Quiz 101. Clapping at the end of a musical performance or

play is an example of a(n) _ social norm (p.186).2. Stacy noticed that all the other girls were wearing

dresses to school, and although she preferred to wear pants, she also began wearing dresses. This is an example of__ conformity (p. 186)_.

3. The primary goal of Phil Zimbardo’s 1972 Stanford Prison Experiment was to:

determine the psychological influence of prison life on inmates and guards. (p. 183)

4. According to your text, people in _collectivistic_ cultures tended to be influenced by others more than did people in _ individualistic (p. 207) cultures.

Quiz 105. Reciprocity Believing that it is important to pay back favors.

6. Commitment Our need for consistency plays a big part in this compliance.

7. Liking Repeated contact and physical attraction play a part in this compliance.

8. Authority We are more likely to comply to a request made by someone in charge.

9. Social proof Go along with a belief or behavior because it looks like many others are doing the same thing.

10. Scarcity Wanting something more when the availability appears to be limited.

11. (Bonus) Name the city (English or Chinese) where the Nobel Prize

Award Presentation takes place every year. Stockholm 斯德哥爾摩

Review L10 (Dec. 14)Prejudice 偏見

Group Formation Ethnocentrism 民族中心主義 ( 種族優越 ) Stereotypes 陳腔濫調

INGROUP BIAS (p. 217) -- favoring others with whom we identify over those whom we perceive as different.

OUTGROUP BIAS (p. 218) involves downgrading others who are different or not in your group.

INFLEXIBLE ETHNOCENTRISM (p. 219) is judging others as wrong simply because they are different.

FLEXIBLE ETHNOCENTRISM (p. 219) is recognizing our own tendency toward ethnocentrism, and working toward a deeper understanding and empathy for norms of different cultures.

Steps to Flexible Ethnocentrism

See page 221

Discrimination 岐視 the behavior component of prejudice

Prejudice can also be reduced through individual efforts to challenge personal stereotypes

“The real art of conversation is not only to say the right thing at the right place but to leave unsaid the wrong thing at the tempting moments.”

--Dorothy Nevil

Chapters 8 and 9Effective Communication

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Do You Hear What I Hear?

What is a Relational Climate?RELATIONAL CLIMATE (p. 249) is the

degree to which we feel safe, supported, and understood in a relationship.

Relational Climate

Most relationships are in the middle of the continuum because a variety of physical, intellectual, and emotional challenges influence every relationship.

Confirming and Disconfirming Climates

Relationship climate falls between confirming and disconfirming climates.

CONFIRMING (SUPPORTIVE) CLIMATE

DISCONFIRMING (DEFENSIVE) CLIMATE

What is Endorsement?

ENDORSEMENT 贊同 (p. 251) involves accepting another person’s thoughts and feelings as valid.

The most important skill in effective communication is

listening.

Do You Hear What I Hear…And Say?

Good listening skills involve:hearingunderstandingresponding in ways that clarify and confirm understanding

Steps to Complete Listening

See page 254

What Are the Basic Elements of Listening? The four basic, incremental

elements of effective listening include:

Hearing Attending Understanding Responding

Can You Define These Elements?

LISTENING

HEARING ATTENDING

RESPONDINGUNDERSTANDING

What Are Internal Barriers to Listening?

EMOTIONAL NOISE COGNITIVE DISTRACTIONS COMPARTMENTALIZATION PREMATURE JUDGMENT

Judge Who?PREMATURE JUDGMENT (p. 258)

occurs when we stop listening to a message before the speaker is finished, either because we think we know what the speaker is going to say, or because we have already formed an opinion about the speaker or the message.

External Barriers to Listening SENSORY ADAPTATION. SELECTIVE ATTENTION INFORMATION

OVERLOAD MESSAGE COMPLEXITY

What Did You Say?MESSAGE COMPLEXITY (p. 260)

occurs when the message itself is too complicated to absorb without turning your focus inward, and thus away from the speaker for a time.

Barriers to Effective Listening

See Activity 8.2 (Barriers to Effective Listening) (pp. 261, 278-279) for an opportunity to identify effective listening barriers and practice overcoming them.

What Are Counterfeit Listening Styles?COUNTERFEIT LISTENING

STYLES (p. 261) are behaviors that, on the surface, may look like listening, but are actually counterproductive to good listening.

Pseudolistening Selective listening Stagehogging

Counterfeit Listening StylesPSEUDOLISTENING (p. 261) involves

giving only the impression of listening by nonverbal behaviors such as nodding, keeping eye contact, and verbal prompts.

Counterfeit Listening StylesSELECTIVE LISTENING (p. 262)

occurs when we screen a message for certain topics or issues, and then either respond only to those aspects of the message or tune those parts out.

What Are Authentic Listening Styles?AUTHENTIC 真實的 LISTENING

STYLES (p. 264) are ways of responding to a speaker that show genuine interest in and empathy for the person and situation.

