quantitative genetics discontinuous variation continuous variation *kolreuter – continuous...

Quantitative Genetics *discontinuous variation *continuous variation *Kolreuter – continuous phenotypic variation in tobacco plants *Multiple-factor hypothesis

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Quantitative Genetics*discontinuous variation*continuous variation

*Kolreuter – continuous phenotypic variation in tobacco plants

*Multiple-factor hypothesis

Additive Alleles

Intermediate

More variation Variation, but similar to F2

Quantitative Genetics

Polygenic Inheritance

*Statistical Analysis

Normal frequency distribution: Variance:

*Mean

*Variance

*Standard Deviation

*Standard Error

Page 5: Quantitative Genetics *discontinuous variation *continuous variation *Kolreuter – continuous phenotypic variation in tobacco plants *Multiple-factor hypothesis

Polygenic Inheritance

*Complex traits*multifactorial

Glazier, A. et al. 2002. Finding Genes That Underlie Complex Traits. Science, 298, p.2345-2349

Page 6: Quantitative Genetics *discontinuous variation *continuous variation *Kolreuter – continuous phenotypic variation in tobacco plants *Multiple-factor hypothesis

*Phenotype depends on environment and genes

Nature vs. Nurture: The Genetics View

Page 7: Quantitative Genetics *discontinuous variation *continuous variation *Kolreuter – continuous phenotypic variation in tobacco plants *Multiple-factor hypothesis

• The expression of some genes is influenced by environmental factors, such as temperature

• Some alleles are heat-sensitive*Arctic foxes make fur

pigment only when the weather is warm

Nature vs. Nurture: The Genetics View

Page 8: Quantitative Genetics *discontinuous variation *continuous variation *Kolreuter – continuous phenotypic variation in tobacco plants *Multiple-factor hypothesis

Nature vs. Nurture: The Genetics View

*Genetic control

*Heritability

H2 = VG

h2 = VG

VP + VE

But, P = G + E

Trait Heritability (% h2)

Mice

Tail Length 60

Body Weight 37

Litter Size 15

Chickens

Body Weight 50

Egg Production 20

Egg Hatchability 15

Cattle

Birthweight 51

Milk Yield 44

Conception Rate 3

Estimates of Heritability for Traits in Different Organisms

Page 9: Quantitative Genetics *discontinuous variation *continuous variation *Kolreuter – continuous phenotypic variation in tobacco plants *Multiple-factor hypothesis

Nature vs. Nurture: The Genetics View

Trait MZ DZ

Blood Types 100

Eye Color 99 28

Mental Retardation 97 37

Hair Color 89 22

Handedness 79 77

Epilepsy 72 15

Schizophrenia 69 10

Diabetes 65 18

Identical Allergy 59 5

Cleft Lip 42 5

Clubfoot 32 3

Comparison of Concordance of Various Traits Between

Monozygotic (MZ) and Dizygotic (DZ) Twins

Process variation and continuous improvements

Types of biological variation Discontinuous (qualitative) variation : simple alternative

Domain/Range Continuous/Discontinuous Increasing/Decreasing Constant

Continuous and Discontinuous Games · Game Theory: Lecture 6 Continuous Games Continuous Games We consider games in which players may have inﬁnitely many pure strategies. Deﬁnition

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Variation. Continuous phenotypic variation The most common variation acted on by natural selection. Phenotype of individuals determined by measurement

Transition from discontinuous to continuous paste filling ...Transition from discontinuous to continuous paste filling at Cannington Mine J Li et al. 382 Mine Fill 2014, Perth, Australia

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE EMBEDDED DISCONTINUOUS GALERKIN · 2009. 1. 7. · K. STOLARSKI § Abstract. The embedded discontinuous Galerkin methods are obtained from hybridizable dis-continuous

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quantitative genetics *discontinuous variation *continuous variation *kolreuter – continuous...

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quantitative genetics discontinuous variation continuous variation *kolreuter – continuous...