quantum atomics - suny · • the laws of physics dictate the limits on how well one can do...

Dana Z. Anderson — AFRL QIS — July 9-11 2019 — Utica NYDana Z. Anderson — AFRL QIS — July 9-11 2019 — Utica NY

Dana Z. AndersonColdQuanta Inc., Boulder CO

and the JILA Institute, University of Colorado Boulder

1

Quantum Atomics

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From 30,000 ft and From 3 ft

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Dana Z. Anderson — AFRL QIS — July 9-11 2019 — Utica NY2

30,000 ft.4 Messages

Dana Z. Anderson — AFRL QIS — July 9-11 2019 — Utica NY

Integrity Service Excellence

Quantum Information Science: The Way Ahead

11 Dec 2018

WILLIAM T. COOLEY, Maj Gen, USAF Commander, Air Force Research Laboratory

Approved for Public Release [88ABW-2018-2582]. Distribution Unlimited


QUANTUM-ENABLED AIR FORCE CAPABILITIES

Rapid Actionable Information with Quantum Computation of Data

SecureEncryption

Zero GPS Age of Data (aka error) with Entangled Clock Network with Quantum Repeaters

Long Duration UnaidedInertial

Navigation

Carrier Strike Group

Target

Time Transfer- Complete

Data Fusion Possible

Tanker or Bomber

Bunker/Tunnel Detection with

Advanced Sensors

Low Probability of Intercept Communications

Enabling Technologies

Approved for Public Release [88ABW-2018-2582]. Distribution Unlimited

Dana Z. Anderson — AFRL QIS — July 9-11 2019 — Utica NYDana Z. Anderson — AFRL QIS — July 9-11 2019 — Utica NY 5

QIS Message No. 1

Quantum is here to stay

• The laws of physics dictate the limits on how well one can do anything with a physical system.

• Covering everything from timekeeping to measurements to computing.• Modern technology provides access to quantum-limited performance to an

increasingly broader spectrum of applications.• If you are not at the quantum limit, you will not be competitive.


QIS Message No. 2

Today’s Quantum Technology is Primitive

• We have witnessed incredible advances in the science hinting at the power of quantum technology• Pritchard’s matterwave interferometer • Cornell, Weiman, and Ketterly BEC demonstration• Reichel and Zimmerman’s achievement of BEC on a chip• Bloch’s optical lattice Mott-Insulator Transistion• Jin’s Fermi-degenerate gas• Greiner’s quantum gas microscope• …• BEC in space…

• But we are technologically a long way from practical, widely deployable quantum technology.


ATOMIC INERTIAL SENSORS ARE *NOT* FIELD READY: 50 YEARS OF COMPETITION

7

From: “History of the Laser Gyro” by C. V. Heer, Proc. SPIC 487 (1984).

Litton aircraft navigation quality “Zeelag” laser gyro, 7 cm(?) per side

Today there exists NO atom based inertial sensing technology that realizes the incredible sensitivity potential of atoms in a system that can tolerate the dynamical environments say, of a commercial aircraft.

Where is the matterwave analog of the ring laser gyroscope?


TIMEKEEPING:

8

10-17

Single Al+(NIST)

Cs clock

World Time Keeper

Today the quantum clock is nearly 1000 times better than World Timekeeping

THE HARBINGER OF QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY TO COME


QIS Message No. 3

As a Technology, Quantum is a Gift that Will Keep on Giving

• Moore’s Law: (badly paraphrased):• The power of digital technology doubles every two years

• It takes thus 20 years to have 1000-fold improvement in performance.• Quantum clock technology has already reflected that 1000-fold improvement is

imminent. • It is reasonable to assume that quantum sensing, computing, etc., can follow the

clock’s example.


30,000 ft.Painting the Technology Picture


Humankind’s most precise (coherent) quantum instrument is a clock • using atoms (includes ions)• cooled by laser beams,• trapped by electromagnetics (RF fields or laser

beams)• and interrogated by laser beams.

WHAT’S UNDER THE HOOD

(Lift the clock by 20 cmand it ticks at a differentrate because of gravity!)

