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Table of content

No Title Pages

1.0 Acknowledgement 2

2.0 Introduction 3

3.0 Objectives 4

4.0 Literature Review 5

5.0 Area of study 6

6.0 Methodology 7

7.0 Field Record 8

8.0 Lab Analysis 14

9.0 Rose Diagram and Stereonet 34

10.0 Map 44

11.0 Conclusion 46

12.0 References 47

13.0 Appendixes 48

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1.0Acknowledgment

Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my lecturer, Mr Jasmi bin

Abi Talib for the continuous support for this course, for his patience, motivation,

enthusiasm, and immense knowledge.

Besides my advisor, I would like to thank the rest of my group members for the

support and idea during the field camp and during the lab study and documentation.

My sincere thanks also goes to Mr Choong Chee Meng, our group member lecturer

during the field work for his guidance and advice throughout the whole camp.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all my classmates, technician and others

lecturer that involved in the geo field camp for all support and guidance that bring me to

fininsh this work.

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2.0Introduction

The course fieldwork management and geo field camp is an important course that

need to be taken since it is the best platform for student to have the knowledge about what

actually geologist do when they go to the field.

The location of study for this time is at Jerai Mountain, Kedah Darul Aman. The

camp was conducted for 7 days, from 9th of June until 15th of June. The number of

participant were 68 student and was supervised by 5 lecturers, and helped by 15

technicians.

During the 7 days camping, all students have to do research at 5 different place which

are 4 rivers traversing and the other one is on the road. At the road, the outcrop visited

were Ladang Nagappa, a construction site, Padi Teluk and Kawasan Rekreasi Air Terjun

Seri Perigi. For the river traversing, the four rivers are Sungai Tok Pawang, Sungai Batu

Pahat, Sungai Bujang and Sungai Ketapan.

The short studies show that the area around Jerai Mountain mostly covered with

granite, meta-sedimentary rock and quartzite. The geological structure that was studied

included were the fracture, faults, joints, intrusion and ripple marks.

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3.0Objectives

3.1To get the basic techniques of collect data from field.

3.2

To enhance the understanding of someplace based on the result collected.

3.3To identify the lithology and geological structure of Gunung Jerai.

3.4To apply the theory learn in class when students are in field.

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4.0Literature Review

There was not much research found regarding the Jerai Mountain. The only research

that I found only on granite only.

Jerai granite is a part of Main Range granites having transitional I- S-type

characteristic emplaced into Paleozoic sediments (Ghani, 2009; Ghani, et al., 2013).

Jerai granite is described in three facies based on their mineralogy and texture which

are biotite-muscovite granite, tourmaline granite and pegmatite and aplopegmatite phases

(Azmiah & Azman, 2014).

The occurrences of the biotite-muscovite granite are covering almost the southwestern

part of Gunung Jerai except in Tanjung Jaga. Most of the biotite granite is medium-

grained and has subhedral-granular texture. The more evolved Jerai granite is recorded by

the appearance of tourmaline granite. Jerai pegmatite intrusions are texturally and

compositionally heterogeneous (Azmiah & Azman, 2014).

Figure 1: Lithological map of southern part of the Jerai area showing sample locations.

Simplified from Bradford (1972).

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5.0Area of Study

Area of study for the geo field camp course for this semester is at Gunung Jerai

foothill. The mountain located in Kedah Darul Aman. Gunung Jerai has height of 986

metre. The mountain located at the border of Kuala Muda and Yan.

There were four river and 4 spots visited during the 7 days camps which are Sungai

Tok Pawang, Sungai Batu Pahat, Sungai Bujang and Sungai Ketapan. For the four other

spots, they were Ladang Nagappa, a construction site, Padi Teluk and Kawasan Rekreasi

Air Terjun Seri Perigi.

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6.0Methodology

6.1Know the area of study

On the first day which is on 9th June 2014, the area of study decided from the

planning was the Gunung Jerai that located in Kedah. The place that been used to

stay for the 7 days camp is Damai Park Resort.

6.2

Form a group

On the first night, all students have been divided into 5 group which consist of 11-

12 people per group. Each group has one lecturer and two technician to help the

student for the whole field camp.

6.3Data collection

There are several technique used to collect the data from the site which are river

traversing, collect sample, take strike and dip, and observe the sample.

6.3.1 River traversing

River traversing was done by using a Brunton Compass and GPS

receiver. It is used to know at what degree the student move from one

point to another point and to know at what position in the grid that the

student or marker stand.

