quadrennial report 2008
TRANSCRIPT
QUADRENNIAL REPORT 2008 – 2011
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DEPARTMENT OF PROCESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY OF PROCESS METALLURGY
QUADRENNIAL 2008 – 2011
EDITORS: KAISA HEIKKINEN, MIKKO ILJANA, RIKU MATTILA and TIMO FABRITIUS
UNIVERSITY OF OULU
Laboratory of Process Metallurgy
P.O. Box 4300
FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU
FINLAND
OULU 2012
QUADRENNIAL REPORT 2008 – 2011
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PREFACE
This report concentrates on events that have taken place in the Laboratory of Process Metallurgy during
the years 2008- 2011.
During the four year period the educational actions of process metallurgy have been integrated more
intensely to studies in Process and Environmental Engineering. The number of annually graduating
diploma engineers has remained constant with an average figure of 9 per year. During the previous four
years teaching has been developed further by three new courses based on problem-based learning and
experiences of close co-operation with metallurgical industry. In the field of research, TEKES (the Finnish
Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation), Academy of Finland and metallurgical industry have
been our main sources of financial funding. Furthermore, we have participated intensively on the
research programs organized and funded by Fimecc Ltd (Finnish Metals and Engineering Competence
Cluster) from the May 2009. The share of external competitive market funding comprises 80% of the
total funding.
Core competencies of the laboratory have been strengthened by new analyzing methods and laboratory
equipment: Transport phenomena (mass, heat and momentum), reactions (thermodynamics and
kinetics) and structure (mineralogy and petrology). Our research activities related to iron, steel and
ferroalloy production have been integrated more closely to CASR (Centre for Advanced Steels Research).
The CIRU (Centre for Industrial Residual Utilisation) covers our environmental engineering related
research including slag utilisation, secondary raw material treatments and recycling.
Professor Jouko Härkki, head of laboratory since the establishment of laboratory in 1991, retired at the
end of February 2010. Timo Fabritius was appointed as his successor and started as the new professor of
process metallurgy in March 2010.
All in all, the last four years have been a period of major changes on many levels. Despite many changes
and challenges, close collaboration with Finnish metallurgical industry and research institutes has
continued and strengthened. Once again I would like to extend my thanks to our collaboration partners
and capable staff.
Head of laboratory
Professor Timo Fabritius
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................. 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 3
LABORATORY STAFF 31.12.2011 ............................................................................................................. 5
ACADEMIC STAFF................................................................................................................................. 5
RESEARCHERS ...................................................................................................................................... 5
MASTER’S THESIS WORKERS ................................................................................................................ 6
TECHNICAL STAFF ................................................................................................................................ 6
VISITING TEACHERS ............................................................................................................................. 6
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES ....................................................................................................................... 7
COURSE DESCRIPTIONS...................................................................................................................... 10
RESEARCH ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................................................ 15
I REDUCTION METALLURGY ............................................................................................................... 16
II REFINING METALLURGY .................................................................................................................. 25
III REDUCING AGENTS ........................................................................................................................ 32
IV SLAGS, DUSTS AND WASTES .......................................................................................................... 38
V REFRACTORY MATERIALS ................................................................................................................ 44
VI OTHER ........................................................................................................................................... 46
LABORATORY DEVICES ........................................................................................................................... 48
THERMAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 48
OTHER HIGH TEMPERATURE DEVICES ................................................................................................ 49
OTHER ............................................................................................................................................... 49
PUBLICATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 51
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL PAPERS ............................................................................................................. 51
CONFERENCE PAPERS, SEMINARS AND SYMPOSIUMS........................................................................ 53
OTHER REPORTS & PUBLICATIONS ..................................................................................................... 58
THESES .................................................................................................................................................. 63
BACHELOR’S DEGREE ......................................................................................................................... 63
2008 ................................................................................................................................................... 63
QUADRENNIAL REPORT 2008 – 2011
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2009 ................................................................................................................................................... 63
2010 ................................................................................................................................................... 63
2011 ................................................................................................................................................... 64
MASTER’S DEGREE ............................................................................................................................. 64
2008 ................................................................................................................................................... 64
2009 ................................................................................................................................................... 65
2010 ................................................................................................................................................... 65
2011 ................................................................................................................................................... 66
CONTACT INFORMATION ....................................................................................................................... 67
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LABORATORY STAFF
31.12.2011
ACADEMIC STAFF
Härkki Jouko D.Sc. (Tech), Professor, Head of the Laboratory ( →28.02.2010)
Fabritius Timo D.Sc. (Tech), Professor, Head of the Laboratory (01.03.2010→)
Heikkinen Eetu-Pekka Lic.Sc. (Tech), University Teacher Tanskanen Pekka M.Sc. (Geol), University Teacher
RESEARCHERS
Alatarvas Tuomas M.Sc. (Tech), Research Assistant Angerman Mikko Research Manager Aula Matti M.Sc. (Tech), Doctoral Student Gornostayev Stanislav PhD (Geol.Min.), Research Fellow,
Academy of Finland Haapakangas Juho M.Sc. (Tech), Doctoral Student Heikkilä Anne Lic.Sc. (Math), Doctoral Student Heikkinen Eetu-Pekka Lic.Sc. (Tech), University Teacher Heikkinen Kaisa Research Assistant, Webmaster, Part-Time Heino Jyrki D.Sc. (Tech), Doc. Researcher Huttunen Satu M.Sc. (Chem), Doctoral Student Härkki Jouko D.Sc. (Tech), Emeritus Iljana Mikko M.Sc. (Tech), Doctoral Student Kanerva Pyry Research Assistant Kemppainen Antti M.Sc. (Tech), Doctoral Student Kokkonen Tommi M.Sc. (Chem), Project Researcher Kärnä Aki M.Sc. (Phys), Doctoral Student Leppänen Ahti Research Assistant Makkonen Hannu M.Sc. (Geol.Min.), Doctoral Student Mattila Riku M.Sc. (Tech), Laboratory Manager Mäkelä Anssi M.Sc. (Chem), Doctoral Student Riipi Jaana M.Sc. (Math), Doctoral Student Roininen Juha M.Sc. (Tech), Doctoral Student Salo Antti B.Sc. (Tech), Research Assistant Sulasalmi Petri M.Sc. (Math), Doctoral Student Suopajärvi Hannu M.Sc. (Tech), Doctoral Student Tanskanen Pekka M.Sc. (Geol), University Teacher Visuri Ville-Valtteri M.Sc. (Tech), Doctoral Student Välikangas Juho M.Sc. (Tech), Doctoral Student
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MASTER’S THESIS WORKERS
Salo Antti B.Sc. (Tech)
TECHNICAL STAFF
Kokkonen Tommi M.Sc. (Chem), Project Researcher Mattila Riku M.Sc. (Tech), Laboratory Manager
VISITING TEACHERS
Ahola Juha University of Oulu Hekkala Lauri Outotec Hooli Paavo D.Sc. (Tech), Outokumpu Stainless Oy, Tornio Ikäheimonen Topi M.Sc. (Tech), Outokumpu Stainless Oy, Tornio Isokääntä Jani M.Sc. (Tech), Metso Minerals, Pohto Isokääntä Simo M.Sc. (Tech), Ruukki Metals Oy, Raahe Kujala Kauko University of Oulu Laitinen Tiina University of Oulu Louhenkilpi Seppo D.Sc. (Tech), Docent, Aalto University, Ollila Seppo M.Sc. (Tech), Ruukki Metals Oy, Raahe Paananen Timo M.Sc. (Tech), Ruukki Metals Oy, Raahe Petäjäjärvi Marko M.Sc. (Tech), Outokumpu Chrome Oy, Tornio Pisilä Erkki M.Sc. (Tech), Ruukki Metals Oy, Raahe Päätalo Mika M.Sc. (Tech), Outokumpu Chrome Oy, Tornio Roininen Juha M.Sc. (Tech), Outokumpu Stainless Oy, Tornio Sarpola Arja D.Sc (Tech), University of Oulu Savolainen Jari M.Sc. (Tech), Outokumpu Stainless Oy, Tornio
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EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
The primary goal of the education organized by the laboratory of process metallurgy is to educate
people with master’s and doctoral degrees (M.Sc.Eng. and D.Sc.Tech.) into the service of metallurgical
industry. As a part of the department of process and environmental engineering, the laboratory also
aims to organize its educational activities in a way that serves the educational objectives of the whole
department (i.e. to understand and to control the phenomena occuring in the industrial processes).
Because of this it is not laboratory’s only goal to teach people to understand the metallurgical processes
of iron, steel and ferroalloys production as thoroughly as possible. It is equally important to give
students different viewpoints and perspectives to the phenomena and problems concerning
metallurgical processes as well as other challenges which a freshly graduated M.Sc.Eng. may encounter
in his or her future career. This means that the students have the abilities to understand, model and
control the phenomena inside the processes no matter what the process in question is.
The bachelor level studies (180 ECTS credits) in the department of process and environmental
engineering are organized according to a so-called DAS-formalism, that consists of the descriptive
(saying what something is like, describing something), analytical (using a logical method of thinking
about something in order to understand it, especially by looking at all the parts separately) and synthetic
(combination of two or more parts by design) phases, through which education in all orientations is
carried out. In contrast to the conventional ‘analytical’ approach, where engineering education starts
with studies of chemistry, physics and mathematics, the DAS formalism approach concentrates on
engineering from the first day, starting with ‘description’.
During the bachelor level studies, the students of process engineering are not yet divided into the
students of metallurgy, automation engineering, pulp and paper engineering, and so on. All the students
have a similar curriculum that aims at general engineering competencies of which the most important
ones are:
- Phenomena-based modelling and design and the competence areas leading to those: The
student learns the basic principles of phenomena-based design and will be able to produce
static and dynamic process models both in industrial and natural processes, as well as analyse
physical, chemical, biological and geo-scientific phenomena occurring in those processes.
- Mastery of the entities for manufacturing activities: The student can evaluate the production
and manufacturing activities as entities with the technological, environmental protection,
economic, occupational safety and juridical factors.
- Command of automation technology: The student can recognise the need for automation
technology for controlling the functions of different systems, and can design the physical and
programmatic parts of those systems.
- Non-technical capabilities: In technical design, research and development tasks certain non-
technical professional working-life skills are needed. These include, among other things, social,
multicultural and internationality skills. The student is able to write, analyse and evaluate texts
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within his/her own professional and scientific field and work in a target-oriented fashion in
different working life situations including personal performance and group communication.
The laboratory of process metallurgy organizes three courses (5 ECTS credits each) for the bachelor level
curriculum:
- Introduction to process and environmental engineering I (formerly Introduction to process
engineering)
- Thermodynamic equilibria
- Solid inorganic materials (formerly Solid state structures)
After the bachelor level, the students of process engineering choose whether their further studies are
focused on automation, chemical engineering, metallurgy, mineral processing, pulp and paper
engineering or industrial engineering and management. The master level studies (120 ECTS credits)
consist of four modules (30 ECTS credits each). One or two of these modules are determined based on
the major topic chosen by the student, whereas one or two are more freely chosen. The final module
consists of the master’s thesis.
Laboratory of process metallurgy organizes one module with an objective according to which the
students are able to utilize experimental, analytical and modelling tools that are required in the research
and development of pyrometallurgical processes in which iron, steel and ferroalloys are produced.
Additionally, they can identify how these research methods are connected to the metallurgical
applications (i.e. processes, materials and environmental effects) and to the phenomena (i.e. reactions,
transport phenomena, structural changes), that take place in these applications. The students that focus
on process metallurgy, may choose two modules freely. The most common choices are materials science
and engineering, automation engineering, industrial management and engineering as well as mineral
processing.
Until 2010, the module of process metallurgy consisted of the following courses:
- Thermodynamics of pyrometallurgical solutions (5 ECTS credits)
- Thermodynamics of hydrometallurgical solutions (3 ECTS credits)
- Surfaces and phase boundaries in pyrometallurgy (4 ECTS credits)
- Melting and solidification (4 ECTS credits)
- Oxidation and reduction in pyrometallurgy (5 ECTS credits)
- Slags and slag formation in pyrometallurgy (5 ECTS credits)
- Laboratory exercises of metallurgy (4 ECTS credits)
Since 2011, the module of process metallurgy have included the following courses:
- Phenomena-based modelling in extractive metallurgy (10 ECTS credits)
- Experimental research in extractive metallurgy (10 ECTS credits)
- Process simulation in extractive metallurgy (10 ECTS credits)
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In addition to the courses mentioned above, the course of Environmental load of metallurgical industry
(4 ECTS) has been organized as a research seminar in co-operation with the Luleå University of
technology in 2005, 2008 and 2010. The personnel of the laboratory of process metallurgy has also
taken an active role in the educational activities of other academic institutions. For example D.Sc. (Tech.)
Jyrki Heino has acted as an invited lecturer on various courses concerning the industrial ecology and
environmental load at the Helsinki, Jyväskylä and Aalto Universities.
The educational activities are constantly being developed by the individual teachers as well as within the
educational development groups that operate in both laboratory and department levels. The
educational development has not been unnoticed since the department of process and environmental
engineering has been credited as a national centre of excellence in university education by The Finnish
Higher Education Evaluation Council three times in 2004-2006, 2007-2009 and 2010-2012. Additionally,
university teacher Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen received a national ‘Good teacher’ -award from the Finnish
Foundation for Technology Promotion in 2009.
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COURSE DESCRIPTIONS
477011P Introduction to process and environmental engineering I
ECTS credits: 5 cr.
Objective: To give an overview on process and environmental engineering and to get familiar with the
concepts of these disciplines.
Learning outcomes: Students can examine industrial processes using the methods and perspectives of
process and environmental engineering (e.g. unit operations, mass and energy balances, identification
of mechanical, chemical and transport phenomena in the processes, automation, process design) and
they recognize the role of different areas of the process and environmental engineering, when these
areas are considered in the forthcoming courses.
Contents: 1. Introduction to process engineering. 2. Mechanical unit operations. 3. Transport
phenomena. 4. Reaction engineering. 5. Structures. 6. Automation. 7. Bioprocess engineering and its
possibilities. 8. Process design.
Target group: Students of process and environmental engineering
Recommended optional programme components: This course is an introduction to the other courses of
process and environmental engineering.
Person responsible: Professor Timo Fabritius
477401A Thermodynamic equilibria
ECTS credits: 5 cr.
Objective: The goal is to understand the fundamentals of thermodynamics in order to be able to
consider thermodynamic equilibria in industrial processes.
Learning outcomes: Student is capable of defining chemical equilibria of the systems that are related to
industrial processes and understands the relevance of equilibria (and their computational
determination) as a part of process analysis, planning and control. Additionally, (s)he can define a
meaningful system to be considered in computation thermodynamics; i.e. (s)he can create a
computationally solvable problem based on technical problem that in itself is not solvable
computationally.
