questioned document examination part ii. other responsibilities the document examination unit not...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Questioned Document Examination
Part II
![Page 2: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Other Responsibilities
• The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other areas that link to forgery and fraud.
• One such area is Cryptology or Cryptography.
• Cryptography comes from the Greek words kryptos (secret) and graphos (writing).
• Codes and ciphers are examples of cryptography.
![Page 3: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Codes
• Codes use symbols or groups of letters to represent words or phrases.
• Codes may be as easy as the non-secret SOS distress code or so secretive that both sender and receiver need a Code Book.
![Page 4: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Morse Code
• In 1838, Samuel Morse invented Morse Code.
• Morse Code is not really a code, but an electro-magnetic telegraph system that uses a system of dots and dashes.
• However, codes were sent in Morse Code format and then decoded.
• Morse Code was a very important message system during World War I.
![Page 5: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Morse Code
Listen to a Morse Code Message. What does it say?
![Page 6: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Enigma
• During World War II, the Germans used the Enigma machine.
• This machine could put a message into code in over 150 MILLION MILLION MILLION different ways.
• The Germans believed that the Enigma was invincible, but eventually the code was broken by the Allies.
![Page 7: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Colossus• Colossus was the machine that helped to
break the Enigma code.• Colossus was the world’s first programmable
computer.
![Page 8: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ciphers
• In a cipher one letter is replaced with another by either a simple or a complex scheme
![Page 9: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ciphers
• Knowing English Letter Frequency helps to break a cipher. E is the most commonly used letter.
![Page 10: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Invisible Ink
• Codes or secret messages may be written with invisible ink.
• The author uses ordinary paper, but the writing will disappear when the ink dries.
![Page 11: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Retrieving the Message
• Seeing the invisible message depends on the type of ink used.
• UV light, heat, chemical developers or a combination of these will reveal the hidden message.
![Page 12: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Espionage
• On September 22nd, 1776 Nathan Hale was the first American captured and executed for spying
• As President, Washington established a fund for secret or covert missions
![Page 13: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Civil War
• Many of the most successful spies were women
• Cushman received an honorary major’s commission from Lincoln
![Page 14: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
WWI
• 1917 Federal espionage law was passed
• Intelligence in WWI focused on code breaking and intercepting communications
![Page 15: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pearl Harbor
• The bombing of Pearl Harbor blamed on major intelligence failure
• Led to OSS/CIA
![Page 16: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
OSS
• Office of Strategic Services was America’s first intelligence agency
• By 1945, agents scattered throughout the world
• Donovan, head of OSS, had plans to expand agency that were leaked to newspaper
• Country panicked, Roosevelt died and Truman eliminated the OSS in 1945
![Page 17: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
CIA
• Central Intelligence Agency created as part of the National Security Act of 1947
• Confidential and covert so successes rarely known and publicized
• Failures were exposed
• Korean War
![Page 18: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mission
• To serve as “the eyes and ears of the nation and at times its hidden hand”
• Number of employees is classified
• Budget is not released• Considered on of the top
50 employers for new college graduates
![Page 19: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Polygraph Testimony
• In many fraud investigations, the suspect is asked to take a polygraph or “lie detector” test.
• These tests are very controversial and the results are not considered reliable.
![Page 20: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
How does a Polygraph Work?
• Lying is a defend mechanism to avoid trouble.
• It is not always obvious that someone is lying.
• A polygraph is an instrument that measures physiological reactions.
![Page 21: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Measurements
• 4 to 6 sensors are attached to the body.
• Multiple signals are gathered from each sensor and recorded.
• These recordings are the measurements of heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and electro-dermal activity.
![Page 22: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Questions
• The participant is asked 3 to 4 simple questions to establish “norms”.
• These questions would give baseline readings for the “truth”.
• Then the participant will be asked other questions that involve the incident as well as control questions.
![Page 23: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Results
• Results are subjective and may be misinterpreted as:
• False positive- truthful person decided to be deceptive.
• False negative- deceptive person decided to be truthful.
• False positives occur more.
![Page 24: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
“Beating” a Polygraph
• Ways that people try to trick the device include:
• Taking sedatives• Applying antiperspirant
to their fingertips• Placing tacks in their
shoes• Biting their tongue, lip
or cheek
![Page 25: Questioned Document Examination Part II. Other Responsibilities The Document Examination Unit not only examines questioned documents, but works with other](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051214/56649efe5503460f94c133cf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Court
• Many states do not allow any polygraph testimony.
• Other states allow the testimony with stipulations (both parties agree to admit the results as evidence).