Atom-based computing is (almost) the same• using atoms (includes ions)• cooled by laser beams,• trapped by electromagnetics (RF fields or laser

beams)• manipulated by laser beams,• and interrogated by laser beams.

Atomic states are entangled bytheir manipulation with laserbeams combined with theinteraction with each other.

AT ANOTHER END OF THE QIS TECHNOLOGY SPECTRUM:


IT ALL SOUNDS VERY DELICATE — IT IS, BUT IT ISN’T

Atoms can be controlled with laser beams applying more than 1000 g of force. Cooled using laser beams and other fields

to temperatures less than 100 nanoKelvin. Positioning individual atoms with better

than micron accuracy. Having them close enough to “talk” to

each other to control entanglement. Addressing and interrogating atoms with

exquisite control and extreme precision.

Dana Z. Anderson — AFRL QIS — July 9-11 2019 — Utica NY 14

ULTRACOLD & ULTRACLOSE

Ultracold:

Ultra-close challenge:Produce ultracold atoms “on chip” ~200 μm

from 300 K chip surface< 1 mm from ambient pressure

Atom Chip

A macroscopic ensemble of atoms occupying a single quantum state.


BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION IN ORBIT – A PATHFINDER MISSION

May 21, 2018

BEC on the ISS

Cold Atom Laboratory BEC System

NASA/JPL ISS Cold Atom Laboratory Mission


Commandeering the Quantum State of Atoms

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Quantum Atomics:

ColdQuanta

The Digital Wave

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The Communications Wave The Quantum Wave

1946: Exquisite control over the electron.

1957: Exquisite control over the photon.

1995: Exquisite control over the atom.

Replica of the 1946 Bell Labs Transistor.

Flashlamp from the first ruby laser

False color image of the first quantum gas

InstrumentsCalculatorsComputersCommunicationsSignal ProcessingVideo Games. . .

CommunicationsCD’s and DVD’sMedical InstrumentsScannersMachining. . .

InstrumentsSecure CommunicationsNew Sensing Systems

Radar, Airport Scanners, . . .Quantum Positioning System (QPS)Computing. . .

E L E C T R O N I C S P H O T O N I C S QUANTUM ATOMICS

ColdQuanta

1997Laser Cooling

LASER COOLING — 1982

18

Steven Chu(Stanford)

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji(ENS France)

William Phillips (NIST/U. Maryland)

Net loss is 1 photon worth of momentum per absorption.

• Atom subject to laser beams tuned to the red of atom resonance are subject to a force of ~1000 g’s.

• Can “stop” and capture a reasonable fraction of room temperature atoms in a distance <1cm

• Now routine, the magneto-optic trap (MOT) is a standard technique in many quantum system involving atoms or ions.

The atomic physicist’s particle (de-)accelerator

ColdQuanta 19

The First Quantum Gas — 1995

“At sufficiently low temperatures and sufficiently highdensity, trapped atoms will condense into a singlequantum state” –The Bose Einstein Condensate (BEC)

Eric Cornell NIST/Univ. of Colorado

Wolfgang KetterleMIT

Carl WiemanUniv. of Colorado

Hailed as the atom analog of the laser

A BEC is a pure quantum state with wholly entangled atoms.


The Quantum Economic Development Consortium

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Moving the Needle


QUANTUM ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CONSORTIUM (QED-C)

…. Will accelerate the Quantum Industry by fostering a robust Supply Chain and Infrastructure (including workforce and standards).• Definition of a Consortium: an agreement, combination, or group

of companies formed to undertake an enterprise beyond the resources of any one member

• SRI has been contracted to establish a Quantum Economic Development Consortium for the emerging Quantum Industry

The “QED-C”

Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C)


THE BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDUSTRY

First Transistor, 1947William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain 2018, IC (12”, < 10 nm)

Wafer processingWet cleans

Cleaning by solventsPiranha solutionRCA clean

PhotolithographyIon implantation Dry etchingWet etchingPlasma ashingThermal treatments