Contents: Concepts of entalphy (H), entropy (S) and Gibbs free energy (G). The effect of temperature
and pressure on H, S and G. Chemical and phase equilibria. Activity and activity coefficient. Calculation
of thermodynamic equilibria using equilibrium constant as well as Gibbs free energy minimisation.
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Target group: Students of process and environmental engineering
Recommended optional programme components: This is one of the courses in which physical chemistry
is used in the applications of process and environmental engineering. It is part of a stream that aims at
skills needed in the phenomenon-based modelling and planning of industrial processes.
Person responsible: University Teacher Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
477402A Solid inorganic materials
ECTS credits: 5 cr.
Objective: This cource aims to increase the ability of students to understand structure and properties of
solid inorganic materials and interdependency between the structure and properties. Additionally,
characterization methods of solid materials and the importance solid mineral materials for modern
society and their sources, usage, refining chains and environmental impacts are introduced.
Learning outcomes: Students passing the cource can name the most important solid inorganic materials
(metals and compounds) and their applications. Students can describe the significance of the materials
for the society and tell about the refining chains and environmental impacts of the materials. Students
can describe the structure and properties of solid materials and their interdependency and
characterization methods. Students can compare and classify materials and tell the factors the
classification is based on. Additionally, students can tell about the importance of the structural approach
on the materials when estimating their performance in use or in reprocessing.
Contents: Sources, usage, importance, refining and environmental impacts of inorganic solid materials
(metals and compounds) used in modern society. Structure, properties and interdependency between
the structure and properties and material characterization methods. Application examples: solid
materials as raw materials and products in process industry (e.g. steel and concrete).
Target group: Students of process engineering
Recommended optional programme components: This course is an introduction to the advanced
courses of metallurgy. Additionally, it gives a material-based perspective for the consideration of
industrial processes. It is part of the streams that aim at skills needed in the phenomenon-based
modelling and planning of industrial processes as well as holistic understanding of industrial processes.
Person responsible: University Teacher Pekka Tanskanen
477412S Phenomena-based modelling in extractive metallurgy
ECTS credits: 10 cr.
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Objective: To familiarize with the essential phenomena of the metallurgical processes as well as to learn
to use the models and methods developed for the investigation of these phenomena in the metallurgical
research and development.
Learning outcomes: Students passing the course are familiar with the most important computational
methods used to investigate the most essential phenomena in the research and development of
metallurgical processes. Students can e.g. calculate thermodynamic equilibria, read and construct phase
stability diagrams as well as other diagrams used in the investigation of pyrometallurgical and
electrochemical reactions, describe the role of inclusions in metal production, describe the structure of
metallurgical slags, etc. It should however be noted that these are only examples since the contents of
the course are under continuous development and therefore more detailed learning outcomes are given
each year at the beginning of each course.
Contents: Models and methods that are used to investigate the most essential chemical and physical
phenomena in the research and development of metallurgical processes.
Target group: Students of process metallurgy
Recommended optional programme components: The module of process metallurgy consists of
courses 477412S, 477413S and 477414S.
Person responsible: University Teacher Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen
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477413S Experimental research in extractive metallurgy
ECTS credits: 10 cr.
Objective: The cource aims to increase skills of students to make laboratory scale research and
development projects concerning high temperature research in extractive metallurgy. Team work,
project managing and reporting skills are also aimed to be developed.
Learning outcomes: Students passing the course are familiar with the most important experimental and
analytical methods used in the laboratory scale research of materials and metallurgical processes.
Students can determine and separate research problems to reasonable pieces, collect the background
information, select the reasonable methods and make the research and reporting on planned schedule.
Additionally, students can observe the metallurgical phenomena and their interconnections and
consequences. It should also be noted that the contents of the course are under continuous
development and therefore more detailed learning outcomes are given each year at the beginning of
each course.
Contents: Typical experimental and analytical methods used to research the high temperature
modification and behaviour (oxidation, reduction, melting, surface phenomena, kinetics) of materials.
Determining and separating research problems to reasonable pieces, making the background research,
selecting suitable methods, reporting and presenting the results.
Target group: Students of process metallurgy
Recommended optional programme components: The module of process metallurgy consists of
courses 477412S, 477413S and 477414S.
Person responsible: University Teacher Pekka Tanskanen
477414S Process simulation in extractive metallurgy
ECTS credits: 10 cr.
Objective: To introduce the most important metal production processes and metallurgical unit
operations used in Finland as well as to learn the modelling and simulation methods concerning these
processes. Additionally, the roles of slags, reduction agents and refractory materials in the metallurgical
processes are considered.
Learning outcomes: Students passing the course are familiar with the metal production processes and
metallurgical unit operations used in Finland and they can create process simulations describing these
processes. Additionally, students can identify the boundary conditions of the process simulations
created by e.g. availability of the data and possibilities to model the phenomena involved in these
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processes. It should also be noted that the contents of the course are under continuous development
and therefore more detailed learning outcomes are given each year at the beginning of each course.
Contents: The most important metal production processes and metallurgical unit operations used in
Finland as well as modelling and simulation of these processes.
Target group: Students of process metallurgy
Recommended optional programme components: The module of process metallurgy consists of
courses 477412S, 477413S and 477414S.
Person responsible: Professor Timo Fabritius
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RESEARCH ACTIVITIES Timo Fabritius
Main research activities of the Laboratory of Process Metallurgy have focused on the ironmaking and
steelmaking processes and phenomena that occur at high temperature processes. Topics of studies
cover whole chain of process metallurgy from raw material treatments into the metallurgical quality of
casted steel slabs. The research actions have been divided into five main divisions: I reduction
metallurgy, refining metallurgy, reducing agents, refractory materials and slags, dusts and wastes at high
temperature processes. As part of CASR, the Laboratory of Process Metallurgy conducts high-level
scientific and applied research on modern steels, their processing methods and properties, in
conjunction with several universities, research institutes and steel companies. Research of
environmental engineering at high temperature processes is collected under the guidance of The Centre
for Industrial Residue Utilisation, CIRU.
During 2008-2011 the most important scientific contribution of the laboratory has been in the blast
furnace metallurgy including coke and charge material research as well as fluid flow modelling of
refining and secondary steelmaking processes.
Total laboratory funding has been balanced at the level of 1.5 M euros per year. The laboratory employs
about 22-25 personnel on average including diploma thesis workers. In practice, almost all research
activities are based on the collaboration with industrial partners. The role of Tekes (the Finnish Funding
Agency for Technology and Innovation) as a financer is remarkable, although the laboratory has also
acquired more funding from the Academy of Finland as a form of research projects and Graduate School
vacancies.
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I REDUCTION METALLURGY
Efficient electric arc metallurgy (EffArc)
Contact person: Olli Mattila (05/2009 – 01/2011) and Anne Heikkilä (02/2011 −)
Researchers: Olli Mattila (05/2009 – 01/2011), Arto Rousu (05/2009 – 09/2010), Juha Roininen (up to
07/2011 at Outokumpu Stainless Oy, then from 07/2011 at University of Oulu), Anne Heikkilä (01/2011
−) and Matti Aula (11/2011 −)
Duration: 01.05.2009 – 30.04.2013
Objective and results: Efficient electric arc metallurgy (EffArc) is a part of project named Energy &
Lifecycle Efficient Metal Processes (ELEMET). Originally the objectives of the project are to attain
information on the radiation characteristics emitted from electric arc and its effects on the stabilities of
oxides in the furnace and to improve the understanding of the influence of electric heating on the slag –
metal reactions. Renewed research plan steers the focus a bit from electric arc furnace (EAF) to
submerged arc furnace (SAF), more precisely to the electrical behavior of the SAF charge. The original
idea is further studied in TULI-funded spinoff project lead by laboratory of process metallurgy. Co-
operation is intense between participating laboratories and companies involved with project. In the near
future, the project will involve more studies relating to direct contactless measurement from EAF
process and slag foaming to get more material and energy efficient processing developed.
Partners: Outokumpu Stainless Oy, Outotec Oyj, VTT and University of Oulu
Financiers: The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES), Outokumpu Stainless Oy
and Outotec Oyj
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Figure 1. Measurements for EffArc project in electron spectroscopy laboratory.
Material Efficient Blast Furnace (MEBF) – High Temperature Properties of Coke
Contact person: Juho Haapakangas
Researchers: Juho Haapakangas (07/2009 –), Olli Mattila, (07/2009 − 01/2011), Tommi Kokkonen (part-
time, 07/2009 −)
Duration: 07/2009 – 04/2012
Objective and results: The main goal of the project has been to radically improve material and energy
efficiency in the ferrous industry. Each member of the project has had their own area of focus: Oulu-
MHT: modeling of oil injection in the tuyere and raceway area of a blast furnace, Oulu-MTG:
metallurgical limitations of injection, development of coke hot strength, effect of burden water content
on blast furnace gas atmosphere, Ruukki Metals Oy: utilization of secondary raw materials in
briquetting, high productivity with low CO2-emissions, industrial trials with 100 % pellet operation,
modeling pellet reduction kinetics, ÅA-HE: simulation of blast furnace charging, CIRU-Centre & Aalto
University: novel briquetting recipes, Outotec Finland Oy: simulation and optimization of an igglu-type
sintering furnace, new methods for Mn pelletizing and sintering.
The original focus of Laboratory of Process Metallurgy was to study how the increase of residual fuel oil
injection changes the internal conditions inside a blast furnace and to find possible limitations of
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injection. For this purpose an Excel-HSC-model was developed to calculate the gas composition in
different parts of a blast furnace with various rates of oil injection. The calculated gas atmospheres were
then utilized by reacting coke with the Blast Furnace gas phase Simulator (BFS). Reactions rates of cokes
were analyzed as well as the effect of the gas atmosphere on fine coke formation in a blast furnace
shaft. The results were published at METEC InSteelCon 2011, Düsseldorf, Germany. The gasification and
burning properties of both residual fuel oil and coal tar were also evaluated using a differential scanning
calorimetry. Due to the changes in Ruukki company’s future plans for injected fuels, the focus of the
project shifted toward study of strength properties of coke. For this purpose a new method for
evaluating coke hot strength up to 1750 °C was developed.
Partners: University of Oulu (Laboratory of Process Metallurgy, Laboratory of Mass and Heat Transfer);
Åbo Akademi (Laboratory of Thermal and Flow Engineering), Ruukki Metals Oy; Outotec Finland Oy;
CIRU-Centre and Aalto University
Financiers: The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES), Ruukki Metals Oy and
Outotec Finland Oy
Material Efficient Blast Furnace (MEBF) – New Briquetting Materials
Contact persons: Jyrki Heino and Satu Huttunen
Researchers: Mikko Angerman (part-time), Jyrki Heino (19.10.2009 –), Satu Huttunen (23.8.2011 –),
Tommi Kokkonen (part-time) and Hannu Makkonen (20.8.2009 –)
Duration: 01.08.2009 – 30.04.2013
Objective and results: Blast furnace operation in Raahe has been changed to 100 % pellet charging in
the beginning of 2012. Together with this transition the sinter plant has been shut down and a new
briquetting plant has been built to utilize by-products from the steel works. Briquetting itself offers all
new possibilities to introduce different type of previously unutilized materials into the blast furnace
process. Secondary materials from pulp and paper industry or from steel industry can be used to act as
cheaper binder materials or to shift oxides reduction or slag formation energetically into favourable
path. These new types of briquetting recipes have been and will be established and tested in this
subproject. The subproject provides phenomenological knowledge of the briquette cold bonding
mechanisms and mineralogical associations and metamorphosis in an increasing temperature.
Partners: Ruukki Metals Oy, Raahe; Clean Technologies Research Group, Department of Forest Products
Technology, Aalto University School of Chemical Technology; Mass and Heat Transfer Process
Laboratory, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu
Financiers: The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES) and Ruukki Metals Oy
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Figure 2. Coke briquettes for laboratory scale experiments made of coke, cement and different amounts
of water.
Material Efficient Blast Furnace (MEBF), Industrial part
The MEBF project is part of the Energy Efficiency & Lifecycle Efficient Metal Processes (ELEMET) research
program coordinated by the Finnish Metals and Engineering Competence Cluster (FIMECC). Ruukki
Metals Oy acts as industrial partner and is also funded by them.
Reduction of olivine pellets in CO-CO2-H2-H2O-N2 gas
Contact person: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Olli Mattila, Antti Kemppainen, Jari Savolainen, Tommi Kokkonen and Eetu-Pekka
Heikkinen (part-time)
Duration: 01.10.2009 − 30.04.2010
Objective and results: The aim of the research was to investigate the kinetics of reduction phenomena
in olivine pellets in various gas atmospheres and gas flow rates. In the first part of the project it was
noticed that sample pellets had variation in the iron oxide distribution (hematite and magnetite) and the
pellets were sorted by the amount of magnetite in the structure to enhance comparison between
samples. Particle size distribution (PSD analysis) was also made to sample pellets. The investigation was
mainly realized by numerous high temperature laboratory experiments conducted with
thermogravimetric analysis furnace (TGA). The reduction gas compositions and temperatures for the
experiments were selected by estimating the conditions in the different levels of blast furnace shaft.
This way the pellet reduction to magnetite, wüstite and iron in the blast furnace shaft was simulated
with TGA.
The following observations were made from the results of the TGA experiments:
- The amount of magnetite in the pellet has no significant effect on the reduction rate
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- Comparison between reduction rates of a pellet half and powdered pellet hald showed that the
reduction rate increases markedly with the increasing surface area in the reduced sample
material
- Comparison of reduction rates of the hematite pellets in 1 l/min and 2 l/min flow rates in
identical gas atmospheres showed that gas flow rate has no significant effect on the reduction
rate
- Nitrogen has a retarding effect on the reduction rate when added to CO-CO2 or to CO-CO2-H2-
H2O atmosphere
- 8 % H2-H2O addition to CO-CO2 gas has no significant effect on the reduction rate of pellet when
the reduction potentials of H2 and CO are set to equal by fixing CO/CO2 and H2/H2O ratios
- Two phase reductions of pellets showed that the amount of wüstite non-stoichiometry has no
significant effect on the reduction rate when the pellet is reduced to iron in the second phase
- Reduction rate increases with increasing CO partial pressure in CO-CO2 mixtures as well as in CO-
CO2-H2-H2O mixtures
Analysis of EBF briquette samples
Contact person: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Olli Mattila, Antti Kemppainen and Sauli Pisilä
Duration: 01.05.2010 − 30.04.2011
Objective and results: Properties of briquette samples treated in MEFOS pilot scale blast furnace were
analyzed in the project. The research focused on the structural changes in briquettes descending in the
blast furnace. Briquettes were supplied in the blast furnace in material cages which were collect after
heating the furnace. Material cages were positioned in different layers of the blast furnace and cages
included also pellets and slag as reference samples. Structural changes of briquettes were examined
with a light microscope and an electron microscope and chemical composition was analyzed.
