quantum computing with noninteracting particles...noninteracting particle model •weak model of qc...
TRANSCRIPT
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Quantum Computing with Noninteracting Particles
Alex Arkhipov
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Noninteracting Particle Model
• Weak model of QC
– Probably not universal
– Restricted kind of entanglement
– Not qubit-based
• Why do we care?
– Gains with less quantum
– Easier to build
– Mathematically pretty
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Classical Analogue
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Balls and Slots
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Transition Matrix
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A Transition Probability
?
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A Transition Probability
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A Transition Probability
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A Transition Probability
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A Transition Probability
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A Transition Probability
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A Transition Probability
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Probabilities for Classical Analogue
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Probabilities for Classical Analogue
• What about other transitions?
?
?
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Configuration Transitions
Transition matrix for one ball
m=3, n=1
Transition matrix for two-ball configurations
m=3, n=2
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Classical Model Summary
• n identical balls
• m slots
• Choose start configuration
• Choose stochastic transition matrix M
• Move each ball as per M
• Look at resulting configuration
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Quantum Model
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Quantum Particles
• Two types of particle: Bosons and Fermions
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Identical Bosons
?
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Identical Fermions
?
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Algebraic Formalism
• Modes are single-particle basis states
Variables
• Configurations are multi-particle basis states
Monomials
• Identical bosons commute
• Identical fermions anticommute
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Example: Hadamarding Bosons
Hong-Ou-Mandel dip
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Example: Hadamarding Fermions
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Definition of Model
x2
x2
x1
x4
x5
n particles
Initial configuration
U
U
U
U
U
m m unitaryX
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Complexity
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Complexity Comparison
Particle: Fermion Classical Boson
Function: Det Perm Perm
Matrix: Unitary Stochastic Unitary
Compute
probability:In P Approximable
[JSV ‘01]
#P-complete[Valiant ‘79]
Sample: In BPP[Valiant ‘01]
In BPP Not in BPP [AA ‘10 in prep]
Adaptive → BQP[KLM ‘01]
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Bosons Have the Hard Job
• Fermions: Easy
– Det is in P
– Doable in P [Valiant ‘01]
• Classical particles: Easy
– Perm is #P-complete!
– Perm approximable for ≥0 matrices [JSV ‘01]
• Bosons: Hard
– With adaptive measurements, get BQP [KLM ‘01]
– Not classically doable, even approximately [AA ‘10
in prep]
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Bosons are Hard: Proof
• Classically simulate identical bosons
• Using NP oracle, estimate AAAAAAA XXXXXXXXXXX
• Compute permanent in BPPNP
• P#P lies within BPPNP
• Polynomial hierarchy collapses
Approx counting
Toda’s Theorem
Reductions
Perm is #P-complete
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Approximate Bosons are Hard: Proof
• Classically approximately simulate identical bosons
• Using NP oracle, estimate of random M with high probability
• Compute permanent in BPPNP
• P#P lies within BPPNP
• Polynomial hierarchy collapses
+ conjectures
Approx counting
Toda’s Theorem
Random self-reducibility
Perm is #P-complete
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Experimental Prospects
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Linear Optics
• Photons and half-silvered mirrors
• Beamsplitters + phaseshifters are universal
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Challenge: Do These Reliably
• Encode values into mirrors
• Generate single photons
• Have photons hit mirrors at same time
• Detect output photons
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Proposed Experiment
• Use m=20, n=10
• Choose U at random
• Check by brute force!
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MIT OpenCourseWarehttp://ocw.mit.edu
6.845 Quantum Complexity Theory
Fall 2010
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