Quantification of Sediment Yield and Potential Sources of Erosion/Deposition in the Upper Citarum Basin, Indonesia Using

A Distributed Rainfall-Runoff-Sediment Model

International Training Workshop on Integrated Sediment Management In River Basin

November 5-10, 2018, Ziyu Hotel, Beijing, China

ApipResearch Center for Limnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

River Basin Condition

Number of watersheds in Indonesia : 17.088 watersheds/ DAS (SK Menhut NO.511/Menhut-V/2011)

108 watershedshave Integrated

WatershedManagement Plan/

IWMP(Rencana

Pengelolaan DAS Terpadu/RPDAST)

108 RPDAST/IWMP 15 priority

watersheds /Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS)

will be restored

NATIONAL MID TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2014-2019

1) DAS Citarum2) DAS Ciliwung3) DAS Serayu4) DAS Solo5) DAS Brantas6) DAS Cisadane7) DAS Kapuas8) DAS Siak9) DAS Musi10) DAS Asahan Toba11) DAS Jeneberang12) DAS Saddang13) DAS Moyo14) DAS Way

Sekampung15) DAS Limboto

Leading Sector : Ministry of Environment and Forestry

Leading Sector : Ministry ofPublic Works & Housing

NATIONAL MID TERM DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2015-2019: WATER SECURITY

Priority Project: Erosion & Sediment Control at the Watersheds & Reservoirs/Dams

Citarum River Basin Restoration Program (2017 - 2024)

CITARUM RIVER BASIN

Total Area: 7295.86 km2

The Upper Area: 2329.86 km2

JAKARTA

Bandung

FORESTRY AREA:

1993 27 %

2003 14 %

Flood & Sediment

Transportation

Soild Waste at

the Inlet of

Saguling Dam

Sedimentation

Drought

Climate Change & Anthoropogenic

Activity

High Erosion Rate

Water Quality

Degradation

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

1974

1975

1976

1977

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Time (yyyy)

Total Sediment Yield (ton/year)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Number of Landslides

Sediment Yield

Mean Sediment Yield

Total Landslide Event

Trendline of Sediment Yield

Mean Annual Sediment Yield

(2.874.993,7 ton/year)

Total Amount & Increasing Trend of Annual Sediment Load into Main Inlet Saguling Dam (1974 - 2008) and Landslide Occurrence (1978 - 2008) at the Upper Citarum River basin

0

2,940,229

1,583,463

3,992,651

3,269,853

3,019,621

4,234,036

4,076,992

4,205,095

4,139,966

4,226,388

4,035,755

4,521,803

4,315,593

4,131,027

4,296,268

4,197,152

4,195,995

4,090,927

4,171,461

4,235,007

4,315,404

4,414,032

4,484,360

4,711,579

4,415,286

4,205,592

0500000100000015000002000000250000030000003500000400000045000005000000550000060000006500000

DES ' 85

DES ' 87

DES ' 88

DES ' 89

DES ' 90

DES ' 91

DES ' 92

DES ' 93

DES ' 94

DES ' 95

DES ' 96

DES ' 97

DES ' 98

DES ' 99

DES ' 00

DES ' 01

DES ' 02

DES ' 03

DES ' 04

DES ' 05

DES ' 06

DES ' 07

DES ' 08

DES ' 09

DES ' 10

DES ' 11

DES ' 12

Vo

lum

e o

f D

ep

osit

ed

Mate

rial

Sed

imen

t at

Reserv

oir

( m

3)

Year

Total Amount & Increasing Trend of the Deposited Material Sediment Volume in Saguling Dam (1985 - 2012)

Volume at +643 m Elevation

Planning inYear 1986 Year 2004

881 million m3 730,5 million m3

8,36 million m3 /yearSedimentation

Saguling Dam

Condition

Oct, 2018

Oct, 2018

605

610

615

620

625

630

635

640

645

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Volume (Million m 3)

TM

A (

m)

605

610

615

620

625

630

635

640

645

05101520253035404550

Area (Km 2)