The results showed that the more reductive the atmosphere and the more higher the temperature at
the lower parts of blast furnace the more coherent were the briquette samples. At higher parts of the
blast furnace the briquette samples were degraded probably by the effect of temperature because the
atmosphere was not reductive enough to enable the formation of ferric matrix in the briquette which
binds the structure together. The ferric matrix is formatted from the cement ingredients in the briquette
in reductive atmosphere and as the ingredients evaporate from structure in non-reductive atmosphere
the structure collapses.
Effect of water content of the burden material on the blast furnace gas
Contact person: Timo Fabritius
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Researcher: Antti Kemppainen
Duration: 01.05.2011 − 30.04.2012
Objective and results: The aim of the research is to estimate if the water content of the burden material
is able to affect the blast furnace gas composition through water-gas shift reaction as burden material
falls in the blast furnace shaft and encounters with rising hot gases. This is an important issue as it may
have effect on the utilization of the blast furnace gas later in the process.
The research consists of three parts: 1) The examination of the drying processes of the water containing
blast furnace burden materials (pellet, briquette) will be made and an estimation of the water content in
the burden material as it falls in the blast furnace shaft and encounters with rising hot gases. 2)
Determination of the critical temperature for occurrence of water-gas shift reaction in blast furnace
shaft will be made and the possible reaction catalytic factors in the blast furnace shaft environment will
be investigated. 3) Based on the investigations made in parts 1 and 2 will be made an estimation if the
water content of the blast furnace burden material is able to affect the composition of blast furnace gas
through water-gas shift reaction. All these investigations will be made with applicable laboratory
equipment.
Optimal Pellet Blast Furnace Charging (PEMAS)
Contact persons: Olli Mattila (01.03.2009 – 31.01.2011) and Mikko Iljana (01.02.2011 –)
Researchers: Jari Kurikkala (03/2009 – 04/2010), Olli Mattila (part-time, 03/2009 – 01/2011), Mikko
Iljana (11.01.2011 –) and Tuomas Alatarvas (17.01.2011 –)
Project technicians: Tommi Kokkonen (part-time) and Riku Mattila (part-time)
Duration: 01.03.2009 − 30.04.2012
Objective and results: The PEMAS project is focused on the transition from sinter-pellet mixture to 100
% pellet burden in both blast furnaces at the Raahe steelworks at the end of 2011 as the sintering plant
was closed. The aim of this project is to attain knowledge of the blast furnace shaft phenomena when
pellets are used as a burden material. This requires laboratory simulation experiments under controlled
conditions. As these phenomena are understood, the blast furnace operation can be optimized for the
100 % pellet operation. At the University of Oulu the PEMAS project is mainly focused on two research
areas both including a lot of microscopy and FESEM-EDS analyses:
1) Determination of the change in the blast furnace gas composition in sinter, pellet and coke layers
with a Layer Furnace (LF) equipment constructed in this project. Based on the experimental results the
suitable pellet and coke layer thicknesses for the BF operation can be defined.
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2) Study of the reduction swelling and cracking behaviour of olivine pellets and fluxed pellets in
comparison with acid pellets under sulphur and potassium containing atmospheres with Blast Furnace
gas phase Simulator (BFS) and the evaluation of the effect of these phenomena on shaft permeability.
For the layer charging part of the project, it was detected that the utilization rates of gases rise higher in
pellet operation than when using sinter as iron-bearing material. Furthermore, hydrogen and water
vapour were observed to start participating in the reduction reactions in pellet and sinter bed and
solution-loss reactions in coke bed at somewhat higher temperatures than carbonaceous gases (CO and
CO2).
In the second part comprising the pellet swelling, it was noticed that the olivine pellets are not of
uniform quality as the size of the magnetite nucleus varies having effect on the reduction swelling
behaviour. Swelling tendency of SiO2-rich pellets was observed to be more restrained in comparison to
olivine pellets. In addition, it was verified that standard swelling tests carried out under isothermal
conditions such as ISO 4698 leads to markedly high reduction swelling indices and do not simulate the
swelling behaviour in the blast furnace very well. Thus, the reduction swelling behaviour of iron ore
pellets should preferably be studied dynamically under simulated blast furnace conditions. Sulphur in
excess quantities was associated with partial melt formation of FeO-FeS and pellet shrinking while
potassium in reducing atmosphere with normal swelling. Sulphur in excess quantities was associated
with partial melt formation of FeO-FeS and pellet shrinking (see Figs. 3 and 4) while potassium in
reducing atmosphere with normal swelling
Partner: Ruukki Metals Oy
Financier: Ruukki Metals Oy
Figure 3. Pellet images after dynamic reduction up to 1100 oC under high sulphur partial pressure (max
1.0 vol-% S2) conditions.
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Figure 4. LOM images from pellet periphery reduced under high sulphur partial pressure (max 1.0 vol-%
S2) conditions.
Ferrochromium production in submerged arc furnace
Contact person: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Jouko Härkki, Topi Ikäheimonen (01/2007 – 08/2007) and Arto Rousu (09/2007 – 12/2009)
Duration: 1.1.2007 – 31.12.2009
Objective and results: The aim of this project was to clarify the temperature, phase and material
distribution in a submerged arc furnace with drillings and temperature measurements when producing
ferrochromium. Drillings were carried out with the tuyere drilling machine of Rautaruukki. Furthermore,
drill samples from the submerged arc furnace gave new knowledge of the prevailing conditions in the
furnace.
Additionally, investigations with two different furnace models were carried out at the University of Oulu.
With these models the flow of electric current in the charge material bed in a submerged arc furnace
and structural changes in particles during ferrochromium production process were investigated.
Partners: Outokumpu Stainless Oy and Outotec Finland Oy
Financier: Outokumpu Säätiö Oyj
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Improvement of Hearth Drainage Efficiency and Refractory Life for High BF
Productivity and a Well Adjusted Reductant Injection Rate at Varying Coke Quality
(Hearth Efficiency)
Contact person: Timo Fabritius
Researcher: Olli Mattila
Technician: Tommi Kokkonen
Duration: 01.07.2007 − 31.12.2010
Objective and results: The objective of the Laboratory of Process Metallurgy was to use new and
innovative methods to study the blast furnace coke and to combine the information obtained with
existing knowledge of blast furnace process to find the reasons of deadman blocking in close co-
operation with Ruukki and Åbo Akademi. Feed coke samples were studied by the means of optical
reactive texture, pore shape distribution and coke ash grain size distribution and the gasification
behavior of metallurgical coke under simulated shaft conditions (K, S, etc.) with Blast Furnace gas phase
Simulator (BFS). Drilled core samples were studied by the means of bulk chemical analysis (co-operation
with Ruukki), SEM study of polished sections (co-operation with Ruukki), SEM study of extracted
submicron particles and coke ash grain size distribution. Research method development was applied on
image analysis and submicron particle analysis methods.
New information of tuyere level operation was obtained leading to highlight the importance of charging
pattern in the top of the BF as it reflects to the shape, composition and location of cohesive zone and
behavior of circulation processes in the BF. This affects on the flow fields of gases escaping the raceway
area and together with deadman behavior − sitting or (partly) swimming − it can lead to deadman
blocking.
Partners: VDEh-Betriebsforschungsinstitut, Germany; AG der Dillinger Hüttenwerke, Germany; Arcelor
Eisenhüttenstadt, Germany; Ruukki, Finland; Åbo Akademi University, Finland; University of Oulu,
Finland; Arcelor Research SA, France; Arcelor España, Spain; C.S.I.C/CENIM, Spain; MEFOS, Sweden;
Lucchini, Italy and CSM, Italy
Financier: European Commission (the Research Fund for Coal and Steel, RFCS) and University of Oulu
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II REFINING METALLURGY
Advanced Melt Metallurgy (AMMe)
Contact persons: Timo Fabritius (2009 – 2011) and Ville-Valtteri Visuri (2012 −)
Researchers: Petri Sulasalmi (2009 −), Aki Kärnä (2009 −) and Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen (part-time)
Duration: 01.05.2009 – 31.12.2014
Objective and results: The aim of this project is to develop holistic process oriented models describing
dominating phenomena similar to all secondary metallurgy process units and to simulate process
procedures in case specific studies of vacuum, AOD, CAS-OB and BOF processes.
Supersonic lance and jet interaction with melt have been studied in CAS-OB, AOD and BOF processes.
Supersonic lance model has been applied to full scale CAS-OB flow model. Slag emulsification has been
simulated with 3-phase modeling and tracking the interface between the phase. Main focus was on
average droplet size, droplet distribution and number of droplets. Splashing of steel during lance
blowing has been modeled as a 2-phase flow. Final goal of CFD modeling is to provide detailed models of
all processes considered in the project.
Partners: University of Oulu, Laboratory of Process Metallurgy; University of Oulu, Mass and Heat
Transfer Process Laboratory; Aalto University, Department of Energy Technology; Aalto University,
Department of Materials Science and Engineering; VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland;
Outokumpu Stainless Oy and Ruukki Metals Oy
Financiers: The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES), Ruukki Metals Oy and
Outokumpu Stainless Oy
Advanced Melt Metallurgy (AMMe), Industrial part
Researchers: Sauli Pisilä (2010 – 2011), Ville-Valtteri Visuri (2011 −) and Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen (part-
time)
Duration: 1.5.2009 – 31.12.2014
Objective and results: The aim of this project is to develop holistic process oriented models describing
dominating phenomena similar in the AOD process. A slag formers, converter geometry and different
blowing practises have all been considered. At this point, the model is validated for the last side-blown
decarburization phases. Next development steps for the AOD model are lance modules for considering
lance-blowing and reactions between the steel bulk and the top slag.
Partner: Outokumpu Stainless Oy
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Financier: Outokumpu Stainless Oy computationally efficient AOD process model has been
developed. Main reactions in the plume zone, additions of scrap and
Determination of inclusion size distribution of steel by electrolytic extraction
method
Contact person: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Anssi Mäkelä (01.12.2010 − 14.02.2012), Heikki Pärkkä (01.01.2010 – 31.10.2010), Ville
Hakkarainen (01.01.2010 – 31.10.2010) and Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen (part-time)
Duration: 01.01.2010 − 31.12.2013
Objective and results: The main aim is to research an electrolytic extraction method for determination
of inclusion size distribution in the different stages of steel manufacturing process and in the final
products. At first research method consisted of electrolytic dissolution with acid solutions combined
with laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Afterwards the method was modified to utilize non-aqueous
electrolytes, potentiostatic controlling and a scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS detector
and a semi-automatic particle detection software.
With the growing demand for stronger and harder steels, the inclusion control in different steel types
has become very important. The inclusion size distribution is an essential parameter, because different
sized inclusions have diverse effects on the mechanical properties of steel. Large inclusions are
considered to be more detrimental to the quality of the steel than small inclusions. On the other hand,
certain inclusions having a specific size, shape and composition are desired constituents in steel when
they are utilized to control the microstructure of steel and thus improving the properties of steel.
Due to small size and surrounding iron matrix, there are some problems when determining non-metallic
inclusions directly from steel samples with conventional metallographic methods. Therefore, in this
research the inclusions are separated from the steel matrix by selectively dissolving the steel sample by
the electrolytic extraction method. After the extraction the inclusions are collected onto a membrane
filter prior to analysis. The quantity, morphology and elemental composition of the inclusions are semi-
automatically determined by a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EDS system and
INCAFeature software. The detected inclusions can be classified into groups by their elemental
composition. As a result inclusion size distribution graphs for different types of inclusions can be
achieved. The method can be applied for determining changes in inclusion number, size, shape and
composition during the steel making process.
Partner: Ruukki Metals Oy
Financiers: Ruukki Metals Oy and Teknologiateollisuuden 100-vuotissäätiön Metallinjalostajien rahasto.
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Figure 5. Inclusion density (Al2O3) at different process states.
Production of metal-ceramic composites (Hybrimat)
Contact person: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Olli Mattila, Antti Kemppainen, Jari Savolainen, Olli Mattila, Petri Sulasalmi, Tommi
Kokkonen and Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen (part-time)
Duration: 01.04.2008 − 30.03.2011
Objective and results: The aim of the research was to investigate the production of composite materials
by examining infiltration process of molten steel into the layer of reinforcement materials. Various steel
grades and reinforcement materials were investigated. Practically the research focused on phenomena
called dynamic temperature and wetting in the infiltration process.
Research methods applied for the investigation of dynamic temperature were high temperature
laboratory experiments and computational modeling (Computational fluid dynamics) for the
examination of heat transfer processes. The computational modeling was made in the project
simultaneously with laboratory experiments and assisted the conditions selection for different materials
in the actual infiltration experiments. Applicable laboratory scale equipment was developed for the high
temperature infiltration experiments. Various types of reinforcement material layers were developed
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and tested as well as various steel casting techniques. Temperature dependence of the infiltration
process progression was one the investigated variables in the infiltration experiments assisted by the
results of computational modeling.
Wetting properties of different steel grades with different reinforcement materials were determined
with thermodynamic modeling and were tested with high temperature dilatometric experiments.
Results of all high temperature dilatometric experiments and infiltration experiments were analyzed
with scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Partner: Metso
Financier: Metso
Effective and cost-efficiency AOD-process for production of ferritic and Mn-alloyed
stainless steels (FEMA)
Contact person: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Jouko Härkki, Aki Kärnä, Petri Sulasalmi, Jaana Riipi and Timo Fabritius
Duration: 01.01.2007 – 23.06.2009
Objective and results: The aim of the project was to develop blowing practices for AOD converter to
produce ferritic and Mn-alloyed stainless steels with low oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur contents. To
achieve this purpose three kinds of models: 1) CFD model of AOD converter, 2) slag sub-model and 3)
sub-model for gas-slag-metal system were formed. The final goal was a model that describes all the
significant phenomena taking place in the converter, in three spatial and one time dimension.
The AOD model was carried out as a three dimensional, time-dependent 2-phase model. Based on the
time-dependent model an averaged flow field was obtained which was coupled with a reaction sub-
model that calculated a local chemical equilibrium based thermodynamic properties of the phases. In
addition to reaction sub-model, also a model for momentum transfer between steel and gas and a
model for gas bubble size were written and coupled with the CDF model.
