quick check what happened to muhammad’s parents? is islam mono or poly theistic? what job did...
TRANSCRIPT
Quick Check
• What happened to Muhammad’s parents?
• Is Islam Mono or Poly theistic?• What job did Muhammad
have?• What were the two major
cities on the Arabian Peninsula?
The World of Islam
Chapter 26
Arabian Peninsula Before Islam
• Polytheistic – animism• Bedouins – nomadic people• Oral history• Judaism & Christianity• Mecca – leading town
– Diffusion – goods, people,
• Kaaba – place of worship in Mecca– Filled with Idols– Sacred Stone – black stone
Islam
• Monotheistic – like Judaism & Christianity
• Began in 7th century• Written History – Arabic Language
• Prophet – Muhammad, wife Khadija
• Book – Koran, Qur'an
• 5 pillars
The Rise of Islam•The Arabian Peninsula was a major trade route with many travelers
•Mecca and Yathrib were leading trading towns
•Mecca was the home of the Kaaba
•Kaaba: sacred shrine of Arabs
Kaaba•Built by Abraham - Jewish•Pilgrims flocked to the Kaaba•It contained images of Arab gods
•And the Sacred Black Stone
•Black Stone – Arabs believe it is a meteorite from heaven
• http://www.metacafe.com/watch/701230/circling_the_kaaba/
The prophet Muhammad•Born in Mecca about 570•Orphaned and raised by an uncle
•Worked as a caravan leader for a rich woman named Khadija
•She encouraged him to fast and pray in the desert
Muhammad•During one retreat he heard a message from the angel Gabriel
•He was told to preach to the people
•Khadija encouraged him to do as he was instructed
Islam Questions
• List and describe the 5 Pillars of Islam
• What is the Koran?• Who are the People of the Book?• List ethical standards Muslims must
follow• Why did Islam expand? 3 reasons• What are the two branches of Islam?• When did the division in Islam
occur?
Islam – Empire of Faith
1. What is the hejira?2. Identify Yathrib & Medina3. Who are the People of the Book?4. Why did the people of Mecca fight
Muhammad and the people of Yathrib/Medina?
5. How did Muhammad gain control of Mecca?
6. What happened to the Kaaba after Muhammad gained control of Mecca?
Islam – Empire of Faith
• Why does Islam spread rapidly?• Why does Islam divide after
Muhammad’s death?• Does Muhammad’s death help
Islam spread?• List 10 Great Achievements of
Early Muslim Empires• How did the Crusades unify
Muslims?• List strengths of the Ottoman
Empire• List Great Ottoman Leaders
Quick Review
• What does Islam - اإلسالم - mean in Arabic?
• Why did Islam split after Muhammad’s death?
• What are the two branches of Islam?
• What event brought anti-Muslim feelings in Europe?
Islam Class Work
• Vocab• Religion Comparison Chart• Religion
– Belief in God, 5 Pillars, Koran & Tradition, People of the Book
• Art, Architecture, Literature• Algebra & Trigonometry,
Engineering, Astronomy, Medicine
• People– Muhammad, Saladin, Mamun,
Rumi, Mehmed, Suleyman
Islam Questions
• List achievements of the Arab Empires (Umayyad & Abbasid)
• Where was the center/capital of the Umayyad Dynasty?
• Where was the center/capital of the Abbasid Dynasty?
• Who is Muhammad al-Razi?• What trade routes helped usher in
the Golden Age of Islam?• What advances in learning came
from the Golden age of Islam?
