it doessuggest that the pre-conditions for their growth were probably present.

3. Indo –Gangetic Civilizations:-

Following the decline of the Indus area sites (near 1900B.C.to 15000B.C.),36

There was a nearly contemporaneous rise in the eastern civilizations centered primarily onthe banks of the Ganges river which bore many similarities to the Indus area sites.37 TheseIndo-Gangetic kingdoms grew very quickly and became quite wealthy as the region is wellwatered, lush and green, and bountiful in natural resources.38 It is quite clear that the sreniwould have existed during this time for two reasons. First, if one uses the most recentdating for the earliest written materials (1500B.C. to 1000 B.C.)Then by 1000B.C. to800B.C. the sreni and the pani were known to the Indians.39 Moreover, the monitoringmethodologies and general growth in trade in the indo-Gangetic kingdoms further contributeto the notion that the prerequisites for the corporate form were in place by about 1000B.C.it was also during this time that Hinduism was the dominant religion and the caste systemwas clearly in place, although it may not have been as rigid as it later become.40

B. The Rise of Buddhism & Jainism:-

The dawn of the 7thCentury B.C.wasan important period in Ancient Indian historyaround this time two great religions – Buddhism and Jainism- were founded.41 Both religionsfound a number of adherents in India with Buddhism becoming very popular and changingthe landscape in many ways for nearly1000 years.42

Apart from the religious and political significance of Buddhism and Jainism, tradewas significantly impacted during this time. Both religions did not stress caste divisions andthus permitted easier interchange amongst groups in society and this further helped toexpand trade , innovation, and production.43In addition,, there was significant urbanization(asin the Indus area)and the use of coins as currency was quite common thereby makingtransactions easier.44 Moreover, the greater use of iron in this time would have helped inconstructing tools to enhance the development of agriculture (e.g., iron ploughs , axes),crafts,and improve transportation and storage.45 All these factors would have contributed to therise in trade and the demand for collective efforts and organizational forms.

In addition, the professions continued, as in the Indus area, to be localized in partsof towns and cities, thereby enabling monitoring of group members.46Further, it is fairlyclear that by this stage accountants were a recognized profession which would have helped


| 132

in policing the boundary between entity and owner assets.47 All the basics were then inplace for the corporate entity.

Indeed, we have considerable written sources attesting to the presence andimportance of the sreni by this time in Indian history.48 These sources suggest that the sreniwere numerous, in varied fields, and indeed could be mobile from one place to another.49

The sreni were clearly important in society as they were often invited for official statefunctions.50They were also actively involved in trading , production (crafts), and rudimentarybanking services by this time.51Their importance is further highlighted by the fact that theBhandagarika (an arbitrator for inter-sreni disputed) became established at this time as agovernment official.52

However, besides references to the importance to the sreni in society we have onlya few tidbits of information on how it was organized and governed .we know that by thisstage sreni had headmen and that the sreni were sometimes composed of a large numberof members.53 Although headmen are mentioned, there is little mention of executive officerswhich is surprising given that some sreni were quite large. We do, however, see referencesto the sreni laying down their sreni dharma and the law books containing recommendationsto the king that he should enforce this rules.54 This suggests that the governance of the sreniis something that people had spent time thinking about by this stage. This is to be expectedgiven the increasing importance and size of the sreni. We do not have, however, referencesto what was contained in the sreni dharma of the time. This

makes assessing the functioning of these entities more difficult. Nonetheless, wecan say with confidence that the sreni had grown in number and importance by this stage,played a critical role in society, and that the writers of the time were cognizant of the notionof governance in these entities.

C .The Mauryan Dynasty:-

Although the economic environment in India was growing rapidly, may things wereabout to change .the incursions of Alexander the great into northwestern India started theprices of significant change in india.55 Many in India were concerned about the potentialfor Alexander to invade other parts of India. Even after his death a large portion of hisarmy stayed in the area and the threat of a Greek invasion loomed over india.56 Against thisbackground cane the birth of what many regard as the first great Indian empire–TheMauryan empire-which held sway from about 320 B.C.until 185B.C.(see figure 3).57

| 133

.

The primary emperors were Chandragupta Maurya (after whom the dynasty isnamed).Bindusara, and Ashoka.58 All of the emperors expanded the empire until it reachedits zenith under Ashoka and covered virtually all of India, modern day Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan. Although the empire existed for only about 135 years, its developmentbrought changes to India that would reverberate for many years to come.

The first major change was that it yes one of the only times in Indian history whenvirtually all of India was unified under one ruler .With an empire in place the trade routesthroughout India became more secure thereby reducing the risk associated with thetransportation of goods. Second, the empire spends considerable resources building roadsand maintaining them throughout india.59 The improved infrastructure combined withincreased security, grater uniformity in measurements. And increasing usage of coins ascurrency would enhance trade.60

The second major change was the publication and implementation of the Arthasastraaround 300 B.C.to 275 B.C.The Arthasastra (the knowledge or science of material gain)is one of the most important ancient texts on economics, politics and administration.61The


| 134

authorship of the Arthasastra is usually attributed to the legendarychanakya.62 Chanakyawas the chief adviser and minister who helped Chandragupta Maurya obtain the Magadhakingdom (A very powerful kingdom in ancient India) and then, through his stratagems,unified the northern Indian kingdoms into a force to repel the Greeks.63

The Arthasastra is a treatise on how to maintain and expand power, obtain materialgain, and administer an empire.64 Not only is it a book about theory, but also implementation.it contains many clear and detailed rules regarding the governing of an empire to ensure itssuccess and longevity .To be sure, it is at times ruthless and brutal, but was the basis for theadministration of the Mauryan empire and indeed many later (and smaller) empires inIndia.65 Its influence can hardly be overstated .

In the Arthasastra central authority plays a critical role in many aspects of life andmost importantly in economics and politics .although there was an active private sector, itis clear that the state occupied a large role in commercial (and other) activity.66The degreeof regulation was quite high and few areas of life were more regulated than sreni activity.Chanakya appeared quite high and few areas of like were more regulated than sreniactivity.Chanakya appeared quite suspicious of the sreni.67 He was generally concernedwith any entity that had many members ,good resources and a strong sense of grouployalty as the srenidid.68 He probably viewed them as potential threats to the cohesion ofthe empire and hence entities that needed to be watched carefully .69 However, he wascognizant of the importance of economic prosperity to maintaining the support of thecitizenry- a matter of paramount importance to the emperor.70 The sreni were the enginesof economic growth and could not be dealt with in the same manner as a hostile regionalmonarch .Thus, regulating the sreni was a matter of balance for Chanakya– their supportwas needed, but they could not be permitted to destabilize the empire. Indeed , one suspectsthis concern is one of the reasons way the roman empire –which had extensive trade withIndia- did not appear to adopt corporate forms for purely private commerce .71 The Romansmay well have been concerned about just this sort of alternative entity which may attractthe public’s loyalty away from the empire.

In light of this , the regulation of the sreni was quite detailed.72 There wereadministrative officials whose task it was to superintend the various industries and professionsrepresented by the sreni.73 This was done through regular administrative processes, butalso through the use of spies and assassins.74 The level of regulation could be quite minuteand encompassed regulating the price of products or services, quality control, weights andmeasurements and even the pay sreni headmen (sreni-mukhyas).75 Taxes were collected

| 135

and the use of fairly detailed accounting rules required.76 Moreover, there were simple andclear rules about debt obligations and when a debt would cease to be enforceable.77 Inspite of this family heavy regulation , the Arthsastra expected the monarch to generallyapply sreni dharma to internal sreni matters , encouraged sreni to be active participants inthe credit markets providing loans (sometimes to the monarch ) and receiving deposits, aswell as providing concessions to sreni in suits involving other sreni.78 Moreover even withsuch detailed regulation , it is clear that there were markets for commodities as theArhasastraprohibits traders from operating in a group to effectively corner a market .79

Thus, the Arthasastra treads a delicate balance to maintain an active economy via the sreniand the state, but not to permit the sreni to present a significant challenge to the empire .

There is considerable evidence that domestic and foreign tread grew significantlyduring the Mauryan empire administered according to the arthasastra.80 There were manysreni during this time and the Arthasastra expected the king to respect sreni dharma (andindeed to record it for use in latter daisputes ).81 This suggests that sreni had becomeSignificant enough that kings paid heed to sreni dharma formulated by the sreni, which inturn implies that rules of governance need not be exclusively mandated from the state, butcould also be devised voluntarily by the entity. This is surprising given the more centralizednature of the Mauryan expire. In addition to the, there is discussion of sreni members beingable to remove the headman.82 This provided the sreni members with redress against anagent (the head) who was violating the terms of their arrangement. also, not only wereinternal matters respected .But also sreni were involved in litigation and the institution ofthe bhandagarika (arbitrator of inter-sreni disputes) continued to be of importance.83 Inlight of this, one con state that the sreni were a large and growing sector of Indian lifeduring the Mauryan empire and that many of the basic traits of the sreni are seen by thistime. moreover,the background environment of growing trade (increasing the demand forsreni), localization of occupations (enhancing the monitoring of agents and owner) and theusage of detailed accounting rules and debt satisfaction proceedings (monitoring themovement of assets between owners and sreni) would have been quite a good environmentin which sreni–like structures could grow and develop .

The Mauryan Empire and the Arthasastra, however, are not the only developmentsof importance during this time. Buddhism received significant support during the MauryanEmpire when Ashoka adopted the Buddhist faith.84 As mentioned earlier, the rise ofBuddhism probably encouraged trade because it had fewer restrictions on people fromdifferent groups and castes interacting with each other .85 What made it interesting in thiscontext was that Ashoka continued to administer the empire largely according to the dictates


| 136

of the arthasastra.86

At first glance, one might find the mix of Buddhism (which generally preachednon-violence, renouncement of material ends, and attainment of nirvana) and the Arthasastra(which generally preached the acquisition and consolidation of power and material endswith a dollop of assassination and subterfuge) rather odd mix. However, it is by no meansclear what Buddhism and the Arthasastra are diametrically opposed on every matter.

First, the Arathasastra is not a text on religion and as such it is not attempting to bean alternate religion to Buddhism.87 Second, the Buddhist monks had a somewhat morecentralized method of organizing their religion than Hinduism and hence the centralizationassociated with the Arthasastra may not have been entirely at odds with Buddhism.88

Further, the evidence we have suggests that Ashoka found an interesting fusion of theprinciple elaborated in Buddhism and the Arthasatra. After adopting Buddhism, Ashokasupposedly renounced war and the conquest of smaller states providing them with somedegree of greater sovereignty in their own affairs.89

Although consistent with Buddhism, this need be inconsistent with the Arthasastra.Ashoka implemented these policies after most of India had been conquered and at thistime maintaining rigid control might breed uprising rather than support.90

Moreover,maintaining control and continuing to fight ware over such a large territory wasbound to have drained the empire’s resources – something the Arthasatra would probablyconsider an anathema.91After all, once you have acquired large tracts of territory it mightprove advantageous to avoid expending resources on conflict in those territories and ratherobtain additional resources from them (via tax collections and tributes).92Tax collectionswould increase as the economy grew and the measures adopted appeared to do just that.Viewed in this manner, Ashoka’s behaviour does not appear to be that opposed to theArthasastra which was written largely during a time when the empire was smaller andfaced many immediate threats to its existence. I do not mean to suggest that Ashoka’sadoption of Buddhism was not motivated, at least in part, by a religious epiphany, but it isworth noting that the Arthasastra and Buddhism are not as oppose as they may appear onfirst glance. However, even with this, there continued to be considerable centralization,excellent intelligence systems, and the superintendents of industries continued toexist.93Ashoka also utilized the fairly efficient toll and taxes system proscribed by theArthasastra and encouraged trade in a variety of ways.94 This system of administration ledto one of the greatest growth periods in Indian history and the increasing use anddevelopment of the sreni .this, however, was not long lived .after Ashoka the Mauryan

| 137

Empire fell into decline, for a number of reasons, and within 50 years of his passing theempire had fractured into many smaller kingdoms.95

D .Post Mauryan kingdoms in North and south India:-

For expositional ease I divide the developments following the Mauryan Empireinto those in north India and those in should India. After the Mauryans, north and should ofIndia were not under the same monarch for nearly 1600 years.96

In the north the first dynasty to replace the Mauryan was the Sunga, which ruledover a smaller empire cantered around Pataliputra for about a century.97They were replacedby some short liven kingdoms until30 B.C.98 In the far Northwest the Mauryans werereplace by the Indo- Greeks (for about 150 years), the Shakas (Scythians), and then thekushanas (from central Asia) who created a large kingdom that reigned until roughly 100A.D.99 Trade flourished in broth the indo– Greek aera,China and Rome.100 Following thedemise of the kushana Empire north India broke down into a series of small and wringkingdoms until the century A.C. when India’s next great empire took shape.101

In the sought there were several kingdoms of important. The Pandya kingdom(starting around 200B.C) was the longest running lasting until about 1378A.C.102 Tradewas very active , especially with Rome , as is evidenced by the large member of romancoins found in this area.103 Directly north of Pandyas was the Andhra kingdom (called theSatavahana dynasty) founded in 40 B.C. And lasting until the third century A.D. whichappeared to follow the strong central state model of the mauryan.104 following the Satavahanathe chalukya dynasty took hold and ruled from 453 A.D. to 750 A.D. and then again from970 AD. To 1190A.D.105There is considerable evidence of very active tread during broththe Satavahana and Chalukya dynasties.106 Going to the far south brings us to the Pallavakingdom in Tamil Nadu which ruled from the 4th century A.C to the 9thcentury A.D. andwas then replaced by the Chola kingdom.107 The Cholas ruled until the 13th century A.D.When the Islamic invasions also claimed their kingdom.108 This reads like a story about aregion in a constant state of flux with many different kingdom all vying for power andprestige – virtually the exact opposite of the vast and stronger centralized Mauryan Empire.Yet, perhaps remarkably, trade very wealthy with active and highly profitable trade withRome, Egypt, south East Asia, and China.109How was this achieved?

The first thing to note is that India (north of south ) was not in a state of constantwar, rather there were kingdoms that lasted at least 100 years, sometime longer, beforebeing displace . Second, the roads built and trade routes used during the Mauryan timescontinued to be used. Further, during the reign of the indo – Greeks, and later the kushanas,


| 138

the land routes were fairly secure in the north.110 Thus, safety along the trade routes wasnot as week as one might imagine. Moreover, the sea routes from the west , east , andsouth of india were quite safe and efficient , especially after the discovery of the monsoompatterns.111 When this is combined with the expanding sea trade with the roman empirethere would have been lest need to rely so much on the land routes for trade.112 Indeed ,itmay have been that the growth in foreign sea trade more than compensated for the instability, at time , in domestic land trade.113 Finally , it is possible that the wars did not lead to theupheaval of villages and destruction of the productive aspects of the economy because therules of the time rarely used to disturb these areas except to collect taxes.114

Another matter of considerable importance is that with the fall of the Mauryansthere was also the fall of their centralized state consequently ,the sreni were not held in astight reign as under the Mauryans and could adapt more quickly to their environment.115 Inthis post – Mauryan era the newly unshackled sreni grew quickly and established theirsway over much of India.116Moreover, kings were quite keen to have the favor of the sreni,no doubt to help stabilize or cement their control over a region117 this was an environmentparticularly well suited to the growth of the sreni and indeed there were many more sreniduring this time than during the Mauryan empire and they began to take a more active rolein other aspects of Indian life (e.g., judicial, religious, banking and administrative), whichwould have been difficult to imagine in Mauryan times.118

The increasing importance of the sreni would have led to greater discussion aboutits internal governance and of the rules governing its interactions with others119 we witnessthis in a number of ways .first, we have even more clear references to the kings beingimpacted to maintain srenidbarmd120 this reflected a gentle shift from a recommendation touphold sreni dharma (during Buddhist times)to an expectation to do so ,which underscoresthe increasing importance of the sreni .

Second, we see the first discussions about the presence and qualifications ofexecutive officers, the penalties for embezzlement, and fines on sreni members for keepingsreni property.121 These suggest that the sreni had become so large by this stage that onecould not simply rely on the sreni head to run the entity without the assistance of someexecutive team. Moreover, it would be difficult for therein, or its memders, to self-monitorsuch a large and asset-rich entity with so many members. This is due to a number ofreasons. First, the likelihood of the sreni being able to apprehend and sanction a waywardmember may decrease as the number of members increases. if the likelihood of apprehensiondrops then some supplementary measure (e.g. large sanctions or an outside monitor )would

| 139

be needed to maintain deterrence, and legal sanctions and enforcement can serve theseroles. 122 second, as sreni become wealthier the gain to the member from engaging inmisbehavior would increase- more assets in the sreni imply more to be gained by thedeviant member from obtaining those assets. This may also call for resort to larger sanctionsand tighter enforcement-something that outside legal enforcement could provide.

Overall, this period witnessed significant developments in the sreni along withextensive economic growth, but without the presence of a strong centralized empire thatappeared to assist economic growth in the Mauryan period .The presence of significanteconomic growth in two quite opposite political structures might seem surprising, but itonly scratches the surface when examining the many different political structures in whicheconomic growth prospered in Ancient India.

The dispersed kingdoms of Northern India were to remain that way until the dawnof India’s next great empire in the third century A.D –the Gupta Empire. Although somewhatsmaller in size than the Mauryan Empire (see figure 4), the Gupta Empire lasted considerablylonger.123

]


| 140

E. The Gupta Empire

The Gupta Empire dates from roughly 240 A.D until 550 A.Dand is usually referredto as India’s “Golden Age”.124 The primary emperors of this dynasty were ChandraguptaI,125 Samudragupta,126 and Chandragupta II (who took the name Vikramaditya).127 All ofthese emperors expended the boundaries of the empire until it reached its apex in the reignof Vikramaditya.128 much like the Mauryan Empire , the Gupta Empire also had a numberof long range implications for India and for the sreni the first was that , although ChandraguptaI brought some of the principles of the Arthasastra back into effect, the Gupta Empire wasnot nearly as centralized as the Mauryan.129 Rather the Gupta Empire was a looserconfederation of kingdoms which relied more on tributes, strategic alliances, and greaterdecentralization that the Mauryan empire.130 Indeed, it is likely that the increasedheterogeneity of Indian society reflected in the general economic and political conditions ofthe time would probably not have sustained a highly centralized empire.131 The significanceof this for trade was that the central authority did not regulate economic activity as tightlyas the mauryans,132 yet it provided quite efficient administration, maintained safe traderoutes , and encouraged trade. 133 there are even instances where the Gupta emperorsprovided favorable treatment to the sreni which relocated their operations to another townor region where the Guptas were trying to generate growth.134

A number of other matters also contributed to the growth of the economy in theGupta Empire. First, the Guptas were quite in building contacts with other countries and insome respects exporting Indian culture.135 these contacts supported the increasing andactive trade with the far east and south east Asia, which supported the Indian economy atthe time when the roman empire was weakening.136 Moreover, the greater security ontrade routes in India provided by the Gupta empire would have enhanced domestic trade.

Second, a number of scientific and technological developments made India productseven more attractive. during the Gupta empire India experienced a resurgence of sciencemathematics, art, literature and Indian cultire.137 On the mathematic side the increasing useof Indian numeral system and the development of zero as a placeholder would haveenhanced trade by simplifying calculation and the overall transactional process138on thescience side the use and development of iron in India at this time reached the highestlevels.139Indeed ,one one of India ‘s most famous historic attraction-the iron pillar of Mehrauli–is said to date form this period .140 This pillar made of virtually 100% iron and roughly 24feet tall ,has remained rust free for around 1600 years in the Indian climatic environment.141

The significance of this level of sophistication in iron would also have been displayed inmore efficient tools for trade transportation and storage.142

| 141

Enhanced foreign and domestic trade combined with improvements in technologyis an enviable recipe for economic growth. That , indeed, is what we witness andconcomitantly an increase in the number and importance of the sreni.143 Some estimate thatthere were at least 150 sreni by this time.144 Moreover , the written sources of this eraprovide the most detailed accounts of the sreni and their internal operations discussing therules regarding admission into the sreni, sharing of assets, the position of executive officers,the use of incentive devices, the abolish the headman and executive officers, the fiduciary-like duties, the importance and enforceability of sreni dharma, the mobility of the sreni, themulti-profession sreni , into various other aspects of life.145

These features are all consistent with the sreni being a critical factor in exploitingthe opportunities for economic growth in the Gupta Empire .for example, as srenimembership grew and its wealth increased one might expect a greater need for moreexternal legal monitoring to supplement internal monitoring .146moreovr, one might not besurprised if sreni were willing to take on additional occupations in an environment ofquickly growing and profitable opportunities.147Similarly, sreni might be willing to move tonew locations to take up attractive new opportunities.148 Finally ,by this stage it is clearthat the king is almost bound to enforce sreni dharma ,which reinforces the importance ofthe sreni .In many respects ,the Gupta Empire was high point in the growth of trade and thesreni organizational form.

However ,the Gupta confederacy began to weaken over time and invasions fromthe Huns in the north accelerated its decline.149 By 550 A.D. the empire had been weakenedand fell.150The empire’s remnants ruled increasingly smaller kingdoms and India began todescend into warring factions.