6.3.2

Take strike and dip

When take strike and dip, the Brunton Compass was used as well. But,

the first step is to know the dip direction which can be determine by

drop some sand on the outcrop and observe where it move to. It can

also be done by flow some water on the outcrop. After that, the

compass was used to know the strike angle after applying the left hand

rules to know the strike direction. Then, the angle can be taken using

the compass as well.

6.3.3

Collect sample

The sample collection was important for the lab study. So, the sample

was collected by using hammer because the sample taken best to be

taken from fresh rock.

6.3.4 Sample observation

On the site, the hand lens was used to observe the sample to record the

physical properties of the sample so some hypothesis can be done.

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7.0Field Record

7.1Road Traversing

DATE : JUNE 10, 2014

TITLE : TRAVERSING THE ROAD STARTING FROM N0543.274

E10027.322AND ENDING AT N0548.574 E10024.477.

Stop 1: Ladang Nagappa

The second day of the camp is the first day students went to do the

traversing. The first activity for the group is road traversing.

The first stop is Ladang Nagappa. There were two outcrop there at the

same place. One located at the lower part and the other part was on the upper part.

For the lower part, the sample was taken and it was a hard rock. The

colour of the rock was milky white, grey and reddish orange. It was also slightly

weathered. Based on the lithology observe from the sample, the guess of the rock

was quartzite. It can be proven through some rock that almost fully

metamorphosed and may be it just preserved the original bedding of the parent

rock, which is sandstone.

The lower part of the outcrop is about 5-6 meters high and about 10 meters

wide. 3 sets of joint was observed. The thickness of the bedding observed from the

outcrop was not uniform. It vary from 14 cm, 29 cm, and thinnest is 3.5 cm.

For the second or upper part of the outcrop, it has height of about 5-6

meters, and width of 15 meters. The bedding at the upper part is almost vertical

which show the difference between the upper and lower part of the outcrop.

The rock was believed to be quartzite. The same as the lower part. But,

there was kaolinite observed at bottom of the upper part outcrop.

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Stop 2: Kg. Serol

The second stop was at Kampung Serol. The sample was only taken from

broken piece since the outcrop is at a restricted area. Based on the sample, the

grain size was medium-coarse grain. It was believed to be granite.

Stop 3 : Padi Telok

The third stop for road traversing is at Padi Telok. The sample collected

there has colours of white, black spot, and light brown shades. The grain is in the

range of 2mm size, which is medium-coarse grain. It was weathered at level 3 4

weathering.

The rock believed to me granite. The rock maybe form at the late Triassic.

The weathering was caused by the uplifting of granite. The granite might also a

form of western Peninsular Malaysia granite.

Stop 4 : Taman Rekreasi Seri Perigi

The final stop was Taman Rekreasi Seri Perigi. The sample collected was

the Meta sedimentary rock. It has dark brown colour. Some others has dark-grey

coloured rocks. The grain was less then 1mm. There was also a pegmatite

intrusion exist within the area. The exfoliation and decompression of plutons

might have occur there.

The outcrop was very high. About 15 meters. The width was about 10

meters. Some fault was observed.

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7.2Sungai Tok Pawang


TITLE : TRAVERSING SUNGAI TOK PAWANG STARTING FROM

QS277502 WMR637781 AND ENDING AT QS277349 WMR638001.

The second route was Sungai Tok Pawang. To go to the location, the van

was taken and at the starting point, the group walk to the river. The distance

covered from the orchard to the first checkpoint was approximately 500 meters.

Total distance of river traversing from the first checkpoint to the last checkpoint is

355 meters. Total stops that we took at Sungai Tok Pawang were 4 checkpoints.

Along the way, various sizes of sandstone boulders were found.

Most of the outcrops along Sungai Tok Pawang are dominantly covered by

meta-sedimentary type of rock or meta-sandstone. Although all the rocks found

were similar and composed of quartz, feldspar, mica and hornblende, but the

physical features are different, due to different deposition and rate of

crystallization.

From first to third checkpoint, the meta-sandstone found here has range of

fine-grained to very fine-grained of grain size, foliated and grey in color, but the

presence of iron (iron oxide) at certain checkpoints may cause the color to be

brownish or reddish.

The last checkpoint has additional features as there were the presence of

dike and veins. The mineral contents in the dike are high in quartz and feldspar

but low in mica and hornblende. We can also observe fine-grained minerals

deposited within the dike due to high temperature during contact of both dike and

parent rock.

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7.3

Sungai Batu Pahat


TITLE : TRAVERSING SUNGAI BATU PAHAT STARTING FROM

N0544.303 E10024.898AND ENDING ATN0544.535

E10024.910.

