question 19

Question 19

Question 1Senate and Optimates /4Militeray reform

/4Military commander and

Populares /4Structure + content /5Language

/3Total /20

Question 2Land /6Citizenship /6

Structure and content /5Language /3Total /20

The Age of Augustus(44 BC – 14 AD)

CLAB06H3, Week 6Feb. 11, 2009

Outline

1. Sources

1. The Year after Caesar’s Death (44-43 BC)

2. The Second Triumvirate and its Aftermaths (43-30 BC)

3. Octavian-Augustus’ Reign (30 BC – 14 AD)

1. Sources

1. Sources

• Literary– Cicero– Appian’s Civil War– Suetonius (Augustus, Tiberius)– Plutarch’s Life of Antony– Cassius Dio’s History

1. Sources

• Papyrological (Egypt)• Epigraphical– Augustus’ Res gestae– Monumental inscriptions– Funerary stelae

• Archaeological• Iconographical


• Mar. 15: Caesar’s murder

• Mar. 17: Antony’s compromise– No action against the murderers– No reversal of Caesar’s measures


Caesar’s public funerals

Massive outcry against the assassins

Mid-April: Brutus and Cassius away from RomeAugust: Governors of Crete + Cyrene

Cleopatra and Caesarion back to Egypt

Caesar’s Will

• Roman people– Extensive property– 300 sesterces per individual

• Gaius Octavius (Octavian)– Sole heir– Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus

Caesar’s Will

• Roman people– Extensive property– 300 sesterces per individual

• Gaius Octavius (Octavian)– Sole heir– Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus

Antonyvs

Octavian

Octavian

• Born Sept. 63 BC

• Son of Caesar’s niece Atia+ Gaius Octavius (novus homo)

• 45: With Caesar in Spain

• 44: Studies in Apollonia (Illyricum)– Back to Rome

Marc Antony

• Born 83 BC son of M. Antonius (equites)

• 57-54: Cavalry commander in Palestine + Egypt

• 53-50: With Caesar in Gaul• 51: Quaestor• 49: Tribune of the plebs• 44: Consuls

Lepidus

• 49: Quaestor, supports Caesar• 46: Consul• 46-44: Magister equitum• 44: Supports Antony• Pontifex Maximus

44-43 BC• Spring 44: Lepidus in Gaul and Nearer Spain– Vs Sextus Pompey

• Nov. 44: Antony towards Cisalpine Gaul– Besieges Mutina

44-43 BC• Jan 43: Anti-Antony campaign (Cicero)– Philippics– 2 pro-senate consuls– Octavian propraetor + place in the Senate

Antony and Octavian

• April 43:

– Antony’s defeat at Mutina + alliance with Lepidus

– Octavian hailed as imperator

Antony and Octavian

• August 43: – Octavian consul (19 yrs old)

• Secures rewards for his veterans

• Caesar’s assassins + Sextus Pompey condemned + outlawed

3. The Second Triumvirate and its Aftermath (43-30 BC)

3. The Second Triumvirate (43-30 BC)

Private meeting in Bononia

Triumviri reipublicae constituendae=

Triumvirs for the restoration of the State

3. The Second Triumvirate (43-30 BC)

• Legalized settlement:– Authority to make laws without reference to Senate

or people– Juridiction without appeal– Authority to name all magistrates– Antony + Octavian = 20 legions each– Division of the Roman World (West)

Wars

a. Caesaricides (42)

b. Perusine War (41-40)

c. Sextus Pompey (39-36)

d. Antony vs Octavian (36-30)

a. War against the Cesaricides

Need for money (soldiers)

?



Confiscations (18 towns)+

Proscriptions



Confiscations (18 towns)+

ProscriptionsPolitical cleansing

Battle of Philippi (42)

Brutus + Cassius + 100,000vs

Antony + Octavian + 100,000

Battle of Philippi (42)

Brutus + Cassius + 100,000vs

Antony + Octavian + 100,000

End of the Republican cause

After Philippi

• Octavian: Italy– Veterans’ discharge– More confiscations– Sextus’ blockades Rome’s supply

• Antony: East– Cleopatra

Misery + Famine + violence

in Italy

b. Perusine War (41-40 BC)

Why? Discontent against Octavian (confiscations)

Who? Antonius (consul) + Fulvia vs Octavian

Where? Perusa

Outcome? Octavian’s victory (spring)

b. Perusine War (41-40 BC)

Brundisium Agreement (40 BC)