These styles can be controversial爭論的 or helpful.

Helpful Listening Styles ANALYZING QUESTIONING MINIMALLY ENCOURAGING SUPPORTING PARAPHRASING 解述

Verbal Communication Four guiding principles of effective

verbal communication: Language must be clear. Language must be responsible. Language must be context-sensitive. Language must be congruent.

Communication StylesELABORATE LANGUAGE (p. 296)

uses many words to convey its message and is very colorful and expressive. Many Middle Eastern cultures and African American culture prefers this style.

Communication StylesEXACTING COMMUNICATION

(p. 296) involves clear and specific language that states the facts, and no more. Many Americans prefer this style; Chinese and Native American cultures also value this language.

Communication StylesSUCCINCT 簡潔的 COMMUNICATION (p.

297) includes understated language that says very little and relies on the listener to understand the unspoken meaning. It tends to be favored by individualistic cultures.

What Are Instrumental and Affective Communication Styles?

This method examines the impact of culture on communication based on the goals of communication:

INSTRUMENTAL COMMUNICATION

AFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Communication StylesINSTRUMENTAL COMMUNICAITON (p. 297) is task-oriented, and focuses on achieving the speaker’s goals. It tends to be favored by individualistic cultures.

Communication StylesAFFECTIVE COMMUNICAITON (p. 297) is person-oriented, and focuses on building and maintaining good relations between communicators. It is more aligned with the values of collectivistic cultures.

Gender and Communication Tannen (1986) proposed male

and female communication differences based on differences in worldview.

Gender and Communication What are some of

the most basic differences between men and women?

See Tannen/You Just Don’t Understand

Problem-solving vs. empathy Men = problem-solving Women = empathy

Details vs. Big Picture Men = big picture Women = details

Asking for help vs. not asking for help Men = not asking for help Women = asking for help

Use of Questions Men = direct use of

questions Women = indirect use of

questions

How Can Gendered Communication Be Overcome to Communicate

Effectively? Acknowledge gender differences exist.

Strive to understand the value system from which these are derived.

Recognize the validity of both styles and acknowledge they make sense in the context of divergent value systems.

Relinquish the need to make others (or everyone) conform to one style.

Share information about differences with others with whom effective communication is important.

Gendered Communication See Activity 9.4 (Gendered

Communication in Your Life) (p. 302, 314-316) to help understand the ways in which gendered communication affects your life.

Body OrientationTouchPhysical AppearancePersonal SpaceParalanguage (intonation of the voice )Eye Contact and Facial ExpressivenessGesturesPhysical Environment

Major Types of Nonverbal Cues for Western Culture

What about Hong Kong?Body OrientationPhysical AppearancePhysical EnvironmentPersonal SpaceParalanguage (intonation of the voice)Eye Contact and Facial ExpressivenessTouchGestures

Nonverbal CommunicationBODY ORIENTATION (p. 304) is

the direction your body is facing relative to those with whom you are interacting.

Nonverbal Communication TOUCH is used to help build

rapport or trust. Men = status assertion or power Women = warmth or intimacy

Nonverbal Communication PHYSICAL APPEARANCE

affects communication

Can you give examples of ways in which this might occur?

Nonverbal Communication PERSONAL SPACE reflects the

culturally prescribed distance between people during conversation and other social interactions.

Nonverbal CommunicationPARALANGUAGE (p. 306) is

communication that is verbal, but wordless.

Nonverbal Communication EYE CONTACT AND FACIAL

EXPRESSIVENESS are used to transmit unspoken messages.

Nonverbal Communication GESTURES fall into several

categories and their meaning is often unique to each culture.

Emblems Illustrators

Nonverbal Communication PHYSCIAL ENVIRONMENT

structure contributes to a system of nonverbal communication and can be used to increase the chances of attaining communication goals.

Nonverbal Communication See Activity 9.5 (Nonverbal

Communication) (pp. 307, 316-318) to examine your own uses and interpretations of nonverbal communication.

Culture and Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication is unique to

each culture. See Table 9.1 (Examples of Cross-Cultural

Differences in Nonverbal Cues) (p. 308) for a list of interesting differences in the way certain nonverbal cues are interpreted cross-culturally.

What Are Contact Cultures?CONTACT CULTURES (p. 308)

tend to engage in more open contact with each other and use nonverbal cues to signal warmth, closeness, and availability.

Individualism-Collectivism (IC) In collectivistic cultures, people

coordinate schedules and actions with family group members.

In individualistic cultures, people are more likely to do what they please and meet their own personal schedule.

How Is Power Distance (PD)Related to Nonverbal Communication? High PD cultures encourage emotions

that promote and maintain status differences.

People in low PD cultures are less sensitive than those in high PD cultures to the impact of their paralanguage on others.