The third route on 12

th

June was Sungai Batu Pahat. This is the nearestoutcrop as it is located behind the camp. River traversing started after first

checkpoint and total distance of river traversing is 425 meters. The lower part of

the river is located near to Muzium Arkeologi Lembah Bujang. Move up to the

route of Sungai Batu Pahat, the depth of the river increase. Along traversing route,

many muscovites was observed. Throughout this route, there were two stops.

Rock type that was found at both checkpoints is granite and there were

also formation of dike and quartz vein. The composition of both dike are similar

which are quartz, mica and hornblende.

For first and second checkpoint, xenolith is present. But the formation of

xenolith is different. As for the first checkpoint, the xenolith was formed deep

inside the earth before the host rock (granite) was formed. This xenolith was then

undergone partial melting. These remainders of rock were then recrystallize

together with granite and formed xenolith.

As for the second checkpoint, xenolith was found on the foliated part of

the rock. There is probably a fault present at the second checkpoint because there

was a rock displacement in the fracture system.

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7.4Sungai Bujang


TITLE : TRAVERSING SUNGAI BUJANG STARTING FROM

N0543.884 E10026.563AND ENDING ATN0544.543

E10026.480.

The fourth route during fieldcamp was Sungai Bujang. Sungai Bujang

located at near Yan, Kedah. There were 3 stops. Total distance of river traversing

is 562 meters starting from the first stop.

From observation, the rock found here was mainly meta-sedimentary rock.

The colour of the rock is in range of yellowish to black depends on the mineral

content, but the presence of iron (iron oxide) may cause the colour to be brownish

or reddish. Several dike intrusion, formation of quartz vein, foliation and sets of

fractures along the route was observed.

For the first stop, the type of rock is schistose - a meta-sedimentary rock.The parent rock is probably mudstone. There is a pegmatite intrusion and also a

few set of joints can be observed. The direction of the joint is East-West.

For the second stop, there is formation of dike that is in-filled with quartz.

The dike has thickness of 4 to 6 cm and the grain size is medium-coarse grain.

The displacement of dike had given information that there is probably a formation

of left lateral fault.

Lastly at the third stop, the meta-sediment structure was observed to be

brittle and has light brown colour. There is also a quartz vein that has the direction

of North-East.

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7.5Sungai Ketapan


TITLE : TRAVERSING SUNGAI KETAPAN STARTING FROM QS276919

WMR640582 AND ENDING AT QS276250 WMR640566.

The final route is Sungai Ketapan. This is the longest route compared to all

from others previous days. The total distance travelled is 881 meters.

River traversing started once group were at the river. Then traversing

continue until reached the first checkpoint. After collect all required information,

traversing by following a jungle path. After reached the next checkpoint, the

traversing continued following the river path until we the last checkpoint.

Generally, the rocks type that was found are meta-sedimentary rock, most

probably quartzite. Geological features that can be observed are bedding,

foliation, several sets of fractures, rock structure displacement (fault), quartz vein

intrusion and ripple marks.

Mineral content observed from the rock within the area are mainly quartz

and feldspar, and also a few black and white minerals. The colour of the rock is

yellowish, but due to iron staining, there is a change in colour from yellowish to

reddish and brownish. Muscovite also is abundantly dispersed along this area.

Uniqueness of this outcrop is that the ripple marks was observed. Ripple

marks can be seen at the 6thcheckpoint. The ripple marks formed may be due to

the ancient flow of water in that area. In addition, at the last checkpoint, or the 7 th

checkpoint, the waterfall can be distinguished into two according to the difference

in colour of the rock formed. For the left-side area of the waterfall, the colour of

the rock is lighter compared to the right-side area, which is darker.

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8.0Lab Analysis

8.1

Day 1: Road Traversing

8.1.1 Outcrop 1 ( Ladang Nagapa)

8.1.1.1Quartz

8.1.1.1.1

Colourless and shows no pleochroism

8.1.1.1.2 Moderate relief

8.1.1.1.3 Maximum interference: colour 1 order grey with

very light shade of brown

8.1.1.1.4

No cleavage observed

8.1.1.1.5

No twinning observed

8.1.1.1.6 Anhedral form

8.1.1.1.7 Sample almost made up of entirely quartz (more

than 95 %)

This rock sample has a composition of almost 100 %

quartz, crystalline structure but still preserve its sedimentary

structure such as bedding plane. We can classify this rock as meta-

sedimentary quartzite since it has both crystalline structure and

preserved sedimentary features.