• Summer:– End of Anthony’s govenorship

– Octavian takes Gaul + Spain

Brundisium Agreement (40 BC)

• September: Octavian + Antony meet at Brundisium

– Antony marries Octavia

– Territorial agreement• Octavian = West• Antony: East• Lepidus: Africa

b. War against Sextus Pompey (39-36)

• Summer 39: Agreement (Misenum)– Sextus: Corsica + Sardinia + Peloponese for 5 years

• Fall 39: Octavian divorces

• 38: Sextus’ victories at Cumae + Messina

b. War against Sextus Pompey (39-36)

– 37: Triumvirate renewed (Tarentum)• Antony’s help (120 warships)

– 36: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa’s victory• Naulochus (N Sicily)

– 35: Sextus killed in Asia Minor

Octavian vs Lepidus

• Lepidus wants Sextus’ land forces

• Octavian gains the recongnition of Lepidus’ troop

Octavian vs Lepidus

Antony in the East (42-30)• 41: Tarsus (Cleopatra VII)

• 40: Parthian invasion of Syria + Asia Minor

• 40-39: Marries Octavia

• Spring 37: Tarentum = renewal of the triumvirate

Antony in the East (42-30)• 37: Syria with Cleopatra

• 36: Counterattack against Parthia– Defeat– Important losses

• 35-34: Subdues Armenia– Octavian embarassing plan

d. Antony vs Octavian

• 34: Donation of Alexandria

• 33: Antony and Cleopatra in Greece

• 32: Antony divorces Octavia

d. Antony vs Octavian• 32: Octavian’s propaganda– Cleopatra declared an enemy of Rome– Exhibition of Antony’s will– Oath of loyalty

• 31: Actium battle

What was the issue of the Actium Battle?

a. Octavian wonb. Antony and Cleopatra wonc. Cleopatra switched side and helped Octavian

wind. All sanke. Actually, this battle never happened

Augustus’ Reign (30 BC – 14 AD)

Octavian-Augustus(30 BC – 14 AD)

a. Octavian and the Republicb. Military reformc. Provincial + external policiesd. Urbanisme. Literaturef. Augustus’ succession

How did Augustus manage to keep the power for so long?

a. He killed all potential opponentsb. He imposed himself as a kingc. He used the army to strengthen his powerd. He used the traditional institutions of the

Republice. He abolished all old institutions and created

new political rules

a. Octavian and the Republic

Basis of Octavian’s strategy to exert + keep power=

Use of traditional Republican institutions

a. Octavian and the Republic

Basis of Octavian’s strategy to exert + keep power=

Use of traditional Republican institutions

X dynastic or divinely-based powerX military based power

The first Years

• 30: Still rules as triumvir

• 31-23: Consul every year

• 28: Agrippa and him coequal consuls

• Jan. 27: Hands back all his authority to the Roman people but…

The First Settlement

• Octavian:– Consul of Spain, Gaul, Cilicia, Cyprus, Syria, Egypt

for 10 yrs• Legati

– Named Augustus, ‘revered’

The First Settlement (27 BC)

• Octavian:– Consul of Spain, Gaul, Cilicia, Cyprus, Syria, Egypt for

10 yrs• Legati

– Named Augustus, ‘revered’

Restoration of the Republic+

Octavian-Augustus turns away from his violent past

The Second Settlement (23 BC)• Augustus resigns consulship but

• Keeps– Provinces– Imperium

• Gains– Imperium maius– Tribunicia potestas

Other ‘Honors’

• 19: Consul insigna• 12: Pontifex maximus• 2: Pater patriae

Senate

• From 1,000 to 600 members (Sulla)• Entry condition: Quaestor (Sulla)• Fortune: 400,000 to 1,000,000 sesterces• Cursus honorum respected– Augustus’ control

New offices

• 5 BC: Consulship = 6 months = Suffect consuls

• 2 BC: Praetorian cohorts (supervised by 2 equestrian prefects)

• 6 AD: Vigiles (3,500, freedman status)

• 7-8 AD: Annona prefecture (5-6 AD = famines)

• 13 AD: Urban cohorts

How did Augustus retain effective power?

a. Through forceb. Through intimidationc. Through briberiesd. Through his influencee. Through flattery

How did Augustus retain effective power?

a. Through forceb. Through intimidationc. Through briberiesd. Through his influencee. Through flattery

Unauthoritative leadership

Some Important Latin Words…

New cognomen (family name) taken by Octavian in 27 BC, which later became an imperial title. It has a semi-religious connotation and means ‘revered’.

a.Auctoritasb.Princepsc. Augustusd.Imperiume. Imperator

Some Important Latin Words…

Unofficial influence exerted by, and prestige enjoyed by, those individuals or corporate bodies whose advice and recommendations gain special respect.