The main purpose of slag sub-model was to study slag emulsification caused by steel flow at the slag-
steel interface. For this a 3-phase model, based on a physical model that had been used to study
emulsification on water-oil systems, was developed. CFD simulations were started by choosing four
water-oil cases which were simulated by the CFD model and validated by using the data from physical
experiments. After that three cases were simulated by using the physical properties of slag and steel
corresponding to AOD process. The main interest in this study was on average droplet sizes and
distributions. It resulted that droplet distributions were quite similar in all cases. Also an equation for
the average droplet size was obtained.
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Behavior of gas-slag-steel –system is determined by the surface energy of the system. The surface
energy can be calculated as a function interfacial tension between slag and steel. The physical state of
the gas-slag-steel –system was studied with a sub-model that assumes that inertial forces don’t
dominate the behavior. It was obtained that intensive reactions between slag and steel decrease the
interfacial tension considerably and may affect to the behavior of the system.
Partners: Outokumpu Stainless Oy; Laboratory of Energy Engineering and Environmental Protection
from Helsinki University of Technology
Financiers: Outokumpu Stainless Oy and the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation.
Modelling interfacial partitioning in multi-phase systems (INTER)
Contact person: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Jouko Härkki, Ville Hakkarainen, Jaana Riipi, Timo Fabritius, Olli Mattila, Riku Mattila and
Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen (part-time)
Duration: 01.01.2008 – 31.12.2009
Objective and results: The aim of the work carried out in the laboratory of process metallurgy in the
University of Oulu was to study the phenomenon of electrowetting to modify the surface tension of
oxide materials in high temperature conditions and to generate a mathematical model to calculate the
surface tension and the interfacial tension of oxide materials. The study was started with experiments in
water system in which electrowetting was examined in room temperature for a electrolyte liquid and
after that continued with tests under high temperature conditions with silicate, aluminate and oxide
slags having plenty of free ions.
A model based on the Butler equation was generated to calculate the surface tension in the oxide
system. The model uses the ionic radiuses of oxide materials and the surface tension and the molecular
volume of pure oxides. The calculation is carried out as a function of temperature and composition. The
model can calculate systems having 2−9 components with different compositions as a function of
temperature. Accuracy of the model was estimated to be within 7% of the surface tension of tested
materials with validation tests.
Partners: Åbo Akademi University, Helsinki University of Technology and Technical Research Centre of
Finland
Financiers: Outokumpu Stainless Oy and Outotec Research
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Thermochemical Model for Gas-Liquid Metal System
Doctoral student: Jaana Riipi
Duration: 02/2008 −
Objective and results: In traditional practise the great amount of unit operations in the production of
steel is based on the reactions between gas bubbles and liquid metal. Temperature of liquid bulk phase
varies temperature range of 1500 oC to 1800 oC and in addition to the large variations in the chemical
composition. Furthermore, the composition of surface phase is totally different than bulk phase because
of the differences in surface activities of solution elements. There is very little published information
concerning the measurements of the reactions on the gas-steel melt interphase. However, surface
phenomena such as surface tension of melt and adsorption of different components have remarkable
effect on the behaviour of high temperature metallurgical processes. For example, adsorption and
desorption of nitrogen during decarburization and secondary metallurgical treatments is related to the
composition of gas-metal interphase. Surface tension also affects the diameter of gas bubbles in liquid
metal and slag. Hence the reaction area as well as fluid flow dynamics of the gas-liquid metal system is
affected by the surface tension. While the surface tension affects fluid flows it is generally assumed to
be constant in CFD simulations.
The aim of this study is to generate a model for surface tension of liquid steel system (including surface
active elements) and chemical composition of the surface. Model for the nitrogen behaviour between
gas bubble (Ar, N2, O2, CO, CO2) and steel melt will be also derived. Additionally model for the surface
tension of steelmaking slag and interfacial tension between slag and steel melt will be derived. Finally,
effects of reactions and external energy on different interfacial tensions in steelmaking process will be
studied.
Financier: Graduate School in Chemical Engineering (GSCE)
VISTA: CFD-thermochemical Model for Gas-to-liquid Blow Reactor
Contact person: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Jaana Riipi and Aki Kärnä
Duration: 2004 – 06/2008
Objective and results: Aim of the project is to minimize the consumption of argon in AOD converter
blowing with the production of different steel grades. This will be made by optimizing the switch point
from nitrogen to argon during the decarburization period. The CFD-model pursues an economical way to
optimize processing practices and to allow improved control of nitrogen content in liquid steel before
tapping. Several tasks were done: dynamic model for nitrogen behavior during AOD process was
completed, surface tension model for Fe-N-S-O system and CFD model for AOD converter were
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developed. As result of new models the accuracy of the predicted nitrogen content after AOD process
was improved.
Partners: Outokumpu Stainless Oy, Rautaruukki and Ovako
Financiers: Outokumpu Stainless Oy, Rautaruukki and Ovako
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III REDUCING AGENTS
Inorganic Compounds of Coke
Contact person / responsible scientist: Stanislav Gornostayev
Project scientists: Satu Huttunen, Tommi Kokkonen and Hannu Makkonen
Duration: 08/2006 – 07/2011
Objective and results: This project is focused on detailed laboratory studies and theoretical
investigations of natural and synthetic inorganic compounds in the feed and blast furnace (BF) coke. The
project is aimed to investigate the fundamentals of processes related to chemical reactions and physical
transformations of inorganic compounds (mineral phases and minor elements in the carbon matrix) of
feed and BF coke, which take place in coke oven batteries and in the BF, and their influence on
properties of coke. The detailed laboratory research include XRD, EDS and WDS analyses, optical and
electron microscopy, X-Ray mapping as well as laboratory experiments, which include simulation of
different operating conditions of the BF and coke battery to point out the differences in material
behavior put to these processes. The applied part of the research is focused on qualitative and
quantitative estimations of the influence of inorganic compounds on quality of coke and reactions that
affect the BF operations. The overall practical aim of the research is to reach more economically and
environmentally efficient use of coke in the BF process.
Partner: Ruukki Metals Oy
Financier: Academy of Finland
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Figure 6. Octahedral crystal of spinel on a surface of blast furnace coke.
Figure 7. Droplet of slag on a surface of blast furnace coke.
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Efficient Fuel for a Blast Furnace (EFBF)
Contact person: Stanislav Gornostayev
Responsible scientists: Stanislav Gornostayev and Jyrki Heino
Project scientist: Satu Huttunen
Project technician: Tommi Kokkonen
Duration: 01.09.2011 – 31.08.2015
Objective and results: Metallurgical coke, which is a compound of carbon and inorganic phases, is a key
material for a blast furnace (BF) iron making, acting as a major fuel (energy source), a reductant, a
carburisation agent and a structural support. Natural reserves of coking coal are limited and the
standards for BF iron making are becoming increasingly strict, encouraging steel producers to implement
environmentally friendly processes, while trying to maintain cost efficiency. In this regard, the
production of high quality coke requires a better control of its properties as well as sustainable and
economic management of coke oven gases and solid residues.
This multidisciplinary (coke, metallurgy, mineralogy, chemistry, thermodynamics, industrial ecology)
project is focused on detailed laboratory studies and theoretical investigations of inorganic compounds
and carbon-based matrix of feed and BF coke and experimental cokes made with addition of various
plastics. The objectives of the project include the investigations of: Contact phenomena between
mineral phases and coke matrix in the feed and BF coke; Solid-solid, solid-C and solid-gas reactions
between minerals and coke matrix in the feed and BF coke; Mode of occurrence, size and composition
of Fe-Si droplets on the surface of BF coke and their relationships with the coke matrix; Properties of
“contact coke” from coke oven, including of carbon spheres on its surface; Intercalation features of K,
Na, Ba, Sr and Ca with graphite; Heterogeneity of pore-surrounding matter in the feed and experimental
cokes; How coking process proceeds when coking coal without and with varying amounts of plastics,
including measurements of gas phases; Physical properties of coke fines agglomerates made with
various primary (cement) and secondary (waste lime, ashes from pulp and paper industry, blast furnace
and other type of slags from steel industry) binders; Utilization potentials of coke oven gases and coke
fines agglomerates applying ideas of industrial ecology.
The project will utilize modern research tools and methods, including (but not limited to): sophisticated
equipment for samples preparation; Optical and Scanning electron microscopes; Confocal Raman
Microscope System; Electron-probe micro analyser, Chamber furnace, Blast Furnace Gas Simulator, X-
Ray Diffraction spectrometer; X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer and Inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometer.
The main results of the project are expected to be a considerably deepened knowledge on the coking
and BF processes as well as related issues of industrial ecology.
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Partner: Ruukki Metals Oy
Financier: Academy of Finland
Figure 8. Nine laboratory scale coke ovens and coke oven battery. Photographer: Tommi Kokkonen
Possibilities of bio-based materials in reduction applications (Bioreducer)
Contact person: Mikko Angerman
Researchers: Hannu Suopajärvi and Mikko Iljana (part-time)
Duration: 1.9.2010 – 31.8.2012 (possibly longer)
Objective and results: Steel industry is causing roughly 9 % of Finland’s greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions, though the processes are already generally driven at a close thermodynamic limits. To be
able to further lower the GHG emissions, the reduction energy’s fossil carbon intensity must decrease.
In principle this can be achieved in three ways: by increasing carbon neutral electricity and scrap use, or
by increasing bio-based carbon and hydrogen share on the reduction energy mix or by adapting carbon
capture and storage (CCS) practices.
Bioreducer project is concentrating on possibilities and impacts of bio-based materials in reduction
applications. Project tasks include various biomaterial resource and quality estimations, study on various
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required pre-processing steps to actual utilization phase at present metallurgical processes and overall
assessment of the biomaterial use on plant wide view.
Research so far shows that even partial coverage of current fossil reduction agents with bio-based
materials means rather huge, yet sustainably coverable quantities. Also, bio-based material could even
help other reactions and phenomena inside the metallurgical processes.
Partners: Aalto University, Åbo Akademi, Rautaruukki Oyj Plc, Pohjolan Voima Oy Ltd, Taivalkoski
community, Council of Oulu region, GasEK Oy, Ltd, Sievin Biohake Oy Ltd, Naturpolis Oy Ltd, Lassila &
Tikanoja Oyj Plc and Suomen Biosähkö Oy.
Financiers: The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES), Rautaruukki Oyj Plc,
Pohjolan Voima Oy Ltd, Lassila & Tikanoja Oy Plc, Taivalkoski community and Council of Oulu region.
margin to their
Biomass use in metallurgical industry − Sustainability Assessment with layered
approach
Doctoral student: Hannu Suopajärvi
Duration: 12/2009 −
Objective and results: There are several possibilities in integrated steel plant to modify existing
processing routes, which may contribute to more sustainable operations. Basically the proposed
solutions concern the use of new technology or finding new raw materials whether recycled or entirely
new. New technologies include e.g. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, Top gas recycling
blast furnace (TGR-BF), TGR-BF combined with CCS, use of process gases (coke plant, BF, BOF) for direct
reduction process purposes, or methanol production, better utilization of by-products (dusts, scales).
The easy ways to decrease the environmental burden of iron and steelmaking have already been
adopted. There is a need for new approaches towards a more sustainable and CO2-lean operations. One
such alternative is to use non-conventional raw materials such as biomass for iron ore reduction. It is
expected that wood and other biomass reserves in Finland could provide sustainable alternatives for
fossil fuels in iron and steelmaking processes. However, there have been no studies made earlier neither
is a methodology to evaluate the sustainability of substituting fossil-based fuels to renewable.
The objective of this research is to develop a sustainability assessment framework that can be used to
evaluate the impacts of biomass utilization in iron and steelmaking. The layered approach means that
dimensions of sustainability; economic, environmental, social and also technological are systematically
evaluated with specified system boundaries. Hypothesis that guides the research can be formulated as
following: “Domestic biomass is sustainable raw material for Finnish iron and steelmaking in a form of
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reducing agent”. The research as such is not based on hypothesis testing, but gives possibility to
formulate suitable research questions and tasks.
Methods used in the research for supporting the hypothesis range from process modeling based on
mass and energy balances to economic calculations and life cycle evaluations. Plant-wide process
modeling scheme is taken to evaluate the effects of biomass introduction to CO2 emissions and energy
balances of integrated steelworks. Life cycle evaluation, which takes the environmental burdens into
account from cradle-to-grave, is essential for assessing the sustainability of the biomass use. Economic
calculations and availability assessment are needed for evaluating the implementation potential of
proposed alternatives.
The research thus far has concentrated on developing and utilizing unit process models for integrated
BF-BOF route accompanied with biomass pyrolysis unit where biomass can be converted into charcoal
used in the blast furnace. Modeling is based on thermodynamics, distribution coefficients and other
engineering methods and tools. Layered sustainability assessment framework has been developed and it
will be used for the evaluation of the sustainability of biomass use in iron and steelmaking industry in
Finland. In addition, extensive literature review on thermochemical processes has been conducted.
Availability of energy wood in Finland has been evaluated by utilizing calculation procedures provided in
literature.
Financier: Graduate School in Chemical Engineering (GSCE)
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IV SLAGS, DUSTS AND WASTES
New metallurgical solutions for ferrous dust treatment (METDUST)
Contact person: Hannu Makkonen
Researcher: Hannu Makkonen
Duration: 11.05.2009 − 30.04.2013
Objective and results: The aim of this project is to develop new processes and technologies for steel mill
dust and sludge treatment. The purpose is to recover the valuable metals. This will save costs and
reduce environmental load. To reach this objective both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical
processes will be considered. In University of Oulu the main task has been the characterization of the
steel plant dusts as a result of which the chemical and mineralogical compositions as well as
microtexture of the dusts are known.
Partners: Aalto University; Lappeenranta University of Technology; Technical University of Kosice,
Slovakia; University of Oulu; Boliden Oy; Outokumpu Stainless Oy; Outotec Finland Oyj
Financiers: The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES), Boliden Oy, Outokumpu
Stainless Oy and Outotec Finland Oyj
Process alternatives for low-grade ores (LOWGRADE)
Contact person: Hannu Makkonen
Researcher: Hannu Makkonen
Duration: 01.05.2011 − 30.04.2012
Objective and results: The aim of this project is to develop processes and technologies for utilization of
low-grade ores. Both hydrometallurgical and biometallurgical processes are considered. In University of
Oulu the main task has been the characterization of the concentrate from Suurikuusikko gold mine as a
result of which the chemical and mineralogical (XRD-analysis) compositions as well as grain-size
distribution of the material are known.
Partners: Aalto University, Tampere University of Technology, University of Oulu and Outotec Finland
Oyj
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Life-cycle approaches in supporting business decision making process (FinLCA)
Contact person: Mikko Angerman
Researcher: Hannu Suopajärvi & Jyrki Heino
Duration: 01.08.2009 – 31.12.2011
Objective and results: Environmental issues and viewpoints have recently risen in importance in
corporate decision making process, even within the framework of the global capitalism. The project was
established to enhance and better utilize life cycle approaches in Finnish companies. The main mean to
achieve this was to strengthen cooperation between research institutes and businesses.