F. Post-Gupta Harshavardhana

Soon after the demise of the Gupta empire one of the kingdoms that took over partof their empire- the Pushyabhutis– began to expand under harshavardhana.151 his reignbegan in 606 A.D. and he started to amass control and dominion over parts of Indiaquickly establishing an empire (based again on a lose confederacy) that nearly rivaled theguptas.152 Harsh was an impressive military leader, an able statesman and diplomat, and abrilliant administrator.153Moreover , during his reign (606 A.D. to 647 A.D.) trade expandedmuch like it did in the Gupta empire with an increasing focus on the far east and south eastasia.154 To service this large trade the sreni continued to function as they did under theGupta empire.155 unfortunately, upon Harsha’s passing his kingdom fell apart and Indiadescended too warring feudal lords and small kigdoms.156


| 142

Over the next 400 or so years a number of kingdoms ruled parts of India withincreasingly shifting boundaries, internecine warfare and a general decline in trade.157Thedecline in trade was due in large measure to the frequent wars within India and general on– going political instability , which made long distance land trade more risky.158 Also, inthese conditions many sreni members were forced to move around thereby impeding thecohesion needed for effective functioning of the sreni as well as making it harder to plan outprojects.159 This was further exacerbated by diminishing foreign trade with the dwindlingroman empire.160 In light of all this the sreni began to shrink in size and importance. Further, their weakened position led to fewer people being willing to entrust them with theirdeposits which served only to worsen the financial position of the sreni.161 As the srenibecome undone their heads often began to position themselves to be feudal lords, as didsome rich merchants, which further distracted them seni affairs.162 Indeed , to make whichdeprived the sreni of broad base of talent and potentially reduced innovation in it .163for allintents and purposes the sreni were no longer a significant force.

Around 1000 A.D. most of Northern India was embroiled in Islamic invasions thatled to the establishment of Delhi sultanate in the early 1100s and the south was invadedaround 1300 A.D.164 During this period and onwards there was much on- going struggleto obtain control of India by many different groups and coalitions. This, no doubt, wouldhave continued to weaken the force of the remaining sreni. Moreover, it would have beendifficult to revive the sreni it the Islamic rulers relied on Middle Eastern Islamic law whichdid not appear to the Middle East’s unique background

leading to an inheritance law and contract law that large impeded the developmentof the corporate from.166 Nonetheless, even before the Islamic invasions the sreni hadbeen considerably weakened in India and the sreni did not appear to be as importantplayers as they used to be in the Indian economic, social and political environment. Theancient era had indeed ended, but the growth of trade and organizational forms in Indiahad been exceptional.

G. Summary Commentary

The political economic and social conditions throughout the history of ancient Indianreveal a number of things of importance to understanding the development of the sreni andorganizational forms in India. Moreover, this discussion provided insights into other mattersrelated to the growth of corporations and how their governance develops.

First, the analysis shows that the sreni developed and grew along lines that aresuggested by the discussion in part II. Thus, the corporate form would grow when the

| 143

demand for it increased, induced by increasing trade and technology developments, andwhen the supply of the conditions necessary for the corporate form’s development werepresent .these conditions include the monitoring methodologies necessary for reducingagency cost and coeditor information costs. In Ancient India the sreni appears to havedeveloped when these conditions were present (good monitoring of sreni members plusgood accounting rules) along with rapidly growing trade . This provides further support forthe thesis advanced recently by Hansmann, kraakman &squire on the importance of assetpartitioning to the development of the corporate form.167 The analysis also indicates thatthe sreni developed considerably before the earliest roman proto- corporations

Second, the number, size and complexity of the sreni increased with the growth oftrade in India. As the sreni become more numerous and occupied more important roles insociety it is not surprising that more attention would be paid to it and that its internalgovernance would become a matter for further discussion.168 The analysis suggests thatthe more detailed ruled of governance, the greater legal respect accorded to sreni dharma,and the great legal enforcement of its terms (from recommendations) grew as the importanceof the sreni increased. Moreover, certain features seem clearly targeted to addressingconcerns with sreni in a growing trade environment. Examples include the mobility of sreniand the presence of multi- profession sreni.

Third, when examining the factors leading to the growth of trade in Ancient Indianone notices that it grew under a variety of different government and political structures.There have been apparently peaceful loose city state structures (Indus Area civilizations),a more centralized empire structure (the Mauryans), a less peaceful structure of multiplekingdoms (the post- Mauryan age), and a looser empire structure with many tributariesand alliances (the Guptas).

A natural question to ask is whether these structures are equally good at encouragingtrade and growth of the sreni .this, of course, phrases the question too broadly and onemust address the question with some caveats. first, state structure is not the only determinantof trade growth and other factors such as the resources available in the area, technology,and growth of foreign trade are also relevant.169 Second, phrases such as “loose empire”and “centralized empire” are broad labels that encompass many different kinds of Structures.greater attention to the institutional, and political characteristics of each particular regimewould be necessary in assessing the impact on trade. In spite of all these caveats, it appearsthat economic growth was fastest during the “loose empire” structure of the Guptas. TheGupta Empire occupied an intermediate point on the continuum between strongly centralized


| 144

and strongly decentralized state structures. moreover, the Guptas provided a great deal offlexibility to the sreni in determining how to govern themselves and organize their business.170

One could conjecture that this intermediate point with considerable flexibility may the lowesttotal cost structure for the highly heterogeneous environment in which the Guptas reigned.171

Such a structure would have provided safety along trade routes and reduced transactionscosts ( e. g. using the same currency and weights systems) as well as providing businessentities with flexibility to adapt to changing business and local environments .whether thiswas the most desirable state structure or not is difficult to know, but it certainly led tophenomenal growth .

This , however ,does not end the discussion .Although the Gupta reign was one ofgreat economic growth ,it is clear that the other state structures in ancient India hadconsiderable economic growth too .they may not have been as the Guptas , but they werequite successful .How did that happen ?

The growth of trade in these other state structures could be attributed to a numberof factor (e. g., growth of foreign trade, advancement of iron technology), but I shall focuson two that are relevant for our discussion .first, under virtually every state structure inAncient India it would appear that the sreni were given considerable discretion to managetheir own internal affairs. Thus, the flexibility and adaptability prevalent during the GuptaEmpire would have been present, in large degree, under all the other state structures too.This benefits trade by permitting entities to adapt efficiently to their environment.

Second, safety along trade routes and uniformity of trade and trade measures andcurrency can be achieved under varying state structures, but with differing costs and benefits.For currency and laws. Uniformity and standardization should make transactions easierand thereby enhance trade.172This seems true ,but uniformity rarely comes without cost .toestablish and maintain an empire over heterogeneous groups will require effort (and henceunification costs),is subject to its own inefficiencies ( e.g. ,a slow and /or corrupt bureaucracy), and uniformity is not always efficient for all groups in society .173Of course, uniformitycan be achieved without the emperor’s fiat ,but then it requires the coordinated effort ofmany states and their leaders (or leadership groups) and is therefore likely to be morecostly (i.e., have high coordination costs ).174Thus uniformity could be obtained in differentstructures but with different costs and benefits .Indeed , one would expect that coordinationcosts are probably highest in the less peaceful kingdoms ,then loose city states , then theGupta Empire , and least in the Mauryan . On the other hand, corruption, bureaucracy,and unification costs would probably go in the reverse order.175

| 145

Thus, it may well be possible to achieve safe trade routes and more uniform practicesunder various regimes, but the costs and benefits will be quite different .this may go someway in explaining how trade grew in such different state structures in Ancient India andway trade may have been the greatest under the Guptas and still remarkably active underother state structures.

Another point related to state structure and the sreni is that the Mauryan Empiregave the least degree of autonomy to the sreni followed by the Gupta Empire and then bythe post – Mauryan kingdoms. This is not all that surprising. Imagine if there were twomoderately size kingdoms that were antagonistic toward each other and that in one kingdomthere was a sreni that was very profitable and much liked with over 1000members. Onecan easily imagine the kings being keen to win the favor of a successful and popular srenirather than alienate it. Indeed, the cost of alienation would be lass of support and potentialdefection (or movement) into the neighboring antagonistic kingdom. Rulers in this environmentwould find that coalitions with sreni would strengthen their hold on power. Compare this towhere there is an Empire that is 10 times larger than either kingdom in the above example.In this situation a 1000 person sreni carries less political clout due ,in part ,to its (now)smallerproportionate representation of the population .Moreover , a large Empire may be biggerthan any of its nearby rivals reducing the likelihood that a disaffected sreni would considerit worthwhile to defect to the smaller and potentially less profitable environment . Of course,the empire could “squeeze” sreni too far and then they might defect, but the point is that anEmpire would need to do more to a sreni to result in defection than a smaller kingdom witha competing neighbor .This appear true for the Mauryan Empire as well as the roman.Moreover, as the empire becomes smaller and less centralized we would expect, all elseequal, that coalitions become more attractive and hence more overture and autonomy aregranted to the sreni (e.g., the Post-Mauryan kingdoms and the Gupta Empire).

This is what we witness.

Finally ,there are two more aspects of the development of the sreni that make itnoteworthy .first ,the general similarity of sreni internal governance to many aspect ofmodern corporate governance is quite interesting .this suggests that some matters of similarlevels .moreover ,not only are the concerns similar ,but so are many of the methods ofaddressing them .this is especially the case with the sreni and modern Anglo-Americancorporations as both tend to have more dispersed ownership structures .176this may haveimplications for the corporate convergence debate that merit further inquiry .177

Second, the internal governance of the sreni appeared to develop along lines


| 146

predicted by the growth of trade and the presence of factors contributing to the supply ofmonitoring methodologies necessary for sreni development .the fact that there is thispredictable continuity in internal governance suggests that even in different governmentsystems similar rules can develop. However, a very important caveat must be added tothis. In Ancient India it would appear that each political structure tended not to interfere inthe internal dynamics of the sreni (by generally enforcing sreni dharma) unless some particularemergent event had occurred (e.g., the sreni votes out the headman and he refuses toleave).178 The continuity in internal governance may largely be an artifact of the relativelyconsistent treatment and development of sreni dharma over time.179 Nonetheless; it hasinteresting, for the convergence debate.

On one hand, the consistency and predictability of sreni governance developmentsuggests that part dependence is quite strong as sreni governance stayed on this “path “forat least 1000years. However given how little the various political structures interfered withinternal governance of the sreni one should be cautions in drawing strong inferences aboutpath dependence. Also, the fact when lift to their own devices the sreni seemed to developrules similar to the modern Anglo-American corporation suggests that convergence somepotential bite. However, the sreni started out with a dispersed ownership structure so thatits internal governance was probably more likely to match the Anglo-American approachthen the approaches in other jurisdictions with less dispersed ownership structures.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. J.W. Mc. Crindle, Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian 1-181 (discussingMegasthenes’ India) (Revised Ed. R. C. Majumdar, 1960).

2. S.P. Gupta, infra note 219, at 279; Mookerji, infra note 341, at 137 (discussing how in theGupta Empire, circa 400 A .D. the oral tradition still held strong).

3. S .P. Gupta, The Indus –Sarasvati Civilization: Beginnings and Developments, in The DawnOf Indian Civilization (Up to 600 B .C.)

4. R.S. Bisht, Harrappans and the Rigveda: Points of Convergence, in The Dawn Of IndianCivilization (Up to 600 B .C.), 393 – 442 (G.C. Pande, Ed. 1999).

5. Gupta, Supra note 21, at 329-30 (nothing that the Indus seals are still undeciphered).

6. Vikramaditya S. Khanna, The Economic History of the Corporate Form in modern India,Draft 2005.

7. Mahabharata; supra note 103, at XII 37.14, XII 59.49, and XII 138.63;

8. Mahabharata, supra note 103,

9. Kak, Sindhu Saraswati, supra note 220.

10. Hansmann & Kraakman, supra note, 6 at 25-28

11. Jean- Francois Jarriage, Excavations at Mehrgrah, in Harappan A Civilization,

| 147

Ed. Gregory, Prosseshi, 79 (1993)

12. Ibid.; Kenoyer, supra note 219,

13. Kenoyer, supra note 219, at 37-38. For more detailed discussion see Jonathan MarkKenoyer, Trade and Technology of the Indus Valley: new insights from Harappa,Pakistan, 29 World Archaeology 262 (1997).

14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid 1272000/1272010.stm

(BBC News story).

15. Gupta; supra note 219, at 285-94

16. Gupta; supra note 219, at 283-84.

17. Kenoyer, supra note 219, at 49-68.

18. B.B. Lal, Decline and Legacy of the Phase of the Indus Civilization, in THE DAWN OFIndian Civilization upto 600 B.C. (G.C.Pande, Ed.) 443-64 (1999).

19. Kenoyer, supra note 219, at 49-50; Gupta, supra note 219, at 270-73, 313-27.

20. Kenoyer, supra note 219, at 50; Gupta, supra note 219, at 272-75, 306-27


22. http://www.harappa.com/indus2/oldworld.html.

23. http://www.harappa.com/indus /map.1.html.

24. Thapalayal, supra note 18, at 17.

25. Kenoyer, supra note 219.

26. Kenoyer, Supra NOTE 219, AT 15, 42, 81-82.

27. Kenoyer, supra note 219, at 26, 81.99.178, 182.


29. Kenoyer. Supra note 219, at 69-81.

30. Ibid., at 18

31. Kenoyer, Supra note 219, at 26, 81, 99,178,182.

32. This commonality is analogous to the efforts of the European Union in creating a singlecurrency (the Euro) to bfacilitate trade by reducing the transactions costs associated withtransnational trade.

33. Bernstein, opting out, Supra note 35.

34. Kenoyer, Supra note219, at 69-81, 83 -90.

35. Kenoyer,Supra note 219, at 83 -90.

36. Lal , Supra note 235 , at 443 –37. Kenoyer, Supra notes 219, AT173-85.

38. DAS; supra note 20, at 39 – 83.39. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad with Sankara's Commentary 1.411-12() 1953; Majumdar, Supra

note 18, at 14.

40. Ram Sharan Sharma, role of property, family and caste in the origin of the state in Ancient


| 148

India in Assays, Infra note 264, and at 4.

41. Roughly in the 6th Century B.C. Siddhartha Gautama, Thaplyal, supra note 18,at 24- 27.

42. T.W. Rhys Davids, Buddhist India (1959); Adhya Infra note 314, at 84 – 85.43. Bose; supra note 28, at 62-63.

44. Thaplyal; supra note 18, at 16.

45. Thaplyal. Supra note 18, at 15-16.

46. Ibid., 15, 57-60; Das supra note 20, at 68.

47. Agrawala, Supra note 44, at 268

48. Ibid., at 24-27., DAS, supra note 20, at 60-68; Sharma, supra note 264, at 137 -39.

49. Majumdar; Supra note 18, at 18-19.

50. Das, supra note 20, 67 -69.

51. Majumdar, supra note 18, at 18 -19. Jataka IV, supra note 63, at 37.

52. Jataka IV; supra note 63, at 37.

53. Text accompanying notes 70 to72.

54. Gautamadharmasutra XI; supra note 85, at 23.

55. Radha Kumud Mookerji, Chandragupta Maurya and His Times 22 - 36, 44, 219 (1966);Romila Thapar, Asoka and The Deceine Of The Mauryas13 -19 (1997).

56. Thapar, supra note 272, at 13 -16.

57. http://ancienthistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.Htm?site=http:// www.wsu.edu:8080/%257Edee/ancindia/maurymap.htm@1996, Richard Hooker.

58. Thapar, Supra note 272, at 13-16.

59. Mookerji; supra note 272, at 204-10.

60. Balakrishna Govind Gokhale, The Merchant in Ancient India.

61. Kangle, Arthasastra, Part III, Supra note 278, at 59-115.

62 Ethics of Chanakya : Chanakyaneeti (T.Y. Ramesh Transl.) (1997).

63. Mookerji, Supra note 272, at 1-46.

64. Thapar; supra note 272, at 119-20.

65. Infra discussion part IV. F.

66. Mookerji, Supra note 272, at 102.

67. Kangle, Arthasastra, PART II, Supra note 278, At 401-2.

68. Ibid, at 401 -2; 11.1.1 -56.

69. Kangle, Arthasastra, Part III, Supra note 278, at 244 – 6570. Kangle, Arthasastra, Part III, Supra note 278, at 166 – 9371. Hansmann & Kraakman, Supra note 6, at 25-28.

72. D.D. Kosambi, The state and Commodity Production in the Magadha State (500 to 200B.C.).

73. Kangle, Arthasastra, Paper II, Supra note 278, at 2.5 – 2.3.6.

| 149

74. Kangle, Arthasastra, Supra note 278, at 2.7.9 – 10; 2.9.12; 2.9.25; 4.5.1 –18; 5.1.45; 11. 1.6 -14.75. Kangle, Arthasastra, Supra note 278, at 2.1.1– 2.36.4776. Kangle, Arthasastra, Supra note 278, Part III, at 173-83.

77. Kangle, Arthasastra, supra note 278, at 3.11.1 -50.

78. Kangle, Arthasastra, Supra note 278, at 2.7.2, 2.7.6, 3.11 -12, 4.1., 5.2.46 -48.

79. Ibid, at 4.2.18-19. Cornering a market presumes the existence of a market of some kind.

80. Thapar, Supra note 87.

81. Ibid, Kangle, Arthasastra, Supra note 278, at 2.7. 2, 2.7.6,, 3.7.40.

82. Kangle, Arthasastra, Supra note, at 2.7.2, 11.1.6 – 7.83. Majumdar, Supra note 18, at 23.

84. Mookerji, Supra note 272, at 236 -45. Many of these pillars exist to this day.

85. Thaplyal, Supra note 18, at 18 -20.

86. Mookerji, Supra note 272 at 236 -45.

87. Kangle, Arthasastra, supra note 278, at 4.11.13;4.12.1 -40;4.13.1;4.13.32.

88. Majumdar, supra note 18, at 296 -310.

89. Thapar; supra note 272, at 1660.

90. Ibid, at 144-47.

91. Kangle, Arthasastra, part II supra not 278 ,at 2.11 -2.36.47.

92. Ibid; Thapar, supra note272, at 202 -05.

93. Thapar, supra note272, at 202-05.

94. Thapar, supra note 272, at 70, 81.

95. Thapar; supra note 272, 197-213.

96. North and South India were not unified again until the Mughal Empire in medieval indiaaround the 15 th and 16th centuries.

97. Gobinda lal Adhya, early Indian economics, studies in the economic life of northern andwestern India a.c 200 B.C. -300A.D. 11-13 (1966).

98. Adhya, supra note 314, at 13.

99. JN. Banerjee; at 11-17.

100. Adhya; supra note 314, at 11-17.


102. K.A. Nilakanta Shastri, The Pandya Kingdom: From the Earliest Times to the Sixteenthcentury Passim (1972).

103. Das; Supra note 20, at 122.

104. Adhya, Supra note 314 at 20-24.

105. Gopalachari, in Comprehensive History, supra note 314, II, at 293-327.

106. Das; supra note 20, at 107-34.

107. C. Minakshi, Administration and Social Life under the Pallavas (1997); AIYANGAR, supra


| 150

note 319, at 490-591.

108. Aiyangar; supra note 319, at 592-734.

109. Das, supra note 20, at 107 – 34.110. Das; supra note 20, at 128-29.





115. Thaplyal; supra note 18, 28-29.

116. Das, supra note 20.

117. Das supra note 20, at 131-32.

118. Adhya; supra note 314, at 82.

119. Cf. V.S. Khanna, Corporate Criminal Liability: What Purpose Does it Serve?

120. Yaj, supra note 46, 1t 186-92;

121. Yaj; supra note 46, at 186-92.

122. Gary S. Becker, Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach,

123. http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ancindia/guptamap.htm@1996, Richard Hooker.

124. Radha Kumud Mookerji, The Gupta Empire (1989).

125. Mookerji; supra note 341, at 13 –17.126. Ibid., at 38 – 40.127. Mookerji, supra note 341, at 135 – 55.128. Mookerji; supra note 341, at 44 – 69.129. Mookerji, supra note 341, at 150 – 55.130. Ibid., at 19 – 29, 150 – 55.131. Thaplyal; supra note 18, at 32 – 36.132. Ibid., at 30 – 32, 139 – 41.133. Ibid., at 148 – 55; Das, supra note 20, at 134, 135 (discussing rest houses for travelers), 136

– 56.134. Thaplyal, supra note 18, at 183 – 84.135. Mookerji, supra note 341, at 129 – 30.136. Das, supra note 20, at 149 – 53.137. Mookerji; supra note 341, at 135 – 148.138. S.A. Paramhans, Foundations of Indian Mathematics an Geometrical Ideas in the Sulba

Sutras, in Comprehensive History, supra note 314, II, at 665 – 97.139. Das; supra note 20, at 138.

140. Mookerji; supra note 341, at 66 – 68.

| 151

141. IIT Team Solves the Pillar Mystery, Times Of India, 21 March 2005.

142. Das, supra note 20, at 139 – 41.143. Mookerji, supra note 341, at 49, 148 – 50.144. Thaplyal; supra note 18, at 32 n. 109.

145. Mookerji, supra note 341, at 49, 148 – 50.146. Text accompanying note 339.

147. Mookerji, supra note 341, at 148 – 49.148. Thaplyal, supra note 18, at 180- 94.

149. Mookerji; supra note 341, at 120.

150. Mookerji; supra note 341, at 104 –106.151. Vasudevas. Agrawala, The Deeds Of Harsha Being a Cultural Study Of Bana’s Harshacarita.152. Goyal, supra note 368, at 167 – 181, 214 – 226.153. Goyal, supra note 368, at 182 – 226.154. Das, supra note 20, at 156 – 74.155. Das, supra note 20, at 161 – 66.156. Thaplyal; supra note 18, at 143.

157. B.N. Puri, The History of The Gurjara-Pratiharas (1986).

158. Thaplyal, supra note 18, at 142 -43.

159. Ibid., at 143.

160. Ibid., at 140 – 41.161. Ibid., at 143.

162. Ibid., at 143 – 44.163. Ibid., at 144 – 45.164. Agrawala, supra note 44, at 281 – 85.165. Timur Kuran,

166. Kuran, Stagnation, supra note 382, at 72 – 76.167. Hansmann, et al, supra note 6.

168. Cf. Khanna, supra note 336.

169. Max Weber, General Economic History 151 – 63 (Frank H. Knight, Trans.1961).170. Text accompanying notes 360- 365.

171. The Gupta empire obtains uniformity in a fairly inexpensive way by not having very largecoordination costs and also by not having very large bureaucracy (corruption)costscompared to the other state structures which may have been inexpensive on one front butnot on the other (s).

172. Cf. Thaplyal, supra note 18, at 16.

173. Thaplyal; supra note 18, at 18.

174. Mancu Rolson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and The Theory of Goods


| 152

(1971).