Rapid thermal annealFurnace annealsThermal oxidation

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)Physical vapor deposition (PVD)Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)Electrochemical deposition (ECD)Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP)Wafer testingWafer backgrinding

Die preparationWafer mountingDie cutting

IC packagingDie attachmentIC bonding

Wire bondingThermosonic bondingFlip chipWafer bondingTape Automated Bonding (TAB)

IC encapsulationBakingPlatingLasermarkingTrim and form

IC testing

INDUSTRY &INFRASTRUCTURE

Supp

ly C

hain

of E

nabl

ing

Tech

nolo

gies



THE PURPOSE OF THE QED-C IS:• To identify gaps and support enabling technology R&D to enhance

the quantum “ecosystem”: e.g., quantum device components, instrumentation, performance and manufacturing standards, and workforce

• To facilitate industry coordination and interaction with Government agencies

• To provide the Government with a collective industry voice in guiding R&D investment priorities, use cases, and quantum workforce issues



THE OBJECTIVES OF THE QED-C• Identify Gaps and the technology solutions for filling gaps in enabling

technology and infrastructure;• Determine workforce needs essential to the development of quantum

technologies;• Highlight use cases and grand challenges to accelerate development

efforts;• Foster sharing of intellectual property, efficient supply chains,

technology forecasting and quantum literacy;• Provide efficient public-private sector coordination; and• Support standards development of the emerging quantum industry



QED-C MEMBERSHIP

The QED-C is primarily “Tier 1 Members of U.S. Industry” (voting members at all sizes and stages) to support U.S. economic growth:

• Includes Members that would self-identify as “members of the quantum industry community”, or “participating in the emerging quantum industry”

• Also includes equipment suppliers, instrumentation OEM’s, materials companies, service providers, end-users, etc.

QED-C will also engage “Tier 2 Members” (non-voting members):• International Companies and Partnerships (non-US majority-owned)• Academic Community (Non-voting for U.S. as Tier 1 Academic, and non-U.S.- Tier 2 Academic)• Standards Development Organizations• Professional Societies• Investment Community



QED-C LOI SIGNATORIES1. Advanced Research Systems (ARS)2. Amazon 3. AO Sense4. APS5. ARM6. AT&T7. Atom Computing8. BAE Systems9. Boeing10. Boston Consulting Group11. Bra-Ket12. Caltech/INQNET13. Citi14. ColdQuanta15. Colorado School of Mines16. Corning17. D-Wave18. Entanglement Institute19. EZ Form Cable Corp.20. Fieldline21. FLIR22. GE Global Research23. General Dynamics Mission Systems

24. George Mason University25. Google 26. Georgia Institute of Technology27. Harris28. Holzworth Instrumentation29. Honeywell30. HPD31. Hyperion Research32. IBM33. Inside Quantum Technology34. Intel35. IonQ36. Janis Research37. Keysight38. KLA39. KMLabs40. Lake Shore Cryotronics41. Lockheed Martin 42. Microchip/Microsemi43. Montana Instruments44. NuCrypt45. Photodigm46. Photon Spot47. Psi Quantum


47. QC Ware48. QPRI48. Qrypt49. Quantum Circuits50. Quantum Xchange51. Qubitekk52. Raytheon-BBN53. Rigetti54. Riverside Research55. Rydberg Technologies56. SEMI57. SkyWater Technology Foundry58. Stable Laser Systems59. Strangeworks60. SRI International61. Toptica62. Twinleaf63. UMD64. United Technologies Research Center (UTRC)65. Vescent Photonics66. Zapata Computing 67. Zyvex Labs


PROPOSED PHASED QED-C ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREAll CNS Domains• Identifies Technical Gaps• Defines Enabling Technologies• Establishes R&D Themes• Issues and Evaluates RFP’s and

Proposals (Rules/OCI)• Monitors R&D Progress

Technical Advisory

Council (TAC)

GoverningBoard (GB)

Governs QED-C and Develops Operating Principles• Composition: 3 Large Industry/4 Small Industry/2 Federal• Includes Non-Voting Advisory Board Members• Governs R&D Allocations and Ratifies RFP’s

