Quaternary EnvironmentsOverview

Scale of VariationScale of Variation

Energy BalanceEnergy Balance

Milancovich CyclesMilancovich Cycles

Paleomagnetism

http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/Intro.html; Illustration by Steele Hill

Ice Cores

Marine Sediments

Foramnifera, , Diatoms, Coccoliths, and Dinoflagellates

Packrat Midden

Lake Coring

Macrofossil Seeds

Phytolith Morphology

Pollen Analysis

Isochrones of Vegetation Migration

Dendrochronology

J.M.W Turner, England: Richmond Hill, on the Prince Regent’s Birthday, 1819

1889 George Roskruge’s surveying party standing above Monkey Spring

1962 Growth of shrubs and grasses including exotics Bermuda grass and Watercress

1994 Plants have continued to encroach on the site with Velvet mesquite, one-seed Juniper, Gooding willow, and Fremont cottonwood being common

View of a Hurricane through satellite imagery

Paleoclimate Models

Worldwide Megafaunal Extinctions

Fig. 1-1 p. 2

World Population

North America by Night

Human Disturbance

Tropic of Capricorn

Equator

Predominantly naturalPartially disturbed

Human dominated

AntarcticCircle

Tropic ofCancer

ArcticCircle