Quantitative & Qualitative Quantitative & Qualitative ApproachesApproaches

HarlinaHarlinaNathania LukmanNathania Lukman

QuestionsQuestions

1.1. What is quantitative research?What is quantitative research?

2.2. What is qualitative research?What is qualitative research?

3.3. How did quantitative and qualitative research develop?How did quantitative and qualitative research develop?

4.4. What are the characteristics of quantitative research?What are the characteristics of quantitative research?

5.5. What are the characteristics of qualitative research?What are the characteristics of qualitative research?

6.6. What are the characteristics that distinguish and are similar for quantitative What are the characteristics that distinguish and are similar for quantitative and qualitative research in each of the six steps of research?and qualitative research in each of the six steps of research?

7.7. What are the research designs used as procedures in quantitative, What are the research designs used as procedures in quantitative, qualitative, or combined (or mixed) approaches?qualitative, or combined (or mixed) approaches?

8.8. How do you choose whether to use the quantitative or qualitative How do you choose whether to use the quantitative or qualitative approach?approach?

No. 1No. 1

Quantitative ResearchQuantitative Research

A type of educational research in which the researcher A type of educational research in which the researcher decides what to study, asks decides what to study, asks specific, narrow specific, narrow questionsquestions, collects , collects numeric data numeric data from participants, from participants, analyzes these numbers using statistics, and conducts analyzes these numbers using statistics, and conducts the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.the inquiry in an unbiased, objective manner.

No. 2No. 2

Qualitative Research

A type of educational research in which the researcher relies on the views of participants, asks broad, general questions, collects data consisting largely of words from participants, describes and analyzes these words for themes, and conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner.

No. 3No. 3The Development of Quantitative & Qualitative ResearchThe Development of Quantitative & Qualitative Research

The 20th C began with one major approach to educational research – quantitative research – ended with 2 major approaches – quantitative & qualitative research.

A Brief History of Quantitative Research

Began in the late 19th C

Dominated educational inquiry for most of the 20th C

3 Historical Trends Statistical procedures relating ideas & comparing groups Test & measurement practices testing mental ability, scoring Research designs getting more complicated

Comparing the performances of 2 groups More complicated designs involving multiple groups & multiple tests

A Brief History of Qualitative Research

An alternative to the traditional form of quantitative research

The ideas for qualitative research developed in the late 1800s & early 1900s in other fields besides education.

3 themes: Philosophical Ideas Procedural Developments Participatory & advocacy practices

No. 4No. 4Characteristics of Quantitative ResearchCharacteristics of Quantitative Research

An emphasis on collecting and analyzing An emphasis on collecting and analyzing information in the form of information in the form of numbersnumbers..

An emphasis on collecting An emphasis on collecting scoresscores that measure that measure distinct attributes of individuals and organizations.distinct attributes of individuals and organizations.

An emphasis on the procedures of An emphasis on the procedures of comparing comparing groups or relating factors groups or relating factors about individuals or about individuals or groups in experiments, correlational studies, and groups in experiments, correlational studies, and surveys.surveys.

No. 5No. 5Characteristics of Qualitative ResearchCharacteristics of Qualitative Research

A recognition that as researchers we need to listen A recognition that as researchers we need to listen to the to the views of participants views of participants in our studiesin our studies

A recognition that we need to ask A recognition that we need to ask general, open general, open questionsquestions and collect data in places where people and collect data in places where people live and worklive and work

A recognition that research has a role in advocating A recognition that research has a role in advocating for for changechange and bettering the lives of individuals and bettering the lives of individuals

Qualitative Characteristics Steps in the Process of Research

Qualitative Characteristics

• Description & explanation oriented

Identifying a Research Problem • Explanatory & understanding oriented

• Major role• Justification for the research

problem & specification for the need for the study

Reviewing the Literature • Minor role• Justification for the research

problem

• Specific & narrow• Measurable, observable

data

Specifying a Purpose • General and broad• Participants’ experiences

• Predetermined instruments• Numeric (numbered) data• Large number of individuals

Collecting Data • General, emerging form• Text or image data• Small number of individuals

or sites

• Statistical analysis• Description of trends,

comparison of groups, or relationships among variables

• A comparison of results with predictions and past studies

Analyzing and Interpreting Data • Text analysis• Description, analysis, &

thematic development• The larger meaning of

findings

• Standard and fixed• Objective and unbiased

Reporting and Evaluating Research

• Flexible and emerging• Reflexive and biased

No. 6No. 6Similarities between Quantitative and Qualitative ResearchSimilarities between Quantitative and Qualitative Research

Both forms of research follow the Both forms of research follow the six steps six steps in the in the process of researchprocess of research

Research problem – both quantitative and qualitative Research problem – both quantitative and qualitative research can be similar in the topics addresses, such as research can be similar in the topics addresses, such as conveying a problem, pointing out the lack of literature conveying a problem, pointing out the lack of literature on this problem, and justifying a need to study the on this problem, and justifying a need to study the problem. This does not mean that the type of problem is problem. This does not mean that the type of problem is the same, only the same, only the format for reporting the format for reporting the problemthe problem

In both quantitative and qualitative research, you collect In both quantitative and qualitative research, you collect data using data using interviews, observations, and documentsinterviews, observations, and documents

No. 7No. 7Research DesignsResearch Designs

Experimental DesignsExperimental Designs

Correlational DesignsCorrelational Designs

Survey DesignsSurvey Designs

Grounded Theory DesignsGrounded Theory Designs

Ethnographic DesignsEthnographic Designs

Narrative Research DesignsNarrative Research Designs

Mixed Methods DesignsMixed Methods Designs

Action Research DesignsAction Research Designs

No. 8No. 83 Factors to Decide whether to Use Quantitative / Qualitative3 Factors to Decide whether to Use Quantitative / Qualitative

Match Your Approach to Your Research Problem

Fit the Approach to Your Audience

Relate the Approach to Your Experiences

Question?Question?

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