Executive Management of QED-C• Vision and Strategy• Membership Recruitment• Liaison and Advocacy

Director of Commercialization

ExecutiveDirector

Responsible for Technical Direction• Chairs Technical Council• Supervises R&D Programs• Drives Technology Advancement

& Success

Assists in Managing TAC and Provides ED Support• Assist and support ED in all areas of planning,

management, oversight, outreach, etc. • Develop and support innovative initiatives, e.g. in

technology, workforce, and R&D• Develop/manage processes for financial tracking and

financial and other required reporting

Responsible for Tech Transition and Licensing• Responsible for all IP &

Manages Licensing• New Partnerships• Links to VC Community

Associate Director

Director of Communications

Responsible for both External and Internal Communications• Leads Studies and Outreach Programs• External Comms and Press• Consortium Events and Briefings

Director ofScience &Technology

2018

2021

TIME

• Multiple Sub-Committees



OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE AND LEADERSHIP

Governing Board Composition (3-4-2)• Large Industrial members (3)• Representatives of medium and small-size companies (4)• Federal Partners (2)• (Possibly) non-voting state or regional economic development representatives• Others as approved by GB

Technical Advisory Council• Multiple Sub-Committees with

Leadership• Workforce• Enabling Technologies• Standards and Performance Metrics• Use Cases

• TAC SC’s make recommendations to GB

© 2018 SRI International. All Rights Reserved. Proprietary

Ratified


QED-C GOVERNING BOARD(ELECTED OCTOBER 29, 2018 TO A 2-YEAR TERM)

Initial Board Composition (3-4-2)• Large Industrial members at

highest dues levels (3)• Representatives of medium and

small-size companies (4)• Federal Partners (2) + USG

Observers• (Possibly) non-voting state or

regional economic development representatives

• Others as approved by GB


• Jay Lowell, Boeing• Dana Anderson, ColdQuanta• Steve Binkley, DOE• Eric Ostby, Google• Mark Ritter, IBM• Carl Williams, NIST• Matt Johnson, QCWare• Open Seat (formerly Rigetti)• Christopher Savoie, Zapata ComputingJoe Broz, SRI Acting QED-C Chairman and Executive Director (Non-voting)Celia Merzbacher, Associate Director (non-voting)

Ratified


QED-C DELIVERABLESYears 1 & 2:• Gap Identification and Needed Enabling Technology and Infrastructure• Needs Assessments for Instruments and Tools • Workforce Requirements Analysis and Actions• Input to USG for R&D ProgramsYear 2+:• Cost-Shared Funding of Enabling Technology R&D Programs in the ConsortiumPotential Out-Year Activities:

• Facilitate Quantum Standards and Metrics

• Use Cases and Studies of Q-Advantage

• Q-Community Representation

• Scientific and Market Forecasts

TIME



QED-C TECHNICAL ADVISORY COUNCIL SUB-COMMITTEES

• Workforce – Leader: Jason Turner, Entanglement Institute. Quantum workforce shortfall, data, solutions, USG R&D impact, Assess Resources Required

• Enabling Technologies – Leader: Thomas Ohki, Raytheon BBN. Identify gaps, Categorize, Prioritize, Identify needed R&D, Supply Chain, Assess Required Resources

• Quantum Use Cases – Leader: Jim Gable, Bra-Ket Sciences. Define the “Killer Quantum Apps”, Markets, Timeline, Roadblocks, CONOPS, CSWaP, R&D Required

• Standards and Performance Metrics – Leader: Tom Lubinski, Quantum Circuits, Inc. Types of Stds. and KPI’s, Organization(s) and Structures



CONSORTIUM DEVELOPMENT 3-YEAR TIMELINE (DRAFT)2019:

• Complete formation documents (IP, Membership, Dues, etc.); All LOI’s converted to formal Participation Agreements; Grow Membership to 50+ entities

• Initial TAC Deliverables on Workforce and Infrastructure Gaps, Identify Major Enabling Technology Gaps, Primary Use Cases, and Survey the Quantum Standards Landscape