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8.1.2.4.3 No pleochroism

8.1.2.4.4 Perfect cleavage

8.1.2.4.5

Low birefringence

8.1.2.4.6 Represents 5 % of the minerals

FIGURE 1.3: View of thin section under ppl.

.

FIGURE 1.4: This granitoid rock sample is taken from a granite quarry.

8.1.3 Outcrop 3 ( Padi Teluk )

8.1.3.1Weathered Granite

8.1.3.1.1 Quartz

8.1.3.1.1.1

Crystallized in alkali granite

8.1.3.1.1.2Birefringence in the low first order

8.1.3.1.1.3Clearest mineral in rocks especially in plain

polarized

8.1.3.1.1.4No cleavage

8.1.3.1.1.5

No twinning observed

8.1.3.1.1.6No cleavage

8.1.3.1.1.7

Low relief8.1.3.1.1.8

80% of granite

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8.1.3.1.2 K-Feldspar

8.1.3.1.2.1

Low birefringence

8.1.3.1.2.2alteration common

8.1.3.1.2.3twinning and zoning common

8.1.3.1.2.4

cross hatched (microcline)

8.1.3.1.2.5Triclinic system

8.1.3.1.2.6Contain lamellae which formed from

exsolved albite

8.1.3.1.2.7Low negative relief

8.1.3.1.2.84% of granite

8.1.3.1.3 Biotite

8.1.3.1.3.1Zircon intrusion between the biotite 0.01-

0.03 cm

8.1.3.1.3.2Has cleavage

8.1.3.1.3.3No twinning

8.1.3.1.3.4

Laminar and tabulate crystal habit

8.1.3.1.3.5

Dark brown colour

8.1.3.1.3.6Monoclinic crystal

8.1.3.1.3.7

Massive to platy crystal

8.1.3.1.3.815% of granite

8.1.3.1.4

Tourmaline

8.1.3.1.4.1

Crystal system: trigonal system

8.1.3.1.4.2Relief moderate

8.1.3.1.4.3Has pleochroism

8.1.3.1.4.4Cross polarized lightblue colour

8.1.3.1.4.5Represents 1% of granite (very low

percentage)

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FIGURE 1.5 Plain polarized views

FIGURE 1.6: Cross-polarized view at 45 degree

\

FIGURE 1.7: Cross-polarized views

8.1.4

Outcrop 4 ( Seri Perigi)

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8.1.4.1Quartz

8.1.4.1.1 Brown in colour due to high birefringence

8.1.4.1.2

Anhedral (without regular crystal faces)

8.1.4.1.3 Colorless and transparent in plane polarized light

8.1.4.1.4 interference colors are of low order (gray)

8.1.4.1.5

Granular crystal habit

8.1.4.1.6 No pleochroism

8.1.4.1.7 Trigonal crystal system

8.1.4.1.8 weak birefringence

8.1.4.1.9 95% of quartzite

8.1.4.2Garnet.

8.1.4.2.1 Isometic and usually isotropic

8.1.4.2.2

yellow to dark brown

8.1.4.2.3 Darker garnets may show zoning and cleavage is

lacking

8.1.4.2.4

high refractive index thus easily be seen compare to

others

8.1.4.2.5 1% of quartzite

8.1.4.3Biotite

8.1.4.3.1 Has cleavage

8.1.4.3.2

No twinning

8.1.4.3.3 Laminar and tabulate crystal habit

8.1.4.3.4

Dark brown colour

8.1.4.3.5

Monoclinic crystal

8.1.4.3.6 Massive to platy crystal

8.1.4.3.7

4% of quartzite

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FIGURE 1.8 Plain polarized views

8.2Day 2: Sungai Tok Pawang

Proposed Rock: Quartzite

8.2.1 Quartz

8.2.1.1

Plane-Polarized Light

8.2.1.1.1 Low relief

8.2.1.1.2 Clear

8.2.1.1.3

No cleavage

8.2.1.2Crossed Polarizers

8.2.1.2.1 Gray to white interference colors, sometimes to light

yellowish white

8.2.1.2.2 Grains with highest interference color sometimes

look yellowish-brown near extinction

8.2.2

Garnet

8.2.2.1


8.2.2.1.1 High relief typically n = 1.72-1.89

8.2.2.1.2

No cleavage

8.2.2.1.3 Euhedral crystals

8.2.2.2

Crossed Polarizers

8.2.2.2.1 Isotropic mineral

8.2.3 Biotite

8.2.3.1


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8.2.3.1.1 Moderate relief

8.2.3.1.2 Brownish

8.2.3.1.3

Perfect micaceous cleavage

8.2.3.1.4 Dark pleochroic halos around inclusions of garnet

8.2.3.2Crossed Polarizers

8.2.3.2.1

Second-and third-order interference colors not

strikingly evident because of the strong natural

coloration.