Specific task for the laboratory of process metallurgy in the project was to study and present examples
on how to incorporate and utilize traditional engineering methods like thermodynamic calculations or
mathematical modelling and simulation results into more orthodox life cycle studies. Hypothesis was
that these methods could help estimating LCA with yet unknown processes and products that lack the
LCI-data.
An example simulation case with derived LCI-like results was constructed and results have been
reported in separate project paper and project reports.
More information (in Finnish) http://www.ymparisto.fi/syke/finlca
Partners: SYKE (leader), VTT, Aalto University and Åbo Akademi
Financiers: The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES) and a large number of
industrial associations
Hidden potential for gross reduction in energy demand and emissions in
steelmaking (GreenSteel)
Contact person: Mikko Angerman
Researchers: Hannu Suopajärvi, Ahti Leppänen, Jukka Sippola and Markus Harju
Duration: 01.01.2008 – 31.12.2012
Objective and results: The objectives of the research are to develop methods by which virgin
environmentally benign ways of primary steelmaking can be found, and to evaluate their feasibility in
the future by studying their performance under a variety of scenarios for the price and availability of
energy and raw materials, and costs of emissions and by-products.
A key element in the work will be Factory simulation tool ⎯ versatile software for evaluation and
comparison of alternative process routes. The program was designed at the laboratory of process
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metallurgy and has been extended by process databases and new process units in various research
projects at the laboratory of process metallurgy and Aalto University.
Factory is an ideal platform for analyzing interconnected balance based steady-state models of novel
cross-industrial systems. Here it will be extended from basic flow-sheet calculations to considering
economical performance indices and CO2 emissions, as well as other Life Cycle Inventory type analysis.
The tool itself will also be substantially developed and expanded with new process descriptions,
databases and algorithms to fulfill the requirements of the project. Factory will be used for rapid
prototyping in studying and evaluating the performance of new process models, and for providing the
model representation of the processes to be used in the systems optimization.
Partners: Aalto University, Åbo Akademi and Rautaruukki Oyj Plc
Financier: The Academy of Finland
Efficient electric arc metallurgy (EffArc) and New metallurgical solutions for ferrous
dust treatment (METDUST), Industrial part – Reduced dust formation and enhanced
recycling in EAF and AOD
Contact person: Juha Roininen
Researchers: Jari Savolainen (2009 – 2010), Juho Kunelius (2010 – 2011) and Juha Roininen (up to
07/2011 at Outokumpu Stainless Oy, then from 07/2011 at University of Oulu)
Duration: 2009 – (every year new contract for one researcher)
Objective and results: Efficient electric arc metallurgy (EffArc) and New metallurgical solutions for
ferrous dust treatment (METDUST) are a part of project named Energy & Lifecycle Efficient Metal
Processes (ELEMET). Objectives of the project are to attain information to make process even more
material and energy efficient. Especial interest is to look ideas which are lowering emissions of material
to dust collection unit or to utilize dust in processing to achieve material efficiency without sending dust
to expensive and environmentally inefficient process in southern Sweden. Also some benefits for
process can be achieved with correct timing and feeding of the material. To find out correct timing for
feeding better equipment to control process are needed and for that reason several studies and ideas to
make new measurements and models to control process are also presented in this project.
Partner: Outokumpu Stainless Oy
Financier: Outokumpu Stainless Oy
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Boliden Harjavalta Oy Copper and Nickel Slag Research and Product Development
Project (KUNI)
Contact persons: Jyrki Heino and Hannu Makkonen
Researchers: Mikko Angerman (1.5.2008 – 31.12.2008), Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen (part-time), Jyrki Heino
(1.1.2006 – 31.12.2008), Tuomas Hallikainen (1.4.2007 – 31.8.2007), Tommi Kokkonen (part-time), Virpi
Leinonen (1.1.2006 – 31.12.2007), Hannu Makkonen (1.6.2006 – 31.12.2008), Anna-Leena Pitsinki
(29.5.2006 – 20.11.2006), Erika Rova (1.1.2008 – 31.12.2008), Pekka Tanskanen (1.1.2008 – 31.12.2008)
and Esa Virtanen (1.1.2006 – 30.4.2008)
Duration: 01.01.2006 – 31.12.2008
Objective and results: The aim of the project was to research and develop the environmental properties
of nickel slag. As a result mineralogy and microstructure and their origins in slag are known. Also the
mineralogical grounds of leachability of harmful components were recognized. Based on this knowledge
four methods for modifying the properties of slag were suggested and part of them tested.
Partners: Boliden Harjavalta Oy; Outotec Research Oy; Clean Technologies Research Group, Department
of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University School of Chemical Technology; Water Resources and
Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering,
University of Oulu
Financiers: The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES) and industrial partners
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Effect of Mineralogy to Leachability of Synthetic Earthwork Materials (MINERALI)
Contact person: Hannu Makkonen
Researchers: Hannu Makkonen (part-time, 06/2006 – 12/2008), Tuomas Herlevi (08/2007 – 05/2008)
Duration: 1.6.2006 – 31.12.2008
Objective and results: The main idea of Minerali project was to give a new tool for evaluating leaching
of some harmful elements from known minerals in solid residue materials. Nowadays there is a lot of
knowledge about leaching behaviour from different kind of slag materials but it is not yet compared to
mineralogy of those solids. Leach ability testing is also expensive and a very slow method to be used in
production. A new way suggested as a result of the project is to estimate leaching and other
environmental properties of slag and other industrial wastes based on mineralogy and microtexture of
materials.
Partners: SYKE and University of Oulu
Financier: Finnish Ministry of Environment
Pro-Environmental Product Planning in a Dynamic Operational Environment Now
and in Future - Methods and Tools (PRODOE)
Contact person: Jyrki Heino
Researchers: Jyrki Heino (01.01.2007 – 31.12.2010), Jouko Härkki (01.01.2007-28.02.2010) and Esa
Virtanen (01.01.2007 – 30.04.2008)
Duration: 01.01.2007 – 31.12.2010
Objective and results: The main purpose of the project was to produce a position paper of the research
group of the existing situation concerning the metal and fibre cycles and the interconnected energy
cycle. The legislative and regulatory development needs were identified in order to promote sustainable
use of resources and the closure of material cycles in Bothnian Arc industrial area. It was also proposed
effective policies and legal instruments related to material cycles (legal, technical and economic means
to control the material flow). The utilisation rate of side-streams or rejects in the hypothetic Bothnian
Arc industrial ecosystem was intensified, while taking into account the aspects rising from legislation,
management, economy, ecology, material properties and processing. The possibilities for cross-linking
waste and by-product stream from different industrial sectors were also explored.
Partners: Laboratories of Mechanical Process Technology and Recycling, Clean Technologies Research
Group, Energy Engineering and Environmental Protection, Environmental Protection, and Institute of
Law, and Lahti Centre in Aalto University School of Chemical Technology; Laboratories of Environmental
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Law and Politics in University of Helsinki; Laboratory of Process Metallurgy in Luleå University of
Technology; Ruukki Metals Oy Raahe
Financier: Academy of Finland
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V REFRACTORY MATERIALS
Here is a list of public projects concerning refractory materials studies. Some of the refractory material
studies made during the years are short term and reported to customers only, so they are not listed in
below.
Master's thesis project: Ferrochromium furnace lining monitoring system
Contact person: Riku Mattila
Researchers: Olli Pekkala and Jouko Härkki
Duration: 01.12.2007 − 01.12.2008
Objective and results: The purpose was to study different lining option and lining monitor systems used
in submerged arc furnace. A mathematical model was created to monitor submerged arc furnace lining
by using pairs of thermocouples. Model was later utilized for base of lining wear monitoring system.
Partners: Outotec, Outokumpu Tornio mill, Comsol
Financier: Outotec
Refractory materials comparative plant trial in soda recovery boiler. Part of project:
SKYREC-Increasing recovery boiler electricity generation to a new level
Contact person: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Jouko Härkki, Riku Mattila and Tommi Kokkonen
Duration: 21.12.2009 − 02.05.2011
Objective and results: The project focused on comparing refractory materials in a soda recovery boiler
condition. The comparative plant trial was carried out in the soda recovery boiler at Stora Enso Oulu
Mills while it was running. The aim was to study the corrosion resistance of some alternative refractory
materials in comparison to the current lining material. Main findings were:
- The best material Hassle D39A castable is already in use
- ZrO2 castable could have the potential, but they lacking manufacturers.
- Full spinel castable, the same applies to these. - MgO*Cr2O3 brick could be potential but it was not tested.
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- Some more preliminary laboratory test need to be made before next plant trial to ensure quality
and potential against Hassle castable.
Partners: Finnish recovery boiler committee, Stora Enso Oulu Mill
Financier: Finnish recovery boiler committee
Master's thesis project: Suitability of high emissivity and high reflectivity coatings to
improve energy efficiency of reheating furnace
Contact person: Timo Fabritius
Researchers: Antti Vasankari and Riku Mattila
Duration: 22.09.2010 − 25.04.2011
Objective and results: The purpose was to study refractory material coating to improve reheating
furnace energy efficiency by means of laboratory tests for commercials and developed coatings. All
measurements indicates that coatings worked. The exact amount of energy improvement is depending
also furnace type and other factors.
Partners: Ruukki Raahe mill
Financier: Ruukki corporation
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VI OTHER
Improving the properties of lithium ion battery chemicals (IMPOLI)
Contact person: Pekka A Tanskanen
Researchers: Pekka A Tanskanen and Juho Välikangas
Duration: 01.09.2010 − 31.08.2012
Objective and results: The IMPOLI project aims at studying novel lithium battery chemicals which are
suitable for large applications and which are economically feasible to produce. The main focus will be in
the improvement of properties of lithium ion battery chemicals by improving the capacities of the active
cathode and anode materials. Special attention will be paid to the electrode materials with higher
capacities. Professor Ulla Lassi (University of Oulu, Department of Chemistry) acts as the coordinator of
the research consortium.
Partners: The University of Oulu (Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Process Metallurgy) and
the Aalto University School of Science and Technology (Department of Chemistry)
Financiers: The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES) and industrial partners
Nanostructured materials for lithium ion battery chemicals (NANOLI)
Contact person: Pekka A Tanskanen
Researchers: Pekka A Tanskanen and Juho Välikangas
Duration: 01.05.2010 − 30.04.2013
Objective and results: In the NANOLI project both stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric compound will
be synthesized with the aim of to (1) increase the lithium amount and mobility in the structure by
chemical modifications and (2) to develop the conductivity by carbon coating or by adding carbon in-situ
during the synthesis. New structured layers of nanopowders and nanotubes will be used. Professor Ulla
Lassi (University of Oulu, Department of Chemistry) acts as the coordinator of the project.
Partners: Department of Chemistry, Microelectronics and Materials Physics Laboratories and Laboratory
of Process Metallurgy in the University of Oulu
Financier: Technology Industries of Finland Centennial Foundation
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Production of lithium ion battery chemicals from lithium carbonate (LITIUM)
Contact person: Pekka A Tanskanen
Research Assistants: Juho Välikangas, Antti Kemppainen and Outi Kurikkala
Duration: 01.09.2008 − 30.08.2010
Objective and results: The aim of the LITIUM project was to develop expertise in secondary batteries
and promote the lithium mining and chemical industries in Finland. During the project different
syntheses methods of Li-ion battery chemicals was studied and samples prepared. Three master’s theses
were done of three different Li-ion battery electrode materials. Professor Ulla Lassi (University of Oulu,
Department of Chemistry) acted as the coordinator of the project.
Partners: Laboratory of Process Metallurgy and Department of Chemistry in the University of Oulu
Financiers: The Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (TEKES) and industrial partners
Figure 9. FESEM images of different Li-ion battery electrode materials (LiMn2O4, Li4Ti5O12 and LiFePO4).
Quality of Central Ostrobothnia Spodumene occurences (SPODULA)
Contact person: Pekka A Tanskanen
Researchers Assistants: Jukka Karjalainen, Sari Seppelin, Mika Leppälä, Jussi Ruokanen and Eetu-Pekka
Heikkinen (part-time)
Duration: 1.3.2008 − 31.12.2008 (SPODULA) and 1.3.2009 − 31.12.2009 (SPODULA II)
Objective and results: Quality and behaviour of spodumene from different lithium ore occurrences
during heating were researched. Results containing phase transformation temperatures and related
data were reported in four master’s theses. Professor Ulla Lassi (University of Oulu, Department of
Chemistry) acted as the coordinator of the projects.
Partners: Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Process Metallurgy and in the University of Oulu
Financier: K H Renlund foundation.
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LABORATORY DEVICES
THERMAL ANALYSIS
TMDSC-TGA-MS (STA) Simultaneous mass and heat difference measurement with mass spectrometer gas analysis, modulated heating 2000 °C DSC-TGA-MS (STA) Simultaneous mass and temperature difference measurement with mass spectrometer gas analysis 1550°C DTA–TGA (STA) Simultaneous mass and temperature difference measurement 1500°C TGA Mass measurement in reducing atmosphere 1500°C Optical dilatometer Dimensional measurement 1500°C High temperature viscometer Rotational viscosity measurement 1700°C Blast furnace gas phase alkali simulator Mass measurement in reducing CO, CO2, N2, H2, H2O, K, S, atmosphere 1600°C Blast furnace gas phase layer simulator Furnace 1000 mm (H), 80mm (D) is heated in three zones and it uses the same gases as alkali simulator. Evolved Gas Analysis, CO, CO2, H2, H2O, measurement in reducing atmosphere 1300°C Confocal Raman microscope hot stage Raman spectrum and dimensional measurement with High temperature microscope stage 1500°C
Figure 10. Viscosimeter.
Figure 11. DCS-TGA-MS (Netzsch STA 409PC)
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OTHER HIGH TEMPERATURE DEVICES
- Pressure furnace 10 bar, 1500 °C
- Induction furnace 125 ml
- Chamber furnace 1800 °C
OTHER
- Gas chromatograph, Lancom Series II, CO,CO2,O2 gas analyzer, Wuhan CO,CO2,H2 gas analyzer
- Rapidox O2 gas analyzer,Vaisala H2O gas analyzer
- BioLogic SP150 potentiostat with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy measurement
- Optical microscopes
- Materialographic surface preparation
- Water-models ( CC, LD, AOD)
- Computational Fluid Dynamics software (Fluent, Comsol, OPENFoam)
- Thermodynamic calculation programs (HSC, Fact Sage)
Figure 12. Layer Furnace (LF). Figure 13. TGA furnace.