175. Robert Ellickson, Of Coase and Cattle: Dispute Resolution among Neighbors in ShastaCountry, 38 Stan. L. Rev. 623 (1985).

176. Kiran Kumar Thaplyal, Studies in Ancient Indian Seals 241 (1962).

177. The Prospects for Global Convergence in Corporate Governance and its Implications, 93NW. UL. Rev. 641 (1999).

178. Text accompanying notes 271,298-299; 332-337; 360-365.

179. Federalism, supra note 390.

t; xksj{k /ke rq>dks ç.kke!

;g xksj[kukFk dk uxj lqgkou

eks{k çnkrk lqUnj ikou

;g lc thoksa dk ije /ke


lk/q&lUr dk ;g gS vkJ;

txrk gj {k.k Hkko fujke;

uHk&xqaftr çHkq dk iq.; uke


vfrfFk nso gSa tu&tu iwftr

fnO; Kkue; çKk lsfor

gS /jk ;gk¡ dk iw.kZ dke


ije Kku dk /ke ;gh gS

ftlls vc rd fVdh egh gS]

gSa d.k&d.k blds fl¼&ihB

t; xksj{k /ke rq>dks ç.kke!lqjE;k 'kkYoh

jk¡ph (>kj[k.M)

xksj{k /ke

| 153

fdlh ns'k dh laLÑfr ds lgh ewY;kadu ds fy, ml ns'k ds rRdkyhu lkekftd rÙoksadks tkuuk t:jh gS tks euq";ksa dks lekt esa ijLij la;qDr djrs gSaA ;s lkekftd rÙo HkkokRedizsj.kkvksa] ckSf¼d {kerkvksa vkSj uSfrd ifjizs{;ksa ds :i esa Kku] O;ogkj vkSj le; ds ifjorZuds vuqlkj mRiUu ,oa jf{kr gksrs gSa] tks vius vkidks ekuoh; ewY;ksa] fo'oklksa vkSj HkkokRedvfHko`fÙk;ksa ds :i esa vfHkO;Dr djrs gSa vkSj dqN la'kks/uksa ds lkFk ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+hrd Hksts tkrs gSaA buls fdlh lekt dh lkekU; laLÑfr dh jpuk gksrh gSA lekt dh lkekU;laLÑfr dk lEcU/ bl ckr ls gksrk gS fd ljdkj fdl izdkj pyk;h tkuh pkfg, vkSj blsD;k djus dh dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,A laLÑfr ds bl {ks=k dks ge jktuhfrd laLÑfr dg ldrsgSaA D;ksafd ;g vfHkofÙk;ksa] fo'oklksa vkSj laosnksa dk leqPp; gS tks fdlh jktuhfrd izfØ;k dksvFkZ iznku djrs gSa] fdlh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds fy, fu;e cukrs gSa vkSj ml jktuhfrdO;oLFkk ds O;ogkj dk lapkyu djrs gSaA bl izdkj jktuhfrd laLÑfr dks jktuhfrd mís';ksads izfr ukxfjdksa ds vfHkfoU;kl ds lkewfgd forj.k ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

bl izdkj jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk fopkj vk/qfud jktuhfr foKku dh nsu gSA bldklw=kikr jktuhfr ds vè;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k ds fy, gqvk gSA bl 'kCn dk loZ izFke iz;ksxvke.M us vius ys[k ‘Comparative Political System’ (1956) ds vUrxZr fd;kAvke.M us bl dk;Z ds izfr vfHkeq[khdj.k dgk vkSj crk;k fd& ^^jktuhfrd laLÑfr fdlhjktuhfrd iz.kkyh ds lnL;ksa esa jktuhfr ds izfr O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkjksa rFkk vfHkeq[khdj.k dhi¼fr gSA

tgk¡ rd Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr dk iz'u gS rks ;g Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh izo`fÙk;ksals Li"V gksrh gSA if'peh ys[kd ekbju ohuj ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa nks izdkj dh jktuhfrdlaLÑfr ik;h tkrh gSA

Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd laLÑfr ,oa xBcU/u dh jktuhfr

MkW- ;'kiky flag·MkW- v#.k dqekj flag··

·iwoZ çoDrk] vaxzsth foHkkx] fnfXot;ukFk ih-th- dkWyst] xksj[kiqjA··vè;{k] ch-,M- foHkkx] ,e-,y-ds- ih-th- dkWyst] cyjkeiqjA

| 154

(1) fof'k"VoxhZ; ;k vfHktukRed jktuhfrd laLÑfr

(2) tu laLÑfr

fof'k"VoxhZ; ;k vfHktukRed jktuhfrd laLÑfr mu O;fDr;ksa dh jktuhfrd laLÑfrgS tks jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa fØ;k'khy gSa ;g jktuhfrd laLÑfr eq[;r% fnYyh esa ik;h tkrh gSAblesa f'kf{kr] lEHkzkUr ,oa iz'kklfud oxZ ds yksx vkrs gSaA lkFk gh laln ds lnL;] jk"Vªh; Lrjds usrk vkSj ofj"B inkf/dkjh rFkk ;kstuk v;ksx ds lnL; vkfn Hkh blesa 'kkfey gksrs gSaAvFkkZr~ Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; jktuhfr ij fof'k"V oxZ dk vkf/iR; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA fof'k"V oxZ lsfodflr gksus ds dkj.k bl laLÑfr dks fof'k"VoxhZ; jktuhfrd laLÑfr dh laKk nh tkrh gSAHkkjr esa 1952] 1957 vkSj 1962 rd ds yksdlHkk pqukoksa esa fof'k"VoxhZ; jktuhfrd laLÑfrdk vkf/iR; ns[kk tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd izFke rhu pqukoksa esa fof'k"V jktusrk dsoy pquko dsle; gh turk ds chp tkrs FksA bl le; rd Hkkjr esa dkaxzsl ny dk iw.kZ izHkqRo dk;e FkkfdUrq o"kZ 1967 dk prqFkZ pquko Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds fy, ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gqvkA blho"kZ ls jk"Vªh; jktuhfr ls dkaxzsl dk ,dkf/dkj VwVus yxk vkSj Hkkjr esa ,d nwljh jktuhfrdlaLÑfr dk mn; gqvk ftls ge tu laLÑfr ds uke ls tkurs gSaaA bl tu laLÑfr ds mn;dk dkj.k Fkk izFke rhu pqukoksa esa fof'k"VoxhZ; laLÑfr ds yksxksa }kjk O;fDrxr vkSj nyh; fgrksadh iwfrZ ds fy, xzkeh.k] LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=kh; fgrksa dh vksj fo'ks"k è;ku u nsukA lkekU; turkbl Hkzkafr esa iQ¡l x;h fd D;k dkj.k gS fd liQsniks'k dsoy pquko ds le; gh fn[kkbZ nsrsgSa] chp esa gekjh leL;kvksa dks lquus ugha vkrs] fu'p; gh blesa mudk O;fDrxr LokFkZ gSA vketuekul dh bl /kj.kk us viuh vko';drk iwfrZ ds fy, mUgsa xzkeh.k] LFkkuh; vkSj {ks=kh; rFkktkrh; ,oa lkEiznkf;d Lrj ij laxfBr gksus dks etcwj fd;kA bl vyx&vyx :i ls laxfBroxZ us /hjs&/hjs jktuhfr esa izos'k fd;kA bu oxksZa esa ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh jktuhfrd laLÑfrfn[kkbZ nh ftls tu laLÑfr dk uke ekbju ohuj us fn;kA

tu laLÑfr ds mn; dk ,d vkSj dkj.k ljdkj ds dk;ksZa dk vf/d foLrkj] lÙkkdk fodsUnzhdj.k vkSj lÙkk dk turka=khdj.k FkkA bl laLÑfr esa xzkeh.kksa vkSj vf'kf{krksa dhvfèkdrk ds dkj.k ijEijkoknh ekU;rkvksa dh Nki jgh] bu yksxkas ij /eZ vkSj tkfrokn dkizHkko vf/d jgk blfy, budk ,dhdj.k vklkuh ls gks x;kA ;gh {ks=kh; nyksa ds vfLrRoesa vkus rFkk Hkkjr esa xBcU/u dh jktuhfr ds mn; dk Hkh dkj.k jgkA

lkekU; rkSj ij xBca/u dh jktuhfr ls vfHkizk; dbZ nyksa dh feyh&tqyh ljdkjksa dscuus ls gksrk gSA vkSj fefJr ljdkjksa dk xBu mu ns'kksa esa gksrk gS tgk¡ vusd NksVs&NksVs ny

| 155

gksa vkSj dksbZ ,slk izHkko'kkyh jktuhfrd ny u gks tks laln esa Li"V cgqer izkIr dj ldsA ;wjksids ns'kksa esa izQkal] teZuh] bVyh] Lisu vkfn esa xBca/u dh jktuhfr vkSj fefJr eaf=ke.Myksa dsfuekZ.k ds mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA izQkal dks rks fefJr ljdkjksa dk ?kj gh dgk tkrk gS tgk¡ 1924ls 1931 ds chp vkB o"kksZa esa lksyg eaf=ke.Myksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj vUr gqvkA iape x.kra=k dslafo/ku fuekZ.k ls igys izQkal esa vk;s fnu xBca/u ljdkjksa dk cuuk vkSj VwVuk ns[kk tk ldrkgSA tgk¡ rd Hkkjr dk iz'u gS rks izkUrksa esa xBca/u dh jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkr 1967 ls gqbZA tc16 jkT;ksa ds fo/kulHkk pqukoksa esa ls 8 jkT;ksa (fcgkj] ia- caxky] dsjy] mM+hlk] iatkc] jktLFkku]mÙkj izns'k rFkk gfj;k.kk) esa fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd ny dks Li"V cgqer ugha feykA rc bu jkT;ksaesa xSj dkaxzslh fefJr ljdkjksa dk xBu gqvkA tcfd jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa o"kZ 1977 esa xBcaèkudh jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA ekpZ 1977 ds bl NBosa yksd lHkk pquko esa laxBu dkaxzsl]Hkkjrh; tula?k] Hkkjrh; yksd ny vkSj lks'kfyLV ikVhZ us feydj turk ikVhZ ds :i esa igyhxBca/u ljdkj cuk;h vkSj eksjkjth nslkbZ iz/kuea=kh cusA gkyk¡fd 28 ekg ds ckn vkUrfjdla?k"kZ ds dkj.k Jh nslkbZ dks R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+k vkSj pkS/jh pj.k flag iz/kuea=kh cus fdUrq 23fnu ckn gh bl fefJr eaf=ke.My dk iru gks x;kA

o"kZ 1980 vkSj 1984 ds pquko esa dkaxzsl dks iw.kZ cgqer feyk ysfdu 1989 ds 9osayksd lHkk pquko ls Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa ,dnyh; ljdkj ds ;qx dh lekfIr vkSj lk>kljdkjksa dk ;qx izkjEHk gqvkA 1989 ds pquko esa 5 jktuhfrd nyksa& turk ny] dkaxzsl (,l)]rsyqxq ns'ke] Mh-,e-ds- rFkk ,-th-ih- us us'kuy izQ.V dk xBu djds ljdkj cuk;h ftls HkktikvkSj okeiaFkh nyksa uss ckgj ls leFkZu fn;kA oh- ih- flag dh ;g ljdkj vkUrfjd xqVcUnh dkf'kdkj gks x;h vkSj Hkktik ds leFkZu okil ys ysus ds dkj.k fxj x;hA iqu% dkaxzsl ds lg;ksxls Jh pUnz'ks[kj us ljdkj cuk;h fdUrq 4 eghus esa gh ;g ljdkj fxj x;hA 1991 ds pqukods ckn dkaxzsl us ih- oh- ujflEgkjko ds usr`Ro esa viuk 5 o"kZ dk dk;Z dky iwjk fd;kA 1996esa Hkktik us lg;ksxh nyksa (f'kolsuk] lerk ikVhZ] fo'o fgUnw ifj"kn~) ds lkFk feydj ljdkjcuk;h fdUrq vVy fcgkjh oktis;h ds fo'okler gkfly djus ls iwoZ R;kxi=k ns nsus ds dkj.kljdkj fxj x;hA iqu% ;wukbVsM izQ.V us igys nsoxkSM+k ds usrRo esa] ckn esa xqtjky ds usrRoesa ljdkj cuk;h fdUrq dkaxzsl ds leFkZu okil ysus ij ;g ljdkj Hkh fxj x;hA 1998 esaHkktik us Mh- ,e- ds- ds lg;ksx ls ljdkj cuk;h ysfdu bl xBca/u dk vUr Hkh Mh- ,e-ds- izeq[k t;yfyrk ds leFkZu okil ys ysus ls gks x;kA 1999 esa Hkktik us 23 nyksa ds lg;ksxls ,u- Mh- ,- xBcU/u ds :i esa ljdkj cuk;h bl xBcU/u ljdkj us viuk 5 o"kZ dkdk;Zdky iwjk fd;k ysfdu <sj lkjs vUrfoZjks/ksa ds lkFkA blfy, 2004 ds pquko esa bl

Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd laLd`fr ,oa xBcU/u dh jktuhfr

| 156

xBcUèku dks cgqer ugha feyk vkSj dkaxzsl ds usrRo esa ;w- ih- ,- xBcUèku dh ljdkj cuhvkSj MkW- eueksgu flag iz/kuea=khA 1989 ls 2004 ds pqukoksa esa xBcUèku ljdkjksa dh vliQyrkvkSj vUrfoZjks/ksa ls =kLr vkdj turk ,d ckj iqu% ,dnyh; O;oLFkk dh vksj #[k dj jghgSA blh dk ifj.kke gS fd 18 lky ckn 2009 ds pquko esa fdlh jktuhfrd ny us vdsys200 dk vk¡dM+k ikj fd;kA gkyk¡fd bl pquko esa dkaxzsl us Li"V cgqer izkIr ugha fd;k fdUrqmls vdsys 206 lhVsa feyh gSaA

mi;qZDr pqukoksa ls Li"V gS fd Hkkjr esa xBcUèku dh jktuhfr dk vk/kj lÙkk izkIrdjus dh gksM+] jktuhfrd LokFkZijrk] lkef;d ykHk vkSj jktuhfrd nyksa dk LokFkZ rFkkO;fDrxr fgrksa dh izkFkfedrk jgh gSA fuf'pr rkSj ij ;g Hkkjr esa yksdra=k ds Hkfo"; ijdqBkjk?kkr gS tks Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk dks tUe nsrh gSA lEHkor% vke tuekul bldsizfr lpsr gks jgk gS vkSj og fLFkj ljdkj dh pkg esa gS rHkh rks ;w- ih- ,- xBcUèku dks iqu%ljdkj cukus dk ekSdk feyk gSA jkT;ksa dh jktuhfr esa Hkh ljdkjksa dh fLFkjrk dh pkg vketurk esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij m- iz- esa clik ljdkj] e- iz- esa eksnh dhHkktik ljdkj] fcgkj esa furh'k ljdkj] egkjk"Vª esa ;fniqjIik ljdkj] fnYyh esa dkaxzsl esa 'khyknhf{kr dh ljdkjsaA bu egÙoiw.kZ jkT;ksa esa ljdkjksa dh fLFkjrk vkSj fodkl dh gksM+ bl ckrdk ladsrd gS fd Hkkjr esa tutkx:drk c<+h gS ftlds dkj.k jktuhfrd ny tufojks/h fu.kZ;ysus ls drjk jgs gSaA

{ks=kh; nyksa dh vf/drk ds ckn Hkh fiNys rhu n'kdksa dh Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkkrFkk jktuhfrd laLÑfr ds ckjs esa ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ rF; tks fn[kkbZ nsrk gS og ;g fd Hkkjrds jktuhfrd nyksa esa fopkjkRed /qzohdj.k dk vHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA blfy, Hkh Hkkjr esaxBcUèku dh jktuhfr dk Hkfo"; ladVxzLr gks ldrk gS tks Hkkjrh; yksdra=k ds fy, ,d v'kqHkladsr gSAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwphHkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk & izks- ,l- ,e- lbZnlaLÑfr ds pkj vè;k; & jke/kjh flag fnudjrqyukRed 'kklu o jktuhfr & lh- oh- xsukvktknh ds ckn dk Hkkjr & izks- fofiu pUnzjktuhfrd vo/kj.kk vkSj izo`fÙk;k¡ & izks- Jh izdk'k ef.k f=kikBhgekjh laln & lqHkk"k d';i'kks/ izcU/ (bykgkckn fofo-) & lUrks"k dqekj prqosZnh

| 157

?kuhHkwr ihM+knk;d ?kVuk thou dh]v¼Z'krd o; vHkh ugha eSaus ns[kk gS]vfHkKku esa dksbZ Hkh uk iki fd;k gS]fdUrq fu;fr us eq>ls us=kT;ksfr Nhu yh]vkSj ns Mkyk fuf[ky fo'o esa ?kksj vU/sjkAfufgr dkO;&çfrHkk tks esjs vkdqy mj esa]mls fNikuk] dke u ykuk] ?kksj iki gSnq%[k gS eq>dks esjs vle; vU/siu lsdqf.Br uk gks tk;s dgha dfork dh çfrHkkfeyh eq>s Fkh tks txr~firk ijekRek lsA;|fi esjk eu dgrk ;'kxku d:¡ eSaml ijes'oj dh ftlus ;g l`f"V jph gSvkSj eq>s Hkstk /jrh ij dqN djus dksrkfd tc eSa txr~ NksM+ dj LoxZ fl/k:¡ije firk ijekRek ys[kk&tks[kk ek¡xsaeq>s u dkslsa og ml ekfyd ds ln`'k cuftlus rhu lsodksa dks ^Vsys.V~l* fn;s FksAdSlh foMEcuk gS HkkbZ] bZ'oj esjs u;u Nhu ys]vkSj vis{kk djs fd eSa mlds cnys esaviuh çfrHkk ls dkO;ksa dh jpuk dj nw¡vkSj NUnksa esa txr~firk ds ;'k dks Hkj nw¡A;gh ç'u eq>dks my>k,]vkxk&ihNk le> u vk,]

;kstuk & twu & 2009izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k okf"kZdh & 2010lekpkj i=k & lgkjk le;] fgUnohA

esjs vle; vU/siu ij

(vaxzsth ds dfo tkWu feYVu dh dfork ^On His Blindness* dk fgUnh esa dkO;kRed Hkkokuqokn)

rHkh /S;Z esjk] dqN cksyk]dkuksa esa ehBk jl ?kksyk]¶vjs ew[kZ! bZ'oj D;k rsjk d`ikik=k gStks rsjh lsok ij cSBk vkl yxk,A¸¶rw D;k tkus bZ'oj dh lPph lsok D;k\tks thou nkf;Ro fuHkk,]d"Vksa esa Hkh uk mdrk,]eu esa bZ'oj ds xq.k xk,]lPpk lsod gS bZ'oj dkA¶gS vikj efgek bZ'oj dh]gS vikj xfjek bZ'oj dhnsonwr lglz] mldh fdafpr~ bafxr ijgks tkrs xfreku Hkwfery] uHk vkSj ty ijmldh vkKk ds ikyu esa ty&Fky /k,¡nwr lglz] {k.kksa esa lc dqN dj /j yk,¡fiQj rsjs djus] uk djus dk fufeÙk D;k\¶tks bZ'oj ls usg yxk,]lPps eu ls vkl yxk,Hkys u og dqN Hkh dj ik,]og Hkh bZ'oj dh lsok gSA¸¶pyks mBks vc] bZ'oj dks er dkslks] gs dfo!th;ks] tSlk Hkh thou gS] vkSj djks jpuk dforkdhA¸

&jksfgrk'o JhokLro

Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd laLd`fr ,oa xBcU/u dh jktuhfr

| 158

iquikZB

| 159

·Hkkjrh; fpÙk] ekul vkSj dky ls lkHkkj

viuk vè;;u Hkh fons'kh fuxkg ls

/eZiky·

lgt Hkkjrh; fpÙk] ekul o dky dks le>us ds dbZ ekxZ gSaA vBkjgoha lnh dsLons'kh jkt&lekt dks le>us dk esjk ç;kl ,d ekxZ FkkA ml ekxZ ls ekul rks 'kk;n idM+esa ugha vkrk] ij ml ekul dh fofHkUu HkkSfrd O;kfIr;ksa dh dqN le> rks curh gSA lgtHkkjrh; rkSj&rjhdksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dk dqN vuqeku gksrk gSA

vius lk/kj.k yksxksa dks tkuuk] os dSls thrs gSa] fdl çdkj dh ckrsa djrs gSa]vyx&vyx ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls dSls fuiVrs gSa] dSlk O;ogkj djrs gSa] ;g lc ns[kus&le>us dhdksf'k'k djuk Hkkjrh; ekul] fpÙk o dky dks idM+us dk ,d vkSj ekxZ gSA ij ;g 'kk;ndqN dfBu jkLrk gSA ge lkspus&le>us okys yksx fiQygky viuh tM+ksa ls brus m[kM+s gq, gSafd vius yksxksa dh ckrksa dks mUgha dh n`f"V ls le> ikuk 'kk;n vHkh gels cu u ik,A

