Qing Dynasty (1644-1905ish):What did China look like? Qing Dynasty

Founded by Manchus (from Manchuria) – many Chinese resisted

Rebellions took place periodically for decades Manchus slowly earned respect

Upheld China’s traditional Confucian beliefs Made frontiers safe & restored prosperity

Qing Dynasty:Kangxi (1661-1722) Reduced government expenses, lowered taxes Gained support of intellectuals by offering them

government positions Jesuits told him of European achievements in

science, medicine, and math

Qing Dynasty:Isolation Continues Those that wished to trade with China had to

follow certain rules: Trade at special ports Tribute “Kowtow” ritual (kneeling before emperor &

touching head to ground 9 times)

“There is nothing we lack, as your principal envoy and others have themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s manufactures.”

- Qian-Long, from a letter to King George III of Great Britain

Qing Dynasty:Cultural Developments Traditional forms Valued technique over creativity Pottery – high-quality ceramics (porcelain) Drama was popular because literacy rates

were low Chinese history & cultural heroes

Japan:Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582) Wanted to eliminate remaining enemies 1575 – 3,000 soldiers armed with muskets

crushed enemy force of samurai cavalry This was important because it was the 1st time

firearms were used effectively in battle in Japan Committed seppuku (ritual suicide of

samurai)

“Rule the empire by force.”

- Oda Nobunaga

Tokugawa Shogunate:Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603-1616) Defeated his rivals at Battle of Sekigahara

His victory earned him the loyalty of the daimyo throughout Japan

1603 – Became sole ruler (shogun) Moved the capital to Edo (later Tokyo) He enacted policies that resulted in the rule of law

overcoming the rule of the sword The Tokugawa Shogunate became a military

form of government

Tokugawa Shogunate:Policy of Isolation 1639

The shoguns realized that they could safely exclude both missionaries & merchants

So, they sealed Japan’s borders, except for the port city of Nagasaki

Commercial contacts with the Europeans ended For 200+ years, Japan remained closed & citizens could

not leave, isolating Japan from the rest of the world Japan continued to develop self-sufficiently

Tokugawa Japan:Cultural Developments Culture was very traditional New types of fiction emerged

Realistic stories about self-made merchants or the hardships of life

Haiku Type of poetry – images, not ideals

Kabuki theater Skits about modern life

General Causes of Population Increase in both China & Japan Agriculture Improved

Irrigation & fertilizer use increased

Farmers produced more food Nutrition improved, which led to

new crops – corn and sweet potatoes (from Europe)**

People lived longer, families expanded

**Columbian Exchange

Impact of Population Growth on Social Structure: Qing China Sons were favored

Only sons were allowed to perform religious rituals Raised his own family under parents’ roof - helped

aging parents on farm Females were not valued – many infants girls were

killed Role of Women

Worked in fields, supervised children’s education, and managed family finances

Some found jobs working as midwives or textile workers

Impact on Social Structure:Tokugawa Japan Societal Structure

Emperor – top rank (figurehead only) Actual ruler was shogun – military commander Daimyo – landholding samurai Samurai warriors Peasants (4/5 of population) & Artisans Merchants

Role of Women With rise of commercial centers, found jobs in

entertainment, textile manufacturing, & publishing Most led sheltered lives as peasant wives

* Confucian values important

*Farmers made ideal citizens

Warm-Up – Use notes to answer…Who was the first ruler to use firearms effectively in battle in

Japan? Tokugawa Ieyasu Kangxi Oda Nobunaga Hirohito

The Tokugawa Shogunate was a type of Cultural institution Military government Religious authority Commercial partnership or organization

• Seppuku-the honorable method of taking one’s own life practiced by men of the samurai (military) class in feudal Japan.

• The proper method was to plunge a short sword into the left side of the abdomen, draw the blade across to the right, and then turn it upward. It was considered exemplary form to stab again below the chest and press downward across the first cut, and then to pierce one’s throat.

• There were two kinds of seppuku: voluntary and obligatory.