Muhammad•He won few converts, Arabs
were polytheistic•Town leaders did not people
to stop making the pilgrimage to the Kaaba
•He was kicked out of Mecca when Khadija died
•Muhammad was welcomed as a leader in the city of Medina
Islam: the people
• Qur'an, Koran – Muslim Holy book• Islam – means submission• ~1.2 billion Muslims in the world;
22%• Caliph – successor to Muhammad
– Sunni – election from religious leaders 90% of Muslims worldwide
– Shi’a – descendent of Muhammad
• Imam – prayer leader• Ayatollah – important Shi’a clergyman• People of the Book – Christians and
Jews
The 5 Pillars
• One God• Prayer – 5 times a day• Charity• Pilgrimage – to Mecca once in
your life• Fasting – During Month of
Ramadan
Sunni – Green; Shi’a - Blue
Foreign Invaders to the Middle East• Seljuk's
– Muslims from Turkey– Seized Baghdad– Weakened Byzantine Empire
• Mongols– From Central Asia– Defeated Seljuk's for Baghdad– Led by Genghis Khan– Converted to Islam
Foreign Invaders to the Middle East
• Crusaders– From Europe– Fought for control of holy
land, Jerusalem– Muslims retained control
Islam Review• The beginnings – 5 pts– Mecca, Kaaba (sacred shrine for polytheistic Arabs), Centers of
Trade, People of the Book• Muhammad/Leaders – 5 pts
– Orphaned & raised by uncle, trader, Khadija (wife), not liked in Mecca because of monotheistic beliefs, flees Mecca and goes to Medina, Hejira
– Saladin – Soldier– Mamun – Scholar– Sulyeman – Sultan
• Beliefs/Pillars – 5 pts– 5 Prayers, Pilgrimage, 1 God, Fasting, Charity
• Achievements – 5 pts– Hospitals, algebra, germs cause disease, medicine, scientific
method, eyes and , cataracts, lenses & surgery, engineering, House of Wisdom, writing, numbers
• Sects/Invaders – 5 pts– Sunni – caliph can be any elected leader – 90%– Shi’a – caliph needs to be descendent of Muhammad – 10% – Seljuks – Turkey – capture Baghdad (Fertile Crescent)– Mongols – Central Asia – capture Baghdad (Fertile Crescent)– Crusaders – Europe – capture Jerusalem (Fertile Crescent)
The Two Empires
• The Ottomans – Turks – Sunni
• The Safavid – Persians - Shiite
Safavid Empire
• Rivals of the Ottomans• Shah – Leader of Safavid
Empire• Abbas the Great – most
famous leader• Strengths – same as Ottomans• Modern Day Iran
Person Achievement (profession & successes)
Saladin*
Mamun*
Rumi
Mehmed
Suleyman*
Person Achievement (profession & successes)
Saladin*Profession – King & Soldier• Hero of the Crusades for Muslims• Captured Damascus (syria), Aleppo , Mosul (Iraq)
Mamun*Profession - Caliph & Governor, SCHOLAR• Translated books in to Arabic
RumiProfession – Poet• Wrote largest collection of Poetry in ME
MehmedProfession – Conqueror • Extended Ottoman Empire & reorganized territories• Established Code of Laws
Suleyman*
Profession Sultan – Leader/King• Architecture – Fix Dome of the Rock• Reorganized set of laws
The Ottoman Empire
Great Ottoman Sultans
• Sultan – Arabic word for Strength or Power
• Osman I – 1299-1324 – Ottoman Empire named after him
• Mehmed II – 1451-1481 – Ruled twice & Conquered Constantinople
• Suleyman I – 1520-1566 – Longest ruling Sultan
• Mehmed IIFATİH (The Conqueror)– Conquered Constantinople in
1453– Converted Hagia Sofia, Christian
Church into Muslim Mosque
• Suleyman IMUHTEŞEM (The Magnificent) or KANÛNÎ (The Lawgiver)
The Ottomans were:•Turkish (capital Istanbul)
•Muslim•The largest empire in the world
Five Ottoman Strengths:
1. Respected people they conquered (millett)
2. Fearless army
3. Always improved technology
4. Control Trade
5. Strong Leaders
The Ottoman Government
• Empire reigned 600 years, until end WWI
• Sultan – led with absolute power
• Men of the Pen - • Men of the Sword
Ottoman Empire
What was the source of Ottoman power?
1. Control of Trade
•Location on the east/west trade route
•Control of the Waterways
2. Wealth from trade
3. Superior technology(the benefit of diffusion)
How did the empire end?The Europeans destroyed their strengths.
Ottoman Strengths #1: Control of trade
•Europeans broke this strength by going around Africa and gaining control of trade.
Ottoman Strength #2: Wealth•Discovery of the New World leads to fantastic wealth for Europe from Aztec and Inca gold and silver.
Ottoman Strength #3: Technology•The industrial revolution surpassed the Ottoman superiority in technology especially in production of guns and munitions and other products necessary for war.
The Empire Ends
Three reasons:
1. Nationalism: People ruled by the Ottomans wanted independence.
•Europeans: Serbs, Croats, Bulgarians, Greeks.
•Arabs
2. European Imperialism:
•Industrial revolution caused a need for raw materials
•European industries wanted new markets
•Large navies developed by Europe to control trade
3. Competition between European nations led to WWI in 1914
The Ottomans sided with Germany and lost.
The Arab territories were divided up between Great Britain and France.
Turkey became a republic
The Balfour Declaration•Great Britain promised the same land to the Jews and the Palestinian Arabs.
