questions time limit 90 minutes attempts · comprehensive final exam due may 2, 2014 points 75...

Comprehensive Final Exam

Due May 2, 2014 Points 75 Questions 150 Time Limit 90 minutes Attempts 1

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LATEST Attempt 1 72 minutes 73 out of 75

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Score for this quiz: 73 out of 75Submitted May 1 at 12:47pmThis attempt took 72 minutes.

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0.5 / 0.5 ptsQuestion 1

Coordinates on a map define a:

Landscape

Place

Location


According to the PowerPoint, the location with the greatest wetland loss is:

Australia

North America

Europe

New Zealand

China


The type of wetland found in a given area is related to the _________________ of that area.

https://usflearn.instructure.com/courses/954688/quizzes/1010465/history?version=1

latitude

altitude

climate

population


Which of the agencies below is not a federal agency, and hence did not federally-fund wetlands research.

the Sierra Club

The National Science Foundation

The Environmental Protection Agency

The Department of Energy


Humans always dominate over nature and natural landscapes.

True

False


Which North American wetland classification is characterized as continually or frequently inundated or flooded, has very fewtrees, and flora and fauna are adapted to a wide range of temperatures and salinity levels?

Peatlands

Tidal salt marsh

Tidal freshwater marsh

Mangrove wetlands


Biota of a wetland refers to:

Food resources

Water quality and temperature

Flora and fauna


Wetlands always consist of water at the surface.

True

False


The conservation of wetlands is not a singular effort, instead it requires cooperative strategies.

true

false


Biomes are assemblages of _____________ that are tied to _______________.

Landscapes; resources

Landscapes; climate

Ecosystems; resources

Ecosystems; climate


Facultative hydrophytes can exist in wet or dry conditions, although they prefer wet environments.

True

False


A peat accumulating wetland that receives some drainage from surrounding mineral soils is called a:

delta

moor

fen

marsh


The two main factors within climate that affect biology are (choose two):

Time

pH

Precipitation

Temperature


Which of the following is not a type of mangrove found in Florida?

black

silver

white

red


According to the PowerPoint presentation, which of the following was NOT considered an important resource for pre-industrial settlements in and near wetlands?

area for animal grazing

scource of water

source of food

source of oxygen to combat global warming


The Pantanal is similar to the Florida Everglades in that it is a large, freshwater wetland that is fed by rivers, groundwater andrainwater.

True

False


In Australia, wetlands are referred to as:

Swamps

Fens

Wetlands

Billabongs


Autotrophs are:

Producers

Herbivores

Primary consumers

Decomposers


Leeching is:

the process of chemically transferring nutrients from the terrestrial system to the wetland system.

the physical transfer of nurtients from the terrestrial system to the wetland system.


Since the 1970s, Florida is one of 6 states with the most extensive losses of wetlands.

True

False


_____________________ is a gas that is released by the decay of organic materials associated with wetlands.

Methane

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Carbon


Which of the following was not mentioned in the PowerPoint as being built on a wetland?

Paris

Denver

Christchurch

Washington, D.C.


When the landscape is viewed as an artifact there is some preservation of wetlands.

True

False


Which of the wetlands below is ephemeral?

marsh

bog

swamp

playa


Much of New Zealand's wetlands loss can be attributed to agriculture and cattle and sheep ranching.

True

False


The components of wetlands hydrology are (pick all that apply):

flow

frequency

quality

water level


Which of the following is the correct order of increasing scale of study?

Habitat -> Landscape -> Ecosystem -> Biome

Ecosystem -> Biome -> Landscape -> Habitat

Habitat -> Ecosystem -> Landscape -> Biome

Biome -> Landscape -> Ecosystem -> Habitat

0 / 0.5 ptsQuestion 28IncorrectIncorrectIncorrectIncorrect

___________________________ is the study of interacting ecosystems.

Ecology

Habitat biology

Ecotone ecology

Landscape ecology


Wet meadows occur in well drained soils and these soils are usually poor in nutrients.

True

False


Most of the world's major wetland areas are found in the:

Antarctica

low southern latitudes

high northern latitudes

tropics


Which of the following wetlands is not located in a tropical climate?

The Rhine River Delta

The Pantanal

The Llanos

The Orinoco River Delta


Internal values of wetlands can be broken down into what three main areas?

Water quality, temperature and food production

Habitat, water quality and hydrologic

Hydrologic, productivity and biodiversity


Which of the following can result in wetlands loss (choose all that apply)?

Agriculture

Biotic succession

Subsidence

Urban sprawl


Which of the following is not North Americana "coastal" wetland classification?