Hkkjrh; ekul dks le>us ds fy, vius çkphu lkfgR; dks rks le>uk gh iM+sxkA ;gk¡dk vlhe lkfgR;] tks Hkkjrh; lH;rk dk vk/kj jgh gS] vkSj ftlls vius ;gk¡ dh çKk vkSjO;ogkj fu;fer gksrs jgs gSa] mls tkus fcuk Hkkjrh; ekul dks tkuus dh ckr py ugha ldrhA½Xosn ls ysdj vius ftrus lkfgR; gSa] mifu"kn gSa] iqjk.k gSa] egkHkkjr vkSj jkek;.k gSa] ;kckS¼ vkSj tSu lkfgR; gSa] ;k fiQj vk;qosZn] f'kYi'kkL=k] T;ksfr"k'kkL=k o /eZ'kkL=k tSlsO;kogkfjd fo"k;ksa dh tks fofHkUu lafgrk,¡ gSa] mu lcdh ,d le> rks gesa cukuh gh iM+sxhAbl lkjs lkfgR; ls bl ns'k ds ekul dk] vkSj mldh fofHkUu jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZdo rduhdh O;kfIr;ksa dk D;k fp=k mHkjrk gS] vkSj og fp=k le;≤ ij dSls cnyrk&l¡ojrkjgk gS] bldk ,d eksVk vuqeku rks gesa djuk gh iM+sxkA ,sls fdlh vuqeku ds fcuk vius dksle>us dh çfØ;k vkjEHk gh ugha gks ldrhA de&ls&de cqf¼ ij vk/kfjr çfØ;k,¡ rks ,slsgh pyk djrh gSaA Kkukrhr dksbZ jkLrk gks rks mldh ckr vyx gSA

vius lkjs iqjkus lkfgR; dks ns[k&le>dj vius fpÙk o dky dh ,d rLohj cukus]vkSj ml rLohj esa vk/qfud fo'o vkSj mldh o`fÙk;ksa dks mi;qDr LFkku nssus dk dke ge dj

| 160

ugha ik jgs gSaA ,slk ugha gS fd Hkkjr ds iqjkus lkfgR; ij dksbZ dke gks gh u jgk gksA vusdHkkjrh; fo|k laLFkku fo'ks"k rkSj ij Hkkjrh; xzUFkksa dks ns[kus&le>us ds fy, cus gSa] vkSj vusdÅ¡ps fo}ku~ yEcs le; ls bl dke esa yxs gSaA ij tks dke gks jgk gS og rks tks gksuk pkfg,Fkk] mlls Bhd mYVk gSA viuh n`f"V ls vius vkSj vk/qfud fo'o dks le>us dh ctk;vkèkqfudrk dh n`f"V ls vius lkfgR; dks i<+k tk jgk gSA vius dky ds lUnHkZ esa chloha lnhdks le>us dh ctk; chloha lnh ds lUnHkZ esa vius dky esa ls dqN lelkef;d <w¡<+us dsç;kl gks jgs gSaA viuh dksbZ rLohj cukdj mlesa vk/qfudrk dks lgh txg cSBkus dh ctk;vk/qfudrk dh rLohj esa vius fy, dksbZ NksVk&eksVk dksuk <w¡<+k tk jgk gSA

fiNys nks&,d lkS lky ls if'pe okyksa us Hkkjr ds ckjs esa tkuus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA;gk¡ dh uhfr dks] jhfr&fjoktksa dks] /eZ&'kkL=kksa dks] vk;qosZn] T;ksfr"k vkSj f'kYi tSlh fo|kvksavkSj fo/kvksa dks] bu lcdks le>us ds ç;kl if'peh fo}ku~ djrs jgs gSaA tSlh&tSlh mu yksxksadh #fp Fkh] tSlh mudh le> Fkh] vkSj tSlh mudh vko';drk,¡&vfuok;Zrk,¡ Fkha] oSlk&oSlkdqN os Hkkjrh; lkfgR; i<+rs jgs gSaA mudh ns[kk&ns[kh] ;k dfg, fd muds çHkko esa vkdj]vius ;gk¡ ds dqN vk/qfud fo}ku Hkh Hkkjrh; fo|kvksa vkSj fo/kvksa esa #fp ysus yxs] vkSjHkkjr ds çkphu xzUFkksa dk vè;;u djus ds fy, vusd u;s&u;s laLFkku [kqyus yxsA egkjk"Vªesa dbZ ,sls laLFkku cusA caxky esa Hkh cus gksaxsA dbZ u;s laLd`r fo'ofo|ky; Hkh [kqysA

os lc laLFkku] fo|ky; vksj fo'ofo|ky; vkfn u;s rjhds ds gh FksA Hkkjrh; fo|kvksadks i<+us&i<+kus dh tks ikjEifjd O;oLFkk,¡ gqvk djrh Fkha muds lkFk budk dksbZ lEcU/ ughaFkkA if'pe o fo'ks"kr% yUnu ds ml le; ds fo|k laLFkkuksa ds vuq:i gh Hkkjr ds bu u;sfo|k&laLFkkuksa dk xBu fd;k x;k Fkk] vkSj fo|k/kjkvksa ls fdlh çdkj fo|kvksa dks tksM+uk gh'kk;n budk ç;kstu FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] okjk.klh esa ^DohUl dkWyst* uke dk ,d laLFkkuokjsu gsfLVaXt ds le; esa cuk FkkA ogh vc lEiw.kkZuUn laLd`r fo'ofo|ky; dgykrk gSAHkkjrh; fo|kvksa dk vè;;u djus okys çeq[k Hkkjrh; laLFkkuksa esa mldh fxurh gksrh gSA ,slsvusd laLFkku curs pys x;sA vc Hkh blh rjg ds dbZ u;s&u;s laLFkku [kqy jgs gSaA

if'pe dh ns[kk&ns[kh esa vkSj if'peh laLFkkuksa dh rtZ ij ;s tks Hkkjrh; fo|k laLFkkucus] muesa if'pe ds lkjs iwokZxzg vkSj if'pe dk iwjs&dk&iwjk lS¼kfUrd <k¡pk çfrf"Br gqvkAHkkjrh; fo|kvksa ij Hkkjrh; fo}kuksa us tks dke vkjEHk fd;k] og rks ,sls Fkk tSls ;s fo}ku~dksbZ fons'kh yksx gksa vkSj fdlh [kksbZ gqbZ e`r lH;rk ds vo'ks"kksa esa ls vius dke vkus ;ksX;dqN <w¡<+ jgs gksaA ;g dke oSlk gh Fkk tSlk ,UFkzksiksyksth esa gksrk gSA ,UFkzksiksyksth if'pe dh,d fo'ks"k fo|k gSA bl fo|k ds çkekf.kd çoDrk vkSj /qjU/j fo}ku~ ekus tkus okys DykWM

| 161

ysoh LVªkWl ds vuqlkj bl fo|k dh fo"k;&oLrq ijk/hu] ijkftr vkSj [kf.Mr lekt gqvkdjrs gSaA fotsrk lekt foftr lektksa dk vè;;u djus ds fy, tks miØe djrs gSa] ogh,UFkzksiksyksth gSA ,UFkzksiksyksth dh bl ifjHkk"kk ij bl fo|k ds fo}r~lekt esa dksbZ fo'ks"k fooknugha gSA ysoh LVªkWl /kdM+ fo}ku~ gSa] blfy, os viuh ckr Li"V dg tkrs gSaA ckdh fo}ku~blh ckr dks dqN ?kqek&fiQjkdj dgrs gksaxsA ij ;g rks lkiQ gS fd ,UFkzksiksyksth ds ekè;e lsvius gh lekt dk vè;;u ugha gqvk djrk] u ijkftr vkSj [kf.Mr lektksa ds fo}ku~ blfo|k dks myVkdj fotsrk lektksa dk vè;;u djus ds fy, bls cjr ldrs gSaA ij Hkkjrh;fo}ku~ Hkkjrh; lH;rk ij gh ,UFkzksiksyksth dj jgs gSaA Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ij vc rd ftruk dkegqvk gS] vkSj tks gks jgk gS] og lc ,slk gh dke gSA ;k rks ,UFkzksiksyksth dh tk jgh gS] ;kif'pe ds ,UFkzksiksyksth&fonksa ds fy, lkexzh tqVk;h tk jgh gSA

,slk ugha gS fd bl dke esa ifjJe ;k cqf¼ u yxrh gksA cgqr fo}rk vkSj cgqr esgurds dke vius fo}kuksa us fd;s gSaA vHkh dqN o"kZ igys egkHkkjr dk fVIi.kh lfgr ,dlaLdj.k] vaxzsth esa fØfVdy ,Mh'ku] cudj rS;kj gqvk gSA bls cukus esa pkyhl&ipkl lkydh esgur yxh gksxhA ,sls gh jkek;.k ds laLdj.k cus gksaxsA osnksa vkSj nwljs vusd xzUFkksa ijHkh ,slk dke gqvk gksxkA fiQj vuqokn gq, gSaA laLd`r] ikfy] rfey vkSj cgqr&lh nwljh Hkkjrh;Hkk"kkvksa ds dbZ xzUFkksa dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn gqvk gSA ;wjksi dh nwljh Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh vuqokn fd;s x;sgSaA ;gk¡ dh Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh vuqokn gq, gSaA xhrk çsl xksj[kiqj okys rks cgqr lkjs çkphu lkfgR;dk ljy fgUnh vuqokn dj mls lkekU; tuksa rd igq¡pkus dk vFkd ç;kl fd;s tk jgs gSaAxqtjkrh esa Hkh cgqr ls vuqokn gq, gSaA ;g lc gqvk gSA vkSj ;g cgqr ifjJe vkSj fo}rk dkdke gh gqvk gSA

ij ;g lkjk dke Hkkjrh; fpÙk o dky dh fdlh viuh le> ds /jkry ls ugha]if'pe dh fo'on`f"V ds vkyksd esa gh gqvk gSA ;k fiQj [kkyh HkfDr dh jkS esa cgdj dqNiq.; dekus dh n`f"V ls vuqokn vkSj Vhdk,¡ gksrh x;h gSaA blfy, bu lc vuqoknksa vkSjlaLdj.kksa vkfn ls Hkkjrh;rk dh le> ds ç[kj gksus dh ctk; vk/qfudrk ds iwokZxzg gh çkphuHkkjrh; bfrgkl ij vkjksfir gksrs pys x;s gSaA vk/qfudrk ds fglkc ls Hkkjrh; lkfgR; dk,d Hkk";&lk curk pyk x;k gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, Jh Jhikn nkeksnj lkroysdj ds iq#"k&lwDr ds vuqokn o Hkk"; dksnsf[k,A mlesa mUgksaus yk fn;k gS fd czãk ds ri ls ftl jkT; dh vfHkO;fDr gqbZ mlds ;s&;sfoHkkx FksA iq#"k&lwDr dk Hkk"; djrs gq, jkT; ds chfl;ksa foHkkx mUgksaus fxuk fn;s gSaA ekuksvaxzsth lkezkT; ds foHkkxh; viQlj'kkgh okys jkT; dh dYiuk gh iq#"k&lwDr dk lans'k gksA


| 162

Jh lkroysdj rks vk/qfud Hkkjr ds egf"kZ tSls ekus tkrs gSaA mudk ifjJe] mudh fo}rk vkSjHkkjr dh çKk esa mudh fu"Bk lc Å¡ph dksfV dh FkhA ij vk/qfudrk ds çokg esa os Hkh ,slkcgs fd mUgsa iq#"k&lwDr esa vaxzsth jkT; O;oLFkk dk iwokZHkkl fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA Hkkjrh; lkfgR;ij tks ckdh dke gqvk gS] og Hkh dqN ,slk gh gSA mudk lkj ;gh fudyrk gS fd vk/qfudif'pe esa dksbZ fo'ks"k o`fÙk ;k le> gS] rks ogh o`fÙk] ogh le> vius xzUFkksa esa igys ls ghFkh] vkSj vk/qfud if'pe ds eqdkcys vf/d lcy&Li"V FkhA

fiNys chl&rhl lkyksa esa ,slk gh dke vkSj T;knk gksus yxk gSA ij bl lcdk D;kykHk\ nwljksa dh le> ds vuq:i] nwljksa ds vuq:i] nwljksa ds eqgkojs esa gh ckrphr djuh gSrks vius çkphu lkfgR; dks chp esa D;ksa ?klhVk tk,\ chloha lnh dh if'peh vk/qfudrk dksgh çfrikfnr djuk gS rks mlds fy, vius iwoZtksa dks lk{kh cukus dh t:jr ugha gSA viusiwoZtksa vkSj mudk lkfgR; rks vius Hkkjrh; fpÙk o dky ds gh lk{kh gks ldrs gSaA mUgsaif'peh vk/qfudrk dk lk{kh cukdj [kM+k djuk rks vukpkj gh gSA

vius ;gk¡ çkphu lkfgR; ij gksus okys dke dk ,d vkSj mnkgj.k nsf[k,A fiNys cgqrle; ls] 'kk;n lkS&,d o"kZ esa] gekjs fo}ku~ yksx bl ns'k dh fofHkUu fo|kvksa dh fofHkUuHkk"kkvksa esa Kkr ik.Mqfyfi;ksa dh miyC/ lwfp;ksa dk ,d ladyu cukus dh dksf'k'k dj jgsgSaA bl ladyu dks cukus okys fo}kuksa us yEch esgur ds ckn ;g tkuk gS fd laLd`r] çkd`r]ikfy] rfey vkfn Hkk"kkvksa dh Kkr ik.Mqfyfi;ksa dh nks gtkj ds yxHkx lwfp;k¡ ;k dSVkykWxgSaA ;s nks gtkj dSVkykWx 'kk;n lkr&vkB lkS vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ls lEcfU/r gSaA buesa ls lkS&nkslkS LFkku Hkkjr ls ckgj ds gksaxsA ;g dsoy dSVkykWxksa ;k lwfp;ksa dh ckr gSA eku fy;k tk,fd çR;sd lwph esa lkS&nks lkS ds yxHkx ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ gksaxh] bldk rks vuqeku Hkh ugha yxk;ktk ldrkA

vc ;g fdruh esgur] fdruh fo}rk dk dke gS\ lkr&vkB lkS LFkkuksa ij j[khik.Mqfyfi;ksa dks bdV~Bk dj mudh ,d yEch lefUor lwph cukuk dksbZ vklku dke rks ughajgk gksxkA ysfdu ge D;k djsaxs bl lcdk\ nks&pkj yk[k ik.Mqfyfi;ksa dh tks ;g lefUorlwph gS og gekjs fdl dke vk,xh\ ;g lwph rks fiNys lkS&Ms<+ lkS lky esa ladfyr gqbZ gSAdqN fonsf'k;ksa us cuk;h gS] dqN gekjs fo}kuksa us cuk;h gSA ij gesa rks ;g Hkh ugha ekywe fdbl lwph esa tks ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ ntZ gSa muesa ls fdruh vHkh cph gSa vkSj fdruh dks [kksydj]vHkh Hkh i<+k tk ldrk gSA buesa ls fdruh ekbØks fiQYe gks ldrh gSa bldk rks 'kk;n dksbZBhd vUnktk ugha gSA

| 163

ftu ik.Mqfyfi;ksa dks i<+k gh ugha tk ldrk rks mudh ;s lwfp;k¡ ge fdlfy, cukjgs gSa\ oSls rks ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dh dqy ipkl djksM+ ds vkl&iklik.Mqfyfi;k¡ b/j&m/j iM+h gksaxhA tks lkfgR; gekjs ikl vklkuh ls miyC/ gS mlh dks gens[k&le> ugha ldrs rks bu ipkl djksM+ dh ckr rks fujFkZd gh gSA

;g Bhd gS fd fo}rk ds {ks=k esa ,sls dke Hkh gqvk djrs gSaA Bhd&Bkd pyrs lektksaesa ,slh fo}rk lek Hkh tkrh gSA ftu if.Mr yksxksa dks dfoÙk gh djus gksrs gSa] mUgsa viusdfoÙk djus fn;k tkrk gSA vkSj l{ke lekt bl çdkj dh fo}rk dks dHkh&u&dHkh dgha dkeij yxk nsrs gSaA ysfdu mu lektksa esa Hkh vf/drj dke rks eq[; /kjk esa] ,d fo'ks"k fn'kkesa] ,d&nwljs dks leFkZu nsrs gq,] ,d&ij&,d dks tksM+rs gq, gh fd;s tkrs gSaA gekjs ;gk¡ rksHkkjrh; fo|k ij gksus okys dkeksa dh dksbZ eq[; /kjk gh ugha gS] dksbZ fn'kk gh ugha gSA lkjsdk lkjk dke gh tSls dksbZ ekufld vÕ;k'kh gksA

ij gekjs ikl rks bl rjg dh vÕ;k'kh ds fy, u lk/u gSa] u le;A gesa vius fpÙko dky dks le>uk gS] vius nks iSjksa ij [kM+s gksus ds fy, dksbZ /jkry cukuk gS] rks bl rjgdh fn'kkghu fo}rk ls dqN ugha cusxkA mlds fy, rks vius iwjs lkfgR; dks ns[k&le>djtYnh ls ,d eksVk&eksVk fp=k cukuk gksxkA ckn esa ml fp=k esa fofHkUu jax Hkjrs tk,¡xs] js[kk,¡lqLi"V gksrh tk,¡xhA ij gesa viuh n`f"V ls vius dks vkSj fo'o dks ns[kus dh ,d fn'kk rkfey tk,xh] viuk dksbZ /jkry rks gksxkA viuh fn'kk <w¡<+us ds dke dksbZ lfn;ksa esa ugha fd;stkrsA ;s dke rks nks&pkj lky esa iwjs fd;s tkrs gSa] vkSj ,sls fd;s tkrs gSa fd N%&lkr eghuksaesa gh viuh dksbZ :ijs[kk mHkjus yxsA

vius iqjkus lkfgR; dk vè;;u dj bl rjg dh dksbZ :ijs[kk cuk ysus dh ckr tceSa djrk gw¡ rks fe=k yksx dgrs gSa fd HkbZ vki blesa er ifM+;sA ;g rks le> ugha vk,xkAbls tkuus ds fy, rks laLd`r i<+uh iM+sxhA vaxzsth i<+dj ;k fgUnh esa i<+dj rks lc xyrgh le> cusxhA i<+uk gh gS rks laLd`r i<+ksA igys laLd`r lh[k yksA

ysfdu laLd`r tkuus okys fdrus yksx gSa bl ns'k esa\ ;gk¡ rks vc laLd`r esa MkWDVjsVHkh laLd`r lh[ks fcuk gh fey tkrh gS] vaxzsth esa çcU/&xzUFk fy[kdj gh laLd`r dh MkWDVjsVgks tkrh gSA vc laLd`r i<+us okys fo}ku rks 'kk;n teZuh esa gh feyrs gSaA tkiku ds dqNfo}ku~ Hkh i<+rs gksaxsA :l&vesfjdk okys Hkh 'kk;n i<+rs gksaA gekjs ;gk¡ ds vk/qfud fo}kuksaesa rks laLd`r esa dksbZ fo'ks"k fy[kuk&i<+uk ugha gksrkA gtkj&ik¡p lkS laLd`r tkuus okys if.Mr'kk;n cps gksa] b/j&m/jA ysfdu ;g lEHko gS fd ikjEifjd fo|k/kjkvksa ls tqM+s ifjokjksa esapkj&N% yk[k yksx vHkh Hkh laLd`r le> o i<+ ldrs gksaA


| 164

lqcg vkdk'kok.kh esa tks lekpkj vkrs gSa mUgsa lquus&le>us okys Hkh 'kk;n T;knk ughagSaA eSaus Jh jaxukFk jkepUæ fnokdj ls ,d ckj iwNk Fkk fd bu lekpkjksa dks lquus okys nlyk[k yksx gksaxs D;k\ os cqtqxZ Fks] fo}ku~ Fks] yEcs le; rd tuthou esa jgs FksA mudk dgukFkk fd ugha] brus yksx rks ugha lqurs gksaxsA fiNys fnuksa rfey i=k fnueuh ds iwoZ lEiknd vkSjo;kso`¼ fo}ku~ Jh f'koje.k ls HksaV gqbZ] muls eSaus iwNk fd nf{k.k esa rks laLd`r i<+us&i<+kusdh ijEijk jgh gS] ;gk¡ Bhd ls laLd`r tkuus okys fdrus gksaxs\ mudk dguk Fkk fd ,d HkhughaA fiQj dgus yxs gks ldrk gS gtkj&,d yksx fudy vk;sa tks vPNh laLd`r tkurs gksaAblls T;knk rks ughaA

rks vius ns'k esa vxj laLd`r dh ;g voLFkk gS] laLd`r ;gk¡ jgh gh ugha] laLd`r tkuusokys gh ugha jgs rks vius fpÙk o dky dh :ijs[kk cukus ds fy, ge laLd`r ds ykSV vkusdh çrh{kk rks ugha dj ldrsA ftl voLFkk esa ge gSa] ogha ls pyuk iM+sxkA tks Hkk"kk,¡ gesa vkrhgSa] mUgha ds ekè;e ls dqN tkuuk iM+sxkA fo}rk dk 'kk;n ;g rjhdk u gksrk gksA ij vHkhvko';drk çdk.M fo}rk dh ugha] fdlh çdkj bl HkVdko ls ckgj fudyus dh gSA viuhdksbZ fn'kk <w¡<+us dh gSA fLFkj gksdj [kM+s gksus vkSj vius <ax ls fo'o dks le>us ds fy, /jkry rS;kj djus dh gSA og /jkry rS;kj gks tk;sxk rks çdk.M fo}rk ds fy, Hkh jkLrs fudyvk;saxsA laLd`r i<+us&lh[kus dk Hkh lqHkhrk gks tk;sxkA ml lcds fy, le; gSA ij viuk /jkry <w¡<+us ds dke dks iwjk djus ds fy, rks cgqr le; vius ikl ugha gSA fdruh nsj rd,d iwjh lH;rk v/j esa yVdh [kM+h jg ldrh gS\

fgUnw fdlh /kfeZd iUFk dk uke ugha vfirq ns'k dh jk"Vªh;rk dk uke gS] vkSjblls Hkh vf/d blus gekjs lEiw.kZ bfrgkl esa jk"Vªh; çHkko dks ,d:i djds bls xfr'khycuk;k gSA bl çdkj ds ns'k ds fofHkUu rÙoksa dk fgUnwdj.k jk"Vªh; ,drk dh igyhvko';drk gksxhA


| 165

(,d)

dHkh ckxs'oj ls lekpkj vkrk gS fd Bkdqjksa us fdlh gfjtu dh ckjkr ij iFkjkofd;k] rks dHkh dsUæikM+k ls lquk;h iM+rk gS fd lo.kksZa us gfjtuksa ds efUnj ços'k djus ijjks"k fn[kk;kA ;g lc fn[kkrk gS fd vusd fgUnw vius /eZ o bfrgkl ls gh ugha] oju~ 'k=kqvksadh ?ksjscUnh ls Hkh xkfiQy gSaA blhfy, os ftl ij cSBs gSa] mlh Mky ij pksV djrs jgrs gSaA,sls Bkdqj Hkwy x;s gSa ;k mUgsa okeiUFkh bfrgkldkjksa us tkuus gh ugha fn;k fd ykgkSj vkSj <kdktSls çfl¼ Hkkjrh; Hkw[k.Mksa esa yk[kksa Bkdqjksa] czkã.kksa dh D;k nqnZ'kk gqbZA lkr&vkB n'kd igyslEHkor% os Hkh vius Å¡ps gksus dk vgadkj ikyrs vkSj gfjtuksa dh gsBh djrs Fks_ fdUrqjkoyfi.Mh tSls çkphu fgUnw&{ks=k ds ^fi.M*] nsork vkSj HkO; efUnj dgk¡ x;s\ iq#"kiqj]xqtjk¡okyk] Jhuxj vkfn dSls Jhghu gks x;s\ fo'oçfl¼ 'kkjnkrhFkZ dgk¡ yqIr gks x;k\ fgUnqvksadh vpsrurk vkSj vkReçoapuk dk ykHk mBkdj gh lkezkT;oknh fopkjksa ds nL;qnyksa us muefUnjksa lesr reke jkoyksa] 'kekZvksa] flagksa] eaxrjk;ksa] lgxyksa] Fkkijksa] dkSyksa] /jksa] if.Mrksa]jk;pkS/fj;ksa] etwenkjksa vkfn dk Hkh liQk;k dj fn;kA

vfoHkkftr Hkkjr esa iatkc] caxky] tEew&d'ehj esa fgUnqvksa dk iw.kZ opZLo FkkA mudhvkfFkZd] 'kSf{kd] lkaLd`frd Js"Brk ls fdlh Hkh leqnk; dks bZ";kZ gks ldrh FkhA rc ,d >Vdsesa mudk fouk'k dSls gks x;k\ ;ksa Hkh iwN ldrs gSa fd fdlh dfVc¼ geys ls mudh j{kkdkSu dj ldrk ;k djrk gS\ Hkkjr ds Bkdqj ;k lo.kZ fdlh Hkze esa u jgsaA muds lH;rkxr'k=kqvksa dk ?ksjk igys ls vf/d fudV gSA tks iatkc] caxky] d'ehj esa gqvk] ogh /hjs&/hjsvle] dsjy esa gks jgk gSA xks/jk] v{kj/ke] j?kqukFk efUnj] v;ksè;k jketUeHkwfe] okjk.klhladVekspu efUnjksa ij pqus geys yk{kf.kd gSaA mudk vFkZ le>saA Hkkjr lqjf{kr ugha gSAlqlaxfBr çfrdkj u gqvk] rks vkØkedksa dks ckxs'oj] dsUæikM+k ;k iVuk vkus esa nsj u yxsxhA;g fpUrk djus ds cnys lo.kZ fgUnw vius gh cU/qvksa] j{kdksa dks uhpk fn[kkus esa yxs gSaA ;g