8.2.3.2.2 Dark pleochroic halos around inclusions of garnet

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FIGURE 2.1: This sample is dominated by quartz and has some minor mineral like biotite and garnet.

The thin section of this quartzite sample shows granoblastic texture that is non-foliated texture.

8.3Day 3: Sungai Batu Pahat

8.3.1 Proposed rock: pegmatite

8.3.1.1Biotite

8.3.1.1.1 Biotite minerals is observed. Characterized by

brownish colour, moderate pleochroism and

moderate relief.

8.3.1.2

Feldspar

8.3.1.2.1 Twinning is observed under cross polars. This

distinguish features indicates the presence of

feldspar.

8.3.1.3Quartz

8.3.1.3.1

Quartz is present. Characterized by its colourless

characteristics and very low relief. Noted that it is

also clear and unaltered.

8.3.1.4Hornblende

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8.3.1.4.1 Hornblende is characterized by its greenish colour.

It is also highly pleochroic (colourless in cross

polarizer, greenish in polarized light) and moderate

relief.

8.3.1.5Tourmaline

8.3.1.5.1

Tourmaline is observed through its light bright

brown colour. It is markedly pleochroic (colourless

in cross polarizer, bright brown in polarized light)

and high relief.

8.3.2 Proposed rock: granite

8.3.2.1

Feldspar8.3.2.1.1 Cross-hatch twinning can be observed with crossed

polars. The cross-hatched twinning or tartan

twinning indicates Feldspar.

8.3.2.2Biotite

8.3.2.2.1 Biotite on the left photo is marked with brown in

colour. Moderate pleochroism under polarized light

indicates the presence of biotite minerals. It is also

the darkest when cleavage is in E-W direction.

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8.3.2.3Quartz

8.3.2.3.1 Quartz is characterized by its colorless features.

Irregular grains are observed with clear and

unaltered characteristics, which indicates the

presence of quartz.

8.3.2.4

Tourmaline

8.3.2.4.1 Tourmaline is observed through its yellow to brown

colour and high relief.

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8.4Day 4: Sungai Bujang

8.4.1 Propose rock: schist

There are four major minerals can be found in our thin section which

are muscovite, chlorite, biotite and quartz.

8.4.1.1Muscovite

8.4.1.1.1

Monoclinic

8.4.1.1.2 Biaxial

8.4.1.1.3 Birefringence : 0.0360.049

8.4.1.1.4 2v angle : 30 - 47

8.4.1.1.5 Relief : moderate positive

8.4.1.1.6 Colors : colorless (ppl); greenish-brown (xpl)

8.4.1.1.7

1 plane cleavage

8.4.1.1.8 No twinning

8.4.1.2Chlorite

8.4.1.2.1

Usually pale green and weakly or non-pleochroic

8.4.1.2.2 Interference: 1.57-1.60

8.4.1.2.3 Extinction: 0-10 cleavage

8.4.1.2.4

Very low-low: up to grey

8.4.1.2.5

Usually anomalous blue, purple, or brown

8.4.1.2.6 looks like a mica, but rather low relief, pale green

colour and low or anomalous birefringence

distinctive

8.4.1.3Biotite

8.4.1.3.1

Monoclinic.

8.4.1.3.2 Biaxial.

8.4.1.3.3

Birefringence: 0.0300.070.

8.4.1.3.4

2v angle: 0 - 25.

8.4.1.3.5 Relief : moderate positive to high positive.

8.4.1.3.6 Colors : dark and light brown (xpl).

8.4.1.3.7 1 plane cleavage


8.4.1.4Quartz

8.4.1.4.1

Hexagonal.

8.4.1.4.2 Uniaxial.

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8.4.1.4.3 Birefringence : 0.0080.010.

8.4.1.4.4 Relief : low positive.

8.4.1.4.5

Color : colorless (ppl); black (xpl)

8.4.1.4.6 No cleavage


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8.4.2 Proposed rock: pegmatite

There are four major minerals can be found in our thin section which

are muscovite, feldspar, biotite and quartz.

8.4.2.1Muscovite

8.4.2.1.1 Monoclinic

8.4.2.1.2

Biaxial

8.4.2.1.3 Birefringence : 0.0360.049

8.4.2.1.4 2v angle : 30 - 47

8.4.2.1.5 Relief : moderate positive

8.4.2.1.6 Colors : colorless (ppl); greenish-brown (xpl)


8.4.2.1.8

No twinning

8.4.2.2Biotite

8.4.2.2.1 Monoclinic.

8.4.2.2.2

Biaxial.