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Furnace 1 Reduction tube 2 Sample basket 3 Thermocouple 4 Electrically heated furnace 5 Gas inlet 6 Transparent lid with cooling gas inlet and reducing gas outlet Gas supply system 7 Gas containers 8 Mass flow controllers 9 Potassium generator 10 Sulphur generator 11 Water vapour generator Camera redording system 12 Light source 13 Mirror 14 Camera Auxiliary instruments 15 Scale for TGA 16 Computer system
Figure 14. Blast Furnace gas phase Simulator (BFS)
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PUBLICATIONS
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL PAPERS
Fabritius T., Riipi J., Järvinen M., Mattila O., Heikkinen E.-P., Kärnä A., Kurikkala J., Sulasalmi P. &
Härkki J.
Interfacial phenomena in metal-slag-gas system during AOD process. ISIJ International 50 (6), 797-803.
2010. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational/50/6/797/_pdf
Gornostayev S. & Härkki J.
Carbon Tubular Morphologies in Blast Furnace Coke. Research Letters in Materials Science, Article ID
751630, 4 pages, doi:10.1155/2008/751630 2008, 1-4
Gornostayev S., Härkki J. & Kerkkonen O.
Transformations of pyrite during formation of metallurgical coke. Fuel 88 (10), 2032-2036. 2009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.02.044
Gornostayev S., Kerkkonen O. & Härkki J.
Behavior of coal associated minerals during coking and blast furnace processes- a review. steel research
international 80 (6), 390-395. 2009. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2374/SRI09SP007/abstract
Gornostayev S., Härkki J., Kerkkonen O. & Fabritius T.
Carbon spheres in metallurgical coke. Carbon 48, 4200-4203. 2010.
Heikkinen E.-P., Riipi J., Fabritius T, Pajarre R. & Koukkari P.
Computational modelling of oxide surface tensions in secondary metallurgy and continuous casting.
Steel research international 81 (11), 959-964. 2010
Heikkinen E.-P., Fabritius T. & Riipi J.
Holistic analysis on the concept of process metallurgy and its application on the modelling of the AOD
process. Metallurgical and materials transactions B 41 (4), 758-766. 2010
http://www.springerlink.com/content/m071m753x1811566/fulltext.pdf
Heikkinen E.-P., Kokkonen T., Mattila R. & Fabritius T.
Influence of sequential contact with two melts on the wetting angle of the ladle slag and different steel
grades on magnesia-carbon refractories. Steel research international 81 (12), 1070-1077. 2010
Hiltunen J., Heikkinen E.-P., Jaako J. & Ahola J.
Pedagogical basis of DAS formalism in engineering education. European journal of engineering
education. 36 lehden numero 1. S.75-85. 2011
Järvinen M., Kärnä A. & Fabritius T.
A detailed single bubble reaction sub-model for AOD process. steel research international 80 (6), 431-
438. 2009
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Järvinen M., Pisilä S., Kärnä A. & Fabritius T.
Fundamental Mathematical Model for AOD Process. Part I: Derivation of the model. Steel research
international 82 (6), 638-649. 2011
Leinonen V., Heino J. & Makkonen H.
Towards eco-efficiency: granulated nickel slag's transformation into a product. Progress in Industrial
Ecology - An International Journal 6 (1), 29-43. 2009
Mäkelä M., Paananen T., Kokkonen T., Makkonen H., Heino J. & Dahl O.
Preliminary evaluation of fly ash and lime for use as supplementary cementing materials in cold-
agglomerated blast furnace briquetting. ISIJ International 51 (2011) (5), 776-781. 2011
Niemelä M., Huttunen S., Gornostayev S. & Perämäki P.
Determination of Pt from coke samples by ICP-MS after microwave assisted digestion and microwave
assisted cloud point extraction. Microchimica Acta. 166. 2009. Sivut 255-260.
Paananen T., Heikkinen E.-P., Kokkonen T. & Kinnunen K.
Preparation of mono-, di- and hemicalcium ferrite phases via melt for reduction kinetics investigations.
steel research international 80 (6), 404-409. 2009
Pisilä S, Järvinen M, Kärnä A. & Fabritius T.
Mathematical Model for AOD Process. Part II: Model validation. Steel research international 82 (6), 650-
657. 2011
Riipi J., Fabritius T., Heikkinen E.-P., Kupari P. & Kärnä A.
Behavior of nitrogen during AOD process. ISIJ International 49 (10), 1468-1473. 2009
Rousu A. & Mattila O.
Electrical conductivity of the screening residuals of coke production in context of ferrochromium
production in a submerged arc furnace. Steel research international 80 (11), 796-799. 2009
Savolainen J., Fabritius T. & Mattila O.
Effect of fluid physical properties on the emulsification. ISIJ International 49 (1), 29-36. 2009
Savolainen J., Rousu A., Fabritius T., Mattila O. & Sulasalmi P.
Modelling of Pressure Distribution inside the SEN in a Stopper-rod controlled System. Steel research
international 81 (11), 980–986. 2010
Sulasalmi P., Kärnä A., Fabritius T. & Savolainen J.
CFD model for emulsification of slag into the steel. ISIJ International 49 (11), 1661-1667. 2009.
http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/isijinternational/49/11/1661/_pdf
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CONFERENCE PAPERS, SEMINARS AND SYMPOSIUMS
Dahl O., Mäkelä M., Watkins G., Husgafvel R. & Heino J.
Teollisuuden sivuainevirrat ja niiden hyödyntäminen. Kemian päivät, Helsinki, Suomi. Esitelmä ja
PowerPoint –kalvot. 2011.
Dahl O., Mäkelä M., Watkins G., Husgafvel R. & Heino J.
Industrial symbiosis for sustainable production. Helsingin yliopiston ympäristötutkimuksen – ja
opetuksen yksikön HENVI –esitelmäsarja, Helsinki, Suomi. Oral presentation and PowerPoint –slides.
2011.
Fabritius T. & Luomala M.
Potential of physical models for developing of metallurgical process units. Scanmet III, 3rd International
Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking, 8-11 June 2008, Luleå, Sweden. SCANMET
3. Luleå, Sweden, MEFOS. 31-40
Gornostayev S. & Härkki J.
EPMA and SEM in characterization of inorganic compounds in blast furnace coke. COM2008: 47th
Conference of Metallurgists conference, August 24-27, 2008, Winnipeg, Canada. -. Conference of
Metallurgists 47. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, METSOC. 11-18
Gornostayev S. & Härkki J.
Formation of Carbon Microtubes in Blast Furnace Coke. 3rd International Symposium on Environment,
22-25. toukokuuta 2008, Ateena, Kreikka. Theophanides M., Theophanides T. (eds.). Ateena, ATINER.
ISBN: 978-960-6672-58-3; 407-412.
Gornostayev S., Kerkkonen O. & Härkki J.
Use of mineralogical data for coking and blast-furnace processes. SCANMET III - 3rd International
Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking, 8-11 June 2008, Luleå, Sweden. -.
SCANMET 3. Luleå, Sweden, MEFOS. 255-264
Gornostayev S., Fabritius T. & Härkki J.
SEM and EPMA in characterization of inorganic compounds in metallurgical coke. Abstracts of 62nd
Meeting of the Scandinavian Microscopy Society, Oulu, Finland. Ronkainen V-P., Karppinen S-M.,
Järvenpää, S.. Oulu, University of Oulu Press. 89. 2011
Gornostayev S., Fabritius T. & Härkki J.
SEM/FESEM in characterization of carbon matter on a surface of metallurgical coke. Abstracts of 62nd
Meeting of the Scandinavian Microscopy Society, Oulu, Finland. Ronkainen V-P., Karppinen S-M.,
Järvenpää, S. Oulu, University of Oulu Press. 88. 2011
Gornostayev S., Fabritius T, Kerkkonen O. & Härkki J.
Observations on graphite in Fe-Si droplets of blast furnace coke. Abstracts of the Microscopy
Conference 2011 in Kiel, Germany. ISBN 978-3-00-033910-3. 2011.
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Haapakangas J., Mattila O. & Fabritius T.
Effect of injection rate on coke dust formation and coke gasification in a blast furnace shaft. METEC
InSteelCon 2011, Düsseldorf, Germany. Kim J, Lüngen H B. Session 13
Heikkinen E-P., Riipi J., Fabritius T., Pajarre R. & Koukkari P.
Computational modelling of oxides' surface tensions in secondary metallurgy and continuous casting.
MOLTEN 2009, 18-21. tammikuuta 2009, Santiago, Chile. Sanchez M. et al. (eds.). Santiago. 507-515
Heikkinen E-P. & Jaako J.
Context-free education - mission: impossible. Proceedings of Reflektori 2010 - Symposium of
Engineering education December 9-10, 2010. Myller Eeva. Dipoli-raportit / Dipoli-reports B 2010:1. 79-
88. http://opetuki2.tkk.fi/p/reflektori2010/documents/reflektori2010.pdf
Heikkinen E-P., Ikäheimonen T., Mattila O. & Fabritius T.
A thermodynamic study on the oxidation of silicon, carbon and chromium in the ferro-chrome
converter. Proceedings of the twelwth international ferro alloy congress. Sustainable Future. Volume I.
June 6-9. 2010 Helsinki, Finland. Vartiainen Asmo, Outotec. 229-237
Heikkinen E-P., Ikäheimonen T., Mattila O., Fabritius T. & Visuri V-V.
Behaviour of silicon, carbon and chromium in the ferrochrome converter - a comparison between CTD
and process samples. Proceedings of the 6th European Oxygen Steelmaking Conference. Stockholm,
Sweden, 9..-10.9.2011. Sivut 316-329 Artikkelinumero 3-04. 2011
Heino J. & Dahl O.
Teollisen ekologian soveltaminen Perämerenkaaren metallurgiseen teollisuuteen – Haasteet ja
mahdollisuudet. Esitelmä Suomen Teollisen ekologian seuran järjestämässä ”Materiaalivirrat ja
ilmastonmuutos” seminaarissa 28.4.2008.
Heino J., Watkins G., Makkonen H., Koskenkari T., Leinonen, V., Dahl O., Fabritius T. & Virtanen E.
Industrial ecology applied to metallurgical, chemical and pulp and paper industries around the Bothnian
Arc. Scanmet III. 3rd International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking. 8.-
11.6.2008, Luleå, Sweden. MEFOS. Scanmet 3. Luleå, Sweden, MEFOS. 243-252
Heino J., Mälkki H., Leinonen V. & Koskenkari T.
Harjavalta industrial park as an example of an industrial ecosystem when developing local and regional
sustainability. 14th Annual International Sustainable Development Research Conference September 21-
23, 2008, India Habitat Center New Delhi, India . Annual International Sustainable Development
Research Conference 14. http://www.14aisdrc2008.com/
Heino J.
Common solution around Baltic sea. Presentation in Nordic Recycling Day IV in Luleå 7th – 8th of October,
2008.
Heino J.
Harjavalta industrial ecopark – A success story of the industrial ecology in the area of metallurgical
QUADRENNIAL REPORT 2008 – 2011
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55
industry to increase regional and global sustainability. Presentation in Metal producers UUMA seminar
in Tornio 28.4.2009.
Heino J. & Dahl O.
Industrial ecology applied to metallurgical, chemical and pulp and paper industries around Bothnian arc.
Presentation in Metal producers UUMA seminar in Tornio 28.4.2009.
Heiskanen K., Dahl O., Fogelhom C-J., Salmi O., Mälkki H., Eloneva S., Wierink M., Pajunen N., Watkins
G., Mäkelä M., Kainiemi L., Hukkinen J., Ekroos A., Levänen J., Pusa E-V., Paavola I-L., Fabritius T. &
Heino J.
Pro-environmental Product Planning in a Dynamic Operational Environment Now and in the Future -
Methods and Tools (ProDOE). Poster presentation in Ketju seminar. 2010.
Husgafvel R., Nordlund H., Heino J., Mäkelä M., Watkins G. & Dahl O.
LCA as a part of the utilization of cross-industrial residue flows. Application of life cycle methodologies
to support corporate environmental decision-making, Finnish Environment Institute, (SYKE), 10.3.2011.
Husgafvel R., Nordlund H., Heino J., Mäkelä M., Watkins G. & Dahl O.
Sustainability assessment of secondary products from integrated pulp and paper mill and carbon steel
plant around Bothian Arc, The Symposium on Industrial Ecology for Young Professionals (SIEYP II), June
11, 2011 Berkeley, California.
Husgafvel R., Nordlund H., Heino J., Mäkelä M., Watkins G. & Dahl O.
Sustainability assessment of secondary products from integrated pulp and paper mill and carbon steel
plant around Bothnian arc. 3rd NorLCA Symposium, 15th-16th of September 2011, Helsinki Environment
Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Poster presentation.
Jaako J., Hiltunen J., Ahola J. & Heikkinen E-P.
Department of process and environmental engineering. Centres of excellence in university education –
seminar. 24-25.2.2009. Helsinki. Korkeakoulujen arviointineuvosto.
Juuti T., Karjalainen P., Rovatti L., Heikkinen E-P. & Pohjanne P.
Contribution of Mo and Si to Laves-phase precipitation in type 444 steel and its effect on steel
properties. 7th European Stainless Steel Conference, 21-23 September, 2011, Como, Italy. Proceedings.
CD-ROM. 1-9 artikkelinumero 77.
Järvinen M., Kärnä A. & Fabritius T.
Detailed numerical modelling of gas-liquid and liquid-solid reactions in steel making processes. Scanmet
III, 3rd International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking, 8-11 June 2008,
Luleå, Sweden. SCANMET 3. Luleå, Sweden, MEFOS. 347-355
Järvinen M., Pisilä S., Kärnä A., Visuri V-V., Fabritius T., Ikäheimonen T. & Kupari P.
Fundamental Mathematical Modelling of AOD Process. 4th International Conference on Modelling and
Simulation of Metallurgical Processes in Steelmaking 27.6.-1.7.2011. Stahlinstitut VDEh. Düsseldorf,
Germany, Stahlinstitut VDEh
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56
Kemppainen A., Mattila O. & Paananen T.
Reduction of olivine pellets in CO-CO2-H2-H2O-N2 gas. METEC InSteelCon 2011 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Kim J, Lüngen H. METEC InSteelCon 2011 Proceedings. Düsseldorf, Germany, Steel Institute VDEh.
Session 8. 2011
Kokkonen T., Gornostayev S. & Fabritius T.