·çkè;kid] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] fnYyh

tkfrokn % feFkd vkSj ;FkkFkZ

'kadj 'kj.k·

| 166

muds Hk;adj vKku vkSj xiQyr dk lwpd gSA

dfFkr lo.kZ fgUnqvksa dk vKku nksgjk gSA çFke] os dfVc¼] lk/u&lEiUu] ^LFkk;hoSj&Hkko* okys lH;rkxr 'k=kqvksa ls xkfiQy gSa] ftuls j{kk mruk gh dfVc¼ laxBu vkSj fgUnw,drk gh dj ldrh gSA mUgsa Hkku ugha fd Ms<+&nks lkS o"kksZa ds lkezkT;oknh] fe'kujh dqpØksa]eSdkysoknh] ekDlZoknh] if'peh çgkjksa ds ckotwn fgUnw /eZ&laLd`fr dks cpk;s j[kus esa mlhfgUnw turk dh lcls cM+h Hkwfedk gS] ftls os ^fiNM+k*] ^vf'kf{kr*] ^nfyr* vkfn dgdjviuh ghuHkkouk rq"V djrs gSa_ fdUrq mu çgkjksa ls fgUnw lekt dh çk.k&'kfDr dk cgqr ßklgks pqdk gSA bl lekt us vius ftl oxZ dks le`¼ cuk;k] ogh blds çfr mnklhu gSA vr%fdlh Hkze esa ugha jguk pkfg, fd fgUnw lekt lqjf{kr gSA

nwljk vKku viuh gh /eZ&laLd`fr vkSj bfrgkl ds çfr gSA ftls os fuEu tkfr;k¡ ;kvNwr ekurs gSa] og fgUnw /eZ ;k fgUnw lekt dh pht ugha gSA vLi`';rk deZxr jgh gS]tkfrxr ughaA egkHkkjr esa v'oRFkkek dks vLi`'; ekuk x;k_ D;ksafd mlus ik.Moksa ds cPpksadh gR;k dh Fkh_ tcfd v'oRFkkek czkã.k&dqy esa tUek FkkA tkfrxr vLi`';rk Hkkjr esafiNys nks&rhu lkS o"kZ igys rd çk;% ugha FkhA dqN vNw r tkfr;k¡ eqxy 'kklu esa cuhaA ;gos ohj fgUnw Fks] ftUgksaus bLyke Lohdkj u djus dk n.MLo:i xUnxh mBkus dk dke Lohdkjfd;kA fiQj ftUgsa vkt nfyr dgrs gSa] os nf{k.k Hkkjr esa ;ks¼k lsukuh Fks] ftu ij xk¡o&lektdh j{kk dk Hkkj gksrk FkkA blh rjg] vkt fuEu ekus tkusokys isfj;kj gh LFkkuh; U;k;k/h'k dkdke djrs FksA 1770 bZ- esa okjsu gsfLVaXl us eækl esa ,d nLrkost rS;kj djok;k FkkA mlesavkt ds dfFkr nfyr dg jgs gSa fd ^oh vkj xzsV lksYtlZ] oh vkylks esd lSaMYl*A vr%è;ku nsa] mu tkfr;ksa dh vkRe&Nfo lEeku dh FkhA os vNwr ;k fuEu u Fks] u Lo;a dks ,slkle>rs FksA mudk thou] dk;Z] f'k{kk] ?kjckj vkfn dksbZ pht vU; fgUnqvksa ls ghu u FkkA lu~1800 rd tkfr;ksa ds chp ijLij fiNM+kiu dksbZ vf/d u FkkA dqy f'kf{krksa esa 80 çfr'krxSj&czkã.k FksA ;g Lo;a rRdkyhu fczfV'k nLrkostksa esa feyrk gSA

;g lc vkt ds vKkuh] vgadkjh lo.kZ ugha tkursA vkSifuosf'kd 'kks"k.k ds lkFk&lkFkHkkjrh; lekt esa rksM+&iQksM+] nkfjæÔ c<+us ds ckn gh fgUnqvksa esa tkfr&Hksn] vkilh nwjh c<+h]c<+k;h x;hA ;g fe'kufj;ksa&vaxzstksa us lpsr :i ls fd;k FkkA blhfy, mUgksaus lEiw.kZ fgUnwokÄ~e; esa ek=k euqLe`fr dks pqudj ckj&ckj Niok;k] çpkfjr fd;k] rkfd mlds dqN va'kksadk euekuk vFkZ crkdj fgUnw /eZ dks ykafNr dj] Å¡p&uhp dks LFkk;h dj viuh Hksn&uhfrpyk;h tk ldsA nfyr ;k ^fMçsLM Dyklst* dk lkjk oxhZdj.k lkS o"kZ iqjkuk Hkh ugha gSA MkW-vEcsMdj us fy[kk gS fd eqlyekuksa dk ,d çfrfuf/e.My vaxztksa ls feyk vkSj dgk fd

| 167

fgUnw rhu [kkus esa gSa& vNwr] nfyr vkSj lo.kZA mlds ckn gh vaxzstksa us tux.kuk esa vuqlwfprtkfr;ksa dk ,d oxZ tcju cuk fn;kA bu lwfp;ksa us tkfr;ksa ds vkilh lEcU/ksa dks fod`r djusvkSj Å¡p&uhp dks oS/rk nsus esa cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA rc ls uhp vkSj vNwr dgh tkus okyhtkfr;ksa dh la[;k esa cgqr c<+ksÙkjh gqbZA fczfV'k 'kklu ds nkSjku iQSyh fod`fr ls igys tkfr;ksads vkilh lEcU/ksa esa ,d xfjek jgrh FkhA ;kn djsa fd Hkkjr esa jktk] fo}ku~] lUr vkfn lHkhtkfr;ksa ls gksrs jgs gSaA ;g dksbZ cM+h iqjkuh ckr ugha gSA tc vaxzst Hkkjr esa vius ik¡o tekjgs Fks] ml le; Hkh ns'k Hkj esa cM+h la[;k esa jktk 'kwæ tkfr;ksa ls FksA fu'p; gh os ^nfyr*ugha] cM+s yksxksa esa FksA blls Li"V gS fd 'kwæ dk og vFkZ gh ugha Fkk] tks fe'kufj;ksa&vaxzstksa&ekDlZokfn;ksaus x<+k vkSj le; ds lkFk gekjs xys esa Hkh mrkj fn;kA

è;ku nsa fd fgUnw 'kkL=kksa] loZekU; xzUFkksa esa Hkh fdlh tUexr tkfr&Hksn dks ekU;rk ughagSA mnkgj.kkFkZ Hkxon~xhrk esa dgha ugha yxrk fd Hkxoku~ Jhd`".k (;k osnO;kl) euq";ksa dschp Å¡p&uhp dk vUrj djds dksbZ fu;e LFkkfir dj jgs gSa_ tSls& ¶;% i';fr l% if.Mr%¸vFkkZr~ tks ,slk ns[krk&le>rk gS] og Kkuh gSA ,slk ^;%* fdlh 'kwæ] oS';] vNwr vkfn dksNksM+dj ugha dgk x;kA og lHkh euq";ksa dk cks/ djkrk gSA blh esa fy[kk gS] ¶pkrqoZ.;Za e;kl`"Va xq.kdeZfoHkkx'k%¸A----vFkkZr~ Jhd`".k dgrs gSa] ¶xq.k vkSj deZ ds vuqlkj czkã.k] {kf=k;]oS'; rFkk 'kwæ esjs }kjk jps x;s gSaA¸ dgha dksbZ tUeuk] :<+ vFkZ esa ;g foHkktu ugha gSA ;ghfgUnw lekt ds O;ogkj esa Hkh jgk gSA esxkLFkuht] iQkáku] gq,u lkÄ~] vy cs:uh] ekdksZ iksykstSls lqçfl¼ voyksdudrkZ fofHkUu 'krkfCn;ksa esa yEcs le; rd Hkkjr esa jgsA muds foLr`rfooj.kksa esa dgha Hkh ;gk¡ tkfr&fo}s"k] vLi`';rk vkfn dk dksbZ ladsr ugha feyrkA

;g lc Hkwydj ;fn fgUnw vius prqj 'k=kqvksa }kjk i<+k;k gqvk ikB vkSj fcxkM+k gqvklekt ;Fkkor pykrs gSa_ Lo;a dks ,d fgUnw lekt ds :i esa ,sD;c¼ ugha djrs ,oalkezkT;oknh 'k=kqvksa ds dlrs ?ksjs dks ugha igpkurs] rks cgqr cM+k vfu"V gks ldrk gSA ftlfgUnw lekt us 'krkfCn;ksa rd rjg&rjg ds fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa ls gkj ugha ekuh] og dghamuds NksM+s vo'ks"kksa ls u gkj tk;s! ;g [krjk okLrfod gSA ftu vk/qfud fgUnqvksa dks lÙkkij fcBkus ds fy, fgUnw tu&x.k us viuk [kwu&ilhuk ,d fd;k] ogh vkt fgUnw 'kCn dkç;ksx xkyh ds :i esa djrs gSaA mUgksaus Lora=k Hkkjr esa bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa rFkk bLykehi`Fkdrkokfn;ksa dks rks gj rjg dh lqfo/k nh_ fdUrq fgUnw Hkkoukvksa dk lrr fujknj fd;kAbl fo"ke fLFkfr dks ^lsD;wyjokn* dk ,d Nyiw.kZ lS¼kfUrd vk/kj Hkh ns fn;k x;kA bldhvkM+ esa fons'kh] lkezkT;oknh fopkj/kjkvksa ds dbZ nL;q&ny fgUnw lekt ds vyx&vyx vaxksadks ukspus esa yxs gq, gSaA dksbZ nfyrksa dks] dksbZ ouokfl;ksa dks] rks dksbZ vU; foo'k xjhcksa dks


| 168

viuk f'kdkj cukus esa yxk gSA vHkh&vHkh ns'k dh jkt/kuh ls yxs fuBkjh (uks,Mk) dk.Mds ckn ftl rjg bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa us ihfM+rksa dks /u nsdj vius dCts esa ysus ds ;Ru fd;s]mlls mudh dfVc¼rk vkSj j.kuhfr dh fiQj >yd feyhA

fu%lUnsg ;fn fgUnw lekt ds le`¼] rFkkdfFkr lo.kZ vkSj f'kf{kr fgLls lEiw.kZ fLFkfrij lrdZ n`f"V ugha j[krs vkSj vius rkSj&rjhdksa esa lq/kj ugha djrs rks vla[;k vkrrkf;;ksadks gjkus okyk fgUnw lekt vius&vki ls gkj tk;sxkA rjg&rjg ds fons'kh vkØked fopkjksa]laxBuksa dk lkgl c<+rk tk jgk gSA muds le{k ek=k /u] lSU;cy vkSj oSKkfud&rduhdh{kerk fgUnw lekt dks ugha cpk ldrhA ;g lekt lEiw.kZ fo'o esa vdsyk gSA mldk dksbZlH;rkxr fe=k ugha fn[krk] tcfd 'k=kqnyksa ds vUrjjk"Vªh; xBcU/u tx&tkfgj gSaA vr%dsoy fgUnqvksa dh /eZ&psru ,drk vkSj dfVc¼rk gh mldh j{kk dj ldrh gSA vHkh le;gS fd gekjs Bkdqj vkSj czkã.k igys Lo;a dks fgUnw le>saA blh vk/kj ij viuk fpUru vkSjdrZO; fu/kZfjr djsaA vU;Fkk mudk Hkh dy vfuf'pr gSA

(nks)

D;k dkj.k gS fd Hkkjr esa tkfrokn dh HkRlZuk djus esa gj rjg ds yksx Loj feykrsgSa_ ;wjksih; fo}ku~] Hkkjrh; lekt&lq/kjd] bZlkbZ fe'kujh] rcyhxh çpkjd] fycjy&okeiUFkhçksiQslj] yxHkx gj jax ds jktuhfrd usrk] i=kdkj] pqukoh fo'ys"k.k djus okys fo'ks"kK vkSjbl pkSrjiQk L;k;k ls çHkkfor gksdj og lHkh yksx] tks lkekftd&jktuhfrd ç'uksa esa #fp ysrso ppkZ djrs gS\ fdUrq D;k dHkh fopkj gqvk gS fd fofHkUu i`"BHkwfe] fopkjksa vkSj fgrksa okysçfrfuf/x.k Hkkjr dh tkfr&O;oLFkk dh fnu&jkr D;ksa NhNkysnj djrs jgs gSa\ vkSj ;g fiNysrhu lkS o"kksZa ls Hkh vf/d le; ls gks jgk gS\ D;k ;g fopkj.kh; ugha gS fd foYcjiQkslZls ysdj byS;k rd] lHkh bl tkfr&O;oLFkk ls D;ksa ukjkt gSa\ lc ds lc cl Hkkjrh; lektdk Hkyk pkgrs gSa] ;g rks lUnsgkLin gS_ D;ksafd mlh fujUrjrk vkSj vkosx ls vesfjdk ;k ;wjksiesa jax&Hksn dh ;k bLykeh ijEijk esa xSj&eqfLyeksa ds çfr viekutud fo/kuksa dh dksbZfuUnk&vkykspuk ugha gksrhA

vkSj ;g rc] tc fd Hkkjr esa tkrh; Hksn&Hkko vkSj vLi`';rk dsoy dgha&dghavo'ks"k :i esa cp jgh gSA blds myV vesfjdk esa jax&Hksn vkt Hkh xgjk gSA jkstk ikDlZ dkuke vf/dka'k Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds fy, vifjfpr gS_ fdUrq vesfjdk esa mUgsa lc tkurs gSaA nks o"kZgh igys mudk fu/u gqvk vSj çfl¼ Vkbe eSxthu us iwjs i`"B dh rLohj Nkirs gq, mUgsaJ¼katfy nh FkhA jkstk ,d v'osr (uhxzks) vesfjdh efgyk Fkha] ftUgksaus vkt ls ckou o"kZ

| 169

igys ,d bfrgkl jpkA ml le; rd vesfjdk esa v'osrksa ij dbZ rjg dh dkuwuh otZuk,¡FkhaA tSls] lkoZtfud clksa esa 'osr yksxksa ds fy, lqjf{kr lhVksa ij og ugha cSB ldrs FksA 1955esa jkstk og igyh v'osr efgyk cuha] ftlus ,d fnu ml fu;e dk [kqysvke mYya?ku fd;kA'ks"k bfrgkl gS_ D;ksafd mlds ckn gq, eUFku us ml fu;e dks lekIr dj fn;k_ fdUrq v'osryksxksa ds çfr vesfjdh lekt esa nqjkxzg vHkh Hkh vR;Ur etcwr gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy,] gkWyhoqM dh fiQYesa MkbZ&gkMZ foFk osaft,Ul (1955) ;k cqyoFkZ(1998) ns[ksaA ;g fgV vkSj gky dh fiQYesa gSa] ftUgsa Vsyhfotu ds vaxzsth flusek pSuyksa ijçk;% ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g fiQYesa jax&Hksn leL;k ij ugha cuhaA ;g fcYdqy fHkUu fo"k;ksadh fiQYesa gSa_ fdUrq buesa fofHkUu çlaxksa esa vesfjdh 'kgjksa esa 'osr&v'osr leqnk;ksa ds chpds lEcU/ksa dh çkekf.kd >yd feyrh gSA 'osr&v'osrksa dh vyx&vyx dkWyksfu;k¡] tcnZLr?k`.kk vkSj vfo'okl rFkk [kwuh lEcU/A v'osr cfLr;ksa esa fdlh 'osr ds pys vkus ij mlij vdkj.k fgald geys dh fujUrj lEHkkouk jgrh gSA ;kuh iwjh nks vyx nqfu;kA è;ku jgs];g orZeku fLFkfr gSA

vesfjdh lekt esa 'osr&v'osr leqnk; ds chp lEcU/ dk vkdyu djus ds cknmlls Hkkjr esa tkfrxr lEcU/ksa dh rqyuk djsaA 'kgjksa esa rks vkfFkZd gSfl;r ds vfrfjDrfofHkUu tkfr;ksa esa fdlh dks fdlh ls vyx ns[k ikuk gh vlEHko gSA tkfrxr vk/kj ijnSufUnu thou esa Hkh dksbZ Hksn <w¡<+ ikuk Hkh mruk gh vlEHkoA vkilh ?k`.kk ;k fgalk dk rksdksbZ ç'u gh ugha_ cfYd fookg&lEcU/ r; djus ds elys ds vfrfjDr dHkh fdlh dh tkfrtkuus dh t:jr rd ugha vkrhA xk¡oksa esa ;fn fdUgha tkfr;ksa ds eqgYys vyx Hkh gSa] rksHksn&Hkko ;k Å¡p&uhp dh Hkkouk,¡ dHkh&dHkkj gh lkoZtfud :i ysrh gSaA ogk¡ Hkh tkfrxrfgalk dk lekpkj dHkh vioknLo:i gh vkrk gSA ;fn vkj{k.k okys lk;kl jktuhfrdvkUnksyuksa dks NksM+ nsa] rks Lor% dksbZ >xM+s ugha ns[ks x;sA ;fn bl utkjs dh rqyuk vesfjdh'kgjksa esa 'osr&v'osr leqnk;ksa ds chp lEcU/ksa ;k ikfdLrku] lÅnh vjc vkfn ns'kksa esaf'k;k&lqUuh HksnHkko o fgalk ls djsa] rks Hkkjr esa tkfrxr mRihM+u dh ckrsa gkL;kLin yxsaxhA

fiQj D;k dkj.k gS fd blh tkfrxr ^mRihM+u* vkSj ^leL;k* dk jksuk lnSo jks;k tkrkgS vkSj ogh yksx vesfjdh] ;wjksih;] bLykeh lektksa esa jax&Hksn leL;k] mRihM+u] oapuk vkfnij dksbZ çopu ugha nsrs\ ;fn dksbZ le>rs gksa fd vkt Hkkjrh; fLFkfr cny x;h gS vkSjlÙkj&vLlh lky igys rd fLFkfr [kjkc Fkh] rks og Hkh iwjk lp ugha gSA çsepUn vkSj js.kqdh dgkfu;ksa] miU;klksa ls mÙkj çns'k vkSj fcgkj ds xk¡oksa esa tkrh; leqnk;ksa ds lEcU/ksa dhrjg&rjg dh rLohjsa feyrh gSaA dqy feykdj og lg;ksx vkSj lkeatL; dh rLohj gSA pkgs