8.4.2.2.3 Birefringence : 0.0300.070.

8.4.2.2.4 2v angle : 0 - 25.

8.4.2.2.5

Relief : moderate positive to high positive.

8.4.2.2.6

Colors : dark and light brown (xpl).


8.4.2.2.8

No twinning

8.4.2.3Quartz

8.4.2.3.1 Hexagonal.

8.4.2.3.2

Uniaxial.

8.4.2.3.3 Birefringence : 0.0080.010.

8.4.2.3.4

Relief : low positive.

8.4.2.3.5




8.4.2.4Feldspar

8.4.2.4.1 Oblong in shape

8.4.2.4.2 Clear or muddy in ppl

8.4.2.4.3

Low first order of interference colour in xpl


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8.4.2.4.5 Simple twinning

Figure 4.3: pegmatite thin section in cross polarized (xpl)

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Figure 4.4: pegmatite thin section in plain polarized (ppl)

8.4.3 Proposed rock: meta-sandstone

Based on the thin section, the isotropic (black) rounded grain with high

relief is garnet. The surrounding material is largely quartz and displays

uniform shades of first order grey interference colors.

8.4.3.1Garnet

8.4.3.1.1

Isometric

8.4.3.1.2 Birefringence : isotropic

8.4.3.1.3

Relief : very high positive

8.4.3.1.4

Colors : black (cross-polarized)


8.4.3.1.6

No twinning

8.4.3.2Quartz

8.4.3.2.1 Hexagonal

8.4.3.2.2 Uniaxial

8.4.3.2.3 Birefringence : 0.0080.010

8.4.3.2.4

Relief : low positive

8.4.3.2.5




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Figure 4.5: meta-sandstone thin section in cross polarized (xpl)

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8.5Day 5: Sungai Ketapan

8.5.1 Proposed rock: meta-sandstone (meta-sedimentary rock)

8.5.1.1

Quartz

8.5.1.1.1 Hexagonal.

8.5.1.1.2 Uniaxial.

8.5.1.1.3

Birefringence : 0.0080.010.

8.5.1.1.4 Relief : low positive.

8.5.1.1.5 Color : white, colorless (ppl); brown (xpl)



8.5.1.2Biotite

8.5.1.2.1

Perfect cleavage

8.5.1.2.2 Color : black (ppl)and (xpl)

8.5.1.2.3 Vitreous luster

8.5.1.2.4

Monoclinic

8.5.1.2.5 Strongly pleochroic minerals


8.5.1.2.7

Moderate relief

8.5.1.3

Feldspar

8.5.1.3.1 Oblong in shape

8.5.1.3.2

Clear or muddy in ppl

8.5.1.3.3 Low first order of interference colour in xpl


8.5.1.3.5

Simple twinning

8.5.1.4Chlorite

8.5.1.4.1

Monoclinic

8.5.1.4.2

Three cleavages

8.5.1.4.3 Low relief

8.5.1.4.4 Color: brown (ppl), black (xpl)

8.5.1.4.5 Low order interference colours


The thin section of meta-sandstone is quartz-rich minerals with minor

alter of feldspar, biotite, and chlorite. It is from metamorphosed from

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sandstone but only low grade metamorphism and so it basically have almost

the same composition as sandstone.

quartz (white)

feldspar (muddy structure)

Figure 5.1: meta-sandstone thin section under plane polarized (ppl)

Chlorite( brown) Biotite (black)

quartz (brown) feldspar (muddy structure)

Figure 5.2: quartzite thin section under cross-polarized (xpl)

Biotite (black) chlorite (black)

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9.0Rose Diagram & Stereonet

9.1Fracture/Joints

THE ROSE DIAGRAM FOR FRACTURES OR JOINTS DISTRIBUTIONS

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THE STEREONETS FOR FRACTURES

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9.1.1 General Information

Fractures are the surfaces along which rocks have broken and

lost cohesion. They are also known as discontinuity surface (general

term). We can also categorize the fracture into 5 types, which are -

9.1.1.1Joints- fracture with no measurable shear displacement

9.1.1.2

Vein- fracture in which minerals have precipitated from

solution

9.1.1.3Dike- fracture filled by a rock intrusion. Can be igneous rock or

sedimentary (sand injection)

9.1.1.4Shear fracture- limited amounts of shear displacement

9.1.1.5Fault- fracture surface with measurable displacement

There are 3 common types of modes of fracture development. It

can describe any combination of joint and shear fracture. The first type

is mode 1 which is tensile cracks- fracture open slightly in direction

perpendicular to crack surface and the second type is mode 2 which is

shear fracture- shear y horizontal sliding- rocks on one side of crack

surface move slightly parallel to fracture surface. The last mode of

fracture development are mode 3 shear by scissor motion; Tearing

mode.