Preparation of samples of metallurgical coke for solid-state analysis. Abstracts of 62nd Meeting of the
Scandinavian Microscopy Society, Oulu, Finland, June 8-10, 2011. Ronkainen V-P., Karppinen S-M.,
Järvenpää, S.. University of Oulu Press, Scandinavian Microscopy Society. 91
Kukurugya F., Orac D., Takacova Z., Vindt T., Miskufova A., Havlik T., Kekki A., Aromaa J., Forsen O. &
Makkonen H.
Chemical and structural characterization of steelmaking dust from stainless steel production.
Proceedings of EMC 2011. Volume 4. EMC 2011 (European Metallurgical Conference 2011). June 26-29,
2011, Düsseldorf, Germany. Harre, J., Waschki, U. (eds.), GDMB. 1171-1184
Kärnä A., Hekkala L., Fabritius T., Riipi J. & Järvinen M.
CFD model for nitrogen transfer in AOD converter. Scanmet III, 3rd International Conference on Process
Development in Iron and Steelmaking, 8-11 June 2008, Luleå, Sweden. SCANMET 3. Luleå, Sweden,
MEFOS. 155-161
Leinonen M., Heikkinen E-P., Ollila S. & Lilja J.
Improvement of the ladle slag reduction practice based on industrial trials and thermodynamic
calculations. Scanmet III. 3rd International Conference on Process Development in Iron and Steelmaking.
8-11.6.2008 Luleå, Sweden. MEFOS 305-314.
Leiviskä T., Sarpola A., Heikkinen E-P. & Tanskanen J.
2011. Surface charge properties and thermal behaviour of aluminium silicate clays. Ninth Keele meeting
on Aluminium – Aluminium and life: Living in the aluminium age. 19-23.2.2011. Niagara-on-the-lake,
Ontario, Canada. Birchall centre for inorganic chemistry and material science, Keele University,
McMaster University and Ryerson University. s.19.
Makkonen H.
Chemical and mineralogical characterization of dusts forming in stainless steel production in Tornio
plants. Proceedings of hydrometallurgical solutions for ferrous dust treatment seminar, 24-25 November
2010, Espoo Finland, Aalto University Publications in Materials Science and Engineering. Kekki A (toim.).
44-87. 2010
Miettunen H., Kaukonen R., Kokkonen T., Ojala S. & Keiski R.
Mineral Synthesis and Carbon Dioxide adsorption on Some Platinum-Group Minerals. Geological Society
of India Golden Jubilee. 2010. http://www.geosocindia.org/Goldenjubilee/Fulltext_pdf/Miettunen.pdf
Mälkki H., Heino J. & Pajunen N.
Sustainable development in the Harjavalta industrial park. Lahti Science Day, November 25, 2008. Poster
presentation.
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Ollila J., Niemelä P., Rousu A. & Mattila O.
Preliminary Characterization of the Samples Taken From A Submerged Arc Furnace Ferrochrome
Furnace During Operation. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Ferroalloys Congress. Sustainable
Future. Volume I. June 6-9. 2010 Helsinki, Finland. Vartiainen Asmo, Outotec Oyj. 317-326
Paananen T., Heikkinen E-P., Kokkonen T. & Kinnunen K.
Preparation of mono-, di- and hemicalcium ferrite phases via melt for the reduction kinetics
investigations. Scanmet III - 3rd International Conference on Process Development in Iron and
Steelmaking. 8.-11.6.2008. Luleå, Sweden. MEFOS. Scanmet 3. Luulaja, MEFOS. 601-610
Riipi J., Fabritius T., Pajarre R. & Koukkari P.
Calculation of surface tension of casting powder systems used in steelmaking. Calphad XXXVII,
International Conference on Computer Coupling of Phase Diagrams and Thermochemistry, Saariselkä,
Finland, June 15.-20. 2008. Calphad 37. http://www.calphad.org/meetings/2008/index.html
Rousu A., Mattila O. & Tanskanen P.
A Laboratory Investigation of the Influence of Electric Current on the Burden Reactions in A Submerged
Arc Furnace. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Ferroalloys Congress. Sustainable Future. Volume
I. June 6-9. 2010 Helsinki, Finland. Vartiainen Asmo (ed.), Outotec Oyj. 303-310
Salmi O., Heino J., Hukkinen J., Pajunen M. & Wierink M.
Interplay between industrial ecosystems and environmental governance at different spatial scales.
Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Industrial Ecology “Transitions towards
Sustainability”. Lisbon, June 21-24 2009, Portugal.
Savolainen J., Fabritius T. & Mattila O.
Research of slag emulsification with physical miniature model. Third Nordic Symposium for Young
Scientists in Metallurgy, May 14-15, 2008, TKK, Espoo, Finland. Nordic Symposium for Young Scientists in
Metallurgy 3. Helsinki, Helsinki University of Technology. 27-33
Suopajärvi H. & Angerman M.
Layered Sustainability Assessment Framework. MetecInSteelCon 2011 Proceedings, EECRsteel 1st
International Conference on Energy Efficiency and CO2 Reduction in the Steel Industry. Hans Bodo
Lüngen, Grant Mahmutovic, MetecInSteelCon 2011 Proceedings, Düsseldorf, Germany. 10
Tanskanen P., Kinnunen K. & Paananen T.
Significant mineralogical differences between basic test and production iron ore sinters with equal
chemical composition. MOLTEN 2009, 18-21. tammikuuta 2009, Santiago, Chile. Sanchez M. et al. (eds.).
Chile. 947-956
Tanskanen P., Heikkinen E-P., Karjalainen J., Seppelin S. & Lassi U.
An experimental study on the alpha-to-beta-spodumene phase transformation. Proceedings of the Eco-
mates 2011. International symposium on materials science and innovation for sustainable society - Eco-
materials and Eco-innovation for global sustainability. Takahashi Yasuo. 219-220
QUADRENNIAL REPORT 2008 – 2011
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OTHER REPORTS & PUBLICATIONS
Angerman M., Dahl O., Heino J., Härkki J., Makkonen H., Rova E. & Tanskanen P.
Boliden Harjavalta Oy:n nikkelikuonan tutkimus- ja kehitysprojekti 1.1.2006 – 31.12.2008. Loppuraportti
Prosessimetallurgian laboratorion osuudesta. CIRU/Prosessimetallurgian laboratorio. Oulu 2008, Oulun
yliopisto. 4 s. (Only for internal use of Outotec Research Oy)
Gornostayev S. & Härkki J.
Mineralogical properties of metallurgical coke. Energy research at the University of Oulu. Pongracz Eva
(ed. .; ISBN 978-951-42-9154-8). Oulu, Kalevaprint. 123-127. 2009
Hakkarainen V., Riipi J., Fabritius T., Mattila O. & Mattila R.
Control of surface phenomena and separation technologies by external electric potentials. Oulu,
University of Oulu, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering. Report 338. 55. 2009
Heikkinen E-P. & Fabritius T.
Artikkelinkirjoitusviikosta vauhtia julkaisun tekoon. Peda forum. Jyväskylä, Kirjapaino Oma. 43-45. 2008
Heikkinen E-P.
Brief introduction to portfolio learning. Sustainable production and energy: Catalysis by nanomaterials,
catalytic microreactors. COST Action 543 Training School. Keiski, Riitta; Huhtanen, Mika & Kangasharju,
Liisa. - University of Oulu, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering. Report 333. Oulu,
Prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osasto. 19-26. 2008
Heikkinen E-P.
Brief introduction to portfolio learning. Environmental application of TiO2 photocatalysis, COST actions
540, 543 and P19 training school. Keiski Riitta, Huuhtanen Mika, Kangasharju Liisa (eds.). - Prosessi- ja
ympäristötekniikan osasto. Moniste Report 336. Oulu, University of Oulu, Department of Process and
Environmental Engineering. Report. 17-24. 2009
Heikkinen E-P.
Mikä ihmeen TkK? Materia 67 (3), 6-8. 2009
Heikkinen E-P.
Yhteistyöllä ja verkostoitumalla tulosta tutkimuksesta. Materia 67 (4), 36-37. 2009
Heikkinen E-P. & Jaako J.
Continuous Assessment in Process Engineering Education – Two Case Studies. Control Engineering
Laboratory. Report A. Oulu, Oulun yliopisto. 20 s. 2011. http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/isbn978-951-42-
9721-2
Heino J. & Tuominen O.
Harjavalta ja Outokummun kuparitehdas1940-luvulla. Harjavaltalaismuistoja vuosikymmenten varrelta
Emil Cedercreuzin museon muistelolehti, 22-24. 2008
QUADRENNIAL REPORT 2008 – 2011
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59
Heino J., Makkonen H. & Leinonen V.
Boliden Harjavalta Oy:n vuoden 2006 nikkeliraekuonanäytteenottokampanjan tulokset. Pori 2008,
Outotec Research Oy. 27 s. (Only for internal use of Outotec Research Oy)
Heino J., Makkonen H., Tanskanen P. & Rova E.
KUNI –projektin kokoomaraportti Prosessimetallurgian laboratorion osuudesta. Pori 2008, Outotec
Research Oy. 15 s. (Only for internal use of Outotec Research Oy)
Heino J.
Harjavalta industrial park as an industrial ecosystem to increase regional and global sustainability.
Environmental management in networks course. University of Jyväskylä 18.3.2008. 26 p.
Heino J., Mäkelä M. & Makkonen H.
”MEBF briketti” – osion työpaketin 2 loppuraportti: Olemassa oleva tieto, aiheeseen liittyvä kirjallisuus
ja esitiedot materiaaleista. Oulun yliopisto, 109 s. 2010. (Only for internal use of Outotec Research Oy)
Heino J., Paananen T., Mäkelä M., Makkonen H., Kallio R., Kinnunen K. & Nevalainen T.
”MEBF Briketti” – osuuden työpaketin 3 loppuraportti: Koemateriaalien valinta ja näytteenotto. Oulun
yliopisto, 25 s. 2010. (Only for internal use of FIMECC)
Heino J., Paananen T., Makkonen H. & Mäkelä M.
”MEBF Briketti” – osuuden työpaketin 4 loppuraportti osa 1: Ruukin sekundäärien raaka-aineiden
analyysitulokset. Oulun yliopisto, 35 s. 2010. (Only for internal use of FIMECC)
Heino J., Samuelsson C. & Heikkinen E-P.
A full decade of Nordic recycling days. Materia 68 (5), 45-47. 2010
Heino J. & Nordlund H.
Materiaalien ympäristöominaisuuksia ennakoivat termodynaamiset menetelmät. Elinkaarimetodiikkojen
nykytila, hyvät käytännöt ja kehitystarpeet. Riina Antikainen (toim.). - Suomen ympäristökeskuksen
raportteja 7/2010. Helsinki, Suomen Ympäristökeskus. 50-61. 2010
http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=116835&lan=fi
Heino J.
Vireä yli viisikymppinen Nobel -yliopisto. Department of Process and Environmental Engineering. Report
341. Oulu, Oulun yliopisto, Teknillinen tiedekunta, Prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osasto. 2010
http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9789514293757/isbn9789514293757.pdf
Heino J., Mäkelä M., Paananen T. & Makkonen H.
The final report of MEBF briquette work packages 5 part II: Agglomerating practices of fine coke
materials – Literature survey. 18 p. 2011. (Only for internal use of FIMECC)
Heino J.
Harjavalta industrial ecopark – A success story of the industrial ecology in the area of metallurgical
industry to increase regional and global sustainability. Environmental management in networks course.
Held originally at 2009 in the University of Jyväskylä to be updated at 2010 and 2011. 25 p.
QUADRENNIAL REPORT 2008 – 2011
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60
Heino J., Koskenkari T., Leinonen V. & Mälkki H.
Harjavalta eco-industrial system. Industrial Ecology –course. Held originally at 2008 in the University of
Oulu to be updated at 2009 - 2011. 25 p.
Heino J.
Nikkelin valmistus. Hapetus- ja pelkistys -kurssi. Oulun yliopisto 2009 – 2011. 19 s.
Heino J.
Teollinen ekologia ja teollinen ekosysteemi - Johdatus teolliseen ekologiaan. Teollinen ekologia –kurssi.
Aalto-yliopisto 2011. 22 s.
Heino J.
Industrial ecology applied to carbon steel manufacture to develop environmental friendliness of carbon
steel. Industrial Ecology –course. Aalto University School of Engineering 2011. 21 p.
Heino J.
Hypothetic Bothnian Arc metallurgical industrial ecology enterprise - A challenging potential to minimise
local and regional waste accumulation and reduce local, EU, and global carbon footprint. Industrial
Ecology –course. Aalto University School of Engineering 2011. 26 p.
Huttunen S., Niemelä M. & Gornostayev S.
Preliminary study of the determination of platinum group elements in coke samples. Prosessi- ja
ympäristötekniikan osasto. Moniste Report 334. Oulu, University of Oulu, Department of Process and
Environmental Engineering. Report. 59. 2009
Huttunen S., Niemelä M., Perämäki P. & Gornostayev S.
Preliminary study of the determination of major and trace elements in coke samples by LA-ICP-MS.
Department of Process and Environmental Engineering. Report 340. Oulu, University of Oulu,
Department of Process and Environmental Engineering. 63. 2010
Huttunen S., Gornostayev S., Kokkonen T. & Mattila R.
Study of mineral phases in coke samples by confocal Raman microscopy. Department of Process and
Environmental Engineering. Report 342. Oulu, University of Oulu, Department of Process and
Environmental Engineering. 56. 2011.
Jaako J. & Heikkinen E-P.
Yliopistokoulutuksen laatuarviointi – Ketkä menestyvät
Materia. 66 lehden numero 1/2009. Sivut 32-34. 2009
Jaako J., Ahola J., Heikkinen E-P & Hiltunen J.
Teekkareiden opintojen ohjaaminen
Oulun yliopisto, säätötekniikan laboratorio. 20 s. Raportti B, 70. 2010
Jaako J. & Heikkinen E-P.
Tekniikan pedagogiikka - Opetuksen linjakkuuden toteutus jatkuvan arvioinnin avulla
Oulun yliopisto, säätötekniikan laboratorio. Raportti B, 73. 2010
QUADRENNIAL REPORT 2008 – 2011
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61
Karjalainen P. & Fabritius T.
Terästutkimuksen Steel Forum II. Materia. 68 lehden numero 5. 34-35. 2010
Kokkonen T. & Gornostayev S.
Preparation of samples of metallurgical coke for optical and electron microscopy and electron probe
microanalysis. Department of Process and Environmental Engineering. Report 339. Oulu, Oulun
yliopisto. 22. 2010
Kärnä A., Sulasalmi P. & Fabritius T.
Physiochemical modelling of AOD process. Prosessi- ja ympäristötekniikan osasto. Report 337. Oulu,
University of Oulu, Department of Process and Environmental Engineering. Report. 67. 2009
Makkonen H. & Heino J.
