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12nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
QoSQoS and RRM and RRM in 3G and in 3G and
Beyond Systems Beyond Systems
Oriol SallentUniversitat Politècnica de Catalunya
22nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Outline
Part I: Introduction
Part II: RRM in UMTS
Part III: RRM in B3G
Part IV: Common (or Joint) RRM in a flexible spectrum scenario
Concluding remarks
32nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Part IIntroduction
42nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Introduction
WCDMAWCDMA
EDGEEDGE
HSDPAHSDPA
4G4G
UltrawidebandUltrawideband
RFIDRFID
BluetoothBluetooth
WIMAXWIMAX
WLANWLAN
HSUPAHSUPA
Cellular AccessCellular Access
Hot Spot AccessHot Spot Access
ProximityProximity
52nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Introduction
• How much transmission capacity (Bandwidth) will customers require?
• How many litres of water we need for a shower?
62nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Introduction
It is the available capacity and associated services that will condition the real use
72nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Introduction
3 Sector base station at 25m to outdoor PC card
100kb/s 1.49km
1Mb/s 0.78km
10Mb/s 0.41km
100Mb/s 0.21km
Data Rate Site density
1
3.6
15
50
Range
82nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Introduction
500$ per Mbyte
SMS2$ per Mbyte
Voice on mobile0.1$ per Mbyte
Voice on Fixed
0.001 per MbyteTelevision
The cost of a service is related to the network complexity needed to deliver it, ...but its price must be related to the value human eyesput on it.
92nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Introduction
Mobile systems integration
NetworksService enablers Operator DevicesContent Consumer
102nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Introduction
Fixed-mobile convergence
Very different approaches…• Mobile guys standardise then do!• Fixed guys do then standardise!
Users need a truly mobile solution….
112nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Introduction
The problem faced by a network operator is to offer a system where the number of users is maximized for a given set of QoS requirements. In this problem two aspects can be clearly distinguished:
• Network planning (e.g. the design of the fixed network infrastructure in terms of number of cell sites, cell site location, number and architecture of concentration nodes, etc.)
• Radio resource allocation (e.g. for a given network deployment,the way in which radio resources are dynamically managed in order to meet the instantaneous demand of the users moving around the network)
122nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Introduction
RRU (Radio Resource Unit): Set of basic physical transmission parameters necessary to support a signal waveform transporting end user information corresponding to a reference service.
RRU in FDMA: a certain bandwidth within a given carrier frequency RRU in TDMA: a pair of a carrier frequency and a time slotRRU in CDMA: a carrier frequency, a code sequence and a power level
RADIONETWORKPLANNING
RADIONETWORK
DEPLOYMENT
RADIONETWORK
OPERATION
RRU provision along timeand space
RRU allocation
RRM / CRRM
• Other physical transmission elements: modulation scheme, channel coding scheme, etc…• Multi-service scenario different services demand different amount of RRU
132nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Introduction
GERAN UTRA WLANt t t
f
c
RRM-GERAN RRM-UTRAN RRM-WLAN
GERAN UTRA WLANt t t
f
c
CRRM
142nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Introduction
GERAN RADIO RESOURCESUTRAN RADIO RESOURCESWLAN RADIO RESOURCES
AMOUNT OFCOMMON
RADIORESOURCES
152nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS
• Radio Resource Management is a complex problem affected by manydifferent issues, with crossed effects among the different parameters of a given RRM strategy as well as among the different RRM strategies themselves.
• Changes in the scenario or system conditions may lead to different RRM suitable solutions.
• A step by step approach seems to be required…..
… let start with a single dimension (e.g. RRM in UMTS) and then move toadditional dimensions (i.e. heterogeneous RANs)
162nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Part IIRadio Resource Management
in UMTS
172nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS
Node B
IuIur
Iub
Node B
Node B
Node B
RNCVLR HLR
GSN+
MSC+
UTRAN
PCM
ATM/ AAL2
IP/ GTP
RNC
Packed Service CN =GPRS +
Connection Service CN
UMTS Core Network
182nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS
• Radio Resource Management: Set of algorithms devoted to achievean optimal usage of the radio interface, to guarantee a certain target QoS, to maintain the planned coverage area and to offer a high capacity.
• RRM is strongly related to QoS concept.