9.1.2 Field Record Interpretation

From the data that we recorded from the field which is Road

Traversing, Sg.Ketapan, Sg.Bujang, Sg.Batu Pahat, Sg.Tok Pawang.

We can conclude that there is many fracture from the outcrop that we

discovered during the field camp work. From the strike and dip data,

we can govern the beginning of fracture development and themaximum stress come from. From the data, we also can conclude the

1 and the 3.

As for the fracture, the maximum stress is at 23 (NE). The 1

is approximately 60 from the maximum stress, which is at 55 (NE).

The 3is 90 from 1that is at 325 (NW).

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9.2

Bedding

THE ROSE DIAGRAM FOR BEDDING DISTRIBUTIONS

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THE STEREONETS FOR BEDDING

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Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks usually occur in the form

of layers or strata bounded by roughly parallel surfaces. In their

original, undisturbed bedding sedimentary rocks are arranged almost

horizontally less frequently they have an initial dip in one direction or

flexures caused by the relief of the surface on which they were

deposited. Three types of rock bedding are distinguished according to

the conditions of accumulation of the sedimentary rocks which are

transgressive, regressive, and migrational bedding.

In case of bedding in the gunung jerai area, we found bedding

in every place we visit which are sungai Tok Pawang, Sungai Batu

Pahat, Sungai Bujang, and sungai Ketapan. From the strike of bedding

that has been measured for each place, we built a rose diagram. Then,

we get the 1 which is where the force came from so that the gunung

Jerai is formed. 1 isget from the in between of two highest frequency

which are 35oNE 75oNE. So we get the approximate value of 1 is 55o

NE.

Then we get 3 which is 180o of the 1which is 235

oSW. From

that data, we can assume that the force is came from 235oSW and 55o

NE.

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Based on Gunung Jerai map we had collect the information

based on contouring and flow of the river to make a lineament of rose

diagram. For contouring factor, we take a steeper contour line because

when the contour line is closer to each other, then the fault is steeper.

We take the obvious of long and straight river flow as our indicator to

make a lineament of rose diagram because based on theory of the river

was formed from fault.

As we can see on our rose diagram, there are two set of

conjugate fractures. For the first set, the major fracture or well-known

as sigma one is approximately 60 0. The sigma one is in between the

left lateral and right lateral. Due to 600of sigma one, the sigma three

will be 900from the sigma one.

For the second set of conjugate fracture, the sigma one is 340o

which is between two major fracture which is left lateral and right

lateral.

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9.4Fractures

THE STEREONETS FOR FRACTURES

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9.5Discussion On The Stereonets

Based the stereonet produced by the software, the 4 majority set of bedding.

Two of them have dipping direction of northeast and two other have dipping

direction of southeast. All of them can be considered as gently dipping with dip

angle of lower than 40o.

The foliation stereonet has a somewhat similar pattern to that of the bedding

stereonet. This is because that most of the foliation planes are originally bedding

planes. The fracture data includes all the joint and fault fractures data. There are

altogether 6 majority fracture sets and we can see three pairs of conjugate fracture

sets.

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10.0 Map

10.1Gunung Jerai Lithology Map

10.2 Map Description

Based on the data and information collected from our traversing in both

road and rivers, we proposed a lithological map consisting the distribution of

rocks that we found in Gunung Jerai; based on their types. On the first day, we

started of by visiting our first outcrop, located in Ladang Nagapa, which lies on

the southeastern side of Gunung Jerai. At this outcrop, we found out that most of

the rock are the meta-sedimentary rock, but with the existence of some pegmatitethat have been weathered to yield kaolinite. Thru our observation, we can

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conclude that this outcrop is located at the boundary between meta-sedimentary

rock and igneous formation of Gunung Jerai; which is mainly made up of granite

emplacement.

The rest of our road traversing later on that day yields to the discovery of

granite formations, that most populated the western side of Gunung Jerai, which is

at Kg. Setol and Padi Teluk. Towards the end of the day, we found out a unique

structure of meta-sedimentary rock at Air Terjun Seri Perigi, which is located at

the northwestern part of the mountain. Thoroughly, we can deduce the boundary

between igneous and metamorphic formation of Gunung Jerai through these data

that we collected from our outcrops in road traversing.

