quadratic functions...factorization is the opposite of expanding brackets. after factorization of a...
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QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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Factorization is the opposite of expanding brackets. After factorization of a
quadratic expression has taken place, we will end up with a binomial expression.
Therefore, ππ₯2 + ππ₯ + π becomes (π₯ + π)(π₯ + π)
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: OPERATING WITH INTEGERS
Can you think of two numbers that:
1. give a sum of 5 and a product of 6? _______ and _______
2. give a sum of β5 and product of 6? _______ and _______
3. give a sum of 1 and a product of β6? _______ and _______
4. give a sum of β1 and a product of β6? _______ and _______
5. give a sum of 7 and a product of 12? _______ and _______
6. give a sum of β7 and a product of 12? _______ and _______
7. give a sum of 1 and a product of β12? _______ and _______
8. give a sum of β1 and a product of β12? _______ and _______
9. give a sum of 2 and a product of 15? _______ and _______
10. give a sum of β2 and a product of β15? _______ and _______
Mastering this skill, will help you to quickly factorize quadratic expressions,
especially when the coefficient of the π₯2 term is 1.
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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FACTORIZING QUADRATICS (when the coefficient of the ππ is 1)
Factorize the following
Remember, ππ₯2 + ππ₯ + π will become (π₯ + π)(π₯ + π)
1. π₯2 + 5π₯ + 6
(π₯ ) (π₯ ) we need two numbers that give a sum of +5 and
a product of +6
(π₯ + 2) (π₯ + 3)
2. π₯2 β 5π₯ + 6
(π₯ ) (π₯ ) we need two numbers that give a sum of β5
and a product of +6
(π₯ β 2) (π₯ β 3)
3. π₯2 + π₯ β 6
(π₯ ) (π₯ ) we need two numbers that give a sum of +1 and
a product of β6
(π₯ β 2) (π₯ + 3)
4. π₯2 β π₯ β 6
(π₯ ) (π₯ ) we need two numbers that give a sum of β1
and a product of β6
(π₯ + 2) (π₯ β 3)
5. π₯2 + 7π₯ + 12
(π₯ ) (π₯ ) we need two numbers that give a sum of +7
and a product of +12
(π₯ + 3) (π₯ + 4)
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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6. π₯2 β 7π₯ + 12
(π₯ ) (π₯ ) we need two numbers that give a sum of β7
and a product of +12
(π₯ β 3) (π₯ β 4)
7. π₯2 + π₯ β 12
(π₯ ) (π₯ ) we need two numbers that give a sum of +1
and a product of β12
(π₯ β 3) (π₯ + 4)
8. π₯2 β π₯ β 12
(π₯ ) (π₯ ) we need two numbers that give a sum of β1
and a product of β12
(π₯ + 3) (π₯ β 4)
9. π₯2 + 2π₯ + 15
(π₯ ) (π₯ ) we need two numbers that give a sum of +2
and a product of +15
(π₯ + 5) (π₯ β 3)
10. π₯2 β 2π₯ β 15
(π₯ ) (π₯ ) we need two numbers that give a sum of β2
and a product of β15
(π₯ + 3) (π₯ β 5)
11. π₯2 β 5π₯ β 24 LETβS SEE IF YOU GET IT
(π₯ ) (π₯ ) we need two numbers that give a sum of β5
and a product of β24
(π₯ + ) (π₯ β )
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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FACTORIZING QUADRATICS (when the coefficient of the ππ is greater than 1)
Factorize the following
Remember, ππ₯2 + ππ₯ + π will become (π₯ + π)(π₯ + π)
1. πππ + ππ + π
π = 2, π = 7 and π = 6
ππ = 2 x 6
ππ = 12
We need two numbers that will give a sum of +7 and a product of +12.
These are +3 and +4. These factors will be used to replace the middle term, 7π₯.
πππ + ππ + π
πππ + ππ + ππ + π We now group in terms of two.
(πππ + ππ) + (ππ + π) Factorize each grouped expression
ππ(π + π) + π(π + π) Place one of each factor in brackets
(ππ + π)(π + π) This is your answer
If we were asked to solve the quadratic, we would now equate each factor to
0 then solve for π.
So 2π₯ + 3 = 0 and π₯ + 2 = 0
When 2π₯ + 3 = 0 When π₯ + 2 = 0
Then 2π₯ = 0 β 3 Then π₯ = 0 β 2
2π₯ = β3 β΄ π₯ = β2
2π₯
2=
β3
2
β΄ π₯ = β3
2
The ROOTS of the quadratic are π₯ = β3
2 and π₯ = β2.
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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The graph below shows the parabola curve for the quadratic expression,
πππ + ππ + π . See that it crosses the π₯ β ππ₯ππ two places. One at β3
2 and the
other at β2.
Therefore, the root of a quadratic is found where the curve crosses the π₯ β ππ₯ππ .
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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2. πππ β ππ + π
π = 2, π = β7 and π = 6
ππ = 2 x 6
ππ = 12
We need two numbers that will give a sum of β7 and a product of +12.
These are β3 and β4. These factors will be used to replace the middle term,
β7π₯. These must be so placed that they are factors of the first and fourth
term. That is, the first should be able to go into the second and the third into
the fourth.
ππ, 2π₯2 β ππ + 6 becomes
2π₯2 β ππ β ππ + 6 We now group in terms of two
(2π₯2 β 4π₯) + (β3π₯ + 6) Factorize each grouped expression
2π₯(π₯ β 2) + β3(π₯ β 2) Simplify signs in the middle
2π₯(π₯ β 2) β 3(π₯ β 2) Place one of each factor in brackets
(2π₯ β 3)(π₯ β 4) This is your answer
If we were asked to solve the quadratic, we would now equate each factor to
0 then solve for π.