2020:• Establish Consortium R&D Strategy (by USG and Industry) for closing identified Gaps• Complete initial Enabling Technologies, Workforce, Use Case, and Standards Landscape• Set-up system for Enabling Technology R&D Funding and Evaluation; Prepare and Issue

initial R&D RFP’s2021:

• First Proposal Award(s) and First Technology Transition and Consortium License(s) Issued• SDO Implementation of Initial Quantum Performance and Quantum Manufacturing

Equipment (QME) Industry Standards• Expand Enabling Technology Funding and TAC Subcommittee Scope; Add TAC SC’s


CONCLUSIONS

• The QED-C is off to a fast-start, with 67 members (large and small) • Membership includes majority of the U.S. Quantum Industry and

significant Manufacturing Supply Chain companies; Membership Tiers defined for foreign company and academic engagement

• Industry Technical Advisory Councils in key areas of: Workforce, Quantum Manufacturing Equipment and Enabling Technologies, Primary Quantum Use Cases, and Standards

• QED-C focused on identifying and resolving major enabling technology barriers and gaps, technical standards, use cases, and workforce issues

• The QED-C has established a formal structure for Standards Development, Consortium IP Development and Licensing


QED-C MEMBERSHIP: WHOM TO CONTACT

Joe Broz: QED-C Chairman and Executive Director [email protected]

Celia Merzbacher: QED-C Associate Director [email protected]

Mary Scott: SRI Administrative Staff [email protected]

34

mailto:[email protected]




3 ft.Mastering Wavefunctions


DESIGNER WAVEFUNCTIONS

36


Shaken Lattice InterferometryCarrie Weidner and Dana Z. Anderson


“CONVENTIONAL” ATOM INTERFEROMETRY

38

Atom beam

Raman or Bragg light field pulses are used to split, reflect, and re-combine atoms.


MOVING LATTICE OBSERVATIONS

An optical lattice can be used to transport atoms by chirping the frequency difference between counter-propagating beams.

Two pairs of chirped lattices can be used to transport sets of atoms in opposite directions.

For a relative lattice velocity of

atoms in one lattice see only the time-averaged potential of the other.

39


BUILDING AN INTERFEROMETER SHAKE-BY-SHAKE

40

Trap atoms in an optical lattice potential: 𝑉𝑉 𝑥𝑥, 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑉𝑉0 cos 2𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡

Use the shaking to control the momentum state of the atoms Atoms are delocalized in shallow lattice Model is limited to momenta quantized in units of 2ℏ𝑘𝑘𝐿𝐿

Starting with atoms in the ground state of the lattice potential |𝜓𝜓0⟩, we implement: Splitting Propagation Reflection Reverse propagation Recombination back into ground state

What we control!


LEARNING HOW TO SHAKE

41

• Start with an initial state and an objective function• e.g. convergence to a desired state

• By tailoring 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 to the desired response, can transform a given initial state to a desired final state [4]

• Use the learning algorithm to “teach” the lattice to control the atoms

• Use a genetic algorithm [4-5] or optimal control theory [6-8]

• Once the shaking function is known, it is fixed.• Can then calibrate the system’s response to a signal

𝜙𝜙(𝑡𝑡)

[4] S. Pötting et al. PRA, (2001). [7] J.P. Palao and R. Kosloff, PRA, (2003).[8] J.P. Palao et al. PRA, (2008).

[5] R.S. Judson and H. Rabitz, PRL, (1992).[6] S. Sklarz et al. PRA, (2002).


SCALABLE INTERROGATION TIME Optimize splitting within 10% error [12] Recombine by running splitting protocol in reverse Stitch on 4 other propagation protocols maintaining

the split state (within about 20%)

[12] CW, D.Z. Anderson, (2018).


ATOMTRONIC MATTERWAVE OSCILLATOR

43


LOW TEMPERATURE STUDIES OF A TRIPLE-WELL TRANSISTOR POTENTIAL

44

Source Gate Drain

Pote

ntia

l Ene

rgy

z

• Transistor is defined by source, gate, and drain regions.