| 170

fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds chp FkksM+h çfr}fU}rk Hkh fn[krh gS_ fdUrq og dksbZ fo"kSyh ;k fgaldçfr}fU}rk ugha gSA cl vius&vius leqnk; dks Å¡pk ekuus] fn[kkus dh ekuoksfpr HkkoukAlcls cM+h lPpkbZ ;g gS fd miu;u] fookg] Jk¼ vkfn laLdkjksa rFkk ioZ&R;ksgkjksa ds voljij fdlh Hkh tkfr ds ?kj ds dk;Z esa nwljh tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa ds fo'ks"k ;ksxnku dk lqfuf'prLFkku jgk gSA vr,o 'kgj ;k xk¡o dgha Hkh fl¼kUr&O;ogkj esa ,d tkfr nwljs ds fo#¼ gks]bldk dgha dksbZ vk/kj gh ugha feyrkA vkxs c<+us] fn[kus dh çfr}fU}rk nwljh pht gSA fdUrq'kkL=k ;k yksd ds lHkh çek.k vkSj vuqHko ;gh fn[kkrs gSa fd tkfr&O;oLFkk dk lp ogfcYdqy ugha] ftls çpkfjr dj mls fufUnr fd;k tkrk gSA ftu NqV&iqV ?kVukvksa ;k çlaxksa dkmYys[k dj tkfr&lajpuk dh Fkksd&Hkko esa fuUnk gksrh gS] og viokn vkSj çk;% jktuhfrd]oS;fDrd ;k ek=k vkijkf/d çlax gksrs gSaA mUgha dk xyr :i esa gokyk nsdj tkfr&O;oLFkkdh vgfuZ'k fuUnk dh tkrh gSA

fcuk iwoZxzgksa ds ns[ksa] rks Hkkjr esa tkfr;k¡ ,d foLr`r&ifjokj tSlh laLFkk gSA mllsfHkUu dqN ughaA dksbZ vius ifjokj ds O;fDr ds fy, vf/d fpUrk ;k lg;ksx dk Hkko j[krkgS] rks mlesa dqN vLokHkkfod ugha ekuk tkrkA tSls dksbZ vius csVs ;k Hkkats ds fy, fdlhlq[k&lqfo/k dh O;oLFkk djrk gS] rks ,slk djuk fdlh nwljs ds fo#¼ ugha ekuk tkrkA blsLokHkkfod ekuk tkrk gSA mlh rjg viuh tkfr ds O;fDr ds çfr dksbZ fudVrk eglwl djukfdlh Hkh lwjr esa nwljh tkfr ds O;fDr ds çfr fo}s"k dk çek.k ughaA vkSj tc rd fo}s"kugha] rks mldh fuUnk D;ksa dh tkuh pkfg,\ ftl rjg vius ifjokj ds çfr vf/d ftEesnkjhj[kuk iM+kslh ds çfr dksbZ nq'euh j[kuk ugha ekuk tkrk] ogh lk/kj.kr% tkfr&Hkkouk dh HkhfLFkfr gSA gekjs ns'k ds vke xk¡o] 'kgj ;k çkUr esa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa ds yksxksa ds chp dsoS;fDrd ;k lkewfgd lEcU/ksa dh foLr`r] lw{e iM+rky blds vykok dksbZ vkSj fu"d"kZ ughansxhA

fgUnw 'kkL=kksa] vk[;kuksa] Vhdkvksa] Le`fr;ksa esa Hkh tkfr;ksa ds fooj.k] mYys[k blh fu"d"kZds vuq:i gSaA /eZiky us fczfV'k dkyhu nLrkostksa] vè;;uksa] vkdyuksa dk vè;;u dj ;gçkekf.kd :i ls fn[kk;k gS fd mUuhloha 'krkCnh rd Hkh Hkkjr esa tkfr&çFkk dk og fod`r:i u Fkk] ftls LFkk;h] çkphu] fgUnw /eZ dh fo'ks"krk vkfn crk;k tkrk gSA vusd fczfV'k vf/dkfj;ksa] dysDVjksa] f'k{kkfonksa] ;gk¡ rd ykWMZ ,yfiQaLVu tSls vR;Ur mPp inkf/dkjh us HkhHkkjr esa ledkyhu tkfr&lEcU/ksa dk xkSjoiw.kZ vkdyu fd;k gSA mlds ,dne foijhr /kj.kkgekjs efLr"d vkSj O;ogkj esa fcBk nh x;h gSA 'kf'k ,l- 'kekZ dh l|%çdkf'kr iqLrd^besft.M euqokn % n /eZ'kkL=kkt~ ,.M ns;j b.VjçsVl*Z (:ik ,.M da-] 2005) esa Hkh bldk

| 171

,d çkekf.kd vè;;u miyC/ gSA ;fn xEHkhjrkiwoZd tk¡p djsa] rks o.kZ&O;oLFkk furkUr fHkUugSA og dksbZ ghu pht ugha] oju~ ,d xkSjoiw.kZ ijEijk gSA mldk HkzkfUriw.kZ vFkZ djds lkjkvuFkZ fd;k x;k gSA

Hkkjr esa tkfr;k¡ lnSo dk;Z vk/kfjr vkSj ,d&nwljs dh iwjd jgh gSaA tUeuk Hkh mlh:i esa] ftl gn rd ifjokj dh vxyh ih<+h ogh dk;Z pqurh gSA dksbZ pkgs] rks dk;Z vkSjbl çdkj tkfr cny ldrk gSA tkfr;ksa esa dksbZ Å¡p&uhp dk LFkkfir Hksn ugha jgk gSA lcvius&vius dke vkSj tkfr dks mi;qDr le>rs gSa] blhfy, mlh dks tkjh j[kus esa dksbZvLokHkkfodrk ugha ns[krsA ,d vFkZ esa ogh ckr vkt Hkh gSA usrk dk iq=k usrk] vfHkusrk dkiq=k vfHkusrk] O;kikjh dk iq=k O;kikjh] MkWDVj dh lUrku MkWDVj] m|ksxifr ds csVs m|ksxifrgks jgs gSaA D;k buesa ls lHkh vius&vius dkeksa ds çfr lgtrk ;k lEeku dk Hkko ugha j[krs\D;k ,slk dgk tk ldrk gS fd ,d MkWDVj fdlh O;olk;h ls fo}s"k dk Hkko j[krk gS]blhfy, og ih<+h nj ih<+h viuh lUrku dks vius gh is'ks esa j[krk gSA

oLrqr% Hkkjrh; tkfr&O;oLFkk esa vLi`';rk tSlh tks fod`fr;k¡ vk;ha] og cM+h gky dhckr gSA eqxydky vkSj fo'ks"kdj fczfV'k dky esa fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls fdUgha tkfr;ksa dks ^uhp*vkfn cuk;k x;kA Hkkjrh; lekt ds ckjs esa fons'kh voyksdudrkZvksa] ;kf=k;ksa] fo}kuksa dsfooj.k de ls de fiNys iUæg lkS o"kksZa ls feyrs jgs gSaA muesa dgha Hkh tkfr&Hksn] fo}s"k]vLi`';rk vkfn dk dksbZ ladsr rd ugha feyrkA esxkLFkuht] iQkáku] àsulkÄ~] vy~cs:uh tSlslqçfl¼ voyksdudrkZ fofHkUu 'krkfCn;ksa esa yEcs&yEcs le; rd Hkkjr esa jgsA muds vR;UrfoLr`r fooj.kksa esa dgha tkfr&O;oLFkk dk og ladsr rd ugha feyrk] ftldk jksuk jksdj bldhfeV~Vh&iyhn dh tkrh jgh gSA tkfr O;oLFkk dh fod`fr;k¡ eq[;r% fiNys nks lkS o"kksZa ds chpdk çlax gS] og Hkh iwjs Hkkjr esa mldk foLrkj ugha FkkA Lo;a bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh }kjk18&19oha 'krkCnh esa djk;s x;s foLr`r vkdyuksa esa ;gk¡ tkfr&Hksn] mRihM+u rks NksfM+;s&fofHkUu tkfr ;k dk;Z lewgksa ds chp lkekftd&vkfFkZd&O;kogkfjd gSfl;r ds Hksn dk HkhdksbZ mYys[k ugha feyrkA lc tkfr;ksa dh lsYiQ&best (Lo&Nfo) lEeku dh FkhA vaxzstlosZ{kdksa dks muessa fdlh ghu Hkkouk dk ladsr ugha feyk FkkA ;g mUuhloha 'krh ds vkjEHkrd dh fLFkfr FkhA

;g rks Lo;a vaxzst Fks] ftUgksaus igyh ckj tkfr;ksa dk ^f'kM~;wy* cukdj Å¡p&uhp dkHksn x<+us] çpkfjr djus dk dke fd;kA ckn esa mldks fgUnw lekt dh viuh fod`fr crkdjfufUnr djus dk vfHk;ku pyk;k x;k] tks vkt Hkh py jgk gSA lp iwNsa] rks bZlbZ fe'kufj;ksa]bLykeh rcyhfx;ksa vkSj lektoknh ØkfUrdkfj;ksa& lcdks fgUnqvksa dh tkfr&O;oLFkk ls


| 172

f'kdk;r dk ,d gh leku dkj.k fn[krk gS fd tkfr;ksa dh lkekftdrk o iwjdrk us mUgsadfBu fLFkfr;ksa] ladVksa] vkØe.kksa dks >syus dh 'kfDr nhA blhfy, Hkkjr u rks bLyke }kjk iwjhrjg /ekZUrfjr djk;k tk ldk_ u bZlkbZ fe'kufj;ksa }kjk_ u fo'o&ØkfUrdkfj;ksa }kjkA ;g ;wjksi]vizQhdk vkSj fo'o ds vU; fgLlksa ls fcYdqy fHkUu fLFkfr FkhA mu LFkkuksa ij O;fDr vdsykFkk] mls rksM+uk] cjxykuk] Hk;Hkhr djuk] /ekZUrfjr djuk rqyukRed :i ls cM+k vklku jgkAHkkjr esa tkfr;ksa dh foLr`r&ifjokj okyh Hkwfedk us O;fDr] lewg vkSj lekt dks ;g 'kfDrnh fd og lkezkT;oknh fopkj/kjkvksa] 'kfDr;ksa ds etgch] oSpkfjd] jktuhfrd çgkjksa dks >syldsA detksj] viax gksdj Hkh cpk jg ldsA lc çdkj ds foLrkjokfn;ksa }kjk Hkkjr dhtkfr&O;oLFkk ij fujUrj geys dk ;gh ç/ku dkj.k gSA

(rhu)

gekjs ns'k esa gky ds u;s vkj{k.k&fojks/h vkUnksyu esa fnYyh ds dqN esfMdy Nk=kksaus ^fMokbM ,.M :y* dh f'kdk;r dh] ij mldk vFkZ Li"V ugha fd;kA de gh yksx tkursgSa fd ;gk¡ ^'ksM~;wYM dkLV~l* dk fuekZ.k vaxzstksa dh foHksndkjh uhfr dk gh vax FkkA Hkkjr esatkfr;k¡ gtkjksa lky ls Fkha_ fdUrq mudk ^'ksM~;wy* (lwph) cukuk] mUgsa tUeuk Å¡p vkSj uhpesa oxhZd`r djus dk dke vaxzstksa us vkjEHk fd;kA mlls igys Hkkjr esa tkfr;ksa dh fLFkfrijLij lekurk o lEeku dh FkhA mUuhloha 'krh rd dk dksbZ ns'kh&fons'kh fooj.k bldk[k.Mu ugha djrkA nqHkkZX;o'k vaxzstksa dh Hksn&uhfr dks c<+krs gq, muds Hkkjrh; mÙkjkf/dkfj;ksaus ^cSdoMZ* vkSj ^iQkWjoMZ* dk ,d vkSj foHksn x<+kA vU;Fkk] tkfr;k¡ vxM+h vkSj fiNM+h gksrhgSa] ;g fgUnw ijEijk rks NksfM+,] Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa Hkh ugha gSA

blesa lUnsg ugha fd pkgs ;gk¡ lu~ 1950 esa vkj{k.k dk n'kZu tks jgk gks] vc ogek=k fgUnw lekt dks foHkDr j[kus dk "kM~;a=k gks x;k gS] rkfd vUrjjk"Vªh; vkradokn]vyxkookn] fe'kujh }kjk laxfBr /ekZUrj.k vkSj vU;kU; [krjksa ds çfr c<+rh psruk mls,sD;c¼ u dj nsA fgUnw lekt lsD;wyjiUFkh usrkvksa] laxBuksa dks lcd fl[kkus ij u rqy tk;s]blds fy, vko';d gS fd mls vkil esa gh yM+k;k tk;sA vkj{k.k mlh dk ,d gFkd.MkgSA

tkfrxr vkj{k.k ds u;s&u;s çLrko fgUnqvksa dh nks iqjkuh detksfj;ksa dks mHkkjrs gSaAigyk] 'k=kq fopkj/kjkvksa dks Bhd ls u igpku ikukA nwljk] vius cU/q dh dher ij FkksM+kykHk mBk ysus dk yksHk laoj.k u dj ikukA gekjs vk/qfud t;pUnksa dh lÙkk&fiiklk Hkkjrds vfLrRo dh Hkh fpUrk ugha djrhA ;g le>s fcuk ge Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds lsD;wyjokn dks

| 173

ugha le> ldrsA vkf[kj ;gk¡ lsD;wyfjTe dk lcls vk/kjHkwr lw=k D;k gS& vFkkZr~ og] tksblds çR;sd :i esa fujiokn :i ls ekStwn gks] pkgs og ckgj ls fn[kk;h iM+s ;k ugha\

blh ds mÙkj esa vla[; leL;kvksa] vo/kj.kkvksa dk vFkZ fNik gSA tkfrxr vkj{k.k dkfo"k; blls fHkUu ughaA D;k dkj.k gS fd eqfLye leqnk; dks mlds etgc ds uke lsLohdkjrs gq, rjg&rjg dh lqfo/k,¡] vf/dkj fn;s tkrs gSa] tcfd fgUnqvksa dks fdlh HkhnLrkost] ?kks"k.kk vkfn esa dHkh ^fgUnw leqnk;* dgdj lgtrk ls uksV Hkh ugha fd;k tkrk] dksbZeku&lEeku nsuk rks nwj jgk\ è;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd tc fgUnqvksa ls dqN Nhuuk gks] mulsdksbZ ^R;kx* djus dks dguk gks] rHkh mUgsa fgUnw dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ tc bLykeh] bZlkbZ leqnk;dks fo'ks"k lqfo/k nsuh gks] rc ,d dkYifud fgUnw leqnk; dk çPNUu mYys[k gksrk gS fdgk¡] ,d fgUnw leqnk gS] ftls NksM+dj vU; dks ;g fo'ks"kkf/dkj ;k NwV nh tk;sxhA fdUrq ,slkdksbZ fu.kZ; ;k fopkj&foe'kZ Hkh dHkh] dnkfi ugha gksrk] ftlesa ldkjkRed :i ls ^fgUnwleqnk;* dk mYys[k rd fd;k tkrk gksA ;g le>us esa FkksM+h dfBukbZ gks ldrh gS_ fdUrq blxEHkhj fcUnq dks le>s fcuk ml vk/kjHkwr lw=k dks idM+uk vlEHko gSA

gekjs cqf¼thfo;ksa] i=kdkjksa] usrkvksa vkSj uhfr&fuekZrkvksa ds fy, fgUnw leqnk; tSlhdksbZ pht ugha gSA tc Lora=k :i ls fgUnw lekt ds O;fDr ;k fgr dh ckr gks] rks mls lnSonfyr ;k fiNM+k ;k ejkBk ;k czkã.k ;k caxkyh ;k lkeUr ;k tkV ;k uo&/uk<~; vkfndgdj] ;kuh rksM+dj is'k fd;k tkrk gSA dHkh fdlh vkSipkfjd nLrkost ;k ?kks"k.kk esa fgUnwleqnk; dk ldkjkRed] Lora=k mYys[k ugha gksrk vFkkZr~ ,slk leqnk;] ftldh dksbZ lkekU;]vPNh ewY;oku vk'kk&vkdka{kk gks] ,slk dksbZ ^fgUnw leqnk;* Hkkjrh; foe'kZ] uhr&nLrkost ;k?kks"k.kkvksa esa dHkh ugha feyrkA d`i;k bls uksV djsa! fd mlds vfLrRo ls gh budkj fd;ktkrk gSA blhfy, mlds fy, ldkjkRed fu.kZ; ;k fopkj dHkh ugha gksrk] tcfd eqfLyeleqnk; ds fy, ckr Bhd myV tkrh gSA

jkgqy æfoM+ dks dHkh fgUnw f[kykM+h ugha le>k tkrkA og pkgsa Hkh] rks le>us ughafn;k tkrkA gky esa os fdlh ^fgUnw* dk;ZØe esa pys x;s] rks ehfM;k esa bldh vkykspuk gqbZekuks jkgqy dk fgUnw dk;ZØe esa tkuk vuqfpr gqvk_ fdUrq lkfu;k fetkZ dks eqfLye ekurs gq,gh lkjh ppkZ gksrh gSA og bLyke ds vuq:i lc dqN djsa] bls lgt gh ugha] yxHkxvko';d lk ekuk tkrk gSA blh çdkj vkfnR; fcM+yk ;k vferkHk cPpu dh dksbZ fgUnwHkkouk] fpUrk gks ldrh gS] ;g fdlh fVIi.khdkj ;k b.VjO;w ysusokys dks lius esa Hkh ughalw>rkA fujiokn :i ls fgUnw Hkko ls lEcfU/r lkjs loky og fdlh fo'o fgUnw ifj"kn~ ;kla?k ifjokj ds çfrfuf/ ds fy, j[krs gSa vFkkZr~ çoh.k rksxfM+;k ds fy, gh fgUnw lekt ls


| 174

tqM+s fo"k; fpUrk ds gks ldrs gSa] vfuy vEckuh ds fy, ughaA ;g ogh ekufldrk gS] tks fgUnwlekt tSlh pht dks fljs ls [kkfjt djrh gSA mlds fy, vferkHk ek=k vfHkusrk gSa] fot;ekY;k dsoy m|ksxifr gSa] fgUnw ughaA

ijUrq eqlyeku ;k bZlkbZ lnSo eqlyeku ;k bZlkbZ gSA os fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa D;ksa u gksa]mudh laosnuk eqfLye] bZlkbZ gksxh] ;g lgt ekuk tkrk gSA blhfy, /uh eqlyeku dks Hkhgt lfClMh nh tk;sxh] le``¼ bZlkbZ laxBu dks Hkh rjg&rjg dh NwV nh tk;sxh_ fdUrq ,slhdksbZ Hkh lkekU; lqfo/k fdlh dks fgUnw gksus ds dkj.k ugha fey ldrhA mls nfyr] fiNM+k]caxkyh] iwoZ&lSfud vkfn gksus dh igpkuksa ls Hkys dqN fn;k tk ldsA fgUnw :i esa dHkh mlsfxuk gh ugha tk;sxk] tc rd fd fdlh xSj&fgUnw etgch leqnk; dks dqN fo'ks"k ykHk ;k NwVnsus dk rdZ u is'k djuk gksA ;g Hkkjrh; jktuhfr] ç'kklu] uhfr vkSj foe'kZ dk cqfu;knh lw=kgSA