So 2π₯ β 3 = 0 and π₯ β 2 = 0
When 2π₯ β 3 = 0 When π₯ β 2 = 0
Then 2π₯ = 0 + 3 Then π₯ = 0 + 2
2π₯ = 3 β΄ π₯ = 2
2π₯
2=
3
2
β΄ π₯ = 3
2 The ROOTS are π₯ =
3
2 and π₯ = 2
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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The graph below shows the parabola curve for the quadratic expression,
πππ β ππ + π . See that it crosses the π₯ β ππ₯ππ two places. One at 3
2 and the
other at +2.
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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3. βπππ β ππ + π
π = β3, π = β7 and π = 6
ππ = β3 x 6
ππ = β18
We need two numbers that multiply to give a sum of β7 and a product of β18
These are 2 and β 9. These factors will be used to replace the middle term,
β7π₯.
β3π₯2 β 7π₯ + 6
β3π₯2 β 9π₯ + 2π₯ + 6 We now group in terms of two
(β3π₯2 β 9π₯) + (2π₯ + 6) Factorize each grouped expression
β3π₯(π₯ + 3) + 2(π₯ + 3) Place one of each factor in brackets
(β3π₯ + 2)(π₯ + 3)
Calculating the roots of the above quadratic:
β3π₯ + 2 = 0 and π₯ + 3 = 0
When β3π₯ + 2 = 0 When π₯ + 3 = 0
Then β3π₯ = 0 β 2 Then π₯ = 0 β 3
β3π₯ = β2 β΄ π₯ = β3
β3π₯
β3=
β2
β3
β΄ π₯ = 2
3
The ROOTS of the quadratic are π₯ = 2
3 and π₯ = β3
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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The graph below shows the parabola curve for the quadratic expression,
βπππ β ππ + π . See that it crosses the π₯ β ππ₯ππ two places. One at 3
2 and the
other at +2.
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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THE PERFECT SQUARE (coefficient of the ππ term is 1)
An expression such as, π₯2 + 2π₯ + 1 is considered a perfect square because the
value of the π term is found by taking half of the π term then squaring it.
So, π₯2 + 2π₯ + (2
2)
2 = π₯2 + 2π₯ + 12
= π₯2 + 2π₯ + 1
Now letβs consider multiplying the following binomial expression, (π₯ + 1)2.
Recall that (π₯ + 1)2 means (π₯ + 1)(π₯ + 1)
So expanding would be done by doing π₯(π₯ + 1) + 1(π₯ + 1)
π₯2 + π₯ + π₯ + 1
π₯2 + 2π₯ + 1
Recall that factorization is the opposite of expanding bracket. Therefore, when we
factorize π₯2 + 2π₯ + 1 we should get (π₯ + 1)(π₯ + 1). But they have the same
factor, so we write
ππ + ππ + π = (π + π)π.
If π₯2 + 4π₯ + π is a perfect square, what is the value of π ?
Recall that π is found by taking half of the π term then squaring it. So, π = 4
Therefore, the quadratic expression would be π₯2 + 4π₯ + 4.
Since π₯2 + 4π₯ + 8 is a perfect square when factorize it will become, (π₯ + 2)2
To factorize the expression, it will be (π₯ + βπππ ππ π‘βπ π π‘πππ) all squared.
If π₯2 + ππ₯ + 25 is a perfect square what is the value of π?
We would have to take the square root of 25, which is β5 then multiply it by
2.
So the value of π would be 10.
The perfect square would be π₯2 + 10π₯ + 25 or π₯2 β 10π₯ + 25
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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Factorize the following perfect square expressions
ππ₯2 + ππ₯ + π will become (π₯ + π)2, where π is half of the π term
1. π₯2 + 6π₯ + 9
(π₯ + 3)2
2. π₯2 β 6π₯ + 9
(π₯ β 3)2
3. π₯2 + 12π₯ + 36
(π₯ + 6)2
4. π₯2 β 12π₯ + 36
(π₯ β 6)2
5. π₯2 β 5π₯ +25
4 Recall that half of β5 can be written as
β5
2
(π₯ β5
2)
2 When squared, (
β5
2)
2means
β5
2 x
β5
2 =
25
4
6. π₯2 + 3π₯ +9
4
(π₯ +3
2)
2
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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THE DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES
The difference of two square terms would look like this, π2 β π2.
Letβs consider finding the value of 42 β 92.
42 β 92 = 16 β 81
= β65
Letβs now consider finding the value of (4 + 9) (4 β9)
(4 + 9) (4 β9) (4 + 9) (4 β9) binomial expansion
(13) (β5) 4(4 β 9) + 9(4 β 9)
13 x β5 16 β36 + 36 β 81
β65 16 + 0 β 81
16 β 81 which is the same as 42 β 92
β65
Therefore, π2 β π2, when factorized becomes (π + π)(π β π)
QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
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Factorize the following expressions (Difference of two squares)
1. π₯2 β π¦2 (π₯ + π¦)( π₯ β π¦)
2. π2 β 1 can also be written as ππ β ππ
(π + 1)(π β 1)
3. π2 β 4 can also be written as ππ β ππ
(π + 2)(π β 2)
4. 4π2 β 9 can also be written as ππππ β ππ
(2π + 3)(2π β 3)
5. 25 β 16π2 can also be written as ππ β ππππ
(5 + 4π)(5 β 4π)