quality and planning of road lighting - ip erasmus -...
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Quality and planning
of road lighting
Prof. Grega Bizjak, PhD
Laboratory of Lighting and Photometry Faculty of Electrical Engineering
University of Ljubljana
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Road lighting
In today‘s world feeling
of safety in more and
more important.
Light and lighting
contribute to better
safety on roads and
streets.
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Fact
There is less trafic
during the night (25 %)
but there are more
accidents resulting in
death or severe injury
(45% of traffic
fatalities occurs
during the night).
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Fact
Good road lighting
means better safety
and less accidents
(some research show
that lighting can
reduce number of
accidents during the
night for up to 30 %).
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Fact
Increased illuminance means better
visibility and less crime.
The ratio
between the
number of
crimes at night
and during the
day at a certain
illumination at
night.
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Fact
Needed
electrical
energy per capita:
Germany: 50 kWh
Slovenia: 80 kWh
Finland: 148 kWh
yearly.
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Fact
Yearly costs for
electrical energy for
road lighting
Germany: 12,5 €
Slovenia: 8 €
Finland 7,5 €
per capita.
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Quality of road lighting
The quality of road lighting has many
aspects:
•quality of life,
•technical quality,
•financial quality and
•ecological quality.
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Quality of life
During the night traffic accidents are more
frequent and have more serious
consequences that during the day.
Number of injured
during the night
Number of injured
during the day
Number of injured
in total
Moderate injuries, Severe injuries, Fatal injuries
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Quality of life
More light on a road surface means
less accidents and better safety.
The ratio between the
number of accidents with
injuries at night and during
the day vs luminance of
road surface in cd/m2.
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Quality of life
Light protects
against crime.
With the increased
illuminance of
residential areas the
crime rate drops.
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Technical quality
The basic motto of road lighting: good visibility
and be easily visible for all traffic participants.
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Technical quality
Visual ability of
people depends
on luminances in
their field of
vision.
Needed contrast
sensitivity (L/L) vs
luminance of the
environment
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Technical quality
Visual acuity vs
adaptation luminance
Visual ability of
people depends
on luminances in
their field of
vision.
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Technical quality
Visual ability of
people depends
on luminances in
their field of
vision.
Relative sensitivity vs
adaptation time (min)
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Technical quality
Recognition of shapes (objects)
depends on luminance or colour
contrast (or both).
in daylight with road lighting in moonlight
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Technical quality
The basis for adequate
vision is therefore
appropriate luminance in
our environment (field of
vision). It can be defined by:
•luminance (cd/m2)
•illuminance (v lx)
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Financial quality
The cost of road
lighting:
•investments costs;
•maintenance
costs;
•operating costs
(costs of electrical
energy).
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Financial quality
The chipest
possibility: no
lighting at all?!
Not allways
true!
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Financial quality
Road lighting is
relatively
inexpensive:
20 € per capita
yearly:
•10 € for operating
costs;
•10 € for electrical
energy.
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Financial quality
With new and more
effective lighting
sources and lamps,
up to 30% of electric
energy can be
saved.
Investment return
period: 2 to 6 years.
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Ecological quality
Electrical energy consumption:
production of electrical energy
contributes to the CO2 emmisions.
Consumption: primary energy, electrical energy, el. en. for lighting
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Ecological quality
Lighting pollution: light which doesn‘t reach
road surface but goes to nearby property or
sky is not useful for road lighting.
“The Good” “The Bad” “The Ugly”
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Ecological quality
Recycling of lamps and
luminaires: lamps and
luminaires contain
various (including toxic
and harmful) substances,
and represent a potential
source of raw materials,
so they should be
recycled.
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Ecological quality
Effects on insects and
animals: artificial light
at night can disrupt
the rhythm of life of
different types of
insects and animals.
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So …
•Street lighting is an indispensable part
of our lives.
•Quality street lighting improves
safety, saves energy and is
environmentally friendly.
•Unfortunately, this very much depend
on good lighting planning.
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What is important
at road lighting?