Mangrove wetlands

Tidal freshwater marsh

Freshwater swamps

Tidal salt marsh


Playas are either carved by wind or formed by land subsidence.

True

False


According to D.W. Meinig, landscapes should not be appreciated for their aesthetic value to humans.

True

False


What is the Ramsar Convention?

An Intergovernment Treaty related to wetlands

A way of classifying wetlands

A year U.S. convention to dicuss watershed management

a meeting that occurs every 10 years to discuss wetland development


A wetland dominated by trees or shrubs is called a:

swamp

marsh

bog

pothole


Major cities and wetlands always co-exist so that people can live there and wetlands can thrive undisturbed.

True

False


Globally, mangroves are being cut for aquaculture and mariculture ponds.

True

False


All four spheres of the Earth system have portions that are completely separate from the other three, i.e., parts that aremutually exclusive.

True

False


A tidal salt marsh is an example of a coastal wetland.

true

false


Shallow marsh plant communities have soils that are saturated to inundated by standing water up to 6 inches in depth,throughout most of the growing season.

true

false


According to the map from the US Department of Agriculture, wetlands in Florida are considered to be:

salt-affected wetlands

tropical wetlands

organic wetlands

upland wetlands


Wetlands were considered a source of food by pre-industrial societies that settled in and near wetlands.

True

False


All wetland loss/destruction is a result of anthropogenic activity.

True

False


The U.S. Department of Agriculture definition of wetlands is based on vegetation.

true

false


The abiotic community is the nonliving chemical and physical factors of thelandscape.

True

False


Trophic relationships and food webs involve energy transfer

True

False


Hydrophytic means:

hydrogen loving

water loving

hydrogen hating

water hating


Unicellular organisms in anoxic wetland environments adapt to these environments only through finding a substitute forsulfates.

True

False


Answer 1:

Tides are cyclical because the earth rotates and moves around the sun .

rotates

Answer 2:

sun


Groundwater, climate, and geographic influences are all related to chemical budgets in wetlands.

True

False


Animals can adapt through changing their reproductive mechanisms.

True

False


Relief is defined as the highest point on a landscape.

True

False


A "hole" in the water table created by pumping a well is called a ____________,

praire pothole


Scientists estimate that between 5 - 50 million species of plants and animals live in rain forests.

True

False


If a soil contains many of the natural fibers associated with the original organic material, it is classified as a mucky peat orsapric soils.

True

False


A plant that uses adventitious roots is the ____________.

red mangrove


Soil air is rich in:

silicate

clay

carbon dioxide

oxygen


Rivers and streams contain a higher percentage of surface freshwater resources on Earth compared to freshwater lakes.

True

False


In anoxic conditions there is an abundance of oxygen present.

true

false


Adaptations of unicellular organisms in anoxic wetland environments adapted to these environments only through finding asubstitute for sulfates.

True

False


Conditions where there is a deficit of oxygen are called _________.

anoxic


Which process occurs beneath the surface of the earth?

precipitation

transpiration

percolation

condensation


Which of the following is true about soils that exhibit gleization?

over saturated in lead

is dominant in saturated soils

rich in iron

red in color


Wetlands upstream from an urban area can't be related to the flood hazard of that urban area.

True

False


In which specific process does water go from gaseous water to liquid water?

regeneration

hydrologic

evapotranspiration

condensation


Organic wetland soils usually have a pH that is

acidic

alkaline

neutral


CLORPT-H includes a factor related to topography.

True

False


Scientists trying to understand what the ecosystem looked like in the past study not only present day populations ofspecies, but also utilize

seafood restaurant inventory records

multiple choice surveys

anthropological surveys of native peoples

archeological records


Can human use as an output outweigh the hydrologic inputs for a water budget for a particular watershed?

No

Yes


The heat of the sun drives which process?

Hydrologic Cycle

Hydrologic Method

Gaseous Cycle

Chemical Cycle


What type of wetland will have the highest amplitude (widest fluctuations hydroperiod)?

Groundwater fed marsh

Gulf coast freshwater marsh

Prairie pothole

Tidal salt marsh


Fracturing of the rainforest involves removing large swaths of forest for

soybean farming

road building

logging

cattle ranching

all of the above


Base flow to a stream is contributed by _______________.

Overland flow

Rainfall

Runoff

Groundwater


In urban areas there is a lag time between the storm peak and what other peak?

evaporation

sublimation

precipitation

stream discharge


Aquicludes are impermeable layers of rock or sediment that form a barrier to water flow.

True

False


Climate is directly related to what process that breaks down earth materials?

evapotranspiration

interception

weathering

reduction


What is the most abundant surface water location on Earth?