• QoS can be seen at different levels:
• System accessibility (call blocking)
• Subjective perceived quality
• Delay, rate, reliability
192nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS
• RRM strategies will definitively play an important role in a mature UMTS scenario
• RRM functions can be implemented in many different ways
Impact on the overall system efficiency and on the operator infrastructure cost
• RRM strategies are not subject of standardisation
Differentiation issue
202nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS
UMTS
W-CDMAFLEXIBILITY
KEYDESIGN
PRINCIPLE
RRMIS THE
ENABLER
The benefits deriving from flexibility justify the research efforts for smart radio resource management algorithms development. By doing so, the potentials of technological advances (e.g. UMTS) can be fully exploited.
212nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Radio Resource Management in UMTS
RRM strategies:
• Power control (PC)• Handover (HO)• Admission control (AC)• Load control (LC)• Packet Scheduling (PS)
BS
} Connection level
} Network level
RNC
PCPC PC HO
LC LC AC
PS
222nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS: Admission control
• The admission control procedure is used to decide whether to accept or reject a new connection depending on the interference it adds to the existing connections. Therefore, it is responsible for deciding whether a new RAB (Radio Access Bearer) can be set-up and which is its allowed TFCS (so that the maximum allowed bit rate is determined).
• Both uplink and downlink must be considered in a consistent way.
232nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS: Admission control
Interferencelevel
Imax
Iaver
I(t)
t
Interferencelevel
ImaxIaver
I(t)
t
242nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS: Admission control
• Admission control principles make use of the load factorload factor and the estimate of the load increase that the establishment of the bearer request would cause in the radio network:
Uplink caseUplink case:
Notherown
NUL PPP
P++
−=1η
• As the load factor approaches unity, the power demand tends to the infinity, so it is necessary to limit it somehow
maxηηη ≤∆+UL
Admission control algorithm:
ACCEPT IF Need to be estimatedULηη∆ }
252nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS: Admission control
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
110
111
112
112
113
114
115
116
116
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118
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121
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123
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126
126
Tiempo (s)
Fact
or d
e ca
rga
Load factor evolution in a cellularscenario, mobiles at 50 Km/h
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
110
111
112
112
113
114
115
116
116
117
118
119
119
120
121
122
123
123
124
125
126
126
Tiempo (s)
Fact
or d
e ca
rga
Load factor evolution in a cellularscenario, mobiles static
262nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS: Admission control
Downlink caseDownlink case:
• It may seem more reasonable to control the downlink operation through the transmitted power rather than through the cell load factor, as it uses to be the case in the uplink.
• The considered admission control algorithm checks the followingcondition to decide the acceptance of a new connection request in the system, arriving at the i-th frame:
)()()( * iPiPiP TTAV ≤∆+T
jiPiP
T
jT
AV
∑=
−= 1
)()(
PT(i-j): Node-B transmitted power at (i-j)-th framePT*(i): Admission threshold at i-th framePAV(i): Average transmitted power during the last T frames
: Power increase estimation due to the new request )(iPT∆
272nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS: Admission control
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
110
112
113
114
115
116
118
119
120
121
122
124
125
126
127
128
130
131
132
Tiempo (s)
Pote
ncia
tran
smiti
da N
odo
B (d
Bm
)
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
110
112
113
114
115
116
118
119
120
121
122
124
125
126
127
128
130
131
132
Tiempo (s)
Pot
enci
a tra
nsm
itida
Nod
o B
(dBm
)
Node B transmitted power evolutionin a cellular scenario, mobiles at 50 Km/h(pilot: 30 dBm)
Node B transmitted power evolutionin a cellular scenario, mobiles static(pilot: 30 dBm)
282nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS: Congestion control
CDUL ηη >
Congestion control : It faces situations in which the system has reached a congestion status and therefore the QoS guarantees are at risk due to the evolution of system dynamics (mobility aspects, increase in interference, etc.).
Three components:• Congestion detection• Congestion resolution• Congestion recovery
Detection criterion:in at least 90% of the frames within ∆TCD
292nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS: Congestion control
The congestion resolution algorithm executes a set of rules to lead the system out of the congestion status. A lot of possibilities exist to carry out this procedure. In any case, three steps are identified:
a) Prioritisation: Ordering the different users from lower to higher priority. b) Load reduction: Reducing the TFCS (i.e. limiting the maximum transmission rate) for a certain number of users, beginning from the top of the prioritization table. c) Load check: After the actions taken in b), one would check again the conditions that triggered the congestion status. If congestion persists, one would go back to b) for the following group of users in the prioritization table.
302nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS: Congestion control
Interferencelevel
I(t)
I’(t)Imax
t
312nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in UMTS: Short term RRM
Short term RRM (i.e. 10 ms timeShort term RRM (i.e. 10 ms time--scale):scale):
Interferencelevel
I(t)
I’(t)Imax
t
322nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Part IIIRadio Resource Management
in B-3G
332nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in B3G
The heterogeneous network concept is intended to propose a flexible and open architecture for a large variety of wireless access technologies, applications and services with different QoS demands, as well as different protocol stacks.