Minimum required level of luminance
or illuminance:
On roads for motorized traffic,
lighting is planned according to
required luminance.
On streets and traffic area for
mixed traffic lighting is planned
according to required illuminance.
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Luminance and illuminance
Illuminance (lx)
depends only on
light source and
distance to the
illuminated area,
luminance (cd/m2)
depends also on
reflectance of the
illuminated area.
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What is important
at road lighting?
Not just luminance or illuminance but also
their uniformty!
If one lamp is switched off or broken, the resulting dark
area might be dangerous for the road users (especially
pedestrians and cyclists).
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What is important
at road lighting?
Limitation of
glare!
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What is important
at road lighting?
Also:
•direction
of light
•shadows
•colour of
light
•colour
rendering
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What is important
at road lighting?
On pedestrian areas
(semi-cylindrical)
vertical illuminance
on the head level is
also very important
(for face
recognition).
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What is important
at road lighting?
Optical guidance:
•luminaires should be
placed so that they show
the course of the road;
•different colour of light
can be used to warn on
dangerous areas
(pedestrian crossings,
crossroads …
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Planning criteria
The criteria for road lighting depend on
potential risk:
•density of traffic,
•participants in traffic,
•speed of traffic,
•road construction parameters.
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Planning criteria
Road lighting must provide participants in traffic good
visibility of:
•area, course and borders of traffic surfaces,
• driveways and intersections,
•obstacles on the road,
•other road users.
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Planning criteria
Needed luminance and
illuminance values for
different roads can be
found in:
•National standards,
•CIE documents,
•EN standards (13201).
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Planning road lighting - Roads
Tasks and evaluation
criteria for road lighting:
•direction of view is
defined so we use
luminance concept;
•density of traffic;
•tasks: to see course and
borders of traffic areas,
obstacles on road and
other participants in traffic.
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Luminance or illuminance
On traffic areas with defined viewing
direction (roads) the lighting should
be planed according to concept of
luminance.
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Field of observation
For the road user, only the part of the
road in a field of vision is important.
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Field of observation
•Eye of the driver is located at a height of 1.5 m
above the road on the right half side of the road
(point B).
•The view is directed forwards and downwards at an
angle of 1°.
•Field of view includes additional 0.5° to each side,
covering the area between 0.5° and 1.5°.
•Field observation starts so at 60 m distance from
the driver and extends up to 160 m distance.
•There is an international agreement that field of
observation always starts at luminaire.
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Field of calculation
•When the driver moves forward also the field of observation
moves forward and is therefore variable.
•As the field of observation starts at luminaire it chances only
until next luminaire and then repeats.
•Driver‘s field of observation so repeats after every luminaire.
•That is the reason why the field of calculation only includes
the longitudinal part of the road between two luminaires.
•In traverse direction field of calculation includes the entire
width of the carriageway or the width of the one-direction
carriageway if they are separated.
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Field of calculation
As the situation repeat, it is enough if the
calculations are made on field of calculation
(between two luminaires) and not on the entire field
of observation.
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Calculation points
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What is the right luminance?
Selection procedure (EN 13201):
•define traffic area and select set of lighting
situations;
•define the relevant area in detail;
•select the range of lighting classes;
•select one lighting class from the range;
•find the lighting performance requirements for
the selected lighting class(es).
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What is the right luminance?
Possible users are:
motorized traffic,
slow moving vehicles,
cyclists,
pedestrians;
And speed might be:
>60 km/h
>30 km/h in <60 km/h
>5 km/h in <30 km/h
walking speed
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Technical quality - Roads
Standards and
recommen-
dations state
minimum
luminance
(cd/m2)
based on
traffic and
road
parameters.
Traffic flow (vehicles per day)
Separation
of carrige-
ways
Inter-
changes
spacing
Intersection
density /km
<15.000 15.000 do
25.000
>25.000
Yes > 3 km 0,75 1,00 1,00
< 3 km 1,00 1,00 1,50
< 3 0,75 0,75 1,00
> 3 0,75 1,00 1,50
no > 3 km 1,00 1,50 1,50
< 3 km 1,50 1,50 1,50
< 3 0,75 1,00 1,50
> 3 1,00 1,50 1,50
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What is the right luminance?
