quarks, leptons and gauge bosons behave as a point-like ... · dynamical u,d and s quarks; finding...
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Theory of flavour physics
27.03.2008
Svjetlana Fajfer
Physics Department, University of Ljubljana and
Institute J. Stefan, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Physics in Ljubljana July 17-24 2011, Ljubljana,
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Quarks, leptons and gauge bosons behave as a point-like particles.
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Why do we need accelerators? Heisenbergs uncertainty principle (1927):
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Units
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Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
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CDF
D0
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
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Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
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10!18 GeVfundamental fermions: point-like on the scale
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Interactions
electromagnetic
strong
weak
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Quarks
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Nucleus
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Quantum electrodynamics (QED)
Fine structure constant
Low energies
High energies
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Screening the electric charge
Fine structure coupling changes with the energy !
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Pauli’s principle: two fermions cannot occupy the same state
One more reason for the colour existence :
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QED and QCD
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Feynman’s diagrams
Richer structure of QCD than QED
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Quantum chromodynamics
“+”sign number of quarks
Asymptotic freedom SD = Shirt Distance (Perturbation Theory)
Quantum Field Theory: RG = Renormalization Group Effects
LD = Long Distance (Non-Perturbative Physics )
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Weak interactions
Long lifetime, Small cross sections
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Weak currents:
- charged - neutral
W±
Z0
mW± = 80.4 GeVmZ0 = 80.4 GeV
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Fermi theory complete theory
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Comparison weak and electromagnetic interactiopns
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Parity violation in weak interactions
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Leptons Quarks
Cabibbo mixing
!c = 130experimentally
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CKM mixing
Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa
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Unification : weak + electromagnetic
Example:
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In the unification first we start with massless gauge bosons
physical fields
Only three parameters are free! We know everything about electroweak interactions if these Parameters are known!
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Basic properties in the Standard Model
1. Charged current Interactions only with left-handed quarks
2. Quark mixing (weak eigenstates ≠ mass eigenstates
weak eigenstates CKM unitary matrix mass eigenstates
3. GIM mechanism – natural suppression of FCNC
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GIM mechanism
All three quarks in the loop contribute making the decay width very suppressed!
There are no tree level processes in which the neutral currents change flavour!
BR(KL ! µ+µ!) = 6.84" 10!19
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CP violation within CKM
CP Violation arises from a single phase in W± interactions of quarks !
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Wolfenstein parametrization
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Unitarity triangle
One of goals of particle physics!
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Tree Level Decays
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Loop induced processes
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Strong interactions contribute in the weak processes
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Standard Model
gives masses to all elementary fermions and gauge boson
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Masses are created due to the spin 0 Higgs boson!
Most wanted at LHC!
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Why we are not satisfied with Standard Model?
Hierarchy problem;
Neutrino masses- neutrino oscillations;
Does not include gravity;
Does not explain astrophysical results:
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Within SM quantum corrections to fermion masses would depend only logarithmically on scale Λ (“mass is protected”):
δmf ~ mflnΛ
QED – electron self energy!
Hierarchy problem of SM
The elementary Higgs sector exhibit following feature: corresponding quantum corrections to scalar particle (Higgs) would exhibit a quadratic dependence on scale Λ. This means that Higgs mass is extremly sensitive to the scale of the NEW physics!
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Gauge hierarchy problem (naturalness problem)
within Standard Model these quadratic divergences cannot be cancelled!
FINE TUNING PROBLEM in SM !
In order to have stable mass of the Higgs boson we expect new physics ~ 1 TeV!
quadra0c divergences :
The cutoff above which enters physics beyond SM.