TM

A (

m)

Planning Area

M inimum Operational

Spillway level643 643

623 623

Planning Volume

Volume Th 2004 AreaTh. 2004

Wat

er

Leve

l (m

ab

s)

Wat

er

Leve

l (m

ab

s)

Saguling Dam

Condition

2. To reduce the impact of land-use and climate changes in theUpper Citarum River basin which have caused the increasingsedimentation rate along the river and the reducing thelifetime and storage capacity of the Saguling Dam

1. Contribute to the Citarum River Basin Restoration Program(2017 - 2024) in Terms of Overlandflow (Runoff), Erosionand Sediment Transportion Controls

Ministry of Public Works and Housing

Ministry of Environment & Forestry

Development a Tool (Modeling System) for Design Strategy of Erosion and Sediment Control Plan

Prediction

Process Understanding

Scenario-based

Management (Planning)

Distributed +

Process-based

Model Type?

PHYSICALLY-BASED DISTRIBUTED MODEL

MO

DEL

ING

PR

OC

EDU

RE

Sediment

Discharge Model

River Sediment

Dyanamic Model

Seashore

Sediment

Dynamic Model

Upper Citarum River

Basin

Sources: 1. Soil Erosion;2. Shallow Landslide

1-D PHYSICALLY-BASED DISTRIBUTED RAINFALL-RUNOFF-SEDIMENT MODEL

Hillslope Area

Upper Citarum River Area

MODEL COMPONENT:

1. Soil Erosion & Transportation Process: Erosion and transportation occurs when particles are detached from the surface of the soil matrix and transported across some boundary

Detachment Transport Deposition

Loose detached particle

bo

un

dar

y

Sediment Transportation Capacity (TC) of surface flow at a particular grid:

Erosion : TC > Sed. Concentration of Inflow (upper grid)Deposit : TC < Sed. Concentration of Inflow (upper grid)

2. Dam Operation Rule & Erosion-Sediment Control Function (

3. Runoff Generation & Shallow Landlisde

Riv

er E

lem

ent

Mo

del

Hil

lslo

pe

Ele

men

t M

od

el

Sub-Basin 1

Sub-Basin 2

Sub-Basin 3

Dam Operation Rules or Uncontrolled

Soil Property

Geological Data

Administrative

Information

Land-use Type

Meteorological

Data

DEM

Flow Direction

Flow

Accumulation

Slope Dimension

River Segment

Dam Locations

Sub-Basin Outlet

Positions

A. Raster Geo-Data

Processing

Outputs

Inp

uts

Inputs

Inp

uts

Inputs

Outputs

Inp

uts

B. Rainfall-Runoff Modeling System

Ou

tpu

ts

River Element Model

Hillslope Element Model

River Element Model

Hillslope Element Model

Dam Element Model

Inp

uts

Scale of Model Application

Grid-Cell Sub-Basin Basin Multi Basin & National Sacle

(A) Only overland flow(no infiltration loss, no

subsurface flow)

Surface / subsurface flow conditions

(B) Vertical infiltration + Infiltration excess

overland flow

(C) Saturated subsurface+ Saturation excess overland

flow

Bedrock G.W.

in Mountainous Catchments

Three Conditions of Surface / Subsurface Flow (H-Q):

Cont. Eq.:

Momentum

Eq.:

Routing Process 1-D Kinematic Wave

Sub Surface & Surface Flow & Runoff Generation

Soil Depth

Soil Erosion/Deposition & Sediment Transport Processes

txe

x

cq

t

ch ss ,

Continuity Equation for Runoff-Sediment:

DFDRtxe ,

Soil Detachment by Raindrop

(DR)

Soil Detachment by Overland Flow (DF)

Empiracal models were selected: First, the models retaina strong physical base, but easy to understand andrequire few parameters.