Lora=k Hkkjr esa vkjEHk ls gh dkaxzsl] dE;qfuLV ikfVZ;ksa rFkk fe'kujh] rcyhxh laLFkkvksa],tsfUl;ksa us lps"V ç;kl fd;k fd fgUnw lekt ;k fgUnw igpku tSlh fdlh vo/kj.kk dkslEeku ;k ekU;rk rd u feysA ;g bruh xgjkbZ ls lHkh ekeyksa esa LFkkfir dj fn;k x;k fdfgUnw >qdko okys laxBu Hkh vius dks fgUnw dgus esa ladksp djrs gSaA lc ds lc Lo;a dks^lsD;wyj* dgrs gSa ekuks fgUnw dgykuk yTtkLin gksA ;g vuk;kl ugha gqvkA blds ihNsxEHkhj] lqfpfUrr] mRdV jktuhfrd ç;kl jgk gSA tks fgUnqvksa ds ^cgqla[;d* gksus ds dkj.kfgUnw Hkkouk ;k igpku dh fpUrk u djus dk rdZ nsrs gSa] os eDdkjh djrs gSaA bLykehcgqla[;k okys ns'k Lo;a dks ?kksf"kr :i ls bLykeh dgrs gSa vkSj nwljksa dks cjkcjh dk Hkhvfèkdkj ugha nsrsA fiQj] Hkkjr esa Lora=krk&iwoZ jktuhfrd foe'kZ ;k lkekftd] fo}r~ ppkZvksaesa ^fgUnw lekt*] ^fgUnw fpUru*] ^fgUnw fopkj*] ^fgUnw ijEijk* tSlh vfHkO;fDr;k¡ rFkk fofHkUuusrkvksa] ys[kdksa] fo}kuksa }kjk vius fgUnw gksus dh ckrsa lgt :i ls feyrh gSaA ;s ;dk;d yqIrdSls gks x;ha\

og yqIr ugha gqbZaA mUgsa ykafNr] vinLFk djds] muds cnys u;h fo[k.Mudkjh]fgUnw&fojks/h vo/kj.kk,¡] eqgkojs vkfn Fkksidj mUgsa lgt] Lohd`r LFkku ls gVk;k x;kAmnkgj.kkFkZ] Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa fl[k] tSu] ckS¼ vkfn dks ^fgUnw* ds :i esa uksV fd;k x;kgSA fiQj mUgsa ,d&,d dj vYila[;d D;ksa ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k\ vHkh&vHkh tSu leqnk; dks;g ntkZ fn;k x;k gS] tcfd bldh fdlh tSu çfrfuf/ us dHkh ek¡x rd ugha dh FkhA ns'kds lafo/ku dh Hkh vogsyuk djds tSu lekt dks vYila[;d ntkZ nsuk Hkh fgUnqvksa dksvfèkdkf/d rksM+us ds mís'; ls gqvk gSA

| 175

tSu fdlh ls fiNM+s ugha] cfYd vxz.kh gSaA og gj miyfC/ esa nwljksa ls vkxs gh jgsgSaA blhfy, mUgsa fo'ks"k lqfo/k dh pkg Hkh ugha jghA rc vkt mUgsa tcju vYila[;d ntkZD;ksa fn;k x;k\ D;ksafd ;g mUgsa fgUnqvksa ls ^vyx* djrk gSA bl çdkj ,d vksj rjg&rjgls fgUnqvksa dks rksM+k tk jgk gS] nwljh vksj eqfLyeksa dks ,dtqV lewg ds :i esa vkSj etcwrfd;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa esa Hkh lS;n] iBku] tqykgs] valkjh ds tkfrxr Hksn gSa_ysfdu mUgsa vkj{k.k nsus esa dHkh tkfr dks vk/kj ugha cuk;k tkrkA bl nksgjh uhfr ds ihNsfgUnqvksa dks rksM+us vkSj eqlyekuksa dks tksM+us dk xfgZr ç;kstu gSA blhfy, ,sls xEHkhj çLrkoykrs gq, usrkx.k dHkh [kqyk fopkj&foe'kZ ugha djrs_ cfYd tcnZLrh ;k NyiwoZd mls ns'kij Fkksi nsrs gSaA vr% le>uk vko';d gS fd fgUnqvksa ds fdlh fgLls dks yksHk fn[kkdj ck¡Vukt;pUnh jktuhfr dk gh u;k vè;k; gSA


fgUnqRo ,d vkn'kZ jk"Vªh; 'kCn gS ftlesa leLr Hkkjrh; lekt dks ,d lw=k esavkc¼ dj fy;k gSA ckS¼ /eZ ds uke ij dsoy ckS¼ /ekZuq;k;h vkxs c<+saxsA lukru èkeZds uke ij dsoy lukruh vkxs vk;saxsA ij fgUnqRo ds uke ij lc ,d lkFk vk;saxs vkSjlfEefyr :i ls vk;saxs vkSj muesa lukruh] vk;Zlekth] fl[k] ckS¼ vkSj tSuh lHkh jgsaxsA

fgUnqRo lkEçnkf;drk ugha jk"Vªh;rk gS ,slh jk"Vªh;rk ftldk Hkkjr ds vfrfjDrvU;=k dksbZ vfLrRo gh ughaA Lej.k jgs fd fdrus lEçnk; u"V gks pqds gSa] u"V gksaxs vkSjgks jgs gSa ij fgUnw bu lcds Åij gS vkSj vej gSA og u dHkh u"V gqvk gS vkSj u gksusokyk gS vkSj u gks gh jgk gSA ;fn fdlh fnu Hkkjr dh ml jk"Vªh;rk (fgUnqRo) ds lekIrgksus dh ckr lksph tk ldrh gS rks mlh ds lkFk ;g Hkh lksp ysuk pkfg, fd ml fnuHkkjr gh lekIr gks tk;sxkA


| 176

·lkojdj tUe 'krkCnh Lekfjdk 1984 ls lkHkkj

fgUnqRo

Hkkjrh; vlUrks"k ds tud yksdekU; fryd ds nsgkolku ds i'pkr~ xk¡/h th dheqfLye rq"Vhdj.k uhfr ds iQyLo:i Lok/hurk gsrq py jgs jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esa ,d tcnZLreksM+ vk;k ,oa lkjs yksxksa dks ;g yxus yxk fd eqlyekuksa dks lkFk fy;s fcuk LojkT; çkfIrlEHko ugha gSA çFke fo'o;q¼ esa rqdhZ dh gkj ds ckn fczVsu ,oa izQkal us [kyhiQk ds jkT; dksvkil esa ck¡V fy;k FkkA iQyr% rqdhZ dk lqYrku ,oa eqlyekuksa dk /kfeZd xq# [kyhiQk ,dfo'kky lkezkT; dk Lokeh u jgdj ,d NksVs jkT; dk gh Lokeh jg x;k FkkA [kyhiQk ds lkFkgq, bl crkZo dks eqlyekuksa us ,d dkSeh Lo:i nsdj vaxzsth lkezkT;okn ds fo#¼ viuhvkokt cqyUn dh Fkh fdUrq ;gk¡ dh rRdkyhu dkaxzsl ikVhZ us viuh eqfLye rq"Vhdj.k uhfrds çdVhdj.k gsrq f[kykiQr vkUnksyu dk leFkZu fd;kA Hkkjrh; eqlyeku Hkh bl vkUnksyudh vkM+ esa vius dkSeh ealwcksa dks iw.kZr% lk/ jgs Fks ftldh oLrqfLFkfr dks tkurs gq, Hkh xk¡/h th vutku cus jgsA vUr esa bl vkUnksyu dh ifjlekfIr vxLr 1921 ds eksiyk dk.M lsgqbZ ftlesa gtkjksa fgUnw ifjokj dRy dj fn;s x;s] thfor tyk fn;s x;s ,oa gtkjksa fgUnw ukfj;ksadk lrhRo ywV fy;k x;kA bruk gksus ij Hkh xk¡/h th bu lc dqd`R;ksa ds ftEesokj eqlyekuksadh ç'kalk gh djrs jgsA dsoy ;gh ugha f[kykiQr vkUnksyu esa cUnh cuk;s x;s dqN Hkkjrh;ksals jRukfxfj tsy esa tc lkojdj th ls ckrphr gksrh Fkh rks muds fnXHkzfer efLr"d esa blmi;qZDr ?kVuk dk dksbZ vlj fn[kk;h ugha iM+rk Fkk] cfYd os rks dgrs Fks fd pkgs lkjs fgUnqvksadks eqlyeku cu tkuk iM+s fdUrq gesa LojkT; pkfg,A jk"VªkfHkeku 'kwU; ,sls fopkj ,oa xk¡/h thdh <qyeqy uhfr ns[kdj lkojdj th dk ns'kHkDr ân; djkg mBkA mUgksaus viuh iSuh ,oal'kDr ys[kuh ls ^fgUnqRo* uked bl iqLrd dh jpuk dj ns'kokfl;ksa dks ^fgUnqRo gh jk"Vªh;RogS* bl egkea=k ls >adr fd;k ,oa lkjs viçpkj dk l'kDr çR;qÙkj fn;kA pw¡fd lkojdj thml le; tsy esa Fks vr% bl iqLrd ds ys[kd dk uke ^,d ejkBk* fy[kdj çfl¼ fd;kx;kA

| 177

ohj lkojdj }kjk jfpr iqLrdksa esa fgUnqRo dk LFkku cgqr Å¡pk gSA viuh bl NksVh lhiqfLrdk ds ekè;e ls lkojdj th us fgUnw 'kCn dh u dsoy ,sfrgkfld nf"V ls O;k[;k dhcfYd jk"Vªh;rk dh n`f"V ls mldh ifjHkk"kk Hkh blesa mUgksaus jphA

^uke esa D;k gS\* tSlh Hkzked mfDr ds lgkjs tks yksx fgUnw laKk ds O;ogkj ls ijgstdjus yxs Fks] mudh HkzkfUr dks nwj dj lkojdj th us ;g fl¼ fd;k gS fd jk"Vªh; xkSjo dhnf"V ls uke dk vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA vkSj ijEijk ls çkIr fgUnw 'kCn gekjh jk"Vªh;rk dklE;d |ksrd 'kCn gSA

oSfnd okÄ~e; ls m¼j.k nsrs gq, mUgksaus bl xzUFk esa fu:fir fd;k gS fd çkphu vk;ksZaus vius ns'k dks lIr&flU/q dh vk[;k nh FkhA bZjkfu;ksa ds }kjk lIr flU/q 'kCn dk mPpkj.kgIr fgUnw ds :i esa fd;k tkrk jgk vkSj os Hkkjr ds fuokfl;ksa dks fgUnw iqdkjrs jgsA ;wukfu;ksaus blh flU/q dks b.Ml (Indus) dgdj Hkkjr dks gh bf.M;k crk;k gSA phu ckS¼ ;kf=k;ksaus gekjs iwoZtksa dks f'kUrq ;k fgUnw gh dgk FkkA vr% bl fujk/kj dYiuk ds fy, dksbZ LFkkuugha jg tkrk fd fgUnw ukedj.k ghurkokpd gksus dh rjg R;kT; gSA lPpkbZ rks ;g gS fd fgUnw'kCn ls çkphu dky ls pyh vkrh gqbZ gekjh vfofPNUu ijEijk dk cks/ gksrk gSA gekjs ns'kdks igys flU/qLFkku dgk tkrk FkkA blds çek.k ds fy, lkojdj th us Hkfo";iqjk.k dk ,d'yksd m¼`r fd;k gS&

flU/qLFkkufefrKs;a jk"Vªek;ZL; pksÙkee~AEysPNLFkkua ija flU/ks% dra rsu egkReukAA

(Hkfo";iqjk.k] çfrlxZ ioZ v- 2)

;g Bhd gS fd gekjs ns'k ds iqjkus ukeksa esa lIrflU/q] vk;kZorZ] czãkorZ] mÙkjkiFk]nf{k.kkiFk] Hkkjr] Hkkjro"kZ tSlh laKk,¡ Hkh gSaA fdUrq lkojdj th ds erkuqlkj flU/qLFkku (tksifjofrZr :i esa fgUnqLFkku gks x;k gS) vkSj Hkkjr dks NksM+dj vU; laKk,¡ iwjs ns'k dh çfrfuf/ugha cu ik;haA foØe dh 13oha 'krkCnh ls 18oha 'krkCnh rd rks vjcksa] rqdksZ] iBkuksa] eqxyksavkfn ds vkØe.kdkjh nyksa ls fujUrj la?k"kZ'khy jgrs gq, gekjs ns'kokfl;ksa us fgUnw laKk dks ghlkoZHkkSe :i esa lxkSjo Lohdkj fd;k FkkA dksbZ dkj.k ugha gS fd ge vkt ml iquhr laKk dksghurkokpd ekudj R;kxus dh ew[kZrk djsaA jk"Vªh;rk dh n`f"V ls ;g vkRe?kkr djus ds lekugh gksxkA

lkojdj th us fgUnqRo dks fgUnw /eZ ls FkksM+k vyx j[kuk pkgk gSA muds vuqlkj fgUnw/eZ fdlh ,d fof'k"V /eZ dk uke u gksdj oSfnd] 'kSo] 'kkDr] oS".ko] ckS¼] tSu] fl[k]

fgUnqRo

| 178

vk;Zlekt] czã lekt tSlh lHkh mikluk i¼fr;ksa dk lkewfgd uke gSA dsoy lukru /eZ dksfgUnw /eZ dgus esa mUgsa vkifÙk gS D;ksafd ,slk dgus ij ckS¼] tSu] fl[k] vk;Zlekth vkfn cU/q fgUnw /eZ dh ifjf/ ds vUnj ugha ekus tk ldsaxsA fgUnqRo dks rks mUgksaus jk"Vªh;Ro dki;kZ;okph 'kCn ekuk gS vkSj mldh ,d lqfpfUrr ifjHkk"kk Hkh nh gSA mudh ifjHkk"kk ds vuqlkjfgUnw ogh gS tks vklsrq fgekpy HkkjrHkwfe dks viuh firHkwfe vkSj iq.;Hkwfe ekurk gSA mudkjfpr 'yksd vc cgqr çfl¼ gks pqdk gSA og bl çdkj gS&

vk flU/q flU/q i;Zark ;L; Hkkjr HkwfedkAfir`Hkw% iq.;Hkw'pSo losZ fgUnw fjfrLe`r%AA

bl ifjHkk"kk esa mUgksaus jk"Vª dh ruh bdkb;ksa ij cy fn;k gSA os gSa& ,d ns'k] ,d tkfrvkSj ,d laLdfrA fir`Hkwfe ds }kjk os ns'k vkSj tkfr dk lekgkj dj ysrs gSaA vkflU/q flU/q i;ZUr ;g gekjk ns'k gS& bl ekU;rk ds ihNs ns'k dh HkkSxksfyd lhek rks fufgr gS gh] lkFkgh ;g Hkkouk Hkh çfrèofur gS fd ;g ns'k gesa vius iqj[kksa dh ijEijk ls çkIr gSA vr% fir`Hkw'kCn esa fir&ijEijk ds }kjk ,d tkrh;rk dk cks/ Hkh fufgr gSA lkojdj th dh ekU;rk ;gHkh gS fd Hkkjrh;ksa dh fofo/ tkfr;ksa esa cjkcj oSokfgd lEcU/ gksrs jgs gSa vkSj bl çdkjtkfr&ik¡fr ds ckotwn ,d lkekU; tkrh;rk dk fodkl Hkh gksrk jgk gSA lkojdj th o.kksZa]tkfr;ksa] mitkfr;ksa dks jk"Vªh;rk ds vkM+s ugha vkus nsuk pkgrs FksA NqvkNwr] Å¡p&uhp dh Hkkoukdks R;kxdj loZlkekU; fgUnw tkfr ds çfr xkSjo cks/ gh mUgsa vHkh"V gSA mUgha ds 'kCnksa esa¶oLrqr% tkrh; ,drk dh iwoZ vfHkO;fDr djus dk lkeF;Z ftruk vkt Hkh fgUnw 'kCn esa gSmruk vU; fdlh Hkh 'kCn esa ugha gSA geesa ls dksbZ vk;Z gS rks dksbZ vuk;Z] dksbZ vÕ;j gS rksdksbZ uk;jA ;s lHkh fgUnw gh Fks vr% buesa tks jDr çokfgr gksrk jgk og Hkh fgUnw jDr Fkk vkSjgSA geesa ls dqN ue% 'kwæ gSa rks dqN czkã.kA fdUrq czkã.k ls pk.Mky rd esa ,d gh fgUnwjDr çokfgr gksrk jgk gSA bu lcesa ,d gh jDr lrr fgyksjsa ys jgk gSA geesa ls dksbZ nkf{k.kkR;gS rks nwljk xkSM+ ij dksbZ xkSM+ gks vFkok lkjLor_ fdUrq mlesa ,d gh fgUnw jDr dk lapkj gksjgk gSA geesa ls vusd jk{kl] rks vusd ;{k_ fdUrq dksbZ ;{k gks vFkok jk{kl] ge lHkh fgUnwgh gSaA vkSj fgUnw jDr gh gesa thou lq/k fiyk jgk gSA¸ (i`"B 75)

ns'k] tkfr vkSj laLd`fr bu rhuksa bdkb;ksa esa lkojdj th dh nf"V esa laLd`fr gh loksZifjgSA mUgksaus foLrkjiwoZd fgUnqvksa dh lk>h laLdfr dk foospu fd;k gSA laLd`r Hkk"kk vkSj mldklkfgR; Hkkjr dh lHkh Hkk"kkvksa vkSj muds lkfgR;ksa dks ,d lkekU; lw=k esa vkc¼ djus okysrÙo gSaA blh çdkj gekjs laLdkj] gekjk jgu&lgu] gekjk ,sfrgkfld cks/] gekjh nk'kZfud]oSKkfud ,oa dykRed miyfC/;k¡] gekjs lk>s R;ksgkj] vkpkj&fopkj] gekjh laLd`fr ds gh vax

| 179

gSaA bl laLd`fr ds çfr J¼k dh Hkkouk gh O;Dr gksrh gS&iq.;Hkwfe 'kCn ds }kjkA D;ksafdlkojdj th ds vuqlkj ¶laLd`fr esa gh lc laLdkj lekfo"V gSa vkSj ogh firHkwfe dks iq.;Hkwfedk :i çnku djrh gSA¸ lkojdj th us ;g Hkh Li"V dj fn;k gS fd tks dksbZ bu vFkksZa esaHkkjr dks firHkwfe vkSj iq.;Hkwfe ds :i esa Lohdkj djrk gS] og fgUnw gSA blhfy, mUgksausHkfxuh fuosfnrk dks mnkjeuk iq.;kRek fgUnw ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA blh lUnHkZ esa mUgksaus;g Hkh ?kksf"kr fd;k gS fd vfgUnw ekrk&firk ls mRiUu dksbZ Hkh O;fDr fgUnw gks ldrk gS ;fn¶og blh ns'k dks ;FkkFkZ :i esa viuk Lons'k ekus rFkk blls viuk jDr&lEcU/ LFkkfir djsvkSj bl Hkk¡fr fgUnqLFkku dks viuh firHkwfe ekudj bldh oUnuk djs vkSj fgUnw laLd`fr dksgh viuh iq.;Hkwfe ds :i esa ekU;rk nsA¸ (i`"B 113)

bl iqLrd ds }kjk lkojdj th us ;g çekf.kr fd;k gS fd ewyHkwr :i ls fgUnqRogh Hkkjr dk jk"Vªh;Ro gS vkSj Hkkjr ds eaxye; Hkfo"; dh jpuk fgUnw laxBu ds vk/kj ijgh gks ldrh gSA jk"Vªh;rk dk /eZ dh ifjf/ ls vf/d O;kid ekuuk vkSj Hkkjro"kZ esa fodflrlHkh /eksZa dks lkewfgd :i ls fgUnw /eZ dk lk>k uke nsuk mudh nwjnf'kZrk dk |ksrd gSAif'peh okx~tky ls çHkkfor rFkkdfFkr lsD;wyjokfn;ksa ds dqrdksZa dks dkVdj fgUnqRo dh efgekdks mn~Hkkflr djuk bl xzUFk dk çeq[k y{; jgk gSA ;g Bhd gS fd xzUFkdkj dh dbZ ekU;rkvksads çfr rdZ&fordZ dk ;Fks"V vodk'k gs fdUrq ;g mlls Hkh vf/d Bhd gS fd fgUnw 'kCnds lkFk tqM+h ghurk&xzfUFk dh Hkkouk dks bl iqLrd ds }kjk u"V dj nsus esa lkojdj th dksfu'p; gh liQyrk çkIr gqbZA bl n`f"V ls ;g xzUFk vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSA

fgUnqRo

orZeku ifjfLFkfr esa fgUnqjk"Vªokn gh og okn gS tks ns'k dks lkEçnkf;drk] çkUrh;rk vkSj tkrh;ladh.kZrk ls cpk ldrk gSA---------fgUnqjk"Vªokn ds vUrxZr lHkh tkfr;ksa vkSj lEçnk;ksa ds cjkcj vf/dkjjgsaxs ij lkFk gh muds drZO; Hkh jgsaxs vkSj og jgsxk Hkkjrh; jk"Vª ds çfr iw.kZ fu"BkA tks lEçnk; ;k tkfr bldrZO; dh vogsyuk djsxh mlds vf/dkjksa esa Hkh U;wurk dj nh tk;sxhA


| 180

ifjf'k"V

jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kNational Documents

National Policy on EducationMahant Digvijay Nath

For public interest we publish hereinThe Minutes of Dissent by late Mahant Digvijay Nath

(Member of Parliament), who has left this mortal body on 27.09.1969.

| 181

On July 14, 1964, Mr. Mohammad Ali Currim Chagla appointed, as the EducationMinister of India, an Education Commission consisting of 17 Members which was comprisedof 6 foreigners, 2 Muslims and the rest opponents of Hindi.

The Objective of this Education Commission was given out as being "to adivseGovernment on the national pattern of education and on the general principles and policiesfor the development of education at all stages and in all aspects". This Education Commissionsubmitted its Report to the Government of India on June 29, 1966.

On April 5, 1967, the Government of India constituted a Committee of Membersof Parliament whose terms of reference were :

1. To consider the Report of the Education Commission.

2. To prepare a draft statement on the National Policy on Education.

3. To draw up a plan of work for immediate implementation.

This Committee of Members of Parliament appointed a Sub-Committee, to drawup a statement on the National Policy on Education, and it was this statement alone thatwas discussed by the Committee of Members of Parliament. This Committee did not gointo the Report of the Education Commission in detail at all.

Among the members of Parliament which were members of this Committee, thesole representative of the Hindu Mahasabha in Parliament, Mahant Digvijay Nath, wasalso one. He raised a number of objections at the meetings of this Committee of Membersof Parliament, but these were not given due consideration. He was, therefore, left with noalternative but to append a detailed Minute of Dissent to the statement on National Policyon Education prepared by the Committee, which has been published along with the statementon National Policy on Education.

I have gone through the report of the Education Commission at some length. Ihave also attended the meetings of the State Education Minister held on April 28, 29 & 30,

National Policy on Education

Mahant Digvijay Nathv

| 182

1967. And, I have also attended almost all meetings of the Committee of Members ofParliament formed to study the Education Commission's report. The statement on NationalPolicy on Education, in its final form dated June 29, 1967, has also been received by me,and the signing of this report now remains to be done. I sign it with the following Minute ofDissent.

2. I feel that the objective of eduation mentioned to para I of the proposed "NationalPolicy on Education" is not properly worded. I feel that it should be worded as follows:

Education is a powerful instrument of national development-cultural,social and economic. The highest priority should therefore be accorded to thedevelopment of a national system of education which will:-develop among the peopleof India a national personality based on its ancient civilization and culture;

while the rest of the para remains as in the draft.

3. I regret to say that I found much of unreality about the entire problem of educationas it has to be re-organised after twenty years of our independence, as the basic problemabout the character of education to be imparted to our children has not been examined bythe Education Commission, as it was expected to do. I am sorry that the Report of theEducation Commission was not considered in detail by the Committee, thereby defeatingthe very purpose for which it had been appointed.

4. The real malaise with the present system of education in India is that it has beenbased on the infamous Minute of Macaulay dated February 2, 1835, the real aim of whichwas clearly defined by him in the following words : We must at present do our best to forma class which may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern-a class ofperson Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and inintellect". This clearly shows that the basic aim of Macaulay was only to produce clerks,and this aim has been carried through by the Government of India ever since March 7,1835, when Lord William Bentinck got the Government resolution adopted which saidthat "the great object of the British Government ought to be the promotion of Europeanliterature and science among the natives of India; and that all the funds appropriated for thepurpose of education would be best employed on English education along."