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Search for new physics
Direct search:
l q q
l
g ~ q ~ l ~ χ02
~ χ01 ~
p p
Indirect search at low energies:
Instead of SM in the loops new physics particles
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Flavour theory
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Basic questions of the flavour theory
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Georgi-Glashow (1974) proposed
Matter fields are in representation
Proton might decay: Current experimental limit
years
GUT theories
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Experimental situation:
In order to realize unification there are plenty of proposals: - Introduction of new particles which modify unification - Super- symmetry (one of most favorable scenarios of new physics)
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Most popular scenarios for the gauge hierarchy problem
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SUPERSYMMETRY (a space-time symmetry) - postulates existence of bosonic matter particles, and fermionic carriers of interactions, not exact, since supersymmetric partners must be heavy as they have not been observed; for every known particle there should be a supersymmetric partner
Supersymmetry
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Svjetlana Fajfer Borut Bajc Bojan Golli Jernej Fesel Kamenik Rajmund Krivec Matej Pavšič Saša Prelovšek Komelj Jure Zupan
full professor (FMF +IJS) senior research associate (IJS) associate professor (PEF +IJS) postdoctoral associate (IJS) research advisor (IJS) research advisor (IJS) assistant professor (FMF +IJS) assistant professor (FMF +IJS)
THEORY OF NUCLEUS, ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
AND FIELDS
Miha Nemevšek, posdoc. (ISTP, Trieste +IJS) Nejc Košnik, posdoc. (LAL,Orsay, +IJS)
PhD students: Jure Drobnak, 2008č Timon Mede, 2009 Vasja Susič, 2010, Ivan Nišandžić, Ivana Mustać
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Theoretical predictions of the group are included in measurement projects of laboratories Belle, Ba Bar, Fermilab (FOCUS and CDF) and future LHC collider.
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Grand Unified Theories: ICTP Trieste; Laboratori Nazionali Gran Sasso
Flavour physics: Technion, Haifa; CERN theory division, University of Oslo; Ecole Polytechnique Paris; University Paris-Sud, Orsay; PMF Zagreb; Cornell; Carnegie Mellon ; Frascati Laboratory, Univ. Torino, Univ. of Cincinaty,
BP
Underlined: Bilateral projects Members of FLAVIANET
Lattice chromodynamics: Collaboration RIKEN-Brookhaven-Columbia, Bern Graz Regensburg Collaboration
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Nuclei and elementary particles (FMF, UL) S. Fajfer Physics (FKKT, UL) S. Fajfer, S. Prelovsek
Field theory (FMF – graduate course, UL) B. Bajc
Theory of particles and nuclei (FMF – graduate course, UL ) S. Fajfer, J.F. Kamenik
Modern physics (FMF, UL) S. Fajfer
Mathematical physics (PEF, UL) B. Golli
Experiments in physics (PEF, UL) B. Golli
Standard Model (ICTP) B. Bajc
A short introduction to supersymmetry (Odense, Denmark) B. Bajc
Exercises at Physics Department, UL: S. Prelovšek, J.F.Kamenik, T. Mede, J. Drobnsak
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S. Prelovšek Scalar meson puzzle: - first dynamical simulation with good chiral properties gives mass of lowest qq with I=1 close to a0(1450). - this indicates that a0(980) may not be qq, but tetraquark - first simulation of sigma meson with dynamical u,d and s quarks; finding mass about 700 MeV, close to observed value - analytical prediction for effects of lattice artifacts on scalar correlators, which agree with lattice data very well Excited meson spectra: - challenging determination of first and second excited state of pion and rho mesons, close to observed masses
discretization of space-time, path integrals and
fast computers
Future projects:
- simulation of tetraquarks
- spectra of hadrons that can decay on the lattice
- study of hadron decays on the lattice
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Fajfer, Zupan, Kamenik, Košnik, Drobnak, Nišanđić, Mustać ,
FLAVOUR PHYSICS
Top quark physics: - production ob t bar t, - single top production, - top at hadronic colliders, - weak decays within SM and NP;
New physics in charm meson rare decays;
B meson physics: SM and NP - B meson oscillations, - FCNC decays, Leptonic and nonleptonic decays;
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hints of New Physics?
ELECTROWEAK CONSTRAINTS FROM B PHYSICS
developed method used for first tree level CKM phase determination
LHC and low and high energy
constraints from flavor physics
flavor physics@LHC:
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GRAND UNIFICATION B. Bajc, I. Doršner, M. Nemevšek, students T. Mede, V. Susic