Ice and glaciers

Saline lakes

Rivers and streams

Freshwater lakes


___________________ scales describe the distribution of something across space or the surface.

Spatial

Spread

Distance

Temporal


Of the following, which generally has the greatest negative impact on wetlands?

Channelization for navigation

Channelization for drainage


When did humans begin to have a large influence on the Earth's climate?

Bronze age

Industrial revolution

Medieval warm period

Little ice age


Earth is now in a realtively warm interglacial phase called the Hypocene.

true

false


What are allogenic processes?

Processes that are imposed on the wetland from outside.

Processes related to time.

Processes that are imposed on the wetland from within.

Processes related to space.


During the ice ages, sea level can be almost 400 ft (130 m) below the modern day sea level.

True

False


At the current rate of sea level rise, portions of the Delaware Bay, as illustrated in a map of sea level rise in the PowerPointpresentation, will.........

not be converted to open water at current rates of sea level rise

remain unchanged no matter what happens to sea level

will definitely be converted to open water at current rates of sea level rise

will definitely be converted to open water at current rates minus 2 mm/year


Which of the following are decreases that follow the retrogressive succession model?

Answer 4 - decreases in wetland value and function

Answer 2 - decreases in biomass

Answer 3 - decreases in diversity

Answer 1 - Answers 2 and 3


The last glacial maximum, as related to post-glacial sea level rise, occurred how long ago?

21,000 years ago

40,000 years ago

49,000 years ago

15,000 years ago


Cities with wetlands that have been strategically preserved have increased water quality, and are generally healthier placesto live than polluted cities that do not have wetlands.

True

False


Which of the following is not one of the time scales related to the Earth's ellipticity?

100,000 years

23,000 years

41,000 years

200,000 years


A model that tries to pull together various concepts is called a(n) ______________ model.

Box

Centrifugal

Ecological

Conceptual


In terms of the mechanisms of succession facilitation is essentally "paving the way" for the growth of what types ofvegetation?

Answer 4 -lichens

Answer 2 - trees and shrubs

Answer 3 - moss

Answer 1 - answers 3 and 4 are both correct


Estimates of sea level change from the past indicate that sea level was how much lower than now between 1800 and 1850?

slightly more than 200 mm

200 meters

500 mm

greater than 600 mm


According to the PowerPoint, which of the following is not a driver of change in wetland succession?

Biochemistry

Climate change

Exotic species

Human activities


CO2 is a greenhouse gas that exists in the atmosphere and essentially traps heat close to the Earth.

True

False


Which gases can be released from a drained wetland as oxidation takes place?

Answer 3 - CO2

Answer 1 - Both answers 2 and 3

Answer 4 - hydrogen gas

Answer 2 - methane


Even though spatial and temporal processes differ for wetlands and are very site specific, commonalities can be foundbetween wetlands around the world.

True

False


What is responsible for the largest percentage of wetland loss since 1986?

Development

Deep water

Agriculture


Nitrogen, phosphorus and mercury are all chemicals of concern that are entering the waters of Tampa Bay.

True

False


In terms of how wetlands work, which of the following is not true?

Wetlands increase stream energy

Wetlands provide critical wildlife habitat

Wetlands filter contaminants

Wetlands filter sediments


Which of the following is not a natural threat that causes wetland loss and degradation?

droughts

erosion

mining

sea level rise


Which state lost the most amount of wetlands (91%) between the 1780s and 1980s?

Florida

California

Indiana

Ohio


Evidence from the Vostok station in Antarctica shows that CO2 levels have not been above how many parts per million overthe past 650,000 years?

300

200

100


In the view of classical wetland succession, the succession terminates in a stable climax community.

true

false


Any long-term change in water level will eventually lead to major changes in the biotic community.

true

false


Human well-being and health relationships are considerations in terms of wetland ecosystems.

true

false


Which climate zone is characterized by a moderate temperature range with a summer dry season?

Midlatitude Mediterranean

Tropical coastal

Midlatitude dry

Midlatitude steppe


Sources for pollution in wetlands include:

All of these

Agriculture

Logging

Residential run-off


Which climate zone is characterized as warm all year, with a small temperature range and a winter dry season?

Tropical wet

Tropical savannah

Coastal dry

Midlatitude dry


Succession is always a linear process.

True

False


A tundra environment would fall into Koeppen's climate class A.

true

false


It is possible to farm during the dry season in seasonal wetlands, and allow the natural flow of water over the farm land areaduring the wet season.

True

False


In the Eocene Epoch of Geologic time, scientists believe that the Earth's atmosphere possessed CO2 concentrations above500 parts per million.

true

false


Wetlands have monetary agriculture value. Out of the following states, which has the highest value in terms ofdollars/cropland acre?