• Two barrier heights,• gate width,• and source bias.

• The source is filled with atoms at a predetermined temperature and chemical potential.

• What are the characteristic temperatures one can expect quantum behavior?


THE QUANTIZED GATE WELL

One expects quantum effects to come into play as thermal energy becomes on the order of gate level spacing (1 kHz/50 nK).

45


TRANSMISSION & REFLECTION FROM A GAUSSIAN BARRIER

46

Tunnelingregion

• Transition width from 0 to 100% transmission is inversely proportional to Gaussian width.

• Gaussian: 50% transmission at peak potential.

• Transmissions of 50% and below by tunneling.

• Consider a source of atoms at fixed temperature and chemical potential.

• At sufficiently low source temperature, the majority of the flux through the barrier is via tunneling.

• For our barriers, tunneling dominates flux for T<100 nK

Tunneling


AT EXTREMELY LOW TEMPERATURES WITH HIGH BIAS

At very low temperatures, atoms subject to evaporation form a Bose-Condensate (BEC).

In a harmonic potential a BEC can be viewed as the ground-state of the harmonic oscillator.

In an atomtronic transistor at very low temperatures, thermodynamics prefers the formation of an excited oscillator state,

i.e. a coherent state of atoms. And the transistor will emit a matterwave

into the drain.

47


HARMONIC TRAP SPECTROSCOPY

System is allowed to evolve for a predetermined time.

Terminator beam is extinguished.

Wait ~X ms — atoms reach classical turning point and turn back.

Snap image.

Terminator

Terminator

48


REFLECTION OF E-M AND MATTERWAVES

49

a

b

Electromagnetic wave: Matterwave:Group and phase velocities are equal in vacuum:

Standing light field:

Distance between nodesDistance from mirror of first antinode:

Phase and group velocities differ by 2:

Standing light field:

Distance between nodesDistance from mirror of first antinode:

At the reflection surface there is no (light) intensity –because of interference.


CHARACTERISTIC MATTERWAVE INTERFERENCE

50

Observations:

• A wave makes its way to turning point (arrive at 3.2 ms).

• At >6 ms they have reached the turning point and are heading back to gate.

• Later, a first antinode becomes apparent, where atoms at the turning point are not visible.

Classical turning point

1st

antinode


2 BILLION IN YOUR POCKET

With two billion of them in your smart phone, transistors must be good for something.

Transistors are ubiquitous in modern electronics because they provide gain.

With gain comes: amplifiers, oscillators, switches, memory, logic gates… radios …smart phones.

Atomtronic transistors as a fundamental building block? Hard to say, but …my interests: Quantum signal processing (QIS in “real time) Resonant matterwave devices (think ring laser gyro) Putting the quantum processor at the sensor

51


Quantum AtomicsTo help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.From 3000 ftTo help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.To help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.To help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.To help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.To help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.To help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.To help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.

• Moving the quantum needle means cultivating the supply chain and developing classical enabling technologies.

• For quantum atomics:• Compact laser source for key atomic species• Photonic integrated circuits (PICs)• High resolution, fast, multichannel laser beam control

• The best of AOD’s and DMD’s combined• Miniature ultrahigh vacuum systems• High speed, high resolution control electronics.


Quantum AtomicsTo help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.30,000 ft observations and forecastsTo help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.To help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.To help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.To help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.To help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.To help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.To help protect your privacy, PowerPoint has blocked automatic download of this picture.

Quantum is here to stayOne should view that today’s technology is primitive,but act assuming that it will change the world in the way that the

transistor and the laser did.For atoms (and ions) the objective is to gain control over the internal and

center-of-mass wavefunction (state) of atomic ensembles.The Quantum Positioning System (QPS) can become a PNT reality in a GPS

denied world.Quantum signal processing, which combines the sensor with the

processor for ”real-time” information extraction, will emerge before full-fledged quantum computing.

quantum atomics - suny · • the laws of physics dictate the limits on how well one can do...

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