Soil Detachment by Raindrop (DR)

Micro Rain Radar (MRR), is 1-D Doppler Radar for raindrop size observations

sisi hb

i

hb

i rkeKEkDR**

e 48.56

k is the soil detachability (kg/J); KE is the totalkinetic energy of the net rainfall (J/m2); hs is theoverland flow depth; and b is an exponent to betuned

Rainfall Intensity predicted from raindrop sizedistribution has very strong linear correlation (0.98) withimpact energy work which calculated by integrating theraindrop energy per unit area per unit time.

Dampening soil detachment rate by overland flow

Soil Detachment by Overland Flow (DF)

)1000/( is

iii hCTCDF

[Morgan et al., 1998]:

TC is the transport capacity of overland flow; is thedetachment/deposition efficiency factor shows a soilerodibility parameter, C is the sediment concentration

Concept of Transport Capacity and Unit Stream Power [Yang, 1996] :

)/)log((log ivviJICTC criticalt

)/log( 457.0)/ log( 286.0435.5 50 UNUDI

)/log( 314.0)/ log( 409.0799.1 50 UNUDJ

NU

w

sNU

w

s Dg

Dg

2

50

2

50

10001

36

10001

36

3

2

in which:

Rainfall-Runoff-Sediment Model Main Structure

Demosite/Plot Scale

Field monitoring of runoff, erosion and sediment transport processes

Groundwater, soil moisture, stream water level, soil depths, soil properties, rainfall

Runoff, erosion and sediment transportation controls

River Basin Scale (Upper Area)Rainfall-Runoff-Sediment Process Modeling

Updating the model for tropical river basins

Assessment of erosion and sediment control function in response to environmental changes (climate & landuse)

Regional/global Scale

Climate change projections by MRI-AGCM

Regional downscaling with NHRCM

Utilizing GSMaP reanalysis rainfall product

Approach

Riv

SK-1

SK-2

SK-3

5.57 m

5.91 m

2.57 m

4.5 m

3.0 m

1.5 m

Soil

Saprolite / weathered bedrock

Well Depths.

Cibitung River

Catchment (35,53 km2),

one of tributaries in the

Upper Citarum River

basin with the Saguling

Dam as the outlet point

was decided as a

demosite/plot scale

location

Phytotechnology Ponds

Real Time Monitoring System Devices

Erosion Control & Monitoring

Demosite/Plot Scale

Runoff Generation Monitoring

Basin/Global ScaleRecent Advances in Satellite-based Precipitation

Observation Technology and Increasing Availability of Its Product In High-resolution are Providing Opportunities to

be used at the poorly gauging river basins

Global Satellite Mapping on Precipitation (GSMaP) Reanalysis Product (Hourly)

Lack of Hourly Rainfall Data

GSMaP Grid Nodes for the Upper Citarum River

Basin (154 Grids)

Rainfall (mm)

Citarum River

December-January-February (DJF) March-April-May (MAM)

June-July-August (JJA) September-October-November (SON)

Distribution of Mean Seasonal Rainfall

Distribution in the Upper Citarum Basin from GSMaP

Data (2003 - 2017)

Rainy Season

Dry Season

0

20000000

40000000

60000000

80000000

100000000

120000000

140000000

1

24

47

70

93

11

6

13

9

16

2

18

5

20

8

23

1

25

4

27

7

30

0

32

3

34

6

Cu

mu

lati

ve D

aily

Wat

er

Vo

lum

e (

m3)

Observed Simulated

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

1

24

47

70

93

11

6

13

9

16

2

18

5

20

8

23

1

25

4

27

7

30

0

32

3

34

6

Cu

mu

lati

ve D

aily

Se

dim

en

t Y

iled

(x

10

to

n)

Observed Simulated

Sediment Yield

Water Yield

Range of Relative Error: 1-10%

Comparison of Model Results and Observations in 2010 using GSMaP Rainfall Data

Potential Source

Range of Relative Error: 1-5%

Comparison of Model Results and Observations During Flood Event in 2014 using Observed Hourly Rainfall Data

DAM Control Element Model

(Larry W. Mays :Water Resources Engineering)

Ｓｊ: Water Volume (V)

Ｉj : Inflow Discharge (Qi)

Ｑｊ: Outflow Discharge (Qo)

Sj+1－Sj = Ｉｊ＋Ｉ

ｊ＋１

２𝜟ｔ−

Ｑｊ＋Ｑ

ｊ＋１

２𝜟ｔ (3.1)

Basic equation of dam's flood & sediment control rules are based on stage (H)-storage (V) and stage (H)-release (Q) relationships, operation rules, and trapping efficiency for sediment information.