Maine

Nevada

Florida

Indiana


According to the narrated PowerPoint presentation, which of the following is not a major impact to wetlands because ofhighway construction?

direct wetland removal

altering the hydrologic regime

sediment loading

enhances wetland flood control capabilities


During the most extreme cold phases on Earth, snow and ice covered most of the Earth, but not Florida or the tropics.

true

false


The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 reduced Earth's average surface temperature by over five (5) degreesF.

true

false


At the center of the centrafugal model for wetlands are peripheral habitats.

true

false


Human induced stabilization of wetland ecosystems increases wetland productivity.

True

False


The Systems Optimization Perspective is far simpler in its structure compared to the Traditional Compliance Perspective.

true

false


Which act is intended to balance preservation and development in coastal areas?

the Toxic Substance Control Act

the Endangered Species Act

the Coastal Zone Management Act

the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act


The "Global Regulatory Period" for wetland and environmental management and regulation first occurred after what year?

1993

2002

1995

1990


One of the provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act (1969) was to:

Require environmental impact statements

Consider wildlife in water projects

Provide incentives for sustainable development

Challenge local governments to promote safe recreational activities in wetlands


Which of the following is not a component of the Wetland Utilization Model presented in the PowerPoint presention?

output

all are components of the Wetland Utilization Model

economy

input


Finished material is the end product of the Traditional Compliance Perspective.

true

false


The Clean Air Act (1970) had nothing to do with wetlands.

True

False


The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) of 1972 did which of the following?

Created groundwater management plans

Classified and certified pesticides by specific use

All of these are correct

Restricted use of pesticides harmful to the environment


The State of California receives the most funding from the United States Department of Agriculture for wetland conservation

True

False


_________________ wetlands are more important for aquifer recharge.

Smaller

Larger


Pollination is a regulatory service

True

False


The value associated with species dependent on wetlands for survival is ____________________.

Ecosystem value

Cultural value

Population value

Direct use value


With respect to Wetlands in Michigan, what provides the greatest value?

hunting

sport fishing

fur trapping

recreation


Which of these is an external value of a wetland?

Ground-water interaction

Recreation

Biochemical processes

Sediment trapping


Which of the following is NOT a Direct Use value of wetlands?

Fish habitat

Storm protection

Recreation

Fuel wood


Which of the following is not a value provided by wetlands as noted in the narrated PowerPoint Presentation?

provide fish habitat

they control erosion

they block groundwater flow

protect coastal areas from storms


Managers need to identify which factors are occurring, including continued sea-level rise, at a site to plan for successfulwetland restoration.

true

false


What are the important functions of mangroves, especially in Florida?

Hold land together, resist high tides, storm surge and wind protection

Restore beauty of wetlands, maintain salinity levels, habitat


Carbon sequestration, sun protection, increase land erosion


The introduction of black mangroves, which subsequently died, in the Tidewater/Ulmerton/4th St area of St Petersburg wasan example of failed mitigation. Where did they go wrong?

Funding: Local government did not allocate enough money into mitigation project to follow through withplans.

Flora and fauna: Invasive species introduced through the fill soils ultimately killed the black mangrovetrees.


Planning: Wrong plants were chosen that were not suitable for the hydrology, salinity and topography ofthe area.


When restoring wetlands, which is the most important?

To restore the natural function

To look as natural and unaltered as possible


How many phases are part of the Wetland Restoration Strategy Model?

four

two

three

five


Based on USDA information with regard to wetland creation and restoration, which of the following is not a legitimateplanning question?

will destruction of former wetland plants not allow them to be restored

will plugging drains or breaking tile lines disrupt of areas

is the water supply adequate

will the soil hold water


Which state had the least amount of land enrolled in the Wetland Reserve Program in 2008.

Alaska

Rhode Island

Hawaii

Kansas


Water flow in a wetland can be underground.

True

False


Approximately what percentage of untreated sewage in sewer systems is allowed to enter rivers, streams and oceans?

25

3

10

13


Aquatic Plant Systems are those with water deeper than ___________.

25 centimeters

2 meters

18 inches

3 feet


Gray water is _________________ (choose all that apply).

usable for watering grass

safe for the environment

safe for drinking


Landfill leachate going to a treatment wetland never contains iron because it settles out prior to entering the wetland.

true

false


Which of the following is the largest contributor of pollutants to Tampa Bay?

Residential run-off

Agriculture

Wastewater


Treatment wetlands perform best when there is fast water flow.

True

False

Quiz Score: 73 out of 75

questions time limit 90 minutes attempts · comprehensive final exam due may 2, 2014 points 75...

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