Streets with low traffic rate, low number of intersections.
0,5 cd/m2
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What is the right luminance?
Roads with medium traffic rate, medium density of
intersection.
1,0 cd/m2
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What is the right luminance?
Roads with high traffic rate and/or high number of
intersections …
2,0 cd/m2
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Uniformity of the luminance
•Objects (obstacles on the road) are
only noticeable if there is a contrast
between them and the surroundings.
•Proper luminance is not enough. We
also need good uniformity to model a
background for objects to be noticed.
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Uniformity of the luminance
Needed overall
uniformity of the
luminance U0 as
well as longitudinal
one Ul can be
found in standards.
Sometimes also
transverse
uniformity Ut is
important also.
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Uniformity of the luminance
How different longitudinal uniformities look like?
Ul = 0,5
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Uniformity of the luminance
How different longitudinal uniformities look like?
Ul = 0,625
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Uniformity of the luminance
How different longitudinal uniformities look like?
Ul = 0,77
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Limiting glare
Each luminaire
is seen under
different angle
with respect to
view direction.
Smaller angle
means more
glare.
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Road surface
As luminance of the traffic area
depends on properties of its
surface (reflectance), it is
necessary to include this into
planning process.
There are two main
characteristics of a surface:
•roughness p (rough, smooth)
•reflectance q0 (light, dark)
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Planning road lighting - Streets
Tasks and evaluation criteria for
street lighting:
•less numbered but more
diverse traffic participants;
•direction of view is not defined
so we use concept of
illuminance;
•tasks: to reduce threats to the
weakest street users
(pedestrian, cyclists),
•appearance of the street.
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Luminance and illuminance
On traffic areas where viewing
direction can not be clearly defined
and/or are intended for mixed traffic
the illuminance
concept should
be used.
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Technical quality - Streets
Standards
and
recommen-
dations state
minimum
illuminance
(lux) based
on
conditions
Traffic flow pedestrians
and cyclists
Parked
vehicles
Difficulty of
navigatio-
nal task
Normal High
No Normal 3,0 5,0
Higher 5,0 7,5
Yes Normal 5,0 7,5
Higher 7,5 10,0
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Selection of luminaires
The most important
criterion for the selection
of luminaires are good
technical characteristics
which assure proper
luminance and/or
illuminance levels.
But other characteristics
should not be neglected.
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Selection of luminaires
Design
As the luminaires
are installed
practicaly on every
30 m of traffic areas
the design (form) is
also very important.
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Selection of luminaires
Construction details
Appropriate design
and construction of
the luminaire makes
the installation and
maintenance easier
which means savings
in time and money.
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Selection of luminaires
Materials
Housing and other
mechanical parts of the
luminaire must be
resistant to corrosion. The
materials should be light
weighted and should
have the appropriate
mechanical properties
and durability.
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Selection of luminaires
Safety
is also an important
issue. Both
mechanical and
electrical safety
(reducing risk of
touching live parts)
are important.
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Selection of light source
Selection of light source influences:
•Needed luminous flux of the luminaire;
•luminous intensity distribution;
•number of poles and distance
between them;
•wanted colour of light;
•wanted colour rendering index;
•efficiency of installation;
•installed electrical power;
•maintenance interval.
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High pressure sodium lamp
Working pressure 0,25 bar, working temperature 1000 K.
Yellowish white light.
Colour temperature: 2200 K.
Efficiency: 95 to 150 lm/W.
Live span: up to 24.000 h.
Colour rendering index: 20 - 65.
Electrical power up to: 1000 W.
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High pressure mercury lamp
Mercury vapor gives mostly UV light so fluorescent
powder costing is used to transfer UV to visible light.
Efficiency: up to 60 lm/W.
Life span: >15.000 h.