5. The objective which both Macaulay and Bentinck had before them was toconvert the whole of India to Christianity, as is clear from the letter Macaulay wrote to hisparents from Calcutta on October 12, 1835. In this, he worte: "Our English Schools areflourishing wonderfully, the effect of this education on the Hindus is prodigious. No Hindu,

| 183

who has received an English education, ever remains sincerely attached to his religion.Some continue to profess it as a matter of policy, but many profess themselves puredeists, and some embrace Christianity. It is my firm belief that if our plans of education arefollowed up, there will not be a single idolator among the respectable classes in Bengalthirty year hence. And, this will be effected without any efforts to proselytize, without thesmallest interference with religious liberty merely by the natural operation of knowledgeand reflection. I heartily rejoice in the prospect".

6. Commenting on this letter of Macaulay, Mahatma Gandhi wrote in "Young India"dated March 29, 1928 thus : "I do not know whether Macaulay's dream that English-educated India would abandon its religious beliefs has been realized, but we know too thathe had another dream, namely, to supply English-educated India clerks and the like for theEnglish rulers. That dream has certainly been realized beyond allexpectation".

7. Another objective Macaulay had in this mind when introducing this Englisheducation in India, was to denigrate everything India. He wrote in para 9 of the sameinfamous Minute that "I have ever found one among them (the Orientalists) who coulddeny a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature ofIndia and Arabia". This view of his has been impressed on the Indian mind during the lastseven generations continuously so much so that every Indian today considers everythingIndian as inferior and everything English or Western as superior.

8. Under these circumstances, the basic aim of educational reconstruction in Indiamust be to reverse this process, and very effort must be made through education to eliminatethis inferiority complex from the minds of the new generations in India and also to produceyoungmen with a fully developed national personality, based on the ancient the civilizationand culture of our great country.

9. I am really very happy to note that our present Education Minister, as well asthe Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister, are fully conscious of this great need ofeducational reform. In the course of his address at the inaugural session of the TenthConference of the State Education Ministers, held in New Delhi on April 28, 1967 theEducation Minister had stated : "Equally significant is the programme to promote nationalconsciousness and to strengthen national integration and unity. Unfortunately patriotismhas become the first casualty after independence. We must not make the schools assumeresponsibility for promoting national consciousness and for strengthening national integrationand unity". The Prime Minister, while inaugurating this Conference clearly stated that"partly because of the system itself and partly because of unavoidable transitional factors,


| 184

it has resulted in a certain degree of alienation and rootlessness. Many young people havebeen cut adrift from traditional values, without being provided the anchorage of an alternativeset of constructive modern values". The Deputy Prime Minister, in the course of his addressat the same Conference, went a step further, when he said : "We have a very ancient,perhaps the most ancient civilization and culture. In the realm of thought, which raiseshuman personality to the highest fulfilment, I do not think any other country can beat thisconutry. Today also, we are having all those thoughts and ideals but they are more in namethan in action. Our ideals are the highest but our actions are probably the lowest. I mustagree to this indictment, but if that indictment is rightly taken by us to heart, not as acriticism but as a statement of the present state of affairs from which we are suffering, weshall soon find a way to remove this contradiction between thought and action. We havenot go to lower our ideals but we have got to raise the level of our action, so that itconforms with the ideals that we profess of believe, in. I believe education is the onlyinstrument through which we can achieve this. There is nothing else which can make anation integrated, strong and consisting of a real human society, because it is the purposeof education to unable us to see that is right and what is wrong and also to acquire acapacity to stick to what is right and to give up what is wrong. Judged from that standard,I am afraid, our education has been a miserable failure, barring a few exceptions here andthere. That is because our education took a different turn during our days of slavery. I amhappy that those days are gone, but the effects of those days are not yet gone. Whereaswe have become physically independent and free, I wonder if we are mentally yet free andindependent. We are still being governed, and very strongly governed, by some of theideas which were responsible for putting us into slavery and keeping us there". Thesesentiments, expressed by the highest in authority in the country in regard to education, givea clear indication, as to how our educational system should be re-organized for the future.

10. It is from this standpoint that I have stated in the very beginning of this Minuteof Dissent that the report of the Education Commission and all the proceedings held inconnection with it, have appeared to me to altogether unreal. I had expected the Educationcommission to have pointed out re-organized educational system would reverse this processof de-nationalizing the people, so that a national personality might develop among thefuture generations. I feel that the very constitution of the Education Commission was facultyfrom the very start. It was most unfortunate that no less than 6 of the 17 members of theEducation Commission were foreigners : two Englishmen, one Japanese, one American,one Russian and one Frenchman. Out of the remaining eleven, two represented the Muslimminority in the country. Out of the remaining nine, apart from the Chairman, who is one of

| 185

the topmost scientists and educationists of the country, and present Education Minister, agreat engineer and educationist, most of the others were of a calibre which left much to bedesired as members of an Education Commission, the basic objective of which was toreconstruct in India, so as to raise it to the highest standards. It is most unfortunate that theMinistry of Education could not find a single North-Indian educationist from any of themany universities in the so-called Hindi region fit enough to become a member of thisEducation Commission. It is a result of this faculty constitution of the Education Commissionthat this lopsided Report has come before us, which seems to have been written with thedeliberate objective of destroying the very national fabric of this country. All through thisReport, an excessive emphasis has been laid on diversity among our people. For example,para 1.07 says : "Our people profess a number of different religion ; and the picutrebecomes even more complicated because of caste, and undemocratic institution, which isstill powerful and which, strangely enough, seems to have extended its sphere of influenceunder the very democratic processes of the Constitution itself. The situation, complex as itwas, has been made critical by recent developments which threaten both national unity andsocial progress. As education is not rooted in the traditions of the people, the educatedpersons tend to be alienated from their own culture. The growth of local, regional, linguisticand State loyalties tend to make the people forget India. The old values' which heldsociety together, have been disappearing, and as there is not effective programme toreplace them by a new sense of social responsibility, innumerable signs of social dis-organization are evident everywhere and are continually on the increase". This by itself is amisstatement of the Indian society. There is hardly any big country in the world which doesnot have a small minority, but this minority does not change the basic character of theNation. As such, to repeat ad nauseum, as has become the fashion today, to call India amultireligious polygeot country, is basically wrong. In this connection also, the EducationCommission has put too much stress on the word "Secular" This much-abused word isregarded as something sacrosanct, when the fact is that this word has a very low connotationas it gives an idea of something mudance. It was for this very reason that this word doesnot find any place in the Constitution of India.

According to the "New English Dictionary" the word "Secular" stands for the "theabsence of connection with religion". And according to the "Encyclopedia Britanica", theword "Secular" means "anything non-spiritual, having no concern with religion or spiritualmatters-anything that is distinctly opposed to, not connected with religious or ecclesiastical,things temporal as apposed to spiritual or ecclesiastical". These definitions make it perfectlyclear that there is nothing in the Constitution of India to justify the application of the title


| 186

"Secular" to the political system embodied therein. As against this, Article 25 of theConstitution provides for the right to freedom of religion, clearly declaring that "subject topublic order, morality and the other provisions of this part, all persons are equally entitledto freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propogate religion".Article 26 of the Constitution further clarifies how these religious rights are to be exercisedby the people. These Articles in the Constitution gives religion a place in the political life ofthe country as hardly any other modern Constitution does. From all this it follows that Indiais not a "Secular State".

11. It is not a mere omission that the word "Secular" does not find a place in thePreamble to our Constitution, whereas social, economic and political justice, liberty ofthought, expression, belief, faith and worship and equality of status and of opportunity allfind a place there. The fact is that the learned constitution-makers of India were fully awareof the real meaning of the word "Secular" and they deliberately refused to countenance theaddition of the word "Secular" in the Constitution, in spite of concerned efforts made bysome members to introduce this work in the Constitution itself. While discussing the Chapteron Fundamental Rights, it was Prof. K.T. Shah, the great economist, who moved anamendment by which he wanted an additional Article, to be numbered 18-A serially to beinserted in the draft Constitution, and this amendments to the Draft Constitution of India,Volume One", and it ran thus : "that the following new Article be inserted under the heading'Rights relating to Religion', occuring after Article 18.

But, our Constitution-makers refused to accept this amendment and it was dulyrejected. The matter, however, did not end there. The same Prof. K.T. Shah also movedan amendment to the Preamble in the Draft Constitution, by which he wanted to add theword "Secular" between the words "Sovereign" and "Democratic Republic", but this toowas rejected by the Constituent Assembly. This amendment was the very first in the list ofamendments printed in book form. Then again, by amendment No. 96, printed in the list ofamendments, Prof. K.T. Shah and Mr. Mohan Lal Gautam wanted Article One of theDraft Constitution running "India shall be Union of States", to be changed in to "India shallbe a Secular, federal, socialist Union of States", but this amendment also met the same fateand this too was rejected. These facts clearly go to show that the learned Constitution-makers of India did not want India to be a "Secular State" in any shape of form. Undersuch conditions, it was most improper for the Education Commission to have gone out ofits way to lay undue emphasis on secularism, as it has done in para 1.79, wherein theEducation Commission has taken undue pains to make a distiction between "Religiouseducation" and "education about religions". It goes on to say that' "it would not be practicable

| 187

for a Secular State with many religions to provide education in any one religion".As I haveshown already, India cannot be called a Secular State with many religions. As ninety percent of the population of the country follows the Hindu religion in one form or another, theremaining ten per cent of the minorities remain minorities and they cannot be permitted toact as if they had a right of veto on the rights of the ninety per cent nationals of this country.As to who is a Hindu has been made perfectly clear in the Constitution in Explanation II toArticle 25(2)(b), which clearly says that "the reference to Hindus shall be construed asincluding a reference to persons professing the sikh, Jain or Buddhist religion, and thereference to Hindu religious institutions shall be construed accordingly'. This explanationmakes it perfectly clear that ninety per cent of the people of India profess a single religionin different forms, and as such there should be absolutely no ban placed on religiousinstruction in the schools. It is a tragedy of India that while all Christian institutions in thecountry have the liberty to teach Christianity to its students and all Muslim institutions traintheir children in their religion, it is only the Hindu students who are debarred from gettingany linking into their own religious beliefs. This attitude of the British Government in Indiaall through the last 100 years before independence and of our own National Governmentduring the last twenty years after the country's independence, has left a complete vacuumin the lives of the people of this country, and the Present indiscipline among the studentscan largely be traced to this non-teaching of the tenents of the Hindu religion, becauseHindu religion has always been a great check on sin and crime. I therefore strongly demandthat this attitude must now change. The ninety per cent nationals of this country have everyright to have their children trained in the religious traditions of the country. I thereforedemand that from the very elementary stages of education, all students must be impartedreligious instruction in the sacred books of the Hindus, including the Vedas, the Upanishads,the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Gita and other scriptures, so that when the childrengrow up as citizens, they may have a through knowledge of the background about thegreat past of this ancient land. It is here that Macaully's work of denationalizing the peoplehas to be undone and undone with a strong hand. Until this is done, no system of education,however scientific in the Western sense, imparted in our schools and colleges, can makethem first-rate citizens.

12. It is in this same connection that I consider it necessary to emphasize that theattempt made by the Education Commission to dissociate holidays in educational institutionsfrom religious festivals is most reprehensible. In para 2.36, it has been stated that "the ideaof vacation terms should be made secular and dissociated from religious festivals likeDiwali, Christmas or Puja". And in para 2.37(I) the opinion has been expressed that "there


| 188

is no need to close an educational institution on a religious holiday. Nor it is necessary, forinstance, to close it on birthdays or death anniversaries of great Indians". I take the strongestobjection to these statements in the Report of the Education Commission. In all Christiancountries in the world, Christmas and Easter holidays are celebrated on a grand scale. Inthe same ways, in all Muslim countries, Id-ul-Fiter and Id-ul-Zuha and Moharram arecelebrated by the people on a mass scale, and the students are main participants in allthese celebrations. Is it any crime for Hindus in India to be Hindus, that they must bedebarred for celebrating their great days? it is often said that there are too many festivalsamong the Hindus. The reason for this is not far to seek. In words of Mr. Morarji Desai,our Ex-Deputy Prime Minister, (already quoted) "we have a very ancient, perhaps themost ancient civilization, and culture". And, it is but natural that the older a civilization, themore great men and great deeds is must have to celebrate, so that the future generationsmight follow in the footsetps of these great men. It is therefore not at all improper if theHindus have a much larger number of festivals to celebrate, and the students must haveevery facility to participate in these festivals. This year important national holidays like Holiand Shivaratri were not declared closed holidays by the Government of India. This was agreat encroachment on the rights of the people of this country, and it seems this action wastaken on the basis of this Report of Education Commission. The Education Commissionseems to have been very particular about reducing the number of holidays that might begranted to students. The simplest procedure that should have been adopted by the EducationCommission was that it should have suggested that only those festivals should be declaredas closed holdays which concern a majority of the people, that is in which more than 50per cent of the people participate, and all festivals which concern people numbering lessthan 50 per cent should have them as restricted holidays, with full pay, available only tomembers of the communities with which those festivals are concerned. This would savemany unnecessary holidays, without doing injustice to the vast majority of the people.

13. In this same connection, I wish to draw the attention of the people to theattempt made by the Zakir Hussain Committee on Basic Education, which through a seven-year course on general science, had made on attempt to teach "Islamic Culture in India andthe World" to students all over India in class V, when it had scrupulously avoided mentioningthe Vedas and the Upanishads, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, Sanskrit and Hindiand the Aryan Hindu cultures from the entire syllabus. This was deliberately done by thiscommittee to continue the process of de-nationalizing the people of this country, a processstarted by Macaulay in 1835. The present Report of the Education Commission seems tobe a mere continuation of the same de-nationalizing process, and I take strong exception

| 189

to it.

14. It is from the same standpoint that I take strong exception to paras 4.48 and8.49. wherein every has been made to discourage the study of Sanskrit. It was the latePrime Minister Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri, who has once said that every State in Indiashould have a Sanskrit University. It seems to me that the assertion of the EducationCommission that it cannot support the idea of Sanskrit Universities, was incorporate in thisReport to counteract this absolutely essential suggestion of Shri Shastri. As we all know,Sanskrit is the treasure-house of vast knowledge in every field of knowledge, including thesciences. The people of this country cannot become first-rate scientiests until and unlessthey have a proper grounding in ancient Indian sciences in Sanskrit, whether it be in thefield of mathematics, or in astronomy and astrology, in medicine or surgery, whether inphilosophy or logic, or any other science. I take strong exception to Sanskrit being includedalong with other classical languages, which do not deal with sciences as such, and whichhave always been foreign to India. I feel that Sanskrit being the mother of all Indian languages,and of all science, its study should be made compulsory for all students from the verybeginning, so that when the students grow up they might be masters of this language and itmight be easy for them to grasp the modern scientific discoveries and inventions, as theyare merely the continuation of the knowledge about our sciences contained in Sanskrit. Inthis respect also, Macaulay's mischief must be undone.

15. In regard to the language policy, I feel, a very wrong approach has been made.The fact is that a child's mind is fit to grasp several languages, while as he grows up hiscapacity to learn new lanagues grows less and less. But as regards other subjects, the childincreases his capacity to learn them as he advances in age. It is therefore very wrong to saythat the child not be burdened with three or four language does not need mental developmentof a high calibre, and learning of the other subjects does need more of mental development,the excessive emphasis laid on the teaching of science and discouraging the study of severallanguages to children in the initial stages, is basically wrong. In the primary classes, I feellanguages in the form of short stories and the elementary principles of arithmetic and generalknowledge alone should be prescribed. And, as he advances in age, less and less oflanguages and more and more of scientific subjects should be taught. It is an this light thatI consider the teaching of Sanskrit alongwith Hindi as the national language, the regionallanguage and a third Indian language as necessary for all students in the beginning, andSanskrit, Hindi and the regional language must continue all through the educational career.In this age of democracy, in which a bare majority of 51 per cent can foist its view anddecisions on everybody, including the substantial minority of 49 per cent, the undue


| 190

importance attached to English must not be permitted to hold up the progress of the country,which can be made only through the national language and the regional languages, simplybecause of a small minority of 7.4 per cent people from Tamilnad. The assertion thatEnglish is a window to learning in the West is also not quite true. In the whole of Europe,English today is as foreign to the people there, as is Hindi. Except for England, Canada,Australia, South Africa, the U.S.A. and the countries which are under British dominationtill recently, English is not understood anywhere in the rest of the world. The four languagesof Europe today are from West to East, Spanish, French, German and Russian. If a realwindow to the knowledge of the West is needed by our students, they must learn any ofthese Continental languages rather than English. To say that we cannot make any scientificadvance without a knowledge of English is also wrong. The Russians who today are at thetop in science, learnt all their sciences through Russian, although 40 years back they werethe most backward and science in modern terms was not even known to them. China alsolearnt all its sciences through the Chinese through the Japanese language. Even small countriesin Europe, like Bulgaria, learn all their sciences through their own Bugarian language. Whythen is it necessary for the people of this country to learn a foreign langugae to becomemasters in various arts and sciences? The problem is merely one of translating scientificbooks in the national languages. If Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir couldget hundreds of books in Sanskrit translated in Hindi with the help of a hundred Panditsemployed in the Dharmarth Trust, and if Osman Ali Khan, the late Nizam of Hyderabad,could get all textbooks from primary classes up to the post-graduate classes translated inUrdu for his Osmania University there is no reason why, our Government of India, with allresources at its command, cannot get all important scientific books in the different languagesof the world translated in India spends thousands of crores of rupees on different activities,there is no reason why it should not devote a few crores on the work of translation alone,so that the nation might make maximum scientific advance in the shortest possible timethrough our own languages. I therefore strongly oppose the continuance of English as anassociate official language along with Hindi because so long as English remains as themedium of instruction in India, in any shape or form, Macauly's mischief of keeping Indiansmental slaves of the English cannot be undone. I take strong exception to the EducationCommission having gone out of its way to make changes in the three language formula,which was so successfully being worked out all over the country. Bringing in the mothertongue as an alternative to the regional language, and proposing English as an alternative toHindi as the link language, is the worst mischief that this Education Commission has proposedin the course of this Report, and I condemn it with all the strength at my command. I wantthe old three language formula to continue in practice, in which Hindi and the regional

| 191

language must remain the medium of instruction throughout. The proposal to teach, up tothe university stage, only in the regional language, as envisaged in the two language formula,would lead to the disintegration of the country into so many separate water-tightcompartments, thereby Balkanising it completely as the compatriots of Macaulay and otherenemies of our country would like to see. I therefore entirely disagree with it and stronglyoppose its adoption.

16. I feel it necessary to draw attention to another matter of importance and that isin regard to the education of girls in India. All over Europe today, there is a general tendencyto reduce co-education in the higher classes, as it demoralizes the students. As against this,in India, efforts are going on in the reverse direction. It is really ludicrous that while we findprimary schools separate for boys and girls, more and more secondary and higher secondaryeducational instituions are being converted into co-educations, while in the universities co-education is being made universal, at an age which is most dangerous in one's life. Theposition should be that while co-education should be confined to children up to the age of10 or so, all education above this age must be kept separate for boys and girls. I am reallyvery sorry that the Education Commission has not paid proper attention to this aspect ofeducation, and I want this to be incorporated in any Statement on National Policy onEducation that might be prepared for the country. We must not forget that the very basis ofour society in India is Brahmacharya, and it is on this account that our country has so farmaintained its high position in the world of knowledge and social behaviour. Co-educationis destroying the very foundation of our society, and I consider it our duty to restore oursocial behaviour to the greatness that has sustained us all through the ages. In this connectionit is also very necessary that the aim of education in India should be to train our people forthe future lives they have to live. As such, the courses of secondary, higher secondary anduniversity studies for women should be confined to subjects they have to deal with allthrough their lives, like doctors, teachers, fine arts and household work of various kindsonly. At the same time, boys should be discouraged from taking up fine arts as their subjectsof study. They should confine themselves mostly to many pursuits.

17. I regret that the Education Commission has not touched on the cinema andtelevision is the most suitable media for education. In almost all countries of the world,these media are fully utilized for this purpose. Instead of these, our young men and womenare being corrupted through most demoralizing films. I demand that a total ban be imposedon "For Adults Only" films, and also to see that much of sex is not allowed to be includedin the Indian films, with most obnoxious songs, as is happening today.

18. I also take strong exception to wrong name of culture being given to the lowest


| 192

arts, like dancing and singing, in the Education Commission's Report. These might be partof culture for the people of the West, who have not as yet reached the higher conception ofphilosophical living, but for the people of India, only the highest forms of philosophicaldiscourses, etc. have been recognized as culture. By encouraging these so called arts, aconcerted effort is being made to degenerate the people as a whole. I would like to seeYoga and Asanas being encouraged on a mass scale, so that the people of the countrymight become healthy and strong, as a healthy body is necessary for healthy mind. I amreally very sorry that the edcuation commission has not seen fit to go into this question atall, except what concerns drill and the N.C.C. In this connection also, I cannot appreciateour girls being given any training in N.C.C. or the like. There is no shortage of man-powerin India, like most countries of Eurpoe. As such, it is not only wrong but definitely harmfulto cry to prepare our girls in form of military training, except nursing, first-aid and tendingthe sick and wounded. I hope the day will never come in India when our women wouldhave to go to fight in the battlefield, due to lack of men to defend the country's honour. Assuch, all this training in N.C.C. imparted to girls is a complete national waste. This moneycan very well be utilized in training all our youngmen militarily.

19. In some places in the Statement on National Policy on Education, there is areference to the teaching of History of Freedom Movement in india. This history shouldcover the entire period of the last 1000 years of our struggle for freedom and not only thelast 200 years.

20. I have every hope that while considering the Report of the EducationCommission, the above comments of mine will also be taken into consideration, and properdecisions taken thereon.

Hkkjr ogh Hkwfe gS tgk¡ ls n'kZu vkSj vkRe&Kku dh Å¡ph ygjksa us ckj&ckj mBdjleLr fo'o dks vksr&çksr dj fn;k Fkk vkSj ;g ogh Hkwfe gS tgk¡ ls iqu% ,d ckj mlTokj&HkkVs ds mBus dh vko';drk gS tks iruksUeq[k ekuork dks uo&thou vkSj 'kfDr nsldsA