Nikkeliraekuonan liukoisuusominaisuudet ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Pori 2008, Outotec Research Oy.
16 s. (Only for internal use of Outotec Research Oy)
Makkonen H., Leinonen V. & Heino J.
Nikkeliraekuonan mineralogia. Pori 2008, Outotec Research Oy. 40 s. (Only for internal use of Outotec
Research Oy)
Makkonen H., Mattila O. & Gornostayev S.
Preliminary Study of the Image Analysis of Coke Textures. Report 335, ISBN 978-951-42-9189-0,
Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, University of Oulu, 41p. 2009.
Makkonen H., Angerman M., Rova E., Tanskanen P, Koskela S, Dahlbo H, Myllymaa T. & Holma A.
Mineralogiset tutkimukset teollisuuden jäännöstuotteiden ja jätteiden ympäristökelpoisuuden
arvioinnissa, kehittämisessä ja laadunvalvonnassa. Uusiomateriaalien käyttö maarakentamisessa
Tuloksia UUMA-ohjelmasta 2006-2010. Inkeröinen J, Alasaarela E. - Ympäristöministeriön raportteja 13.
Helsinki, Ympäristöministeriö. 41-51. 2010 http://www.ymparisto.fi/
Makkonen H., Paananen T., Heino J. & Mäkelä M.
”MEBF briketti” – osion työpaketin 4 loppuraportti osa 3: Ruukin sekundääristen briketointiraaka-
aineiden SEM-EPMA analysointi: Masuunin valuhallin pöly. 43 s. 2011. (Only for internal use of FIMECC)
Miettunen H., Kaukonen R., Kokkonen T., Ojala S. & Keiski R.
PGM synthesis and CO2 adsorption. Clean air research at the University of Oulu, Proceedings of the
SkyPro Conference, June 3rd 2010, University of Oulu, Finland. 2010. Sivut 89-92
Miettunen H., Kaukonen R., Kokkonen T., Ojala S. & Keiski R.
The method for PGM synthesis. Miscellanous Data Release by the Ontario Geological Survey, 21-24 June
2010. Sivut 100-101.
Mäkelä M., Paananen T., Kokkonen T., Heino J. & Makkonen H.
”MEBF briketti” – osion työpaketin 4 loppuraportti osa 2: Sekundäärien sideaineiden analyysi- ja
testitulokset. 21 s. 2010. (Only for internal use of FIMECC)
QUADRENNIAL REPORT 2008 – 2011
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62
Mäkelä, M., Paananen T., Makkonen H. & Heino J.
The final report of MEBF briquette work package 5 part I: Plan of briquetting recipes, preparation of
recipes and briquetting test series. 21 p. 2010. (Only for internal use of FIMECC)
Mäkelä M., Makkonen H., Paananen T., Maaninka A., Kokkonen T. & Heino J.
The final report of MEBF briquette work packages 6 and 7 part I: Manufacture of the briquettes and
results of the briquetting test series I. 38 p. 2011. (Only for internal use of FIMECC)
Savolainen J., Isokääntä S., Mattila O. & Fabritius T.
Modelling of inclusion removal and slag emulsification. University of Oulu, Department of Process and
Environmental Engineering. Report 332. Oulu, University of Oulu. 33. 2008.
Tanskanen,P.
Nikkelisähköuunikuonan boorioksidiseostukset. Pori 2008. Outotec Research Oy. 14 s. (Only for internal
use of Outotec Research Oy)
Wienink M. & Heino J.
ProDOE and Bothnian arc industrial ecology enterprise. Materia-lehti (4), 40-41. 2008
QUADRENNIAL REPORT 2008 – 2011
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THESES
BACHELOR’S DEGREE
2008
Paukkeri Anni Elinkaariarviointi – esimerkkejä terästeollisuudesta Torvikoski Tarja Hilseen määrään vaikuttavat tekijät Raahen terästehtaan
askelpalkkiuuneissa / Scale formation in the walking beam furnace in the Raahe steel plant
Visuri Ville-Valtteri Laatukustannukset - mallit ja mittaaminen
2009
Alatarvas Tuomas Rautarikastepellettien pelkistysnopeuden määrittäminen termovaa’alla
Angelva Oskari Rautarikastepellettien pelkistysnopeuden määrittäminen termovaa’alla, osa 2
Aula Matti CaO-FeO-SiO2-systeemin pintajännityksen estimoiminen geometrisilla menetelmillä
Kantomaa Juhani Vakuumin käyttö teräksen valmistuksessa Kunelius Juho Ruostumattomien terästen kuumavalssauksen keskeisimmät
ongelmat Kuusisto Lauri Spodumeenin faasitransformaatiolämpötilan tutkiminen ja
spodumeenipegmatiitit Rantala Jaakko Palautevirtauksia sisältävän säiliösysteemin mallinnus ja simulointi Vasankari Antti Kuumavalssaamon jäähdytysjärjestelmän lietteet
2010
Hanhisuanto Elina Tornion terästehtaan kuumavalssaamon alitteen sisäisen kierrätyksen mahdollistaminen
Harvala Tero Raahen terässulaton konvertterikaasun pesulietteen ominaisuudet Huotari Pirita Riskienhallinnan lainsäädännölliset vaatimukset ja riskienhallinnan
dokumentoinnin toteuttaminen yrityksessä Iljana Mikko Rautapellettien pelkistymiskokeita termovaa’alla – Vedyn ja
vesihöyryn vaikutus rautapellettien pelkistymiseen Kauppinen Mikko Differentiaalitermaalinen analyysi ja spodumeenin
faasitransformaatio-lämpötilan mittaaminen Kemppainen Lauri Ksyloosin käyttö biopolttoainekomponenttien valmistuksessa Keränen Janne Hartsituotteiden granulointi Meriläinen Tuomas Deoksidaatiotasapainot ruostumattomissa teräksissä Naakka Ville Välialtaan lämpöhäviöt magnesia- ja oliviini-
pinnoitteilla teräksen jatkuvavalussa Vaitiniemi Ilkka Konvertterin geometristen parametrien vaikutus prosessin toimintaan Vehkamäki Ville lmiöt prosessitekniikassa
QUADRENNIAL REPORT 2008 – 2011
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2011
Hyttinen Niko Terästeollisuuden valukoneiden välialtaissa käytetyt pinnoitevuoraukset (MgO ja SiO2)
Kalaoja Mikko Erilaisten arkinvalmistusmenetelmien vertailu jäännösmustemittauksessa
Kallio Timo Masuuni nro 2:n peruskorjaus 25.6.-19.8.2011 kulumisprofiilin määritys
Kangas Ville Anaerobisen fermentoinnin syötteet ja niiden käsittely Palovaara Petri Terässulaton hajapölypäästöt ja keinot niiden vähentämiseksi Salo Antti Nikkelin valmistuksessa syntyvän fayaliittisen (2FeO-SiO2) kuonan
pelkistyskokeet Tikka Johanna Kromiittipellettien pelkistysnopeuden määrittäminen termovaa’alla Upola Heikki Butanolin valmistus fermentoinnilla Veijola Riikka Laskennallinen tarkastelu suolojen saostumisesta suola- ja
rikkihappojen vesiliuoksesta
MASTER’S DEGREE
2008
Hakkarainen Ville Jäähdytysosan teknistaloudellinen tarkastelu lannoiteprosessissa / Effect of external potential on wetting of an electrolyte droplet
Helkomaa Jussi Teräksen sulkeumarakenteen määrittäminen kenttäemissioelektroni-mikroskoopilla / Defining inclusion composition with fieldemission scanning electron microscope
Herlevi Tuomas Metallurgisten kuonien mineralogia, liukoisuus ja hyötykäyttö / Mineralogy, solubility and utilisation of metallurgical slags
Karassaari Olli-Pekka Valokaariuunin energiatase ja kaatolämpötilan mallinnus /Energy balance of stainless steel EAF and calculation of end-point temperature
Karjalainen Jukka Läntän spodumeenin faasitransformaatio ja lämpökäsittelyn energian tarve / Phase transformation and energy consumption in heat treatment of Länttä spodumene
Pekkala Olli Ferrokromiuunin muurauksen valvontajärjestelmä / Ferrocromium furnace lining monitoring system
Peuranen Eliisa Ti- ja Nb-stabiloidun ferriiittisen ruostumattoman teräksen sulkeumakuva / Inclusions in Ti and Nb stabilized ferritic stainless steel
Rousu Arto Virrankulku uppokaariuunin panoksessa / The current transfer in the burden of a submerged-arc furnace
Rova Erika Nikkelisähköuunikuonan hapetus ja sen tuottamat rakenteet / The effect of oxidation on nickel slag and its microstructure
Savolainen Jari Kuonan emulgoitumisen tutkiminen fysikaalisella pienoismallilla / The research of slag emulsification with physical miniature model
Suikkanen Päivi Rikkihapon elohopeapitoisuuden hallinta /Sulphuric acid mercury control
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2009
Haapakangas Juho Kuumavalssatujen ultralujien nauhaterästen hilseen kiinnipysyvyys ja vaikutus pinnan-laatuun / Adhesion of scale of ultra high-strenght steels and effect on surface quality
Halonen Lauri Valokaariuunin kuonan modifiointi magnesiumoksidilla ja alumiinilla / Modification of EAF slag with magnesium oxide and aluminium
Jääskeläinen Kari Separation processes of the PGE’s from upgraded concentrates by hydrometallurgy / Platinaryhmän metallien hydrometallurginen erottaminen konsentroidusta rikasteista
Karppinen Anni Katsaus fluorin, boorin ja molybdeenin ympäristö- ja terveysvaikutuksiin / Survey on the impacts of fluorine, boron and molybdenum on environmental and health
Kemppainen Antti Pyrometallurgical synthesis methods for LiMn2O4 cathode material / LiMn2O4 katodimateriaalin pyrometallurginen valmistaminen
Kettunen Pekka RAP5-linjan virtaustase sekä prosessiliuosten ja -sakkojen metallipitoisuudet / RAP5 flow balance and metal concentrations of process solutions and sludges
Kurikkala Jari Reaktiivisen kaasun vaikutus rauta-hiili-sulan kostutukseen keraamimateriaalien pinnalla / The effect of reactive gas on the wetting of molten iron-carbon alloy on ceramic substrates
Kurikkala Outi Litium titaanispinellin pyrometallurginen valmistaminen / Pyrometallurgical preparation of lithium titanium spinel
Leppälä Mika Syväjärven spodumeenin faasitransformaatio ja lämmönsiirto epäsuorasti lämmi-tettävässä rumpu-uunissa / Phase transformation of Syväjärvi spodumence and heat transfer in indirect fired rotary kiln
Pisilä Sauli Sekundäärisistä raaka-aineista valmistetun masuunibriketin ominaisuudet / Propertiies of blast furnace briquettes made from secondary raw materials
Pärkkä Heikki Konenäön hyödyntäminen koksiuunien analysoinnissa / The use of machine vision for analyzing coke ovens
Ruokanen Jussi Spodumeenin ja eräiden muiden teollisten silikaattimineraalien faasitransformaatio / The phase transformations of spodumene and some other industrial silicate minerals
Seppelin Sari Keski-Pohjanmaan spodumeenin faasitrasformaatiolämpötila ja koostumus / Phase transformation temperature and composition of Central Osthrobotnia spodumene
Torvikoski Tarja Valuhiekan ja teräksen väliset kemialliset vuorovaikutukset valukappaleiden pintavikojen aiheuttajana / Chemical interactions between steel and casting sand as a cause for casting defects
Välikangas Juho Pyrometallurgical synthesis of LiFePO4 cathode material / LiFePO4 katodimateriaalin pyrometallurginen valmistus
2010
Hanhisuanto Elina Metallioksidipitoisten sivuvirtojen pelkistys valokaariuunissa /
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Reduction of metal rich residues in electric arc furnace 2 Harvala Tero Johannes Seleenin pasutus hopeapitoisesta anodiliejusta / Selenium roasting
from silver rich anode slimes Härkönen Mikko Metallurgisen koksin vaikutukset nikkelisähköuunin kuonan
pelkistykseen / Properties of metallurgical coke in reduction of nickel flash smelting furnace slag in electric furnace
Iljana Mikko Pohjalinssin muodostuminen reunakäyntisessä masuunissa / Formation of salamander in a wall-working furnace
Kangas Jyrki Ferrokromikonvertterin puhalluslopetusajankohdan määritys savukaasuanalyysin avulla / CRC-process endpoint determination with off gas analysis
Kunelius Juho Valokaariuuni 2:n kaatolämpötilan mallinnus / Modelling tapping temperature of EAF 2
Oinas Miika Savukaasujen jatkuvatoiminen mittaus VKU2:n ohjauksen kehittämisessä /Continuous off-gas analysis in EAF 2 dynamic control development
Pussinen Juho Sähköisten ominaisuuksien mittaaminen ferrokromin valmistuksessa käytettävän uppokaariuunin yksittäisistä materiaalirakeista / Measuring the electrical properties of single burden particles from a submerged arc furnace used to produce ferrochromium
Saatio Tommi Läpityöntöuunin virtausmallinnus / Numerical simulation of pushertype furnace
Tuomikoski Sakari Teräksen kemiallinen lämmitys CAS-OB-prosessilla / Chemical heating of steel with CAS-OB process
2011
Alatarvas Tuomas Panoskerrosten pelkis-tyminen ja hapettuminen masuuniolosuhteissa The reduction and oxidation of burden layers under simulated blast furnace conditions
Aula Matti Jatkuvavalukoneen toisiojäähdytyksen optimointi / Optimization of secondary cooling of continuous casting machine
Keskimölö Aapo Developing and optimizing the temperature control of continuous annealing furnace
Paukkeri Anni Jaloterässulaton aihiokuumahiomon suodatinlaitoksen toiminnan kehittäminen / Development activities in the slab hot grinding shop’s filtering plant in the steel melting shop
Pirttiaho Henna Accelerating additives in sulfating roasting of nickel-containing ores and concentrates
Vasankari Antti Vuorausmateriaalien pinnoittamisen soveltuvuus kuumennusuunien lämpötalouden parantamiseen / Suitability of high emissivity and high reflectivity coatings to improve energy efficiency of reheating furnace
Visuri Ville-Valtteri Kuonanmuodostuksen termodynamiikka AOD-prosessimallissa / Thermodynamics of slag formation in an AOD process model
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CONTACT INFORMATION
UNIVERSITY OF OULU
Department of Process and Environmental Engineering
Laboratory of Process Metallurgy
P.O. Box 4300
FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU
FINLAND
Invoice address (Finland):
Oulun yliopisto
PL 7633
01051 LASKUT
Internet: http://www.oulu.fi/pomet/
Figure 15. Personnel of the Laboratory of Process Metallurgy on December 2011.