Some Important Latin Words…Originally a title for successful military commanders. From Augustus’ time it was used of the ‘emperor’ and from the Flavians (68 on) onwards it was a regular imperial title.


Some Important Latin Words…From the verb imperare, ‘to command’. Supreme authority in Rome’s affairs vested in certain officeholders, who could alone command troops and impose the death penalty. The one held by emperors was made maius (‘greater’) so that it outranked that of all other holders.


Some Important Latin Words…Lit. ‘leading figure’. During the Republic, an informal general term for the senators who carried the greatest weight in matters of state. It appealed to Augustus as the unassuming term that best fitted the position which he developed for himself.


b. Military Reforms• Size (Expenses)– At least 300,000 men discharged– Land and $ for veterans

• Control + allegiance– Almost all in imperial provinces– Rise of centurions’ pay– Oath in the name of Augustus + his family

b. Military Reforms

• 6 AD: Aerarium militare = fund for veterans– Tax on inheritance + sales

• 13 AD: Professionalization– Volunteer citizens– Military service = 20 years and +– Bounty: $, land

c. Provincial + External Policies

• Doubled Empire’s size:– Egypt– Whole Iberian peninsula– Up to the Rhine (Raetia, Noricum, Dalmatia,

Pannonia, Moesia)– All the Alps– Galatia– Judaea

c. Provincial + External Policies

• Doubled Empire’s size:– Egypt– Whole Iberian peninsula– Up to the Rhine (Raetia, Noricum, Dalmatia,

Pannonia, Moesia)– All the Alps– Galatia– Judaea

Diplomatic relationships with Parthia

Augustean Empire• Reached natural boundaries

Augustean Empire

• 2 types of provinces– Senatorial– Imperial

Augustean Empire

• Senatorial provinces– Stable ones– Not a lot of soldiers– Governed by proconsuls• former consuls or praetors

Augustean Empire

• Imperial provinces– instable + new ones– Bulk of the soldiers– Governed by legati Augusti pro praetore equestrian• Former consuls or praetors• With an equestrian procurator ($)

d. Urbanism• 3 new aqueducts• Senate house (Curia Julia)• New forum + temple to Mars Avenger• Extensive development of the Campus Martius• Augustus’ mausoleum + Ara pacis

Which one of the following was not an aim of Augustus’ urban projects?

a. To give work to masses of unemployed menb. To glorify Augustusc. To glorify Romed. To glorify the Senatee. To bring prosperity back to Rome

e. Literature

• Literary boom: – Patronage– Biased– Model = Greece

e. Literature• Literary boom:

– Lucretius (~94-54 BC) = philosophy

– Catullus (~84-54 BC) = love poems

– Virgil (70-19 BC) = epic poem, Aeneid

– Horace (65 BC- 8 AD) = poems

– Propertius (47 BC – 15 AD) = poems

– Ovid (43 BC – 17 AD) = poems

e. Culture• Augustus’ Res gestae– For admiration– Self-representation = restraint, responsibility,

honor, pacifier

f. Augustus’ Succession

• Succession = constant issue• 2 wives:– 39: Scribonia Julia

– 38 - : Livia Drusilla• Tiberius Claudius Nero (42 BC)• Drusus (38 BC)

Strategy 1: Natural grandson adopted as son

• 21: Agrippa + Julia– Gaius (20 BC)– Lucius (17 BC)

Adopted by Augustus

Strategy 2: Another natural grandson

• 12 BC: Agrippa dies– Asks Tiberius to marry Julia• Dead born child• 6 BC: Tiberius = imperium + tribunicia potestas• Soon after: Gaius favored + Tiberius out of Rome

Step 3: Tiberius

• 2 BC: Julia exiled + Lucius dies

• 1 AD: Gaius dies

• 4 AD: Tiberius adopted

• 13 AD: Powers equal to Augustus’

• 14 AD: Augustus dies

question 19

Documents

caesars death

caesars murdermar

vsantony octavian

brutus cassius

octavian consul

magistratesantony octavian

antony vs octavian

money soldiersconfiscations