During our river traversing, we have collected some useful data which

includes the structure and the lithological part of the area. Most of the outcrops

found are made up of meta-sedimentary rock, mainly originated from sedimentary

rock that later become quartzite. However, there some places that really show

different data recorded, for example like Sungai Batu Pahat, which lies almost at

the center of the map. The outcrop found within the area are mainly granite, this

has urged us to conclude that this area is located under the granite section of

Gunung Jerai.

For other rivers, Sungai Ketapan shows the formation of meta-sedimentary

rock like meta-sandstone or even young or recent quartzite that opposite to Sungai

Bujang and Sungai Tok Pawang. We found out that at the beginning of the

traversing at these two rivers, we found out that there are plenty of meta-

sedimentary rocks covering the area, but towards the end of our traversing, we

discovered that some pegmatite intrusions have occurred in the area. This has

streghten our belief that these rivers are also located at the section that becoming

the boundary between igneous formation of Gunung Jerai and its meta-

sedimentary structures.

In conclusion, based on our keen observation and interpretations, we

finally propose the map as showed earlier.

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11.0 Conclusion

Throughout the whole 5 days of study in the Gunung Jerai area, the type of rocks

that is the most dominant there are granite, meta-sedimentary rock and quartzite. The

granite found was formed of western Peninsular Malaysia granite. One of the meta-

sedimentary rock that has been identified was schistose that had undergone partial

metamorphism.

Geological feature that existed is pegmatite dike and the orientation was East-

West. Besides, xenolith also can be found intruded the granite. The xenolith was

formed deep inside the earth before the host rock or the granite was formed. Next the

process is partial melting and then it recrystallize together with granite and formedxenolith. The quartz vein formed has the direction of North-South.

Some of the dike found has two different sections: darker and lighter section. Both

dike were shifted where the lighter section overlap the darker section thus

displacement occurred. Thus create a hypothesis that the dike may be undergone

abrupt environmental and climate changes while crystallization occurred. Ripple

marks that was found may be due to the ancient flow of water in the area. Based on

the rose diagram plotted, our direction is North-East while our is North-West.

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References

Ghani, A.A., 2009. Plutonism. Ch. 10 In: Hutchison, C.S., Tan, D.N.K. (Eds.), Geology of

Peninsula Malaysia. Geological Society of Malaysia, pp. 211231.

Azmiah, J. & Azman, A.G.. 2014. Petrology, Geochemistry & Geochronology Of Jerai

Granite, Kedah, Manuscript for NGC2014.

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Appendixes

LADANG NAGAPPA

Figure 1: Comparison of size on theoutcrop Figure 2: Conjugate fault that can beobvserved

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Sg Tok Pawang

Figure 5: The photo shows one of the

fractures that exist on the outcrop.

Figure 6: The photo is showing several

sets of fractues, which conjugate to each

other and forming several joints.

Figure 7: The photo is showing some

fractures that exist on the outcrop.

Figure 8: The photo shows how to

measure the direction of strike on the

outcrop.

Figure 3: Figure 4:

Figure 3: Different grain size of rock Figure 4: Sets of fracture on the rock

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Figure 9 : This photo shows fractures

exist on the rock

Figure 10: Sample of rock taken from

the area

Figure 11: Side view of the sample rock

taken

Figure 12: Front view of the sample rock

taken

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SG BATU PAHAT

Figure 13: Foliation observed on the

rock

Figure 14: A hammer used to scale out

the formation of dike

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Figure 15: The photo shows the

displacement of rock

Figure 16: Pegmatite dike is being observed

Figure 17: Intrusion of black mineral,

probably hornblende

Figure 18: A black mineral exists on the

rock

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Figure 19: The photo shows a foliated

rock

Figure 20: Black mineral exist on the

rock is being scaled out

Figure 21: Another dike found in the

area

Figure 22: An obvious intrusion of dike

that can be seen in the area

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SUNG

AI

BUJA

NG

Figure 23: Fracture can be seen on the

rock

Figure 24: Another fracture that can be

seen on the rock

Figure 25: Sample of rock taken from the

area

Figure 26: Bedding can be seen on the

rock

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SUNGAI KETAPAN

Figure 27: A foliated rock Figure 28: Another foliated rock

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Figure 29: A fracture that exist in the

water

Figure 30: Sets of joints that can be

observed in the area

Figure 31: Another sets of joints that

can be observed in the area

Figure 32: A foliated rock

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