Colour rendering index: 23 - 55.
Colour temperature: 2000 - 4000 K.
Electrical power up to: 400 W
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Metal halide lamp
Based on high pressure mercury lamp but with
added metal halide compounds in the arc tube, which
improve the efficiency and CRI of the light.
Efficiency: 67 to 95 lm/W.
Life span: 15.000 ur.
Colour temperature: 3000 - 6000 K.
Colour rendering index: up to 95.
Electrical power up to: 2000 W.
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Compact fluorescent lamp
The same as fluorescent lamp but in compact design.
Not for use in cold environments.
Efficiency: up to 70 lm/W.
Life span: 12.000 h.
Colour temperature: 2700 - 6500 K.
Colour rendering index: up to 85.
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Light emitting diodes (LED)
Very small lighting source.
Used mostly in special luminaires.
Efficiency: up to 100 lm/W.
Life span: 50.000 h.
Colour temperature: 2700 - 6500 K.
Colour rendering index: up to 90.
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Low pressure sodium lamp
Mostly for road lighting, not suitable for pedestrian
areas.
Best efficiency: up to 200 lm/W.
monochromatic light: yellow at 589 nm.
Colour temperature: 1750 K.
Life span: 16.000 h.
Electrical power up to: 180 W
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Geometry of lighting installation
Geometry of lighting installation is
characterized by following parameters:
•mounting height (H);
•distance between luminaires (D);
•carriageway width (S);
•luminaire overhang (S1);
•luminaire outreach (S2);
•upcast (tilt) angle ().
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Geometry of lighting installation
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Pole placement
The placement of the poles for luminaires
could be:
•one sided placement;
•axial placement;
•two sided opposite placement;
•median placement and
•two sided staggered placement.
Pole placement should always be chosen
according to road parameters and
circumstances.
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One sided placement
•One sided placement is suitable
for roads with small carriageway
width (up to 10 m).
•Luminaire mounting height (H)
must be equal or greater as
carriageway width (S): (S/H)<=1
•Luminaires are usually mounted on
poles.
•Luminance on lane closer to poles
is larger as on the other lane.
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Axial placement
•Axial placement is usually used on
roads where the buildings are
located on both sides of the road
(easier installation).
•Also here luminaire mounting
height (H) must be equal or greater
as carriageway width (S): (S/H)<=1
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Two sided placement
•Two sided placement is used in case of
wider carriageways (over 10 m), with no or
only narrow (less than 2m) median.
•Two sided opposite or two sided staggered
placement can be used: (S/H)<1,5.
•At two sided staggered placement the
height of the luminaire can be lower that
width of carriageway: (S/H)>1.
•If median is wider, we can additionally use
also median placement.
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Median placement
•It is used in the case of two
carriageways with a width of less than
10 m and with width of median between
2 m and 6 m.
•Luminaires are mounted on a two-arm
pols positioned in the middle of median.
•Luminance distribution is about the same
as at one-side placement, although it
should be take into account that all
luminaires illuminate both carriageways.
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Special cases - guidance
•In curves
luminaires should
be placed on outer
side - better
optical guidance.
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Special cases - marking
•End of the road
(crossroad with priority
road) can be
„marked“ by
increased luminance
and a pole on the
other
side.
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Calculation of luminance
luminance of road surface can be
calculated with different methods:
•using r coefficients;
•using efficacy coefficients;
•using iso-cd/m2 diagram;
•using iso-r and iso-cd diagrams;
• using iso-q and iso-lux diagrams;
•using computer simulation tools.
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Calculation of illuminance
Like luminance also illuminance can be
calculated with different methods:
•using efficiency coefficients;
•using z iso-lux diagram;
• using grafo-analytical method;
•using computer simulation.
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Conclusions …
•Planning of road lighting starts with
selection of needed parameters from
standards and recomendations..
•Follows selection of lighting sources,
luminaires, poles, their placement … .
•At the end the lighting instalation
should be checked if it fulfills the
needed requirements.
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… end:
Questions?