Quarter 4 HSA Review Session

Evolution, Classification, Ecosystems and Interactions, Energy Flow, and Succession

EVOLUTION

Evolution The change of populations of organisms over time.

Type of Evidence Definition

Paleontology

Comparative Embryology

Comparative Anatomy

Comparative Biochemistry

The study of fossils (the preserved or mineralized remains )

Comparing the early stages of development between different species

Comparing body parts of different organisms. Organisms with a common ancestor have body

parts that are similar in structure, but not necessarily function (homologous structures)

Comparing organisms by examining their DNA or amino acid sequences; gel electrophoresis

can be used to compare similarities

Natural Selection

Evolution is driven by natural selection.

Natural selection: “Survival of the fittest”-The best adapted organisms will survive and reproduce, and pass these favorable traits on to the next generation.

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CLASSIFICATION

Classification of Organisms

Kingdom Cell Type(Prokaryote or

Eukaryote)

# of Cells (Unicellular and/or

multicellular)

Nutrition (Autotroph and/or

Heterotroph)

Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Prokaryote UnicellularAutotroph and Heterotroph

Prokaryote UnicellularAutotroph and Heterotroph

Eukaryote Unicellular and Multicellular

Autotroph and Heterotroph

Eukaryote Unicellular and Multicellular

Heterotroph

Eukaryote Multicelluar Autotroph

Eukaryote Multicellular Heterotroph

• Classification: Arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities

EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION

QUESTIONS

Question 1

Rabbits that live in warm climates have larger ears than rabbits that live in cold climates. Larger ears allow rabbits to cool themselves by releasing body heat. Which term describes this characteristic?A.alterationB.mutationC.adaptationD.recombination

Question 2

The mole rat is an animal that avoids predators by living underground. Its long claws and teeth allow it to dig deep holes. Scientists believe the ancestors of the mole rat lived above ground and had shorter claws and teeth.

Which of these processes resulted in the long claws and teeth found in the modern mole rat?A.natural selectionB.selective breedingC.genetic engineeringD.asexual reproduction

Question 3

A researcher is studying raccoons and skunks. She wants to find out how closely these two mammals are related. Which of these characteristics would be best for her to study? A.sequences of DNAB.reproductive habitsC.movement of RNAD.physical appearance

Question 4

A cell is observed through a microscope. The cell is found to have a cell wall, a cell membrane, and numerous ribosomes. The cell does not have a nucleus. This cell is most likely from aA.bacteriumB.fungusC.plantD.protist

Question 5

ECOSYSTEMS

What is Ecology?

Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.

Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors in an Environment

Abiotic Factors – Nonliving parts of an

environment Examples: temperature,

sunlight, precipitation (water), soil, etc.

Biotic Factors- Living parts of an

environment Organisms (plants,

animals, etc.)

SPECIES INTERACTIONS

Species Interactions

Interaction Definition

Predation

Competition

Parasitism

Commensalism

Mutualism

One organism captures and eats another organism

Struggle for limited resources (food, water, shelter, etc.)

One organism (parasite) benefits and the other (host) is harmed; Parasite feeds on the host

One benefits and the other is unaffected (neither benefited or harmed)

Both organisms benefit

ECOSYSTEMS AND SPECIES INTERACTIONS

QUESTIONS

Question 6A summer camp was built near a lake in the mountains. The campers used the lake for swimming, fishing, and boating. The relationships between three organisms found in the lake are shown below.

Striped fish are affected by biotic and abiotic factors in their environment. Which of these factors is biotic?A.water temperatureB.mineral nutrientsC.freshwater algaeD.inorganic sediments

Question 7Use the relationships in the food web below to answer the following question.

The relationship between the mice and the insects is an example ofA.commensalismB.mutualismC.parasite–hostD.predator–prey

Question 8Scientists have recently discovered hydrothermal vent communities on the ocean floor. A diagram of a hydrothermal vent community is shown in the figure below.

The organisms in this community live near heated vents. Inorganic compounds such as sulfides mix with extremely hot water when they are released from the vents. Bacteria use the sulfides to make food for themselves and other animals. Many of these bacteria live in the bodies of the giant tubeworms and the giant white clams that live in this community.

Which of these is an abiotic factor that influences this ecosystem?A.food C. water temperatureB.bacteria D. giant tubeworms

Question 9

A protozoan lives inside a rat and takes its nourishment from the rat’s body. Because the protozoan damages the rat’s brain, the rat loses its fear of cats. A cat attacks an infected rat; the protozoan enters the cat’s body and completes its life cycle.

Which of these describes the relationship between the protozoan and the rat? A.commensalismB.parasite–hostC.mutualismD.predator–prey

ENERGY FLOW

Producers vs. Consumers

PRODUCERS: organisms that can make their own food (plants, algae, etc.)

CONSUMERS: organisms that can not make their own food

Obtain their energy by eating other organisms

Types of Consumers

Type of Consumers Definition

Herbivore

Carnivore

Omnivore

Scavenger

Decomposer

Eats only plants

Eats only animals

Eats both plants and animals

Feeds on the bodies of dead organisms

Breaks down and absorb dead organisms & waste, returning some of the material to the environment

Food Chain

Energy flows through an ecosystem by moving from producers to various levels of consumers.

A food chain is single pathway of feeding relationships among organisms that results in energy transfer

Food Web

The feeding relationships in an ecosystem are usually too complicated to be represented by a single food chain.

Many consumers eat more than one type of food, more than one species may feed on the same type of food, etc.

Food web: The interconnected food chains of an ecosystem

Trophic Levels

Trophic Level: An organism’s position or level in a food chain or food web

1st trophic level: Producers

2nd trophic level: herbivores

3rd trophic level and above: Carnivores or Omnivores

1

2

3

4

Energy Pyramid

Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level

Only 10% of the energy found in one trophic level gets transferred on to the next level.

90% of energy is lost in each tropic level:

Mainly as heat

Other life processes (growth, movement, etc.)

SUCCESSION

What is succession?

A series of changes that occur in a community over time

There are 2 types of succession:

1. Primary succession: Development of a community in an area that has not supported life previously (ex: new island)

2. Secondary succession: Change in an existing community following a disturbance (forest fire, flood, hurricane, etc.)

ENERGY FLOW AND SUCCESSION QUESTIONS

Question 10

Gray wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park in 1995. Two years later, the population of coyotes had decreased by 50%. Coyotes were found in all habitats of the park before the gray wolves were reintroduced. Now, coyotes are most often found in the hills and mountains.

Which of these describes the role of the vole in the Yellowstone ecosystem?A.decomposerB.producerC.herbivoreD.carnivore

Question 11

Scientists classify humans as omnivores, based on their teeth. As omnivores, humans eatA.only fungiB.mostly plants and animalsC.only animalsD.mostly bacteria and fungi

Question 12

Question 13

A team of marine scientists is studying biotic and abiotic factors that affect the stability of a deep-sea ecosystem.The scientists discovered a species of fish that eats other fish and decaying matter. Which of these does not describe the newly discovered fish?A.consumerB.predatorC.scavengerD.producer

Question 14 Hydrothermal vent communities are often destroyed by lava erupting from the ocean floor. After the lava has cooled, different organisms begin to inhabit the area. Over a period of a few years, organisms inhabit the area in the following order:

sulfur bacteria -> crabs -> giant tubeworms -> clams and mussels

Which of these best identifies this sequence of events?A.evolutionB.mutationC.successionD.translation