Patterns of Life – page 580Village1. sheep and goats2. Setup near water
(river, oasis, coast, lake)
3. Farming – wheat olives
4. Men and women, specialize jobs
Nomadic1. Moved from oasis
to oasis2. Lived with few
resources3. Fights all the time4. known and
Bedouins*
City1. Protected by high
walls 2. many cities
developed3. suq (markets)4. mosque
Family (more important than individual)
1. Patriarchal – controlled or ruled by men/ Matriarchal- women
2. Arranged marriage3. Divorce easier for
men (3 times)4. Men can have 4
wives- provide equally
5. Children must obey their parents
Women• Had to obey
fathers -> husband -> oldest son (Subordinate)
• Modest and secluded within home
• Wore certain clothing- veiled face (custom from India)
• Education• Right to own
property
Conclusion
Page 5831, 3, 4, 5
Patterns of Life – page 580Village
1. Family-Center of the village culture. Patriarchal-Ruled by father
2. Jobs-Specialized jobs3. Houses-Small, made
of mud bricks.4.
Nomadic1. Lived in small tribal
groups2. Constantly on the
move3. Lived with scarce
sources of water4. Bedouins5. Nomads often came
into contact with government and villagers
6. 7. 8.
City1. High city walls and
narrow streets 2. Suq was the market
place3. Mosques were the
center of life4. Domascus old trading
city 5. 6.
Family1. Arranged
marriages 2. a man can have
up to 4 wives
3. divorce is easier for men then women
4. Children respect and obey parents
5.
Women1. Had to obey
men < awesome.
2. concealed bodies from other men
3. had a right to education and property
4. had separate enterances
ConclusionPage 5831, 3, 4, 5
•Page 2 – Nomadic Life: Bedouin, Highland Nomads, conflicts
•Page 3 – City Life: reasons for development, major cities, mosques, suq
•Page 4 – Family Life: Koran, marriage, divorce
•Page 5 – Women’s Lives: Koran, mothers, women’s rights
Review ?s
•Page 583•3•4•5
On the Test
• Islam• Centuries of Turmoil
– Conquerors of ME– Ottomans/Safavids– Golden Age
• Patterns of life• Imperialism & Nationalism
– Egypt– Iran– Turkey– Palestine
Test Questions
Writing Section
1 & 2
Three Nations Modernize
Egypt Turkey IranWhen did they become independent?
Who was famous leader?
Review Questions on Palestine
Page 588 1, 3, 6
Vocabulary Review
Page 589 Vocab 1-5
Turkey Becomes a Country
• The Turks created their country after WWI
• Kemal Ataturk abolished the Ottoman Empire and made Turkey a Republic
• Ataturk means ‘Father of the Turks’
Ataturk’s Reforms
•The government built industry•Separate church and state
(secular)– Western law replaced Islamic law– Women could vote and hold public
office– Public schools separate from
religious schools
• Turkey began using the western calendar, alphabet, clothing (no veils in public)
Egypt
• Egypt became a battle ground between the British and French
• Both countries wanted to build a canal across the Isthmus of Suez
• Muhammad Ali: Fought against the French; became governor of Egypt
Ali’s Reforms
•Brought in Europeans to teach military tactics and scientific training
• Improved farming techniques; introduced cash crops (tobacco, cotton, sugar)
•Crushed Egyptian economy because he borrowed too much money from European countries
France & Britain control Egyptian Economy• France won the right to build
the Suez Canal in 1859; Canal opened 1869
• Britain bought control of the Suez Canal to help the Egyptian government
• Egypt wins independence in 1922
• Egypt gains control of the Suez Canal from Britain in 1956
Iran • Britain and Russia competed over Iran to gain access to the Persian Gulf
• Reza Khan led the Iranians to remove foreign control of his country
• Under his direction Iran adopted western culture– Clothing, women’s
rights, education, government
Palestine/Israel
•Great Britain controlled Palestine 20’s & 30’s
• Jews wanted to return to Jerusalem since the Diaspora of 70 A.D.
• Jews faced anti-Semitism as they tried to create their own state
•Theodor Herzl led the Zionist movement, movement to create a Jewish state
Balfour Declaration
• A British document which declared Palestine as the national home for the Jewish People
• The document also said “…nothing should be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…”
• That meant Palestine belonged to Arabs because they lived there
Arabs in Palestine
• Wealthy Arab business men sold their farms to Jewish immigrants
• Arab farmers fought against losing their land
• Arabs attacked new Jewish settlements, Jewish people fought back
• War comes to Palestine