Radio access networks include cellular networks and also otherpublic non-cellular access networks (e.g. WLAN).
Cellular networks may in turn be subdivided into different layers(e.g. macro, micro or picocells).
In these new scenarios, different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) will coexist and will operate in a coordinated way.
342nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in B3G
Wireless networks differ from each other by air interface technology, cell-size, services, price, access, coverage and ownership.
The complementary characteristics offered by the different radio access technologies (RATs) make possible to exploit the trunkinggain leading to a higher overall performance than the aggregatedperformances of the stand-alone networks.
Clearly, this potential gain of B3G systems can only turn into realityby means of a proper management of the available radio resources.
Common Radio Resource Management (CRRM) refers to the set offunctions that are devoted to ensure an efficient and coordinated use of the available radio resources in heterogeneous networks scenarios
352nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in B3G
Coverage/Mobility
Bit rate
WLAN
UMTS
GSM
Coverage/Mobility
Bit rate
WLAN
UMTS
GSM
Coverage/Mobility
Bit rate
WLAN
UMTS
GSM
B3G
B3G
Coverage/Mobility
Bit rate
WLAN
UMTS
GSM
B3G
B3G
362nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in B3G
372nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in B3G: EVEREST QoS Architecture
WQB BB
MPDF
Policy-based QoS Management
Policy Repository
ExternalDomains SLS NegotiationSession
Establishment
ServiceSupportDomain
(e.g. IMS)
MMT
ResourceActivation(ie. PDP Contextsignalling)
End-to-End Session Establishment Signalling (e.g. SIP/SDP)
RNCRAN (UTRAN)
RAN(GERAN)
RAN (TightCoupled WLAN)
Diffserv IP CoreNetwork
IuGTP Micromobility
Iu or GbBSC
APC
SGSN
SGSN
GGSN
Iu or Gb
ExternalQoS Domain
382nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in B3G
Two types of entities are considered for the management of the radio resource pool in the 3GPP:
• The RRM entity, which carries out the management of the resources in one radio resource pool of a certain radio access network.
• The CRRM entity, which is involved in the coordinated management of the resource pools under different RRM entities.
CRRM entity
CRRM entity
RRM entity
RRM entity
RRM entity
RRM entity
- Information reporting
- Information reporting - RRM decision support
- Information reporting - RRM decision support
392nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in B3G
The interactions between RRM and CRRM entities involve mainly two types offunctions:
1) Information reporting function
- Dynamic measurements (e.g. the current load, the transmitted carrier power, etc.)
- Static information on cells (e.g. if they are overlapped or if they belong to different HCS layers, whether a cell supports GPRS, EDGE, etc.)
2) RRM decision support function (how the CRRM and RRM entities interact for taking decisions)
The CRRM entity may be implemented either into Existing nodes Existing nodes or in Separate Separate nodesnodes
402nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
RRM in B3G
RRM functionalities in a single-RAT context:• Admission control• Congestion control• Horizontal (intra-system) handover• Packet scheduling• Power control
When these functionalities are coordinated between different RATs in a heterogeneous scenario, they can be denoted as “common” (i.e. thus having the common admission control, common congestion control, etc.)
In an heterogeneous scenario two specific additional functionalities arise:• Initial RAT selection• Vertical (inter-system) handover
412nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Algorithms & Results
Service-based policy
VG (Voice GERAN) policy: Voice service is allocated to GERANInteractive service is allocated to UTRAN
VU (Voice UTRAN) policy: Voice service is allocated to UTRAN Interactive service is allocated to GERAN
VU VG VG (no TrCH switch)
UL DL UL DL UL DL
www users
0.5 km
1 km
0.5 km
1 km
0.5 km
1 km
0.5 km
1 km
0.5 km
1 km
0.5 km
1 km
200 2.18 2.08 2.22 2.17 2.14 2.14 2.20 2.22 2.03 2.01 2.08 2.07
600 3.01 2.88 3.15 3.09 2.96 2.95 3.16 3.15 2.06 2.05 2.11 2.11
1000 3.80 3.64 4.05 3.96 3.77 3.76 4.08 4.08 2.08 2.05 2.14 2.13
400 voice
Aggregated throughput (Mb/s)
422nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Algorithms & Results
Service-based policy
VU VG
UL DL UL DL
www users
0.5km
1km
0.5km
1km
0.5km
1km
0.5km
1km
200 2.91 3.09 0.74 0.76 2.89 2.88 0.76 0.76
600 2.94 3.15 0.77 0.83 2.90 2.90 0.76 0.76
1000 3.03 3.74 0.99 1.26 2.91 2.93 0.76 0.77
400 voice
Average packet delay (s)
• VU more sensitive to cell range increase• VU more sensitive to load increase (i.e. packet delay increases)
It seems more suitable to map voice to GERAN and www to UTRAN
432nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Algorithms & Results
Radio network-based policy
Indoor traffic is allocated to GERAN Better utilisation of the radioresources
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Voice users
Dro
ppin
g pr
obab
ility
(%)
Random policy
Indoor policy
442nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Algorithms & Results
Load balancing
Conversational – Business
UTRAN GERAN WLAN
Interactive – BusinessConversational – ConsumerInteractive – Consumer
Extension to: Indoor/outdoor, Pedestrian/car, etc.
452nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Algorithms & Results
Network-controlled cell breathing
RT
RC1
co-site cells
FDMA/TDMA coverage area
CDMA coverage area
RC2
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Users
Agg
rega
ted
thro
ughp
ut (M
b/s)
NCCB LB
462nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Algorithms & Results
CRRM algorithms should consider multi-mode terminal capabilities
UL Throughput degradation Average UL packet delay for interactive users in GERAN
0
5
10
15
20
25
75 50 25Multi-mode Terminal Availability (%)
Ave
rage
Pac
ket D
elay
(s)
VU=400;WU=400
VU=200;WU=200
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
100 75 50 25Multi-mode Terminal Availability (%)
Thro
ughp
ut D
egra
datio
n (%
)
VU=600;WU=600
VU=400;WU=400
VU=200;WU=200
• Increase of degradation with decrease of multi-mode availability
• Increase of degradation with increase of number of users
• Impact on the interactive users exhibiting higher delays
472nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Algorithms & Results
Average Packet Delay improvement with dedicated slots
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
75 50 25
Multi-mode Terminal Availability (%)
Ave
rage
Pac
ket D
elay
(s)
VU=400;WU=400
VU=200;WU=200
• Interactive users benefit from the reservation scheme exhibiting lower packet delays.
482nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Part IVCommon (or Joint) Radio Resource
Management in a flexiblespectrum scenario
492nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
JRRM & ASM
Fixed spectrum assignments lead to ineficient spectrum utilisation
New regulation regarding spectrum management is needed
502nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
JRRM & ASM
COGNITIVE RADIO : A RADIO OR SYSTEM THAT SENSES AND IS AWARE OF
ITS OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND CAN DYNAMICALLY,
AUTONOMOUSLY AND INTELLIGENTLY ADJUST ITS RADIO OPERATING
PARAMETERS (AWARE+ADAPTIVE+LEARNING)
• Sensing over wide frequency band
• Identifying both other users of that band as well as the transmission opportunities
• Coordinating the actual use of the radio band by communicating with other devices
A cognitive radio is a software radio equipped with sensors and software that allow it to
perceive the operating environment and learn from experience
512nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
JRRM & ASM
JOINTRRM
LOCALRRM #1
…...
...
LOCALRRM #n
SM
DNPM
Radio-dependent part ofheterogeneous reconfigurable networks
ReconfigurableUE
HOURS
HOURS
MINUTES/SECONDS
MINUTES/SECONDS
SECONDS/MILISECONDS
SECONDS/MILISECONDS
HOURS/MINUTES
DecisionsFeedback / Measurements
522nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Concluding remarks
532nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Concluding remarks
• The heterogeneous network concept is intended to propose a flexible and open architecture for a large variety of wireless access technologies, applications and services with different QoS demands, as well as different protocol stacks.
• Common (or Joint) Radio Resource Management (CRRM or JRRM) refers to theset of functions that are devoted to ensure an efficient and coordinated use of the available radio resources in heterogeneous networks scenarios
• B-3G opens a new dimension in the RRM problem
• The concept, functional model, split of functionalities between RRM and CRRMentities have been discussed
542nd Conference on Next Generation Internet Design and EngineeringValència, April 3-5 2006
Concluding remarks
• Some algorithms have been presented and supported with simulation results:• Service-based initial RAT selection• Radio network-based initial RAT selection• Load balancing-based initial RAT selection• Network controlled cell breathing
• The role of terminal’s multimode/reconfigurable capabilities has been emphasized
• Interactions between JRRM and ASM have been detailed