Routing Process:

Stage (H) - Storage (V) Relationship

Stage (H) - Release (Q & Qs) Relationship

Dam and Its Hydraulic Structures Dimension

Operation Rules

Minimum Data Necessary

Model Performance for Dam Function (Case Study Anegawa Dam)

EVENT 1 EVENT 2

Inflow

Outflow

Inflow

Outflow

Identification of Priority Locations, Selection & Technical

Design of Ecotechnology/Bio-Engineering

Flow Regimes Erosion Hotspots Deposition Hotspots

Rainfall-Runoff -Sediment Model Application

Total Eroded Soil (m3) Total Deposited Soil (m3)River Discharge (m3/s)

Richness of Microzoobenthos

Ecohydrology-Based Control Measures for Controlling Soil Erosion &

Trapping Sediment

Erosion Hotspots

Total Eroded Soil (m3)

Alley Cropping (Budidaya Sistem Lorong) with Akar Wangi (Vitiveria zizanioides (L,)

“Rorak” Farming System

Terrace Farming System

Control Function:

Efficiency Value

Empirical Equation

Physical Model

Phytotechnology Ponds & Aqua Culture

Percentage Change on the Average of Total Erosion (May to Oct) in Comparison to the Present Condition

Using GCM3.2 20-km Using RCM 5-km

IncreasedDecreased Small Change IncreasedDecreased Small Change

Apip et al, 2013

UTM & USM Malaysia K-Water & KOICA Korea

Durham Univ., UK Kyoto Univ

THANK YOU

Terima Kasih

Embung Sontoi, NTT, Indonesia

THANK YOU

Water Resources

Problems: Extremely surplus & deficit,Decreasing inland waters ecosystem services

Disaster exists if there is a

risk/damage

1. Rapid Onset Type Disasters (flood, drought)2. Slow Onset Type Disasters (environmental problems)

Flood & Sediment

Disasters

Droughts

Eco-disasters

Water Resources

Total Event

Dominant Type

Source: BNPB (National Agency for Disaster Management), 2010

NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT POLICY

Lake Rawa Pening, Central Java

National Development Planning Agency,

Indonesia

WA

TER

SEC

UR

ITY

: A

SIA

-PA

CIF

IC R

EG

ION

&

GLO

BA

L

NA

TIO

NA

L M

ID T

ER

M D

EV

ELO

PM

EN

T P

LA

N

20

15

-20

19

: W

AT

ER

SEC

UR

ITY

UNESCO International Hydrological Programme

WATER RESOURCES (includes Sediment) MANAGEMENT APPROACHES

An integral part of the river and the river branches to store the water that originated from the rainfall into the body (lands) of watershed as a natural reservoir

An integrated water resources management area in one or more watersheds and/or small islands

Leading Sector : Ministry of Environment and Forestry Leading Sector : Ministry of Public Works and Housing

a. Ecosystem Perspective: Ecological Engineering

b. Infrastructure Perspective: Civil Engineering

1) RIVER BASIN TERRITORY APPROACH

NO CONDITION OF

RIVER BASIN

TERRITORITY (WS)

TOTAL BASED

ON PERMEN

PUPR

4/PRT/M/2015

1 Cross Country WS 5

2 Cross Province WS 31

3 National Strategic WS 28

4 Cross City/Regency

WS

52

5 City/Regency WS 12

Total 128

Source : Ministerial Decree of Public Works andHousing No. 04/PRT/M/2015

Leading Sector : Ministry of Public Works and Housing